1672:, as opposed to a reallocation of productive resources under property-owning democracies. Proponents of property-owning democracy would claim that this form of social structure produces socioeconomic classes, at the base of which sits a demoralised grouping who are dependent upon state-sanctioned welfare. Although welfare systems demonstrate some concern for equality of opportunity, it fails to substantially deliver upon the ideals of equal cooperation because it permits the concentration of wealth and productive resources within an elite minority. The provision of a social minimum does not address the consequences that transpire when wealth, political influence and power coincide. Economists, political theorists and sociologists therefore posit that welfare-state capitalism does not appropriately address the influence of wealth on political decision making, as it reinforces the structural constraints that fail to ensure economic opportunity for the worst-off in society.
1634:
creates a situation in which labour must depend upon their employers for wages in a relationship of unequal bargaining power, causing wealth to increasingly accumulate at the top quintile of society. It is then problematic that the candidates elected for public office are generally those supported by economic elites, through the provision of individual and corporate donations that are required to run successful political campaigns. Subsequently, politicians have been found to produce legislation and policy that favours the interests of donors on whom they depend to be elected, over those of the general public. This is exacerbated by the influence of lobbying, funded interest groups and the concentration of media ownership. Such practices are illustrated in the
Princeton University study into wealth's corruption of politics, which found that:
1757:
decisions in terms of human capital development, employment difficulty and time commitment, saving and spending decisions, as well as investment in entrepreneurial endeavours. Where individuals have made differing decisions to their benefit, it cannot be considered just to redistribute the profit, wealth and property attained through their autonomous decision-making. It is more appropriate, from the perspective of welfare-state capitalism, to provide a social minimum whereby those individuals who struggle to convert their capabilities into economic benefits are assured a basic standard of living, without mandating that they be gifted equal ownership over productive property which they have not earned.
1792:
systems' lack of practicality. While property-owning democracy asserts the value of redistributing productive property, liberal socialism claims to achieve the end goal of equal opportunity and political influence through means that are less coercive. By implementing a combination of both capitalist structures and limited forms of social ownership of capital, in conjunction with socialised systems of healthcare, education and security, liberal socialism claims to more fairly achieve the goals of property-owning democracies as it accounts for individual autonomy.
1766:
ownership are the proper and just owners of those goods. It cannot follow that justice is served by seizing those benefits from their rightful owners. Thus, the goal of property-owning democracy to redistribute this wealth and productive property broadly throughout the population acts to delimit the market incentive to acquire those goods. It is then assumed that laissez-faire capitalism would more appropriately maximise the position of the worst off, as incentivising those with the most marketable talents to excel will propel society to the benefit of all.
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in order to enable fair societal participation and equal political influence. Whereas conventional liberalist thought endows each individual with the autonomy to make rational self-maximising decisions in their own interests, the concept of a property-owning democracy would contrarily argue that citizens cannot freely make political decisions due to the undue influence of wealth inequality. This is identified by Rawls in his
1477:
1702:(1971), which has been widely accepted within political discourse. The first principle mandates that each person is entitled to equal basic liberties, whilst the second principle requires that inequalities exist only where all individuals had equal opportunities and where it is arranged to be of "greatest benefit to the least advantaged".
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Rawls contrasts property-owning democracy against socialist forms of governance, which are thought to dismiss basic individual liberties in a manner that is inconsistent with democratic values. Although depicted in opposition to these systems, property-owning democracy is accepted by both conservative and liberal theorists.
