814:
363:
5700:
1624:
science and technology gave breeders the ability to screen thousands of samples within a small amount of time, meaning breeders could identify a high performing hybrid quicker. The genetic improvement was mainly in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) resulting in 0.7-2.5% increase, at just 1% increase in IVDMD a single Bos Taurus also known as beef cattle reported 3.2% increase in daily gains. This improvement indicates plant breeding is an essential tool in gearing future agriculture to perform at a more advanced level.
1105:
desirable traits that will increase the fitness of the individuals. Using this method decreases the need for breeding multiple generations of plants to get a generation that is homogeneous for the desired traits, thereby saving much time over the natural version of the same process. There are many plant tissue culturing techniques that can be used to achieve haploid plants, but microspore culturing is currently the most promising for producing the largest numbers of them.
1646:
the production environments found in organic vs. conventional farming systems are vastly different due to their distinctive management practices. Most notably, organic farmers have fewer inputs available than conventional growers to control their production environments. Breeding varieties specifically adapted to the unique conditions of organic agriculture is critical for this sector to realize its full potential. This requires selection for traits such as:
5712:
923:
303:
35:
1633:
is no longer a viable option. New varieties of plants can in some cases be developed through plant breeding that generate an increase of yield without relying on an increase in land area. An example of this can be seen in Asia, where food production per capita has increased twofold. This has been achieved through not only the use of fertilisers, but through the use of better crops that have been specifically designed for the area.
659:
5736:
910:
5724:
1692:). If this interaction is severe enough, an important trait required for the organic environment may not be revealed in the conventional environment, which can result in the selection of poorly adapted individuals. To ensure the most adapted varieties are identified, advocates of organic breeding now promote the use of direct selection (i.e. selection in the target environment) for many agronomic traits.
1025:
1316:. Microbiomes of breeding lines showed that hybrid plants share much of their bacterial community with their parents, such as Cucurbita seeds and apple shoot endophytes. In addition, the proportional contribution of the microbiome from parents to offspring corresponds to the amount of genetic material contributed by each parent during breeding and domestication.
1474:
allow worldwide access, which involves solving problems including drought tolerance. It has been suggested that global solutions are achievable through the process of plant breeding, with its ability to select specific genes allowing crops to perform at a level which yields the desired results. One issue facing agriculture is the loss of
1441:
and concluded that 15 generations of natural selection are desirable to produce results that are competitive with conventional breeding. Evolutionary breeding allows working with much larger plant population sizes than conventional breeding. It has also been used in tandem with conventional practices
1398:
Evolutionary plant breeding describes practices which use mass populations with diverse genotypes grown under competitive natural selection. Survival in common crop cultivation environments is the predominant method of selection, rather than direct selection by growers and breeders. Individual plants
1383:
A 2019 review of participatory plant breeding indicated that it had not gained widespread acceptance despite its record of successfully developing varieties with improved diversity and nutritional quality, as well as greater likelihood of these improved varieties being adopted by farmers. This review
162:
Plant breeding can be performed through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to methods that make use of knowledge of genetics and chromosomes, to more complex molecular techniques. Genes in a plant are what determine what type
1997:
Hayes, Patrick M.; Castro, Ariel; Marquez-Cedillo, Luis; Corey, Ann; Henson, Cynthia; Jones, Berne L.; Kling, Jennifer; Mather, Diane; Matus, Ivan; Rossi, Carlos; Sato, Kazuhiro (2003). "Genetic diversity for quantitatively inherited agronomic and malting quality traits". In Roland von
Bothmer; Theo
1553:
breeds results. Isolation is necessary to prevent cross contamination with related plants or the mixing of seeds after harvesting. Isolation is normally accomplished by planting distance but in certain crops, plants are enclosed in greenhouses or cages (most commonly used when producing F1 hybrids).
1552:
When new plant breeds or cultivars are bred, they must be maintained and propagated. Some plants are propagated by asexual means while others are propagated by seeds. Seed propagated cultivars require specific control over seed source and production procedures to maintain the integrity of the plant
1336:
using ML has made great strides and is now being applied to leaf phenotyping and other phenotyping jobs typically performed by human eyes. Pound et al. 2017 and Singh et al. 2016 are especially salient examples of early successful application and demonstration of the general usability of the process
1703:
can also be employed as a diagnostics tool to facilitate selection of progeny who possess the desired trait(s), greatly speeding up the breeding process. This technique has proven particularly useful for the introgression of resistance genes into new backgrounds, as well as the efficient selection
1645:
claim it is too low-yielding to be a viable alternative to conventional agriculture in situations when that poor performance may be the result in part of growing poorly-adapted varieties. It is estimated that over 95% of organic agriculture is based on conventionally adapted varieties, even though
1632:
With an increasing population, the production of food needs to increase with it. It is estimated that a 70% increase in food production is needed by 2050 in order to meet the
Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security. But with the degradation of agricultural land, simply planting more crops
1513:
Intellectual property legislation for plants often uses definitions that typically include genetic uniformity and unchanging appearance over generations. These legal definitions of stability contrast with traditional agronomic usage, which considers stability in terms of how consistent the yield or
1473:
Issues facing plant breeding in the future include the lack of arable land, increasingly harsh cropping conditions and the need to maintain food security, which involves being able to provide the world population with sufficient nutrition. Crops need to be able to mature in multiple environments to
1379:
Participatory plant breeding (PPB) is when farmers are involved in a crop improvement programme with opportunities to make decisions and contribute to the research process at different stages. Participatory approaches to crop improvement can also be applied when plant biotechnologies are being used
1011:. All plants have varying sizes and lengths of genomes with genes that code for different proteins, but many are also the same. If a gene's location and function is identified in one plant species, a very similar gene likely can also be found in a similar location in another related species genome.
1410:
In 1929, Harlan and
Martini proposed a method of plant breeding with heterogeneous populations by pooling an equal number of F2 seeds obtained from 378 crosses among 28 geographically diverse barley cultivars. In 1938, Harlan and Martini demonstrated evolution by natural selection in mixed dynamic
1295:. Such concerns are not new to plant breeding. Most countries have regulatory processes in place to help ensure that new crop varieties entering the marketplace are both safe and meet farmers' needs. Examples include variety registration, seed schemes, regulatory authorizations for GM plants, etc.
420:
may be crossed with a high-yielding but susceptible pea, the goal of the cross being to introduce mildew resistance without losing the high-yield characteristics. Progeny from the cross would then be crossed with the high-yielding parent to ensure that the progeny were most like the high-yielding
1623:
Plant breeding can contribute to global food security as it is a cost-effective tool for increasing nutritional value of forage and crops. Improvements in nutritional value for forage crops from the use of analytical chemistry and rumen fermentation technology have been recorded since 1960; this
1525:
Uniform and genetically stable cultivars can be inadequate for dealing with environmental fluctuations and novel stress factors. Plant breeders have focused on identifying crops which will ensure crops perform under these conditions; a way to achieve this is finding strains of the crop that is
1104:
but as the result of the cross of two homozygous/doubled haploid lines derived from the originally selected plant. Plant tissue culturing can produce haploid or double haploid plant lines and generations. This cuts down the genetic diversity taken from that plant species in order to select for
1002:
can map thousands of genes. This allows plant breeders to screen large populations of plants for those that possess the trait of interest. The screening is based on the presence or absence of a certain gene as determined by laboratory procedures, rather than on the visual identification of the
158:
in products for humans and animals. The goals of plant breeding are to produce crop varieties that boast unique and superior traits for a variety of applications. The most frequently addressed agricultural traits are those related to biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, grain or biomass yield,
1370:
The NGS platform has substantially declined the time and cost required for sequencing and facilitated SNP discovery in model and non-model plants. This in turn has led to employing large-scale SNP markers in genomic selection approaches which aim at predicting genomic breeding values/GEBVs of
1683:
Currently, few breeding programs are directed at organic agriculture and until recently those that did address this sector have generally relied on indirect selection (i.e. selection in conventional environments for traits considered important for organic agriculture). However, because the
1526:
resistance to drought conditions with low nitrogen. It is evident from this that plant breeding is vital for future agriculture to survive as it enables farmers to produce stress resistant crops hence improving food security. In countries that experience harsh winters such as
1455:
Stage 3: Seeds of each cross are then mixed to produce the first generation of the
Composite Cross Population (CCP). The entire offspring is sown to grow and set seed. As the number of plants in the population increases, a proportion of the harvested seed is saved for
609:. It describes the tendency of the progeny of a specific cross to outperform both parents. The detection of the usefulness of heterosis for plant breeding has led to the development of inbred lines that reveal a heterotic yield advantage when they are crossed.
813:
163:
of qualitative or quantitative traits it will have. Plant breeders strive to create a specific outcome of plants and potentially new plant varieties, and in the course of doing so, narrow down the genetic diversity of that variety to a specific few biotypes.
1303:
Industrial breeding of plants has unintentionally altered how agricultural cultivars associate with their microbiome. In maize, for example, breeding has altered the nitrogen cycling taxa required to the rhizosphere, with more modern lines recruiting less
1566:
value is central in this respect. Although relatively little direct research in this area has been done, there are scientific indications that, by favoring certain aspects of a plant's development, other aspects may be retarded. A study published in the
1099:
plants which have the advantages of heterozygosity and a greater range of possible traits. Thus, an individual heterozygous plant chosen for its desirable characteristics can be converted into a heterozygous variety (F1 hybrid) without the necessity of
1543:
Breeding is not a quick process, which is especially important when breeding to ameliorate a disease. The average time from human recognition of a new fungal disease threat to the release of a resistant crop for that pathogen is at least twelve years.
821:
When a desirable trait has been bred into a species, a number of crosses to the favored parent are made to make the new plant as similar to the favored parent as possible. Returning to the example of the mildew resistant pea being crossed with a
3256:
Vivek, B.S.; Krishna, Girish Kumar; Vengadessan, V.; Babu, R.; Zaidi, P.H.; Kha, Le Quy; Mandal, S.S.; Grudloyma, P.; Takalkar, S.; Krothapalli, K.; Singh, I.S.; Ocampo, Eureka Teresa M.; Xingming, F.; Burgueño, J.; Azrai, M. (March 2017).
425:). The progeny from that cross would then be tested for yield (selection, as described above) and mildew resistance and high-yielding resistant plants would be further developed. Plants may also be crossed with themselves to produce
1250:
Genetic modification can further increase yields by increasing stress tolerance to a given environment. Stresses such as temperature variation, are signalled to the plant via a cascade of signalling molecules which will activate a
1534:
and further east in Europe, plant breeders are involved in breeding for tolerance to frost, continuous snow-cover, frost-drought (desiccation from wind and solar radiation under frost) and high moisture levels in soil in winter.
1380:
for crop improvement. Local agricultural systems and genetic diversity are strengthened by participatory programs, and outcomes are enhanced by farmers knowledge of the quality required and evaluation of the target environment.
