Protected area - Knowledge

84: 611:' was defined as "a geographically defined area other than a Protected Area, which is governed and managed in ways that achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes for the in situ conservation of biodiversity, with associated ecosystem functions and services and where applicable, cultural, spiritual, socio-economic, and other locally relevant values." Other effective area-based conservation measures complement protected areas across landscapes, seascapes, and river basins. Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures are referenced together in Target 3 of the draft Global Biodiversity Framework, which is due to be agreed at the 15th Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, which will be held 5 to 17 December in 377:, while cultural services are a source of aesthetic and cultural value for tourism and heritage. Such services are often overlooked by humanity, due to the ecosystem from which they originate being far from urbanized areas. The contamination of ecosystem services within a designated area ultimately degrades their use for society. For example, the protection of a water body inherently protects that water body's microorganisms and their ability to adequately filter pollutants and pathogens, ultimately protecting water quality itself. Therefore, the implementation of protected areas is vital to maintaining the quality and consistency of ecosystem services, ultimately allowing human society to function without the interference of human infrastructure or policies. 297:

levels, elected and traditional authorities, indigenous peoples and local communities, private individuals and non-profit trusts, among others. Most protected-area and forest management institutions acknowledge the importance of recognizing the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, sharing the costs and benefits of protected areas and actively involving them in their governance and management. This has led to the recognition of four main types of governance, defined on the basis of who holds authority, responsibility, and who can be held accountable for the key decisions for protected areas. Indeed, governance of protected areas has emerged a critical factor in their success.

734:. Although these networks are well regulated (local communities are aware of their importance and actively contribute to their maintenance), Bhutan is currently a developing country that is undergoing infrastructure development and resource collection. The country's economic progression has brought about human-wildlife conflict and increased pressure on the existence of its protected areas. In light of ongoing disputes on the topic of optimal land usage, Dorji (et al.), in a study using camera traps to detect wildlife activity, summarize the results of a nationwide survey that compares the biodiversity of Bhutan's protected areas versus that of intervening non-protected areas. 808: 595:(COP) adopted the Program of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA) to further develop and promote protected areas. PoWPA's objective was the "establishment and maintenance by 2010 for terrestrial and by 2012 for marine areas of comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically representative national and regional systems of protected areas that collectively, inter alia through a global network contribute to achieving the three objectives of the Convention and the 2010 target to significantly reduce the current rate of biodiversity loss." In 2010, protected areas were included in Target 11 of the CBD's 40: 687:(PADDD) events are processes that change the legal status of national parks and other protected areas in both terrestrial and marine environments. Downgrading is a decrease in legal restrictions on human activities within a protected area, downsizing is a decrease in protected area size through a legal boundary change, and degazettement is the loss of legal protection for an entire protected area. Collectively, PADDD represents legal processes that temper regulations, shrink boundaries, or eliminate legal protections originally associated with establishment of a protected area. 845: 226: 465: 831: 203: 500:. However, the mass protected areas movement did not begin until late nineteenth-century in North America, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, when other countries were quick to follow suit. While the idea of protected areas spread around the world in the twentieth century, the driving force was different in different regions. Thus, in North America, protected areas were about safeguarding dramatic and sublime scenery; in Africa, the concern was with game parks; in Europe, landscape protection was more common. 1090:, the administration of Joe Biden reached a record in conservation. In 3 years of ruling it conserved or in the process of conserving more than 24 millions acres of public land and in 2023 alone more than 12.5 million acres of public land became protected area. It is doing it together with the indigenouse people as 200 agreements of co-stewardship with them were signed in 2023 alone. The goal of Biden is to protect 30% of the terrestrial and marine territory of the United States by the year 2030. 1332: 624: 5485: 1318: 636: 386: 3649: 603:"By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscapes." 981:, hosts tree species with critical biogeographical locations (southernmost limit) on the western slopes of Mount Lebanon’s mountain range and has passed laws to protect environmental sites at the national level, including nature reserves, forests, and Hima (local community-based conservation), with some of these sites having acquired one or more international designations: 738:

areas and non-protected areas". Protected areas had the highest levels of mammal biodiversity. This is made possible by the restriction of commercial activity and regulation of consumptive uses (firewood, timber, etc.). The regulation of such practices has allowed Bhutan's protected areas to thrive with high carnivore diversity and other rare mammals such as

691:

14 countries are currently considering at least 46 PADDD proposals. Proximate causes of PADDD vary widely but most PADDD events globally (62%) are related to industrial scale resource extraction and development – infrastructure, industrial agriculture, mining, oil and gas, forestry, fisheries, and industrialization.