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Advocates of state socialism criticise property-owning democracy for its soft principles on property redistribution, which fail to effectively enable an equal ownership over the means of production. It posits that the policies prescribed property-owning democracy structures fail to achieve the ideals
1609:
Rawls described 'property-owning democracy' as a social system that aspires to distribute the ownership of property widely throughout the populace, so that citizens may co-operate under equal and free relationships. This ideal is based on the premise that individuals must possess productive resources
1747:
The universal value of this social system is also limited by its particular bias toward
Western ways of thinking, whilst ignoring the pluralistic cultural, religious, philosophical and economic differences worldwide. It is therefore inappropriate to assert the value of this morally charged political
1743:
Additionally, if the idea that ownership of productive property determines one's political influence is pursued to its logical conclusion, a truly equal society would mandate policies that extend beyond those redistributive mechanisms outlined by Rawls to allow a fully equal distribution of property
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A satisfactorily implemented property-owning democracy, then, would contain institutional mechanisms that seek to diffuse capital, wealth and productive resources. This would be accompanied by a range of social development schemes that ensure all individuals are equally capable of achieving economic
1642:
From this perspective, the concentrated ownership of property acts to diminish democratic values. The notion of property-owning democracy acts to reverse this corruption of political power by redistributing productive property across a greater proportion of society, thereby facilitating a more equal
1739:
Property-owning democracy has been criticised broadly by liberal democratic advocates, who argue that democracy is achieved when each individual has an equal vote in the election of representative candidates. It is therefore just for a state to maintain its current politico-economic system, as this
1765:
Laissez-faire perspectives condemn the tendency of property-owning democracy to neglect the importance of incentive to ensure a productive economy. Insofar as the production of wealth is recognised as the result of human activity, it follows that individuals with high levels of wealth and property
1791:
Although Rawls recognised that liberal socialism could fulfil the two principles of justice, it was discarded as the ideal system of social organisation due to its lack of feasibility in terms of implementation and public acceptance. This system therefore opposes property-owning democracy for its
1769:
It additionally criticises the capacity of property-owning democracies to better ensure the liberties and equal opportunities of all individuals, as a laissez-faire market naturally facilitates these outcomes via each individual pursuing their own interests. For instance, individuals of differing
1756:
Proponents of welfare-state capitalism critique property-owning democracy for too liberally dismissing the role of individual differences of skill, intelligence and physiological qualities to produce divergent outcomes. This perspective reasons that individuals are incentivised by profit to make
1633:
Property-owning democracies promote the power of institutions to implement policies and taxes that regulate the inheritance and acquisition of private property, in order to disperse wealth and capital throughout the population. Concentrated ownership of the means of production in a near monopoly
1624:
This system does not condemn the use of markets to determine demand and fair prices, however, it asserts that private ownership of productive means may corrupt a fair equality of opportunity. As levels of wealth inequality increase, so does the political influence of affluent classes. Similarly,
1773:
Similar to welfare-state capitalism, laissez-faire perspectives also deny that wealth allows individuals to virtually purchase votes in the political realm. Current democratic political systems do not structurally prohibit voters from electing candidates who would promise and legislate a more
1705:
These principles are thought to be best fulfilled by a system of property-owning democracy. Equal basic liberties are improved and ensured, as a dispersal of wealth, income and property allows all individuals a relatively comparable level of political and economic power. The fair equality of
1592:. He co-opted it to argue that re-distributive policies are required to achieve the model society proposed by Skelton and his followers. The concept has since been used to describe an ideal society in which property-ownership is broadly distributed throughout the population.
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through publicly funded education, free healthcare, an adequate social minimum and policies that seek to ensure the equal participation of individuals within the political society.It may also include a universal right to private property or something akin to that.
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in 1920, the concept emphasized the terms 'property-owning' and 'democracy' as a conservative response to left-leaning ideas of liberalism and socialism. At this stage, the term represented the necessity of protecting property rights from democratic organisation.
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and productive property acts to satisfy the 'difference principle' by guaranteeing an equal distribution of social primary goods, thereby best aiding those who are most disadvantaged. It is within this context that property-owning democracy derives its esteem.
1744:
throughout society. It is therefore criticised for diminishing the liberty to pursue economic value and acquire property, conforming with the premise of state socialism this is disqualified under Rawls' own internal logic.
1740:
is the social structure for which the populace has voted. If the public desired the values and policies that comprise property-owning democracy, they could vote for candidates who promised to implement these institutions.
1770:
arbitrary distinctions, such as race, religion or gender, are equally likely to be employed by a corporation who is incentivised by the free market to hire the individual who maximises returns.
1783:
of its own ideology, as capital will perpetually accumulate within fewer and fewer hands under a market system. The operation of a free market system cannot be decoupled from capitalism.
1660:
A property-owning democracy differs to a system of welfare-state capitalism, in which the state guarantees a social minimum but does not significantly intervene in the
1536:. It is thought that this system is necessary to break the constraints of welfare-state capitalism and manifest a cooperation of citizens, who each hold equal
2060:"El derecho universal a la propiedad privada y la Renta Básica Universal: explorando una nueva dimensión de los derechos humanos económicos y la ciudadanía"
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The preferences of the average
American appear to have only a minuscule, near-zero, statistically non-significant impact upon public policy.
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Although popularised by Rawls, the term 'property-owning democracy' had been used in different ways before him. Coined by
British MP
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British conservatives had one meaning of the term 'property-owning democracy' before it was reconceptualized by
British economist
1528:
whereby state institutions enable a fair distribution of productive property across the populace generally, rather than allowing
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1500:
2037:
Martin Gilens and
Benjamin I. Page, "Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens",
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to form and dominate. This intends to ensure that all individuals have a fair and equal opportunity to participate in the
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opportunity acts to assure that wealth and property ownership cannot improve and manipulate an individual's place in the
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Inequalities in the ownership and control of wealth, income, and property can reduce the fair value of basic liberties.