2255:
1509:
and significantly constraining individuals (such as farmers) from developing and trading seed on a regional level. Efforts to strengthen breeders' rights, for example, by lengthening periods of variety protection, are ongoing.
159:
end-use quality characteristics such as taste or the concentrations of specific biological molecules (proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, fibers) and ease of processing (harvesting, milling, baking, malting, blending, etc.).
1399:
that are favored under prevailing growing conditions, such as environment and inputs, contribute more seed to the next generation than less-adapted individuals. Evolutionary plant breeding has been successfully used by the
1505:. The range of related issues is complex. In the simplest terms, critics of the increasingly restrictive regulations argue that, through a combination of technical and economic pressures, commercial breeders are reducing
901:
Modern plant breeding may use techniques of molecular biology to select, or in the case of genetic modification, to insert, desirable traits into plants. Application of biotechnology or molecular biology is also known as
1500:
is an important and controversial issue. Production of new varieties is dominated by commercial plant breeders, who seek to protect their work and collect royalties through national and international agreements based in
1158:
is a commonly used marker: Plants that have been successfully transformed will grow on media containing antibiotics; plants that have not been transformed will die. In some instances markers for selection are removed by
4005:
1357:
speed breeding is also possible, using a procedure developed by
Richard et al. 2015. As of 2020 it is highly anticipated that SB and automated phenotyping will, combined, produce greatly improved outcomes – see
2193:
730:
may abort before maturation. If this does occur the embryo resulting from an interspecific or intergeneric cross can sometimes be rescued and cultured to produce a whole plant. Such a method is referred to as
1149:
and a termination sequence to stop transcription of the new gene, and the gene or genes of interest must be introduced to the plant. A marker for the selection of transformed plants is also included. In the
1561:
Modern plant breeding, whether classical or through genetic engineering, comes with issues of concern, particularly with regard to food crops. The question of whether breeding can have a negative effect on
403:
Another technique is the deliberate interbreeding (crossing) of closely or distantly related individuals to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable properties. Plants are crossbred to introduce
1384:
also found participatory plant breeding to have a better cost/benefit ratio than non-participatory approaches, and suggested incorporating participatory plant breeding with evolutionary plant breeding.
3755:
2545:
560:
was established in the 1890s by John Garton, who was one of the first to commercialize new varieties of agricultural crops created through cross-pollination. The firm's first introduction was the
3655:
Ceccarelli, S.; Grando, S.; Maatougui, M.; Michael, M.; Slash, M.; Haghparast, R.; Rahmanian, M.; Taheri, A.; Al-Yassin, A.; Benbelkacem, A.; Labdi, M.; Mimoun, H.; Nachit, M. (December 2010).
2138:
Ceccarelli, S.; Grando, S.; Maatougui, M.; Michael, M.; Slash, M.; Haghparast, R.; Rahmanian, M.; Taheri, A.; Al-Yassin, A.; Benbelkacem, A.; Labdi, M.; Mimoun, H.; Nachit, M. (December 2010).
1235:
it will ingest the toxin and die. Herbicides usually work by binding to certain plant enzymes and inhibiting their action. The enzymes that the herbicide inhibits are known as the herbicide's "
1481:
Conventional breeding intentionally limits phenotype plasticity within genotypes and limits variability between genotypes. Uniformity does not allow crops to adapt to climate change and other
1877:
1517:
As of 2020, regulations in Nepal only allow uniform varieties to be registered or released. Evolutionary plant populations and many landraces are polymorphic and do not meet these standards.
215:
plants, a practice which is estimated to date back 9,000 to 11,000 years. Initially early farmers simply selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics, and employed these as
1371:
genotypes in a given population. This method can increase the selection accuracy and decrease the time of each breeding cycle. It has been used in different crops such as maize, wheat, etc.
132:
181:
would have produced 20% fewer arable crops over the last 20 years, consuming an additional 21.6 million hectares (53 million acres) of land and emitting 4 billion tonnes (3.9
545:
2456:
4113:; Godfray, H. Charles J.; Beddington, John R.; Crute, Ian R.; Lawrence, David; Muir, James F.; Pretty, Jules; Robinson, Sherman; Thomas, Sandy M.; Toulmin, Camilla (12 February 2010).
826:
but susceptible pea, to make the mildew resistant progeny of the cross most like the high-yielding parent, the progeny will be crossed back to that parent for several generations (See
3440:
6288:
1840:
1430:(ICARDA) evolutionary plant breeding is combined with participatory plant breeding in order to allow farmers to choose which varieties suit their needs in their local environment.
680:
techniques to produce progeny from otherwise fruitless mating. Interspecific and intergeneric hybrids are produced from a cross of related species or genera that do not normally
170:
institutions, universities, crop-specific industry associations or research centers. International development agencies believe that breeding new crops is important for ensuring
1427:
1414:
Evolutionary breeding populations have been used to establish self-regulating plant–pathogen systems. Examples include barley, where breeders were able to improve resistance to
1138:. Sometimes genetic modification can produce a plant with the desired trait or traits faster than classical breeding because the majority of the plant's genome is not altered.
1243:
can be engineered into crops by expressing a version of target site protein that is not inhibited by the herbicide. This is the method used to produce glyphosate resistant ("
619:
methods were also developed to analyze gene action and distinguish heritable variation from variation caused by environment. In 1933 another important breeding technique,
1615:"We suggest that any real declines are generally most easily explained by changes in cultivated varieties between 1950 and 1999, in which there may be trade-offs between
2461:
1095:. The doubled haploid will be homozygous for the desired traits. Furthermore, two different homozygous plants created in that way can be used to produce a generation of
2590:
Wang, Wangxia; Vinocur, Basia; Altmann, Arie (2003). "Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance".
1400:
3904:
Mahlein, A.-K.; Kuska, M.T.; Behmann, J.; Polder, G.; Walter, A. (2018-08-25). "Hyperspectral
Sensors and Imaging Technologies in Phytopathology: State of the Art".
3383:
1275:
The debate surrounding genetically modified food during the 1990s peaked in 1999 in terms of media coverage and risk perception, and continues today – for example, "
703:
hybrid. The cells in the plants derived from the first generation created from the cross contained an uneven number of chromosomes and as a result was sterile. The
1810:
1699:. For instance, controlled crosses between individuals allow desirable genetic variation to be recombined and transferred to seed progeny via natural processes.
174:
by developing new varieties that are higher yielding, disease resistant, drought tolerant or regionally adapted to different environments and growing conditions.
2260:
1415:
1259:. Overexpression of particular genes involved in cold acclimation has been shown to produce more resistance to freezing, which is one common cause of yield loss
3160:
Watt, Michelle; Fiorani, Fabio; Usadel, Björn; Rascher, Uwe; Muller, Onno; Schurr, Ulrich (2020-04-29). "Phenotyping: New
Windows into the Plant for Breeders".
4668:
2090:
1141:
To genetically modify a plant, a genetic construct must be designed so that the gene to be added or removed will be expressed by the plant. To do this, a
193:
are currently being crossed with plants to create new varieties for northern France. Soy beans, which were previously grown predominantly in the south of
1202:
and related species. Another limitation of viral vectors is that the virus is not usually passed on to the progeny, so every plant has to be inoculated.
5348:
2755:
1973:
1486:
400:, the process of selectively propagating plants with desirable characteristics and eliminating or "culling" those with less desirable characteristics.
1482:
1434:
1411:
populations as a few varieties that became dominant in some locations almost disappeared in others; poorly-adapted varieties disappeared everywhere.
673:
a number of techniques were developed that allowed plant breeders to hybridize distantly related species, and artificially induce genetic diversity.
5740:
4774:
3219:"Genomewide Selection versus Marker-assisted Recurrent Selection to Improve Grain Yield and Stover-quality Traits for Cellulosic Ethanol in Maize"
4635:
1134:. If for genetic modification genes of the species or of a crossable plant are used under control of their native promoter, then they are called
1442:
in order to develop both heterogeneous and homogeneous crop lines for low input agricultural systems that have unpredictable stress conditions.
2425:
1404:
1210:
1236:
830:). This process removes most of the genetic contribution of the mildew resistant parent. Classical breeding is therefore a cyclical process.
166:
It is practiced worldwide by individuals such as gardeners and farmers, and by professional plant breeders employed by organizations such as
3090:
Abdelfattah, Ahmed; Tack, Ayco J. M.; Wasserman, Birgit; Liu, Jia; Berg, Gabriele; Norelli, John; Droby, Samir; Wisniewski, Michael (2021).
1695:
There are many classical and modern breeding techniques that can be utilized for crop improvement in organic agriculture despite the ban on
1003:
expressed trait in the plant. The purpose of marker assisted selection, or plant genome analysis, is to identify the location and function (
4377:
1569:
841:
plants. There have been instances where plants bred using classical techniques have been unsuitable for human consumption, for example the
2249:
1194:
to insert genetic constructs into plants is also a possibility, but the technique is limited by the host range of the virus. For example,
2360:
1449:
Stage 1: Genetic diversity is created, for example by manual crosses of inbreeding species or mixing of cultivars in outcrossing species.
6144:
4604:
3802:
5537:
4661:
3887:
Link, W.; Balko, C.; Stoddard, F.; Winter hardiness in faba bean: Physiology and breeding. Field Crops
Research (5 February 2010).
2647:
1459:
Stage 4: The seed can be used for continued evolutionary plant breeding or as a starting point for a conventional breeding effort.
3404:
Elings, A.; Almekinders, C. J. M.; Stam, P. (December 2001). "Introduction: Why focus thinking on participatory plant breeding".
2905:
833:
With classical breeding techniques, the breeder does not know exactly what genes have been introduced to the new cultivars. Some
143:
is sensitive to salinity, plants resulting from a hybrid cross with cultivar W4910 (left) show greater tolerance to high salinity
6271:
3028:
Liu, Jia; Abdelfattah, Ahmed; Norelli, John; Burchard, Erik; Schena, Leonardo; Droby, Samir; Wisniewski, Michael (2018-01-27).
2692:
Costa-Font, J.; Mossialos, E. (2007). "Are perceptions of 'risks' and 'benefits' of genetically modified food (in)dependent?".
1284:
4593:
3391:
CGIAR Systemwide
Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis for Technology Development and Institutional Innovation
4561:
2023:
1981:
1722:
759:
fusion. In this case protoplasts are fused, usually in an electric field. Viable recombinants can be regenerated in culture.
99:
2812:
Wang, Liyang; Rengel, Zed; Zhang, Kai; Jin, Kemo; Lyu, Yang; Zhang, Lin; Cheng, Lingyun; Zhang, Fusuo; Shen, Jianbo (2022).
6093:
1859:
1407:
rice while reducing its susceptibility to blast disease. These practices have also been used in Nepal with bean landraces.
71:
6196:
4654:
4640:
4057:
Tester, Mark; Langridge, Peter (February 2010). "Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world".