690:

Scientific publications have identified 3,749 enacted PADDD events in 73 countries since 1892 which have collectively impacted an area approximately the size of Mexico. PADDD is a historical and contemporary phenomenon. 78% of PADDD events worldwide were enacted since 2000 and governments in at least

329:

Nationally designated protected areas cover 14.3% of the world's mountain areas, and these mountainous protected areas made up 32.5% of the world's total terrestrial protected area coverage in 2009. Mountain protected area coverage has increased globally by 21% since 1990 and out of the 198 countries

2462:

Strategic Plan: Future Evaluation of Progress, Doc UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/VII/30 Annex (13 April 2004), Aichi Biodiversity Target 11. Among the twenty-one subsidiary targets, the first two were: "1.1 At least 10% of each of the world's ecological regions effectively conserved" and "1.2 Areas of particular

1115:

or the core of a village) of special architectural or historic interest, the character of which is considered worthy of preservation or enhancement. It creates a precautionary approach to the loss or alteration of buildings and/or trees, thus it has some of the legislative and policy characteristics

737:

The study indicated that Bhutan's protected areas "are effectively conserving medium and large mammal species, as demonstrated through the significant difference in mammal diversity between protected areas, biological corridors, and non-protected areas with the strongest difference between protected

647:

How to manage areas protected for conservation brings up a range of challenges – whether it be regarding the local population, specific ecosystems or the design of the reserve itself – and because of the many unpredicatable elements in ecology issues, each protected area requires a case-specific set

503:

The designation of protected areas often also contained a political statement. In the 17th and 18th centuries, protected areas were mostly hunting grounds of rulers and thus, on the one hand, an expression of the absolute personal authority of a monarch, and on the other hand, they were concentrated

484:

guarding sacred sites or the convention of European hunting reserves. Over 2000 years ago, royal decrees in India protected certain areas. In Europe, rich and powerful people protected hunting grounds for a thousand years. Moreover, the idea of protection of special places is universal: for example,

1040:, also known as a 'Private Reserve' predominantly managed for biodiversity conservation, protected without formal government recognition and is owned and stewarded by the O corporation International. O parks plays a particularly important role in conserving critical biodiversity in a section of the 1083:, the United States had a total of 6770 terrestrial nationally designated (federal) protected areas. These protected areas cover 2,607,131 km (1,006,619 sq mi), or 27.08 percent of the land area of the United States. This is also one-tenth of the protected land area of the world. 672:

In some countries, protected areas can be assigned without the infrastructure and networking needed to substitute consumable resources and substantively protect the area from development or misuse. The soliciting of protected areas may require regulation to the level of meeting demands for food,

508:

emerged which, thanks to the transport and communication technologies of industrialisation and the closely meshed and well-connected administrative apparatus that came with it, could actually assert claims to power over large contiguous territories. The establishment of nature reserves in mostly

312:

are reduced and longterm land cover change is prevented, which is an effective strategy in the struggle against global warming. Of all global terrestrial carbon stock, 15.2% is contained within protected areas. Protected areas in South America hold 27% of the world's carbon stock, which is the

296:

for example. As a result, Protected Areas can encompass a broad range of governance types. A wide variety of rights-holders and stakeholders are involved in the governance and management of protected areas, including forest protected areas, such as government agencies and ministries at various

120:

For waters under national jurisdiction beyond inland waters, there are 14,688 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), covering approximately 10.2% of coastal and marine areas and 4.12% of global ocean areas. In contrast, only 0.25% of the world's oceans beyond national jurisdiction are covered by MPAs.