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Amrit Ron, "Visions of
Democracy in 'Property-Owning Democracy': Skelton to Rawls and Beyond",
1696:. This ranking is determined in accordance with Rawls' two principles of justice prescribed in
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and potential for economic advancement. This form of societal organisation was popularised by
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Jan
Narveson, "'Property Owning Democracy'? 'Liberal Socialism'? or Just Plain Capitalism?",
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Andrew Lister, "The
Difference Principle, Capitalism, and Property-Owning Democracy",
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1560:. The idea of a property-owning democracy is somewhat foreign in Western
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success and political influence. It would include the development of
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Justin Holt, "The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism",
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Republic of Equals: Predistribution and Property-Owning Democracy
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Enabling a fairer distribution of property and political power.
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of wealth and capital ownership over the past four decades.
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Part of John Rawls' five structures of social institutions.
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1916:
Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson, "Introduction", in
23:. This topic is also related to, but distinct from
1918:The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism
64:This system is implemented through policy reform.
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1892:(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001).
2012:
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1676:Perspective of social and political justice
1664:. Welfare-state capitalism is based upon a
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1601:(1971), which caused it to spread widely.
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1859:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
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2080:(Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1971), 266.
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1774:equitable distribution of property.
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1890:Justice as Fairness: A Restatement
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1613:Justice as Fairness: A Restatement
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1643:distribution of political power.
1482:Business and economics portal
530:Biology and political orientation
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38:A system of social organisation.
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1564:, despite issues of political
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151:Political history of the world
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2058:Stilman, Gabriel (May 2020).
1976:Moral Philosophy and Politics
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1377:Commons-based peer production
1097:Socialism of the 21st century
540:Critique of political economy
1819:History of Political Thought
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121:Outline of political science
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2020:39, no. 2 (2017), 393–404,
1950:39, no. 1 (2017), 171–194,
1821:29, no. 1 (2008), 168–187,
1692:with a command economy and
1556:with a command economy and
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1978:5, no. 1 (2017), 151–172,
126:Index of politics articles
18:
2047:10.1017/S1537592714001595
1522:property-owning democracy
871:Socialist-oriented market
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33:Property-owning democracy
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2039:Perspectives on Politics
1752:Welfare-state capitalism
1728:redistribution of wealth
1686:welfare-state capitalism
1682:laissez-faire capitalism
1666:redistribution of income
1550:welfare-state capitalism
2041:12, no. 3 (2014), 575,
535:Political organisations
298:International relations
136:Politics by subdivision
1984:10.1515/mopp-2017-0012
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1629:Fundamental components
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2026:10.1515/auk-2017-0021
1668:through means tested
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1618:
1576:Etymology and history
615:Political campaigning
355:Public administration
188:Collective leadership
2018:Analyse & Kritik
1956:10.1515/auk-2017-001
1948:Analyse & Kritik
1562:political philosophy
1407:Newly industrialized
1150:Collective ownership
1011:Vertical archipelago
465:Separation of powers
336:Political psychology
311:Comparative politics
289:political scientists
276:Academic disciplines
156:Political philosophy
2078:A Theory of Justice
1699:A Theory of Justice
1598:A Theory of Justice
1392:Inclusive Democracy
638:Politics portal
487:Election commission
458:Government branches
341:Political sociology
193:Confessional system
131:Politics by country
2107:Types of democracy
1566:disenfranchisement
1330:Material balancing
812:Buddhist economics
321:Political analysis
253:Semi-parliamentary
1787:Liberal socialism
1694:liberal socialism
1558:liberal socialism
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822:Sabbath economics
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403:
402:
399:
398:
397:
396:
382:
377:
372:
359:
353:
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
343:
338:
333:
331:Policy studies
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
296:
294:
282:
279:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
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220:
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200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
168:
167:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
117:
114:Primary topics
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
105:
104:
99:
94:
88:
85:
84:
78:
77:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2119:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2079:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:Alan Thomas,
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:Laissez-faire
1758:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1650:
1649:human capital
1644:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:laissez-faire
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:social system
1523:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:Post-scarcity
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1382:Expeditionary
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1258:Socialization
1256:
1254:
1253:Privatization
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:Mutualization
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1233:Marketization
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:Expropriation
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1198:Communization
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
936:Decentralized
934:
932:
929:
928:
922:
921:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
901:
899:
896:
894:
893:Social credit
891:
889:
886:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
861:Participatory
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
837:
834:
830:
827:
823:
820:
819:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
778:
775:
773:
772:Social market
770:
768:
767:Protectionist
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
747:Laissez-faire
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
733:
730:
728:
725:
724:
718:
717:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
692:
691:
688:
685:
684:
680:
676:
675:
665:
660:
658:
653:
651:
646:
645:
643:
642:
639:
634:
629:
628:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
598:
594:
590:
589:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
549:
548:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
517:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
496:
495:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
466:
463:
462:
454:
453:
446:
443:
441:
440:Civil society
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
424:
419:
418:Public policy
416:
415:
411:
405:
404:
394:
390:
386:
385:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
369:
364:
361:
360:
356:
350:
349:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
304:
299:
295:
290:
285:
281:
280:
272:
271:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
238:Parliamentary
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
223:Hybrid regime
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
171:
165:
164:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
110:
109:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
87:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
31:
26:
22:
2077:
2076:John Rawls,
2072:
2064:Academia.edu
2063:
2053:
2038:
2033:
2017:
1975:
1947:
1917:
1889:
1888:John Rawls,
1856:
1818:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1708:social order
1704:
1697:
1679:
1659:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1608:
1596:
1594:
1587:
1582:Noel Skelton
1579:
1548:capitalism,
1521:
1519:
1347:Peer-to-peer
1342:Self-managed
1277:Coordination
1213:Deregulation
898:Distributist
752:Mercantilist
368:street-level
243:Presidential
203:Dictatorship
73:Part of the
1662:free market
1590:James Meade
1452:Traditional
1402:Manorialism
1397:Information
1371:Other types
1357:Open access
1320:Cybernetics
1062:Anglo-Saxon
1047:Singaporean
1006:Underground
1001:Subsistence
906:Corporatist
881:Syndicalist
841:Communalist
727:Associative
721:By ideology
694:Major types
507:Sovereignty
472:Legislature
375:Technocracy
363:Bureaucracy
228:Meritocracy
208:Directorial
2102:Liberalism
2097:John Rawls
2091:Categories
1796:References
1720:employment
1716:healthcare
1570:inequality
1542:John Rawls
1530:monopolies
1457:Transition
1417:Plantation
1325:Indicative
1187:Transition
1037:East Asian
808:Religious
784:Democratic
757:Neoliberal
742:Democratic
732:Capitalist
700:Capitalism
597:Governance
587:Government
582:Federalism
183:City-state
1735:Criticism
1712:education
1422:Plutonomy
1303:Regulated
1132:Voluntary
1058:European
911:Feudalism
856:Mutualist
846:Communist
836:Socialist
817:Christian
737:Corporate
710:Communism
705:Socialism
577:Unitarism
565:Elections
553:Subseries
482:Judiciary
477:Executive
380:Adhocracy
263:Theocracy
218:Feudalism
198:Democracy
45:Caused by
21:Democracy
19:See also
1827:26224022
1310:Planning
961:Informal
946:Dirigist
799:Georgist
794:Feminist
679:a series
677:Part of
605:Ideology
423:doctrine
384:Service
248:Republic
233:Monarchy
213:Federacy
102:Category
82:Politics
1724:housing
1352:Sharing
1315:In kind
1263:Marxist
1155:Commons
1122:Private
1111:Sectors
1082:Rhenish
1052:Keralan
1042:Chinese
1016:Virtual
996:Sharing
986:Planned
976:Natural
941:Digital
829:Islamic
789:Fascist
777:Welfare
610:Culture
520:Country
178:Anarchy
92:Outline
61:Methods
1825:
1534:market
1412:Palace
1288:Market
1283:Barter
1127:Public
1087:Soviet
1072:Nordic
1067:German
1033:Asian
966:Market
570:voting
512:Polity
410:Policy
389:Public
303:theory
1823:JSTOR
1524:is a
1462:World
1447:Token
1337:Price
1077:Dutch
971:Mixed
876:State
804:Green
593:forms
516:State
393:Civil
97:Index
53:Goals
1722:and
1298:Open
1293:Free
981:Open
956:Gift
951:Dual
2043:doi
2022:doi
1980:doi
1952:doi
1861:doi
2093::
2062:.
1991:^
1963:^
1925:^
1897:^
1871:^
1834:^
1804:^
1718:,
1714:,
1688:,
1684:,
1616::
1552:,
1520:A
681:on
595:/
518:/
514:/
391:/
2066:.
2045::
2028:.
2024::
1986:.
1982::
1958:.
1954::
1863::
1829:.
1509:e
1502:t
1495:v
1161:)
1157:(
663:e
656:t
649:v
599:)
591:(
425:)
421:(
395:)
387:(
370:)
366:(
305:)
301:(
291:)
287:(
27:.
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