3961:
Davis, D.R.; Epp, M.D.; Riordan, H.D. (2004). "Changes in USDA Food
Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999".
663:
553:
2189:"Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium B.P. maize from the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico"
4418:
4213:"The need to breed crop varieties suitable for organic farming, using wheat, tomato and broccoli as examples: A review"
1891:
1868:
78:
5022:
4407:
4392:
4343:
4015:
3460:
2563:
2408:
2304:
2268:
1065:
970:
342:
118:
2454:
Shimelis, Hussein; Laing, Mark. "Timelines in conventional crop improvement: pre-breeding and breeding procedures".
952:
837:
therefore argue that plants produced by classical breeding methods should undergo the same safety testing regime as
6043:
3314:
1689:
1967:
6440:
6223:
5774:
4513:"From indica and japonica splitting in common wild rice DNA to the origin and evolution of Asian cultivated rice"
3906:
944:
430:
320:
52:
1478:
and other local varieties which have diversity that may have useful genes for climate adaptation in the future.
85:
6208:
3705:
3162:
2049:
1696:
948:
324:
56:
3858:
3030:"Apple endophytic microbiota of different rootstock/scion combinations suggests a genotype-specific influence"
2894:"Maize germplasm chronosequence shows crop breeding history impacts recruitment of the rhizosphere microbiome"
2283:
1688:
may perform very differently in each environment due to an interaction between genes and the environment (see
1091:
starting plants, if a haploid cell with the alleles for those traits can be produced, and then used to make a
6060:
5728:
1610:
4599:
1925:"Precise plant breeding using new genome editing techniques: opportunities, safety and regulation in the EU"
6203:
5983:
5049:
4747:
1502:
994:
Sometimes many different genes can influence a desirable trait in plant breeding. The use of tools such as
794:. Classical plant breeders also generate genetic diversity within a species by exploiting a process called
67:
4211:
Lammerts van Bueren, E.T.; S.S. Jones; L. Tamm; K.M. Murphy; J.R. Myers; C. Leifert; M.M. Messmer (2010).
2091:"Study published: The socio-economic and environmental values of plant breeding in the EU – hffa research"
593:
to predict the frequencies of different types. Wheat hybrids were bred to increase the crop production of
6435:
6213:
6159:
6127:
6088:
5568:
4103:
2694:
2400:
1708:
are not currently available for many important traits, especially complex ones controlled by many genes.
786:. Mutagenesis is the generation of mutants. The breeder hopes for desirable traits to be bred with other
3370:
Ceccarelli 2001. Decentralized-Participatory Plant Breeding: Adapting Crops to Environments and Clients
3259:"Use of Genomic Estimated Breeding Values Results in Rapid Genetic Gains for Drought Tolerance in Maize"
6430:
6110:
6081:
5059:
4732:
4712:
3915:
3171:
2722:
2539:
2063:
1850:
1278:
620:
4531:
CGIAR Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis, Working Document No.4, CIAT: Cali. 150pp.
3825:
6246:
6152:
6115:
5934:
5859:
5834:
5588:
5542:
5392:
4625:
3371:
1815:
1805:
1780:
1700:
1497:
1288:
1172:
1122:
of plants is achieved by adding a specific gene or genes to a plant, or by knocking down a gene with
989:
356:
206:
4043:
2326:
6218:
6105:
6050:
4982:
4839:
2345:
2116:
1795:
1195:
1178:
1146:
1043:
933:
441:
3218:
211:
Plant breeding started with sedentary agriculture and particularly the domestication of the first
6420:
6171:
6166:
6139:
6122:
6067:
6055:
6038:
5626:
5402:
5304:
5299:
5017:
4894:
4400:
Concise Encyclopedia of Crop Improvement: Institutions, Persons, Theories, Methods, and Histories
4336:
Evolution Made to Order: Plant Breeding and Technological Innovation in Twentieth-Century America
4246:"The role of molecular markers and marker assisted selection in breeding for organic agriculture"
2971:"The Cucurbita pepo seed microbiome: genotype-specific composition and implications for breeding"
2250:"Simulation-based Economic Feasibility Analysis of Grafting Technology for Propagation Operation"
1668:
1292:
1101:
937:
896:
490:
313:
45:
3826:"Enhancing Freedom to Operate for Plant Breeders and Farmers through Open Source Plant Breeding"
3491:
Döring, Thomas F.; Knapp, Samuel; Kovacs, Geza; Murphy, Kevin; Wolfe, Martin S. (October 2011).
2111:
6328:
6181:
6176:
5897:
5527:
5464:
5412:
5375:
5370:
4844:
1775:
1219:
807:
767:
3874:
2969:
Adam, Eveline; Bernhart, Maria; Müller, Henry; Winkler, Johanna; Berg, Gabriele (2018-01-01).
2364:
1393:
6333:
6281:
6261:
6191:
6134:
5978:
5968:
5956:
5914:
5892:
5849:
5716:
5474:
5191:
4809:
4804:
4697:
3803:"Addressing the potential for a selective breeding-based approach in sustainable agriculture"
3729:
1423:
1313:
1167:
1155:
624:
606:
582:
247:
4641:
A Breed Apart: The Plant Breeder's Guide to Preventing Patents through Defensive Publication
4528:
4352:"A Comparison between Crop Domestication, Classical Plant Breeding, and Genetic Engineering"
4351:
4109:
3536:
1353:
Speed breeding is introduced by Watson et al. 2018. Classical (human performed) phenotyping
92:
6303:
6266:
5973:
5939:
5929:
5578:
5519:
5012:
4963:
4824:
4799:
4779:
4128:
4068:
3717:
3596:
2984:
2909:
2831:
2599:
2430:
2202:
1737:
1717:
1252:
1240:
1119:
799:
795:
677:
642:
in the early 20th century. Similar yield increases were not produced elsewhere until after
397:
3179:
2814:"Ensuring future food security and resource sustainability: insights into the rhizosphere"
8:
6256:
6020:
5924:
5919:
5767:
5497:
5360:
4916:
4784:
4769:
4717:
4707:
1886:
1732:
1642:
1341:
target plant species. These methods will work even better with large, publicly available
1309:
1268:
1047:
1035:
876:
853:
838:
736:
253:
Modern plant breeding is applied genetics, but its scientific basis is broader, covering
4132:
4072:
3923:
3721:
3600:
2988:
2913:
2835:
2603:
2576:
2206:
798:, which occurs in plants produced from tissue culture, particularly plants derived from
726:
incompatibility. If fertilization is possible between two species or genera, the hybrid
362:
5951:
5902:
5887:
5854:
5803:
5699:
5573:
5487:
5452:
5338:
5231:
5211:
4575:
4494:
4469:
4456:
4188:
4092:
4031:
3986:
3943:
3783:
3686:
3625:
3584:
3562:
3466:
3421:
3353:
3296:
3199:
3139:
3126:
3091:
3064:
3029:
3010:
2951:
2938:
2893:
2873:
2860:
2813:
2802:
2789:
2750:
2669:
2642:
2623:
2481:
2465:
2314:
2225:
2188:
2169:
1785:
1760:
1142:
999:
903:
775:
552:
Successful commercial plant breeding concerns were founded from the late 19th century.
476:
405:
4610:
4311:
4284:
2015:
6425:
6251:
5839:
5621:
5482:
5447:
5442:
5309:
5151:
4936:
4884:
4567:
4557:
4512:
4499:
4448:
4414:
4403:
4399:
4388:
4384:
4339:
4316:
4146:
4119:
4084:
4059:
4011:
3978:
3935:
3927:
3775:
3733:
3678:
3630:
3612:
3566:
3554:
3514:
3470:
3456:
3288:
3280:
3238:
3203:
3191:
3183:
3143:
3131:
3113:
3069:
3051:
3002:
2955:
2943:
2925:
2877:
2865:
2847:
2806:
2794:
2776:
2674:
2615:
2521:
2473:
2404:
2300:
2264:
2230:
2161:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2019:
1977:
1948:
1929:
1835:
1705:
1131:
1114:
1007:) of various genes within the genome. If all of the genes are identified it leads to
884:
791:
445:
368:
254:
5798:
4975:
4579:
4243:
4192:
4007:
Breeding for drought and nitrogen stress tolerance in maize: from theory to practice
3990:
3947:
3787:
3690:
3425:
3357:
3300:
3275:
3258:
3014:
2627:
2485:
2173:
464:(see below) to generate diversity and produce hybrid plants that would not exist in
6015:
6010:
5990:
5864:
5704:
5678:
5432:
5196:
4921:
4869:
4722:
4549:
4489:
4481:
4460:
4438:
4363:
4306:
4296:
4257:
4224:
4180:
4136:
4096:
4076:
3974:
3970:
3919:
3870:
3837:
3767:
3725:
3668:
3620:
3604:
3544:
3504:
3448:
3413:
3384:"Biotechnology-assisted Participatory Plant Breeding: Complement or Contradiction?"
3345:
3333:
3270:
3230:
3175:
3121:
3105:
3059:
3041:
2992:
2933:
2917:
2855:
2839:
2784:
2768:
2707:
2703:
2664:
2656:
2607:
2572:
2513:
2504:
2292:
2220:
2210:
2151:
2011:
1938:
1092:
1079:
995:
880:
771:
676:
When distantly related species are crossed, plant breeders make use of a number of
647:
598:
243:
220:
155:
5119:
4168:
250:. Genetics stimulated research to improve crop production through plant breeding.
6338:
6276:
6074:
5879:
5683:
5668:
5663:
5355:
5261:
5241:
5141:
5129:
5114:
5094:
5089:
4953:
4904:
4879:
4859:
4529:
Biotechnology assisted participatory plant breeding: Complement or contradiction?
4421:), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Taylor & Francis Group, Inc., New York, USA, pp 584
4301:
4110:
3859:"Accomplishments and impact from breeding for increased forage nutritional value"
3096:
2394:
1872:
1333:
1256:
1228:
1206:
1008:
868:
434:
5146:
4630:
3842:
3234:
1426:
and was able to increase the proportion of resistant plants from 5% to 40%. The
6384:
6364:
5995:
5961:
5760:
5658:
5648:
5492:
5437:
5246:
5221:
5201:
5069:
5064:
5054:
4946:
4941:
4926:
4854:
4754:
4229:
4212:
4210:
3892:
3608:
3585:"Evolutionary Plant Breeding as a Response to the Complexity of Climate Change"
3334:"A framework for analyzing participatory plant breeding approaches and results"
2975:
2921:
2843:
2772:
2194:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1882:
1855:
1845:
1742:
1727:
1263:
1187:
716:
453:
5382:
4596:– education and training materials for plant breeders and allied professionals
4553:
4262:
4245:
4184:
3771:
3673:
3656:
3537:"Concept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal"
3417:
3349:
3046:
2997:
2970:
2611:
2296:
2156:
2139:
631:. This enables the production of hybrids without the need for labor-intensive
6414:
6399:
6098:
6005:
6000:
5653:
5631:
5407:
5316:
5266:
5251:
5186:
5181:
5166:
5136:
5099:
5079:
5039:
5034:
5004:
4970:
4909:
4889:
4874:
4834:
4742:
4646:
4626:
The Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building – GIPB
4571:
4485:
4368:
4280:
3931:
3779:
3737:
3682:
3616:
3558:
3518:
3452:
3284:
3242:
3187:
3117:
3055:
3006:
2929:
2851:
2780:
2660:
2477:
2469:
2165:
2041:
2033:
1825:
1820:
1800:
1747:
1606:
1342:
1325:
1244:
848:
was unintentionally increased to unacceptable levels in certain varieties of
732:
723:
704:
639:
578:
457:
372:) over hundreds of years, resulting in dozens of today's agricultural crops.