668:

There is increasing pressure to take proper account of human needs when setting up protected areas and these sometimes have to be "traded off" against conservation needs. Whereas in the past governments often made decisions about protected areas and informed local people afterwards, today the

409:

that define protected areas according to their management objectives, which are internationally recognised by various national governments and the United Nations. The categories provide international standards for defining protected areas and encourage conservation planning according to their

300:

Subsequently, the range of natural resources that any one protected area may guard is vast. Many will be allocated primarily for species conservation whether it be flora or fauna or the relationship between them, but protected areas are similarly important for conserving sites of (indigenous)

651:

Enforcing protected area boundaries is a costly and labour-heavy endeavour, particularly if the allocation of a new protected region places new restrictions on the use of resources by the native people which may lead to their subsequent displacement. This has troubled relationships between

368:

also protects the ecosystem services society enjoys. Some ecosystem services include those that provide and regulate resources, support natural processes, or represent culture. Provisioning services provide resources to humanity, such as fuel and water, while regulating services include

591:(CBD) as "a geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives." Under Article 8 of the CBD, parties who entered the treaty agreed to, among other things, "establish a system of protected areas." In 2004, the CBD's 1070:

report indicating that Russia now ranks first in the world for its amount of protected natural areas with 63.3 million hectares of specially protected natural areas. However, the article did not contain a link to WWF's report and it may be based on previously gathered data.

2485:

Jonas H.D., MacKinnon K., Dudley N., Hockings M., Jessen S., Laffoley D., MacKinnon D., Matallana-Tobon C., Sandwith T., Waithaka J., and S. Woodley, 2018. "Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures: From Aichi Target 11 to the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework."

694:

PADDD challenges the longstanding assumption that protected areas are permanent fixtures and highlights the need for decision-makers to consider protected area characteristics and the socioeconomic context in which they are situated to better ensure their permanence.

338:

and several other fields of analysis are expected to be introduced in the monitoring of protected areas management effectiveness, such as freshwater and marine or coastal studies which are currently underway, and islands and drylands which are currently in planning.

669:

emphasis is shifting towards greater discussions with stakeholders and joint decisions about how such lands should be set aside and managed. Such negotiations are never easy but usually produce stronger and longer-lasting results for both conservation and people.

536:

endorsed the protection of representative examples of all major ecosystem types as a fundamental requirement of national conservation programmes. This has become a core principle of conservation biology and has remained so in recent resolutions – including the

568:(ICCAs). ICCAs are "natural and/or modified ecosystems containing significant bio - diversity values and ecological services, voluntarily conserved by (sedentary and mobile) indigenous and local communities, through customary laws or other effective means". 660:

trades, which are resorted to as an alternative form of substinence. Poaching has thus increased in recent years as areas with certain species are no longer easily and legally accessible. This increasing threat has often led governments to enforce

2372: 870:

is a heritage register, a list of national heritage places deemed to be of outstanding heritage significance to Australia, established in 2003. The list includes natural and historic places, including those of cultural significance to

516:

on the standards and terminology of protected areas took place at the International Conference for the Protection of Fauna and Flora in London. At the 1962 First World Conference on National Parks in Seattle the effect the

351:

populations changed at slower rate in protected areas. On average, vertebrate populations declined five times more slowly within protected areas (−0.4% per year) than at similar sites lacking protection (−1.8% per year).

799:. The maintenance of these charismatic megafauna and other threatened species can be attributed to the intensity of Bhutan's management of its protected areas and its local communities' commitment to preserving them. 715:, and pollution, their high costs, and their increasing conflict with human demands for nature's resources. In addition, the type of habitat, species composition, legal issues and governance, play important roles. 2003:

Justin Nowakowski, A.; Watling, James I.; Murray, Alexander; Deichmann, Jessica L.; Akre, Thomas S.; Muñoz Brenes, Carlos L.; Todd, Brian D.; McRae, Louise; Freeman, Robin; Frishkoff, Luke O. (October 2023).