235:
171:
4616:
Glossary of plant breeding terminology by the Open Plant Breeding Foundation
4141:
4114:
4080:
3549:
2751:"Rhizosphere microbiome: Functional compensatory assembly for plant fitness"
2215:
1040:. In particular, some explanation of reverse breeding is still missing here.
6186:
5907:
5819:
5598:
5417:
5397:
5365:
5294:
5281:
5256:
5236:
5206:
4931:
4899:
4677:
4503:
4452:
4320:
4150:
4088:
3982:
3939:
3634:
3292:
3195:
3135:
3073:
2947:
2869:
2798:
2727:
2678:
2619:
2525:
2234:
1952:
1864:
1684:
difference between organic and conventional environments is large, a given
1506:
1160:
1088:
827:
746:
741:
681:
670:
643:
627:. CMS is a maternally inherited trait that makes the plant produce sterile
422:
258:
131:
4244:
Lammerts van Bueren, E. T.; G. Backes; H. de Vriend; H. Ostergard (2010).
3332:
Sperling, L.; Ashby, J.A.; Smith, M.E.; Weltzien, E.; McGuire, S. (2001).
2187:
Piperno, D. R.; Ranere, A. J.; Holst, I.; Iriarte, J.; Dickau, R. (2009).
613:
was the first species where heterosis was widely used to produce hybrids.
6343:
6308:
5944:
5844:
5509:
5504:
5289:
5176:
5171:
5161:
5156:
5084:
5074:
4849:
4814:
4794:
4759:
4727:
2764:
1830:
1419:
1329:
1199:
783:
632:
590:
570:
variety. It is one of the first agricultural grain varieties bred from a
544:
498:
471:
Traits that breeders have tried to incorporate into crop plants include:
461:
426:
385:
262:
212:
4443:
4426:
4378:
The Origins of Agriculture and Crop Domestication – The Harlan Symposium
2589:
2186:
638:
These early breeding techniques resulted in large yield increase in the
6394:
5829:
5824:
5752:
5226:
5109:
5044:
5029:
4987:
4864:
4764:
2827:
1765:
1658:
1616:
1598:
1590:
1581:
done in 1950 and in 1999, and found substantial decreases in six of 13
1575:
Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999
1305:
1151:
1135:
1084:
872:
823:
803:
779:
756:
712:
708:
616:
483:
412:
from one variety or line into a new genetic background. For example, a
327: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
286:
282:
274:
266:
216:
167:
4166:
3824:
Luby, C. H.; Kloppenburg, J.; Michaels, T. E.; Goldman, I. L. (2015).
3509:
3492:
3217:
Massman, Jon M.; Jung, Hans-Joachim G.; Bernardo, Rex (January 2013).
3109:
1943:
1924:
1281:
by banning the planting of a widely grown pest-resistant corn variety.
913:
Modern facilities in molecular biology are now used in plant breeding.
806:, and the addition or removal of chromosomes using a technique called
366:
Selective breeding enlarged desired traits of the wild cabbage plant (
6348:
6323:
6313:
6298:
5673:
5636:
5583:
5563:
5558:
5216:
4702:
4689:
4681:
2640:
1578:
1563:
1475:
1232:
1217:. Insect resistance is achieved through incorporation of a gene from
1214:
1127:
1096:
1004:
834:
692:
602:
530:
389:
278:
270:
219:
for subsequent generations, resulting in an accumulation of valuable
2517:
1676:
Early maturity (as a mechanism for avoidance of particular stresses)
1609:
were also found. The study, conducted at the Biochemical Institute,
1277:
Germany has thrown its weight behind a growing European mutiny over
922:
302:
34:
6389:
6379:
6374:
6318:
6293:
5869:
5787:
5532:
5459:
5387:
5124:
4999:
4789:
2818:
2007:
1790:
1685:
1654:
1582:
1209:
are currently limited to plants that have introduced resistance to
1183:
1130:. The plants resulting from adding a gene are often referred to as
857:
845:
787:
586:
517:
494:
381:
239:
226:
140:
24:
20:
2248:
Meng, Chao; Xu, Dong; Son, Young-Jun & Kubota, Chieri (2012).
1445:
Evolutionary plant breeding has been delineated into four stages:
658:
6369:
6241:
5641:
5603:
5593:
5469:
5104:
4994:
3535:
Joshi, B. K.; Ayer, D. K.; Gauchan, D.; Jarvis, D. (2020-10-13).
1841:
Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction
1594:
1586:
1531:
1527:
1418:
scald over 45 generations. An evolutionary breeding project grew
1224:
864:
763:
557:
502:
479:, such as increased nutrition, improved flavor, or greater beauty
373:
190:
154:
in order to produce desired characteristics. It has been used to
4636:
FDA Statement of Policy – Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties
4620:
3654:
2137:
1636:
650:
increased crop production in the developing world in the 1960s.
355:
For the role of crossing and plant breeding in viticulture, see
5333:
5326:
5321:
4737:
4615:
4167:
Murphy, Kevin M.; K.G. Campbell; S.R. Lyon; S.S. Jones (2007).
2749:
Xun, Weibing; Shao, Jiahui; Shen, Qirong; Zhang, Ruifu (2021).
1996:
1428:
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
909:
849:
842:
727:
689:
628:
523:
513:
465:
448:. The classical plant breeder may also make use of a number of
413:
194:
178:
151:
4413:
Schlegel, Rolf (2014) Dictionary of Plant Breeding, 2nd ed., (
3823:
2641:
Suzie Key; Julian K-C Ma & Pascal MW Drake (1 June 2008).
2281:
5783:
5422:
3027:
2282:
Mudge, K.; Janick, J.; Scofield, S.; Goldschmidt, E. (2009).
1966:
Willy H. Verheye, ed. (2010). "Plant Breeding and Genetics".
1704:
of many resistance genes pyramided into a single individual.
1191:
1014:
696:
610:
594:
509:
136:
4468:
Schouten, Henk J.; Krens, Frans A.; Jacobsen, Evert (2006).
4425:
Schouten, Henk J.; Krens, Frans A.; Jacobsen, Evert (2006).
4169:"Evidence of varietal adaptation to organic farming systems"
2561:
Moreland, D E (1980). "Mechanisms of Action of Herbicides".
1359:
5343:
4958:
4594:
Plant Breeding and Genomics eXtension Community of Practice
3255:
3089:
1770:
1602:
1123:
409:
377:
4470:"Cisgenic plants are similar to traditionally bred plants"
4115:"Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people"
3432:
3331:
2502:
Kasha, Ken (1999). "Biotechnology and world food supply".
2497:
2495:
2426:"Unfairly demonized GMO crops can help fight malnutrition"
2064:"Doriane | Blog — Climate-Smart Plant Breeding Objectives"
1514:
quality of a crop remains across locations and over time.
1319:
5271:
3903:
3749:
3747:
2968:
1679:
Abiotic stress tolerance (i.e. drought, salinity, etc...)
700:
567:
417:
3578:
3576:
3159:
1811:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
577:
In the early 20th century, plant breeders realized that
232:
By 500 BCE grafting was well established and practiced.
229:
technology had been practiced in China before 2000 BCE.
3493:"Evolutionary Plant Breeding in Cereals—Into a New Era"
3490:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3381:
2492:
1910:
Breeding Field Crops. 1995. Sleper and Poehlman. Page 3
722:
Failure to produce a hybrid may be due to pre- or post-
4427:"Do cisgenic plants warrant less stringent oversight?"
3744:
3583:
Ceccarelli, Salvatore; Grando, Stefania (2020-12-18).
3534:
3439:
Ceccarelli, Salvatore; Grando, Stefania (2019-10-02).
2449:
2447:
2256:
Industrial and Systems Engineering Research Conference
2112:"French firm breeds plants that resist climate change"
4467:
4424:
3573:
3530:
3528:
3403:
1166:
The construct can be inserted in the plant genome by
3477:
3092:"Evidence for host–microbiome co-evolution in apple"
867:-assisted conventional breeding, incorporation of a
189:
10 short tons) of carbon. Wheat species created for
3756:"Evolutionary plant breeding for low input systems"
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3441:"From participatory to evolutionary plant breeding"
3216:
3085:
3083:
2691:
2444:
1998:van Hintum; Helmut Knüpffer; Kazuhiro Sato (eds.).
1163:with the parent plant prior to commercial release.
755:Hybrids may also be produced by a technique called
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4607:– large practical reference on plant hybridization
3897:
3525:
3155:
3153:
2811:
2756:Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal
2180:
1547:
1272:, is a rather radical new area of plant breeding.
1087:plants with desirable traits can be produced from
684:with each other. These crosses are referred to as
177:A recent study shows that without plant breeding,
4050:
2892:Favela, Alonso; O., Martin; Kent, Angela (2021).
2396:Hybrid: The History and Science of Plant Breeding
2388:
2386:
1711:
1422:bulk soybean populations on soil infested by the
719:and thus allow the production of a fertile line.
6412:
4548:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 2072.
3697:
3641:
3582:
3438:
3080:
2748:
2275:
1969:Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume I
1965:
1922:
1285:ecological impact of genetically modified plants
1262:Genetic modification of plants that can produce
1227:that is toxic to some insects. For example, the
4643:by Cydnee V. Bence & Emily J. Spiegel, 2019
4056:
3960:
3150:
2247:
1990:
1374:
4676:
4611:Infography about the History of Plant Breeding
3807:International Journal of Agricultural Research
3541:Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University
2741:
2643:"Genetically modified plants and human health"
2392:
2383:
1918:
1916:
1387:
1360:§ Phenotyping and artificial intelligence
1298:
5768:
4662:
4621:National Association of Plant Breeders (NAPB)
4206:
4204:
4202:
3857:Casler, Vogal, M.K. (January–February 1999).
3856:
3850:
3754:Phillips, S. L.; Wolfe, M. S. (August 2005).
3753:
1637:Role of plant breeding in organic agriculture
1468:
1324:As of 2020 machine learning – and especially
1291:and concepts used for safety evaluation like
1266:(and industrial chemicals), sometimes called
289:). It has also developed its own technology.
5538:List of organic gardening and farming topics
4331:. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York.
3963:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
3893:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.08.004
2891:
1570:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
1328:– has recently become more commonly used in
1046:. There might be a discussion about this on
983:
623:(CMS), developed in maize, was described by
535:Longer storage period for the harvested crop
2417:
2380:Spring Seed Catalogue 1899, Gartons Limited
1923:Hartung, Frank; Schiemann, Joachim (2014).
1913:
951:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
292:
5860:Smart breeding (Marker-assisted selection)
5775:
5761:
4669:
4655:
4631:FAO/IAEA Programme Mutant Variety Database
4410:), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp 423
4395:), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp 584
4285:"Diversifying Selection in Plant Breeding"
4237:
4217:NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences
4199:
2376:
2374:
2252:. In Lim, G. & Herrmann, J.W. (eds.).
1878:UPOV Convention on New Varieties of Plants
1520:
1394:Landrace § Plant_landrace_development
1015:Reverse breeding and doubled haploids (DH)
735:. This technique has been used to produce
4543:
4493:
4442:
4385:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Plant Breeding
4367:
4310:
4300:
4261:
4228:
4162:
4160:
4140:
3875:10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183x003900010003x
3841:
3706:"An Evolutionary Plant Breeding Method 1"
3672:
3624:
3548:
3508:
3393:. Working Document No. 4 April 2000: 140.
3274:
3125:
3063:
3045:
2996:
2937:
2859:
2788:
2668:
2546:World International Property Organization
2453:
2224:
2214:
2155:
1942:
1492:
1365:
1066:Learn how and when to remove this message
971:Learn how and when to remove this message
396:One major technique of plant breeding is
343:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:is the science of changing the traits of
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
5782:
4003:
3730:10.2134/agronj1956.00021962004800040012x
2648:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
2560:
1437:to codify this approach coined the term
908:
890:
860:levels before reaching the marketplace.
812:
657:
589:populations produced through deliberate
543:
361:
130:
16:Humans changing traits, ornamental/crops
4279:
3703:
2906:Springer Science and Business Media LLC
2720:
2371:
1320:Phenotyping and artificial intelligence
1207:commercially released transgenic plants
1108:
739:, an interspecific cross of Asian rice
662:In vitro-culture of Vitis (grapevine),
574:cross, introduced to commerce in 1892.
238:(1822–84) is considered the "father of
6413:
4346:) U of Chicago Press, 2016. x, 285 pp.
4157:
3800:
2423:
2085:
2083:
1653:Nutrient use efficiency (particularly
1463:
1403:to preserve landrace diversity within
817:Agricultural research on potato plants
539:
5756:
4650:
4534:
4349:
4327:Briggs, F.N. and Knowles, P.F. 1967.
3180:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041124
2501:
2339:
653:
440:Classical breeding relies largely on
197:, are now grown in southern Germany.
5723:
3657:"Plant breeding and climate changes"
2140:"Plant breeding and climate changes"
1860:Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement
1556:
1538:
1018:
949:adding citations to reliable sources
916:
325:adding citations to reliable sources
296:
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
6289:Selection methods in plant breeding
5735:
3924:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050100
3846:– via ACSESS Digital Library.
3760:The Journal of Agricultural Science
3661:The Journal of Agricultural Science
2577:10.1146/annurev.pp.31.060180.003121
2144:The Journal of Agricultural Science
2080:
1577:, compared nutritional analysis of
664:Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute
554:Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders
13:
4537:Breed Your Own Vegetable Varieties
2457:Australian Journal of Crop Science
2342:Breed Your Own Vegetable Varieties
2291:. Vol. 35. pp. 449–475.
1892:Genetic resources (disambiguation)
1869:Convention on Biological Diversity
14:
6452:
4587:
2564:Annual Review of Plant Physiology
2269:Institute of Industrial Engineers
1348:
1231:, a common cotton pest, feeds on
711:was used to double the number of
5734:
5722:
5711:
5710:
5698:
4544:Vaschetto, Luis M., ed. (2020).
4527:Thro, A.M.; Spillane, C. (1999)
3382:Thro A & Spillane C (2000).
2723:"Germany deals blow to GM crops"
1452:Stage 2: Multiplication of seeds
1182:, or by direct methods like the
1023:
921:
583:non-random nature of inheritance
444:between chromosomes to generate
301:
156:improve the quality of nutrition
33:
4510:
3997:
3954:
3907:Annual Review of Phytopathology
3881:
3817:
3794:
3704:Suneson, Coit A. (April 1956).
3397:
3375:
3364:
3325:
3307:
3276:10.3835/plantgenome2016.07.0070
3249:
3210:
3021:
2962:
2885:
2714:
2685:
2634:
2583:
2554:
2532:
2353:
2333:
2241:
1816:Marker-assisted selection (MAS)
1548:Maintaining specific conditions
312:needs additional citations for
242:". His experiments with plant
44:needs additional citations for
4329:Introduction to Plant Breeding
3975:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409
3163:Annual Review of Plant Biology
2708:10.1016/j.foodqual.2005.09.013
2131:
2104:
2056:
1959:
1904:
1712:List of notable plant breeders
1697:genetically modified organisms
1433:An influential 1956 effort by
1:
2424:Norero, Daniel (2018-06-20).
2016:10.1016/S0168-7972(03)80012-9
1898:
1611:University of Texas at Austin
1283:" The debate encompasses the
863:Even with the very latest in
4605:Hybridization of Crop Plants
4302:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020347
2721:Connoly, Kate (2009-04-14).
1690:gene–environment interaction
1503:intellectual property rights
1375:Participatory plant breeding
852:through plant breeding. New
548:Garton's catalogue from 1902
493:of environmental pressures (
7:
5569:Index of pesticide articles
4539:. Chelsea Green Publishing.
3843:10.2135/cropsci2014.10.0708
3235:10.2135/cropsci2012.02.0112
2695:Food Quality and Preference
2401:University of Chicago Press
1753:
1439:evolutionary plant breeding
1388:Evolutionary plant breeding
1299:Breeding and the microbiome
431:Pollinators may be excluded
10:
6457:
4713:Climate-friendly gardening
4273:
4230:10.1016/j.njas.2010.04.001
3609:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101815
3445:Farmers and Plant Breeding
2922:10.1038/s41396-021-00923-z
2844:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104168
2773:10.1016/j.csbj.2021.09.035
1856:Bioprospecting / biopiracy
1851:Composite cross population
1585:measured, including 6% of
1469:Breeding and food security
1391:
1279:genetically modified crops
1112:
1077:
987:
894:
871:takes an average of seven
621:cytoplasmic male sterility
354:
204:
200:
18:
6357:
6247:Marker-assisted selection
6232:
6029:
5878:
5835:Marker-assisted selection
5812:
5794:
5692:
5614:
5589:Plant disease forecasting
5551:
5543:Vegan organic agriculture
5518:
5393:Genetically modified tree
5280:
4823:
4688:
4554:10.1007/978-1-4939-9865-4
4263:10.1007/s10681-010-0169-0
4185:10.1016/j.fcr.2007.03.011
3772:10.1017/S0021859605005009
3674:10.1017/S0021859610000651
3047:10.1186/s40168-018-0403-x
2998:10.1007/s11104-016-3113-9
2612:10.1007/s00425-003-1105-5
2462:Southern Cross Publishing
2297:10.1002/9780470593776.ch9
2157:10.1017/S0021859610000651
1806:Genomics of domestication
1781:Cultivated plant taxonomy
1701:Marker assisted selection
1289:genetically modified food
1173:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
1126:, to produce a desirable
990:Marker assisted selection
984:Marker assisted selection
357:Propagation of grapevines
207:History of plant breeding
4517:Agricultural Archaeology
4486:10.1038/sj.embor.7400769
4369:10.2135/cropsci2002.1780
3891:(3): 287-296, page. 289|
3453:10.4324/9780429507335-15
2661:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372
2346:Chelsea Green Publishing
2254:Proceedings of the 2012
2117:European Investment Bank
1796:Family based QTL mapping
1627:
1613:, concluded in summary:
1401:Nepal National Gene Bank
1196:Cauliflower mosaic virus
442:homologous recombination
293:Classical plant breeding
246:led to his establishing
4398:Schlegel, Rolf (2007)
4142:10.1126/science.1185383
4081:10.1126/science.1183700
3550:10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47023
3418:10.1023/A:1017923423714
3350:10.1023/A:1017505323730
2393:Noel Kingsbury (2009).
2216:10.1073/pnas.0812525106
1673:Pest/disease resistance
1669:mechanical weed control
1521:Environmental stressors
1293:substantial equivalence
1102:vegetative reproduction
897:New Breeding Techniques
856:are often screened for
529:Increased tolerance of
522:Increased tolerance to
6441:Pollination management
6329:Outbreeding depression
5528:Biodynamic agriculture
5465:Postharvest physiology
5413:Landscape architecture
5110:Indonesian home garden
4600:Plant Breeding Updates
4383:Schlegel, Rolf (2009)
1776:Crop breeding in Nepal
1619:and nutrient content."
1498:Plant breeders' rights
1493:Plant breeders' rights
1366:Genomic selection (GS)
1220:Bacillus thuringiensis
914:
818:
808:chromosome engineering
768:ethyl methanesulfonate
666:
597:during the so-called "
549:
393:
144:
6334:Inbreeding depression
5850:Preservation breeding
4775:Historic conservation
4535:Deppe, Carol (2000).
2340:Deppe, Carol (2000).
2285:A History of Grafting
2261:IIE Annual Conference
2000:Diversity in Barley (
1424:soybean cyst nematode
1416:Rynchosporium secalis
1326:deep machine learning
1168:genetic recombination
1156:antibiotic resistance
912:
891:Modern plant breeding
816:
790:– a process known as
661:
625:Marcus Morton Rhoades
607:George Harrison Shull
547:
365:
134:
5705:Gardening portal
5604:Aquamog weed remover
5579:List of insecticides
4431:Nature Biotechnology
4173:Field Crops Research
2431:Alliance for Science
2010:. pp. 201–226.
2006:. Amsterdam Boston:
1738:Niels Ebbesen Hansen
1718:Thomas Andrew Knight
1664:Weed competitiveness
1650:Water use efficiency
1253:transcription factor
1241:Herbicide resistance
1223:(Bt) that encodes a
1198:(CaMV) only infects
1120:Genetic modification
1109:Genetic modification
1036:confusing or unclear
945:improve this section
883:, and seventeen for
839:genetically modified
796:somaclonal variation
678:plant tissue culture
585:could be applied to
321:improve this article
53:improve this article
6021:Designer crossbreed
4444:10.1038/nbt0706-753
4334:Curry, Helen Anne.
4133:2010Sci...327..812G
4073:2010Sci...327..818T
3722:1956AgrJ...48..188S
3601:2020iSci...23j1815C
2989:2018PlSoi.422...35A
2914:2021ISMEJ..15.2454F
2882:...cite this study:
2836:2022iSci...25j4168W
2604:2003Plant.218....1W
2207:2009PNAS..106.5019P
1733:Nazareno Strampelli
1643:organic agriculture
1464:Issues and concerns
1170:using the bacteria
1044:clarify the section
877:clonally propagated
737:new rice for Africa
688:. For example, the
581:'s findings on the
540:Before World War II
452:techniques such as
433:through the use of
248:laws of inheritance
6436:Plant reproduction
5855:Selective breeding
5804:Lists of cultivars
5574:List of fungicides
5339:Companion planting
4350:Gepts, P. (2002).
2540:"Reverse Breeding"
1786:Double-pair mating
1761:Bioactive compound
1573:in 2004, entitled
1000:DNA fingerprinting
915:
904:molecular breeding
819:
810:may also be used.
682:sexually reproduce
667:
654:After World War II
550:
394:
145:
6431:Molecular biology
6408:
6407:
6252:Natural selection
6233:Selection methods
5840:Mutation breeding
5750:
5749:
5622:Community orchard
5448:drought tolerance
4563:978-1-4939-9864-7
4127:(5967): 812–818.
4067:(5967): 818–822.
4004:Bänziger (2000).
3510:10.3390/su3101944
3503:(10): 1944–1971.
3110:10.1111/nph.17820
2747:These reviews...
2265:Norcross, Georgia
2201:(13): 5019–5024.
2025:978-0-444-50585-9
1983:978-1-84826-367-3
1944:10.1111/tpj.12413
1930:The Plant Journal
1836:Recalcitrant seed
1706:Molecular markers
1557:Nutritional value
1539:Long-term process
1132:transgenic plants
1115:Transgenic plants
1076:
1075:
1068:
996:molecular markers
981:
980:
973:
885:cross-pollinating
792:mutation breeding
605:was explained by
454:protoplast fusion
446:genetic diversity
369:Brassica oleracea
353:
352:
345:
255:molecular biology
185:10 long tons; 4.4
129:
128:
121:
103:
6448:
6016:Captive breeding
6011:Breeding program
5991:Backyard breeder
5777:
5770:
5763:
5754:
5753:
5738:
5737:
5726:
5725:
5714:
5713:
5703:
5702:
5679:Plant collecting
5615:Related articles
5552:Plant protection
4733:French intensive
4671:
4664:
4657:
4648:
4647:
4583:
4540:
4524:
4507:
4497:
4464:
4446:
4373:
4371:
4362:(6): 1780–1790.
4324:
4314:
4304:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4223:(3–4): 193–205.
4208:
4197:
4196:
4164:
4155:
4154:
4144:
4111:Haddad, Lawrence
4107:
4101:
4100:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4010:. pp. 7–9.
4001:
3995:
3994:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3901:
3895:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3836:(6): 2481–2488.
3821:
3815:
3814:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3710:Agronomy Journal
3701:
3695:
3694:
3676:
3652:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3552:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3512:
3488:
3475:
3474:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3388:
3379:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3278:
3263:The Plant Genome
3253:
3247:
3246:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3129:
3104:(6): 2088–2100.
3087:
3078:
3077:
3067:
3049:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3000:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2941:
2898:The ISME Journal
2889:
2883:
2881:
2863:
2810:
2792:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2390:
2381:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2363:. Archived from
2361:"Plant breeding"
2357:
2351:
2349:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2290:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2218:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2159:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2060:
2054:
2053:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1974:Eolss Publishers
1963:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1920:
1911:
1908:
1887:Peasants' rights
1641:Some critics of
1593:. Reductions in
1487:abiotic stresses
1287:, the safety of
1247:") crop plants.
1205:The majority of
1080:Doubled haploidy
1071:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1027:
1026:
1019:
976:
969:
965:
962:
956:
925:
917:
881:self-fertilising
879:crops, nine for
854:potato varieties
772:dimethyl sulfate
648:Green Revolution
599:Battle for Grain
565:
564:
435:pollination bags
427:inbred varieties
348:
341:
337:
334:
328:
305:
297:
188:
184:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
68:"Plant breeding"
61:
37:
29:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6353:
6339:Recessive trait
6277:selective sweep
6234:
6228:
6031:Plant cultivars
6025:
5874:
5808:
5799:Lists of breeds
5790:
5781:
5751:
5746:
5697:
5688:
5684:Turf management
5669:Lists of plants
5664:List of gardens
5610:
5547:
5514:
5276:
4826:
4819:
4684:
4675:
4590:
4564:
4546:Cereal Genomics
4276:
4271:
4242:
4238:
4209:
4200:
4165:
4158:
4108:
4104:
4055:
4051:
4039:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4002:
3998:
3959:
3955:
3902:
3898:
3886:
3882:
3855:
3851:
3822:
3818:
3801:Rhodes (2013).
3799:
3795:
3752:
3745:
3702:
3698:
3653:
3642:
3581:
3574:
3533:
3526:
3489:
3478:
3463:
3437:
3433:
3402:
3398:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3365:
3330:
3326:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3254:
3250:
3215:
3211:
3158:
3151:
3097:New Phytologist
3088:
3081:
3026:
3022:
2967:
2963:
2890:
2886:
2746:
2742:
2733:
2731:
2719:
2715:
2690:
2686:
2639:
2635:
2588:
2584:
2559:
2555:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2518:10.1139/g99-043
2500:
2493:
2452:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2403:. p. 140.
2391:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2338:
2334:
2322:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2246:
2242:
2185:
2181:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2068:www.doriane.com
2062:
2061:
2057:
2026:
2002:Hordeum vulgare
1995:
1991:
1984:
1976:. p. 185.
1964:
1960:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1873:Nagoya Protocol
1756:
1714:
1639:
1630:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1523:
1495:
1483:biotic stresses
1471:
1466:
1435:Coit A. Suneson
1396:
1390:
1377:
1368:
1351:
1334:Computer vision
1322:
1306:nitrogen fixing
1301:
1264:pharmaceuticals
1257:gene expression
1229:cotton bollworm
1136:cisgenic plants
1117:
1111:
1093:doubled haploid
1082:
1072:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1041:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1009:genome sequence
992:
986:
977:
966:
960:
957:
942:
926:
899:
893:
656:
601:" (1925–1940).
562:
561:
542:
360:
349:
338:
332:
329:
318:
306:
295:
209:
203:
186:
182:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6454:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6421:Plant breeding
6406:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6385:Heirloom plant
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6365:Breed registry
6361:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6249:
6244:
6238:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6125:
6120:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6091:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6035:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5996:Breed standard
5993:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5954:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5884:
5882:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5780:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5757:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5732:
5720:
5708:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5659:Garden tourism
5656:
5651:
5649:Groundskeeping
5646:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5629:
5624:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5438:free-flowering
5435:
5430:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5319:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5286:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4755:Groundskeeping
4752:
4751:
4750:
4748:computer-aided
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4674:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4597:
4589:
4588:External links
4586:
4585:
4584:
4562:
4541:
4532:
4525:
4508:
4480:(8): 750–753.
4465:
4422:
4419:978-1439802427
4411:
4396:
4381:
4374:
4347:
4332:
4325:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4236:
4198:
4179:(3): 172–177.
4156:
4102:
4049:
4040:|journal=
4016:
3996:
3969:(6): 669–682.
3953:
3916:Annual Reviews
3896:
3880:
3849:
3816:
3793:
3766:(4): 245–254.
3743:
3716:(4): 188–191.
3696:
3667:(6): 627–637.
3640:
3595:(12): 101815.
3572:
3524:
3497:Sustainability
3476:
3461:
3431:
3412:(3): 423–424.
3396:
3374:
3363:
3344:(3): 439–450.
3324:
3315:"PRGA Program"
3306:
3248:
3209:
3172:Annual Reviews
3149:
3079:
3020:
2976:Plant and Soil
2961:
2884:
2740:
2713:
2702:(2): 173–182.
2684:
2655:(6): 290–298.
2633:
2582:
2571:(1): 597–638.
2553:
2531:
2512:(4): 642–645.
2491:
2443:
2416:
2409:
2382:
2370:
2367:on 2013-10-21.
2352:
2332:
2323:|journal=
2305:
2274:
2240:
2179:
2150:(6): 627–637.
2130:
2103:
2079:
2055:
2024:
1989:
1982:
1958:
1937:(5): 742–752.
1912:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1883:Farmers rights
1880:
1875:
1862:
1853:
1848:
1846:Smart breeding
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1743:Norman Borlaug
1740:
1735:
1730:
1728:Luther Burbank
1725:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1651:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1522:
1519:
1494:
1491:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1389:
1386:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1350:
1349:Speed breeding
1347:
1343:open data sets
1321:
1318:
1308:taxa and more
1300:
1297:
1190:. Using plant
1188:microinjection
1113:Main article:
1110:
1107:
1078:Main article:
1074:
1073:
1031:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1013:
988:Main article:
985:
982:
979:
978:
929:
927:
920:
892:
889:
655:
652:
541:
538:
537:
536:
533:
527:
520:
508:Resistance to
506:
487:
480:
429:for breeding.
392:of this plant.
351:
350:
309:
307:
300:
294:
291:
205:Main article:
202:
199:
148:Plant breeding
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6453:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6401:
6400:Tree breeding
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6224:Venus flytrap
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6006:Breeding pair
6004:
6002:
6001:Breeding back
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5984:Water buffalo
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5880:Animal breeds
5877:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5778:
5773:
5771:
5766:
5764:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5743:
5742:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5654:Garden centre
5652:
5650:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5632:Floral design
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5499:
5498:reforestation
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5408:Intercropping
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5349:most valuable
5347:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5317:Arboriculture
5315:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4910:Garden square
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:Ancient Egypt
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4743:Garden design
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4667:
4665:
4660:
4658:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:9781560221463
4405:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:9781439802427
4390:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4345:
4344:9780226390116
4341:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4161:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4053:
4045:
4033:
4019:
4017:9789706480460
4013:
4009:
4008:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3748:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3529:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3462:9780429507335
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3372:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3156:
3154:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2908:: 2454–2464.
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2767:: 5487–5493.
2766:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2744:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2448:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2410:9780226437057
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2350:|page=237-244
2347:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2316:
2308:
2306:9780470593776
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Orthodox seed
1824:
1822:
1821:Mating design
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:Food security
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1749:
1748:Yvonne Aitken
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:Tolerance of
1666:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1607:ascorbic acid
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1245:Roundup Ready
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1179:A. rhizogenes
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1147:transcription
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1070:
1067:
1059:
1049:
1048:the talk page
1045:
1039:
1037:
1032:This section
1030:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
991:
975:
972:
964:
954:
950:
946:
940:
939:
935:
930:This section
928:
924:
919:
918:
911:
907:
905:
898:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
825:
815:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
782:are used for
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
753:
751:
750:O. glaberrima
748:
744:
743:
738:
734:
733:embryo rescue
729:
725:
724:fertilization
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:cell division
702:
698:
694:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
665:
660:
651:
649:
645:
641:
640:United States
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:Gregor Mendel
575:
573:
569:
563:Abundance Oat
559:
555:
546:
534:
532:
528:
525:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
481:
478:
474:
473:
472:
469:
467:
463:
459:
458:embryo rescue
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
415:
411:
407:
401:
399:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
364:
358:
347:
344:
336:
333:December 2011
326:
322:
316:
315:
310:This section
308:
304:
299:
298:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
244:hybridization
241:
237:
236:Gregor Mendel
233:
230:
228:
224:
222:
218:
214:
208:
198:
196:
192:
180:
175:
173:
172:food security
169:
164:
160:
157:
153:
149:
142:
138:
133:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
26:
22:
6235:and genetics
6209:Sweet potato
6160:
6153:
6145:
6128:
6116:
6082:
6075:
6068:
6061:
6030:
5820:Backcrossing
5739:
5727:
5715:
5696:
5599:Weed control
5488:horticulture
5427:
5418:Olericulture
5398:Hydroculture
5388:Fruticulture
5366:Floriculture
5295:Permaculture
5282:Horticulture
4678:Horticulture
4545:
4536:
4520:
4516:
4477:
4474:EMBO Reports
4473:
4434:
4430:
4376:
4359:
4356:Crop Science
4355:
4335:
4328:
4295:(10): e347.
4292:
4288:
4253:
4249:
4239:
4220:
4216:
4176:
4172:
4124:
4118:
4105:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4021:. Retrieved
4006:
3999:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3888:
3883:
3869:(1): 12–20.
3866:
3863:Crop Science
3862:
3852:
3833:
3830:Crop Science
3829:
3819:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3763:
3759:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3664:
3660:
3592:
3588:
3540:
3500:
3496:
3444:
3434:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3390:
3377:
3366:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3319:PRGA Program
3318:
3309:
3266:
3262:
3251:
3229:(1): 58–66.
3226:
3223:Crop Science
3222:
3212:
3167:
3161:
3101:
3095:
3037:
3033:
3023:
2983:(1): 35–49.
2980:
2974:
2964:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2823:
2817:
2760:
2754:
2743:
2732:. Retrieved
2728:The Guardian
2726:
2716:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2652:
2646:
2636:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2543:
2534:
2509:
2503:
2455:
2435:. Retrieved
2429:
2419:
2395:
2365:the original
2355:
2341:
2335:
2284:
2277:
2253:
2243:
2198:
2192:
2182:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2122:. Retrieved
2115:
2106:
2095:. Retrieved
2071:. Retrieved
2067:
2058:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1968:
1961:
1934:
1928:
1906:
1865:Plant Treaty
1723:Keith Downey
1694:
1682:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1614:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1507:biodiversity
1496:
1480:
1472:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1413:
1409:
1405:Jumli Marshi
1397:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1354:
1352:
1338:
1323:
1314:denitrifiers
1302:
1276:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1255:to regulate
1249:
1218:
1211:insect pests
1204:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1161:backcrossing
1140:
1118:
1089:heterozygous
1083:
1062:
1053:
1042:Please help
1033:
993:
967:
958:
943:Please help
931:
900:
862:
832:
828:backcrossing
820:
761:
754:
749:
747:African rice
742:Oryza sativa
740:
721:
686:Wide crosses
685:
675:
671:World War II
668:
644:World War II
637:
615:
591:pollinations
576:
571:
551:
470:
449:
439:
423:backcrossing
402:
395:
367:
339:
330:
319:Please help
314:verification
311:
252:
234:
231:
225:
213:agricultural
210:
176:
165:
161:
147:
146:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
6344:Sex linkage
6309:Codominance
6282:stabilizing
6262:directional
6148:(daffodils)
6062:Callistemon
5845:Outcrossing
5741:WikiProject
5510:Monoculture
5505:Viticulture
5483:agriculture
5443:propagation
5383:Hügelkultur
5305:sustainable
5290:Agriculture
5232:Therapeutic
5212:Shakespeare
5023:Renaissance
4815:Xeriscaping
4810:Sustainable
4805:Square foot
4795:Proplifting
4760:Garden tool
4728:Foodscaping
4281:McCouch, S.
3918:: 535–558.
3447:: 231–244.
3174:: 689–712.
2765:Elsevier BV
2598:(1): 1–14.
2093:(in German)
1831:QTL mapping
1589:and 38% of
1564:nutritional
1330:phenotyping
1237:target site
1200:cauliflower
873:generations
784:mutagenesis
780:transposons
713:chromosomes
633:detasseling
617:Statistical
499:temperature
486:of the crop
462:mutagenesis
416:-resistant
386:cauliflower
263:systematics
223:over time.
217:progenitors
135:The Yecoro
109:August 2018
6415:Categories
6395:Rare breed
6267:disruptive
6204:Strawberry
5935:Guinea pig
5830:Inbreeding
5825:Crossbreed
5403:Indigenous
5300:stock-free
5272:Zoological
5152:Pollinator
5045:Greenhouse
4988:Sharawadgi
4976:Vietnamese
4937:East Asian
4845:Australian
4800:Raised bed
4765:Green wall
4437:(7): 753.
4023:2013-11-07
3034:Microbiome
2830:: 104168.
2828:Cell Press
2734:2009-06-25
2464:: 1542–9.
2437:2021-09-12
2124:2023-01-25
2097:2023-01-25
2073:2023-03-01
2050:1865843830
1899:References
1766:Cisgenesis
1659:phosphorus
1599:phosphorus
1591:riboflavin
1579:vegetables
1392:See also:
1310:nitrifiers
1215:herbicides
1152:laboratory
1085:Homozygous
1056:March 2017
1038:to readers
961:March 2017
895:See also:
835:scientists
804:polyploidy
802:. Induced
770:(EMS) and
757:protoplast
709:colchicine
707:inhibitor
669:Following
572:controlled
531:herbicides
497:, extreme
489:Increased
482:Increased
287:biometrics
283:statistics
275:entomology
267:physiology
168:government
79:newspapers
19:See also:
6349:F1 hybrid
6324:Heterosis
6314:Epistasis
6304:Dominance
6299:Phenotype
6257:balancing
6214:Sweetcorn
6197:cultivars
6161:Nepenthes
6146:Narcissus
6129:Grevillea
6089:Cherimoya
5788:cultivars
5674:Perennial
5637:Floristry
5584:Pesticide
5564:Herbicide
5559:Fungicide
5453:hardiness
5217:Shrubbery
5197:Sculpture
5018:landscape
4947:Cantonese
4922:Container
4917:Community
4885:Byzantine
4880:Butterfly
4870:Botanical
4770:Guerrilla
4718:Community
4708:Butterfly
4703:Arboretum
4698:Allotment
4690:Gardening
4682:gardening
4572:1064-3745
4387:2nd ed. (
4289:PLOS Biol
4256:: 51–64.
4250:Euphytica
4042:ignored (
4032:cite book
3932:0066-4286
3780:1469-5146
3738:0002-1962
3683:1469-5146
3617:2589-0042
3567:231832089
3559:2594-3146
3519:2071-1050
3471:210580815
3406:Euphytica
3338:Euphytica
3285:1940-3372
3243:0011-183X
3204:211523980
3188:1543-5008
3144:244661193
3118:1469-8137
3056:2049-2618
3040:(1): 18.
3007:1573-5036
2956:232192480
2930:1751-7362
2878:247751213
2852:2589-0042
2807:240071295
2781:2001-0370
2478:1835-2693
2470:1835-2707
2325:ignored (
2315:cite book
2166:1469-5146
2042:162130976
2034:0168-7972
1583:nutrients
1476:landraces
1420:F5 hybrid
1233:Bt cotton
1145:to drive
1128:phenotype
1097:F1 hybrid
1005:phenotype
932:does not
788:cultivars
776:radiation
762:Chemical
693:triticale
603:Heterosis
491:tolerance
475:Improved
421:parent, (
398:selection
390:cultivars
279:chemistry
271:pathology
6426:Agronomy
6390:Landrace
6380:Germline
6375:Eugenics
6319:Dwarfing
6294:Genotype
6272:negative
6192:breeders
6111:Cucumber
6083:Capsicum
6076:Cannabis
6044:Japanese
5962:breeding
5945:breeding
5908:breeding
5870:Purebred
5717:Category
5627:Features
5533:Grafting
5493:forestry
5475:Tropical
5460:Pomology
5433:cuttings
5428:breeding
5262:Wildlife
5242:Tropical
5192:Scottish
5142:Pleasure
5130:Paradise
5125:Charbagh
5095:Monastic
5090:Medieval
5000:Floating
4954:Japanese
4905:Communal
4895:Colonial
4860:Biblical
4825:Types of
4790:Parterre
4580:82398463
4523:: 21–29.
4504:16880817
4453:16841052
4321:15486582
4283:(2004).
4193:54918142
4151:20110467
4089:20150489
3991:13595345
3983:15637215
3948:52096158
3940:30149790
3788:56219112
3691:86237270
3635:33305179
3589:iScience
3543:: 1–11.
3426:25146186
3358:14321630
3301:12760739
3293:28464061
3196:32097567
3136:34823272
3074:29374490
3015:25420169
2948:33692487
2870:35434553
2819:iScience
2799:34712394
2679:18515776
2628:24400025
2620:14513379
2526:10464788
2486:55486617
2235:19307570
2174:86237270
2008:Elsevier
1953:24330272
1791:EUCARPIA
1754:See also
1686:genotype
1655:nitrogen
1339:multiple
1269:pharming
1184:gene gun
1143:promoter
858:solanine
846:solanine
824:yielding
764:mutagens
587:seedling
518:bacteria
495:salinity
450:in vitro
388:are all
382:broccoli
259:cytology
240:genetics
227:Grafting
141:cultivar
139:(right)
25:Cultivar
21:Cultigen
6370:Breeder
6242:Culling
6154:Nemesia
6117:Gazania
6099:hybrids
5898:Chicken
5813:Methods
5729:Commons
5642:Ikebana
5594:Pruning
5520:Organic
5470:Roguing
5356:Cutting
5247:Victory
5222:Spanish
5202:Sensory
5147:Prairie
5115:Persian
5105:Orchard
5070:Kitchen
5065:Keyhole
5060:Italian
5055:Islamic
5050:Hanging
5009:French
4995:Fernery
4983:English
4942:Chinese
4927:Cottage
4855:Baroque
4827:gardens
4780:History
4495:1525145
4461:8087798
4274:General
4129:Bibcode
4120:Science
4097:9468220
4069:Bibcode
4060:Science
3718:Bibcode
3626:7708809
3597:Bibcode
3127:9299473
3065:5787276
2985:Bibcode
2939:8319409
2910:Bibcode
2861:9010633
2832:Bibcode
2790:8515068
2670:2408621
2600:Bibcode
2226:2664021
2203:Bibcode
1595:calcium
1587:protein
1532:Germany
1528:Iceland
1456:sowing.
1362:above.
1337:across
1225:protein
1192:viruses
1034:may be
953:removed
938:sources
865:biotech
774:(DMS),
715:in the
558:England
510:viruses
503:drought
477:quality
374:Cabbage
201:History
191:Morocco
93:scholar
6219:Tomato
6167:Olives
6106:Coffee
6094:Citrus
6051:Banana
5979:Turkey
5969:Rabbit
5957:Pigeon
5915:Donkey
5893:Cattle
5865:Hybrid
5784:Breeds
5479:Urban
5376:Taiwan
5371:Canada
5334:Botany
5327:Saikei
5322:Bonsai
5267:Winter
5252:Walled
5187:School
5182:Sacred
5137:Physic
5100:Mughal
5080:Market
5035:German
5013:formal
5005:Flower
4971:Korean
4890:Cactus
4875:Bottle
4835:Alpine
4785:Native
4738:Garden
4723:Forest
4578:
4570:
4560:
4502:
4492:
4459:
4451:
4417:
4406:
4391:
4342:
4319:
4312:521731
4309:
4191:
4149:
4095:
4087:
4014:
3989:
3981:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3786:
3778:
3736:
3689:
3681:
3633:
3623:
3615:
3565:
3557:
3517:
3469:
3459:
3424:
3356:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3241:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3142:
3134:
3124:
3116:
3072:
3062:
3054:
3013:
3005:
2954:
2946:
2936:
2928:
2876:
2868:
2858:
2850:
2805:
2797:
2787:
2779:
2677:
2667:
2626:
2618:
2592:Planta
2548:(WIPO)
2524:
2505:Genome
2484:
2476:
2468:
2407:
2303:
2233:
2223:
2172:
2164:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2022:
1980:
1951:
1355:during
850:potato
843:poison
800:callus
778:, and
728:embryo
690:cereal
646:, the
629:pollen
524:insect
466:nature
414:mildew
406:traits
384:, and
281:, and
221:traits
195:France
179:Europe
152:plants
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
6358:Other
6172:Onion
6140:Mango
6123:Grape
6069:Canna
6056:Basil
6039:Apple
5974:Sheep
5940:Horse
5930:Goose
5423:Plant
5361:Flora
5310:urban
5257:Water
5237:Trial
5207:Shade
5167:Roman
5040:Greek
5030:Front
4932:Dutch
4900:Color
4576:S2CID
4511:Sun.
4457:S2CID
4189:S2CID
4093:S2CID
3987:S2CID
3944:S2CID
3914:(1).
3813:(12).
3784:S2CID
3687:S2CID
3563:S2CID
3467:S2CID
3422:S2CID
3387:(PDF)
3354:S2CID
3297:S2CID
3269:(1).
3200:S2CID
3170:(1).
3140:S2CID
3011:S2CID
2952:S2CID
2904:(8).
2874:S2CID
2826:(4).
2803:S2CID
2624:S2CID
2482:S2CID
2466:eISSN
2289:(PDF)
2170:S2CID
2119:(EIB)
1628:Yield
1617:yield
869:trait
822:high-
766:like
697:wheat
695:is a
611:Maize
595:Italy
566:, an
526:pests
514:fungi
484:yield
410:genes
137:wheat
100:JSTOR
86:books
6187:Rose
6182:Rice
6177:Pear
5925:Goat
5920:Duck
5786:and
5344:Crop
5177:Rose
5172:Roof
5162:Rock
5157:Rain
5120:Bāgh
5085:Mary
5075:Knot
4959:Roji
4850:Back
4680:and
4568:ISSN
4558:ISBN
4521:1998
4500:PMID
4449:PMID
4415:ISBN
4404:ISBN
4389:ISBN
4340:ISBN
4317:PMID
4147:PMID
4085:PMID
4044:help
4012:ISBN
3979:PMID
3936:PMID
3928:ISSN
3776:ISSN
3734:ISSN
3679:ISSN
3631:PMID
3613:ISSN
3555:ISSN
3515:ISSN
3457:ISBN
3289:PMID
3281:ISSN
3239:ISSN
3192:PMID
3184:ISSN
3132:PMID
3114:ISSN
3070:PMID
3052:ISSN
3003:ISSN
2944:PMID
2926:ISSN
2866:PMID
2848:ISSN
2795:PMID
2777:ISSN
2675:PMID
2616:PMID
2522:PMID
2474:ISSN
2405:ISBN
2327:help
2301:ISBN
2231:PMID
2162:ISSN
2046:ISBN
2038:OCLC
2030:ISSN
2020:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1949:PMID
1871:and
1771:Crop
1657:and
1605:and
1603:iron
1485:and
1312:and
1239:".
1213:and
1124:RNAi
936:any
934:cite
875:for
745:and
717:cell
699:and
516:and
378:kale
72:news
23:and
6135:Hop
5952:Pig
5903:Dog
5888:Cat
5227:Tea
4964:Zen
4865:Bog
4550:doi
4490:PMC
4482:doi
4439:doi
4364:doi
4307:PMC
4297:doi
4258:doi
4254:175
4225:doi
4181:doi
4177:102
4137:doi
4125:327
4077:doi
4065:327
3971:doi
3920:doi
3889:115
3871:doi
3838:doi
3768:doi
3764:143
3726:doi
3669:doi
3665:148
3621:PMC
3605:doi
3545:doi
3505:doi
3449:doi
3414:doi
3410:122
3346:doi
3342:122
3271:doi
3231:doi
3176:doi
3122:PMC
3106:doi
3102:234
3060:PMC
3042:doi
2993:doi
2981:422
2934:PMC
2918:doi
2856:PMC
2840:doi
2785:PMC
2769:doi
2704:doi
2665:PMC
2657:doi
2653:101
2608:doi
2596:218
2573:doi
2514:doi
2293:doi
2221:PMC
2211:doi
2199:106
2152:doi
2148:148
2012:doi
1939:doi
1186:or
1176:or
998:or
947:by
701:rye
568:oat
556:in
460:or
418:pea
323:by
55:by
6417::
4574:.
4566:.
4556:.
4519:.
4515:.
4498:.
4488:.
4476:.
4472:.
4455:.
4447:.
4435:24
4433:.
4429:.
4360:42
4358:.
4354:.
4315:.
4305:.
4291:.
4287:.
4252:.
4248:.
4221:58
4219:.
4215:.
4201:^
4187:.
4175:.
4171:.
4159:^
4145:.
4135:.
4123:.
4117:.
4091:.
4083:.
4075:.
4063:.
4036::
4034:}}
4030:{{
3985:.
3977:.
3967:23
3965:.
3942:.
3934:.
3926:.
3912:56
3910:.
3867:39
3865:.
3861:.
3834:55
3832:.
3828:.
3811:42
3809:.
3805:.
3782:.
3774:.
3762:.
3758:.
3746:^
3732:.
3724:.
3714:48
3712:.
3708:.
3685:.
3677:.
3663:.
3659:.
3643:^
3629:.
3619:.
3611:.
3603:.
3593:23
3591:.
3587:.
3575:^
3561:.
3553:.
3539:.
3527:^
3513:.
3499:.
3495:.
3479:^
3465:.
3455:.
3443:.
3420:.
3408:.
3389:.
3352:.
3340:.
3336:.
3317:.
3295:.
3287:.
3279:.
3267:10
3265:.
3261:.
3237:.
3227:53
3225:.
3221:.
3198:.
3190:.
3182:.
3168:71
3166:.
3152:^
3138:.
3130:.
3120:.
3112:.
3100:.
3094:.
3082:^
3068:.
3058:.
3050:.
3036:.
3032:.
3009:.
3001:.
2991:.
2979:.
2973:.
2950:.
2942:.
2932:.
2924:.
2916:.
2902:15
2900:.
2896:.
2872:.
2864:.
2854:.
2846:.
2838:.
2824:25
2822:.
2816:.
2801:.
2793:.
2783:.
2775:.
2763:.
2761:19
2759:.
2753:.
2725:.
2700:18
2698:.
2673:.
2663:.
2651:.
2645:.
2622:.
2614:.
2606:.
2594:.
2569:31
2567:.
2544:.i
2542:.
2520:.
2510:42
2508:.
2494:^
2480:.
2472:.
2460:.
2446:^
2428:.
2399:.
2385:^
2373:^
2344:.
2319::
2317:}}
2313:{{
2299:.
2267::
2263:.
2259:.
2229:.
2219:.
2209:.
2197:.
2191:.
2168:.
2160:.
2146:.
2142:.
2114:.
2082:^
2066:.
2044:.
2036:.
2028:.
2018:.
1972:.
1947:.
1935:78
1933:.
1927:.
1915:^
1885:/
1867:/
1858:/
1601:,
1597:,
1530:,
1489:.
1345:.
1332:.
1154:,
906:.
887:.
752:.
635:.
512:,
501:,
468:.
456:,
437:.
380:,
376:,
277:,
273:,
269:,
265:,
261:,
257:,
5776:e
5769:t
5762:v
4670:e
4663:t
4656:v
4582:.
4552::
4506:.
4484::
4478:7
4463:.
4441::
4402:(
4372:.
4366::
4338:(
4323:.
4299::
4293:2
4266:.
4260::
4233:.
4227::
4195:.
4183::
4153:.
4139::
4131::
4099:.
4079::
4071::
4046:)
4026:.
3993:.
3973::
3950:.
3922::
3877:.
3873::
3840::
3790:.
3770::
3740:.
3728::
3720::
3693:.
3671::
3637:.
3607::
3599::
3569:.
3547::
3521:.
3507::
3501:3
3473:.
3451::
3428:.
3416::
3360:.
3348::
3321:.
3303:.
3273::
3245:.
3233::
3206:.
3178::
3146:.
3108::
3076:.
3044::
3038:6
3017:.
2995::
2987::
2958:.
2920::
2912::
2880:.
2842::
2834::
2809:.
2771::
2737:.
2710:.
2706::
2681:.
2659::
2630:.
2610::
2602::
2579:.
2575::
2550:.
2528:.
2516::
2488:.
2440:.
2413:.
2348:.
2329:)
2309:.
2295::
2271:.
2237:.
2213::
2205::
2176:.
2154::
2127:.
2100:.
2076:.
2052:.
2014::
2004:)
1986:.
1955:.
1941::
1661:)
1069:)
1063:(
1058:)
1054:(
1050:.
974:)
968:(
963:)
959:(
955:.
941:.
505:)
408:/
359:.
346:)
340:(
335:)
331:(
317:.
285:(
187:×
183:×
122:)
116:(
111:)
107:(
97:·
90:·
83:·
76:·
49:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.