3131:

Petersen, Anders Højgård; Strange, Niels; Anthon, Signe; Bjørner, Thomas Bue; Rahbek, Carsten (February 2016). "Conserving what, where and how? Cost-efficient measures to conserve biodiversity in Denmark".

2507: 3380: 488:

The oldest legally protected reserve recorded in history is the Main Ridge Forest Reserve, established by an ordinance dated 13 April 1776. Other sources mention the 1778 approval of a protected area on

259:

and to provide a way for measuring the progress of such conservation. Protected areas will usually encompass several other zones that have been deemed important for particular conservation uses, such as

2548:

Hermoso, Virgilio; Abell, Robin; Linke, Simon; Boon, Philip (2016). "The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world".

2376: 163:. Protection helps maintain ecological processes that cannot survive in most intensely managed landscapes and seascapes. Indigenous peoples and local communities frequently criticize this method of 926:. 787,767 km (304,159 sq mi) are designated as terrestrial sites and 251,564 km (97,129 sq mi) as marine sites. Overall, 18 percent of the EU land mass is designated. 1850: 480:

Protected areas are cultural artifacts, and their story is entwined with that of human civilization. Protecting places and natural resources is by no means a modern concept, whether it be

3035:

Ansell, Dean; Freudenberger, David; Munro, Nicola; Gibbons, Philip (June 2016). "The cost-effectiveness of agri-environment schemes for biodiversity conservation: A quantitative review".

899:

conservation. These newly implemented reserves safeguard a range of ecosystems, from tropical forests to marine habitats. These protected areas encompass nearly 20% of China's land area.

1033: 347:

The effectiveness of protected areas to protect biodiversity can be estimated by comparing population changes over time. Such an analysis found that the abundance of 2,239 terrestrial

3251:

Drechsler, Martin; Johst, Karin; Wätzold, Frank (March 2017). "The cost-effective length of contracts for payments to compensate land owners for biodiversity conservation measures".

1424: 4310: 4015: 2927:

Symes, William S.; et al. (2016). "Why do we lose protected areas? Factors influencing protected area downgrading, downsizing and degazettement in the tropics and subtropics".

183:

A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated

2463:

importance to biodiversity protected." See also Stephen Woodley et al, "Meeting Aichi Target 11: What Does Success Look Like for Protected Area Systems?" (2012) 18(1) Parks 23.

564:

in a sustainable manner. The spectrum of benefits and values of protected areas is recognised not only ecologically, but culturally through further development in the arena of

3018: 1993:

Bomhard, B., Butchart, S., Tracking Progress Towards the CBD's Targets for Protected Area Coverage and Management Effectiveness (UNEP-WCMC & BirdLife International, 2010)

707:. However, their effectiveness is limited by their small size and isolation from each other (which influence the maintenance of species), their restricted role in preventing 652:

conservationists and rural communities in many protected regions and is often why many Wildlife Reserves and National Parks face the human threat of poaching for the illegal

284:(KBA) among others. Likewise, a protected area or an entire network of protected areas may lie within a larger geographic zone that is recognised as a terrestrial or marine 673:

feed, livestock and fuel, and the legal enforcement of not only the protected area itself but also 'buffer zones' surrounding it, which may help to resist destabilisation.

476:), was declared a protected area in 1872, and it encompasses areas which are classified as both a National Park (Category II) and a Habitat Management Area (Category IV). 1785: 1543:"Ongoing global biodiversity loss and the need to move beyond protected areas: A review of the technical and practical shortcoming of protected areas on land and sea" 319:

18.8% of the world's forest is covered by protected areas and sixteen of the twenty forest types have 10% or more protected area coverage. Of the 670 ecoregions with

684: 528:

to maintain the networks that hold regular revisions for the succinct categorisations that have been developed to regulate and record protected areas. In 1972, the

4800: 117:

across multiple borders. As of 2016, there are over 161,000 protected areas representing about 17 percent of the world's land surface area (excluding Antarctica).

3978: 3745: 596: 997:

Two Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI) (under the Protocol of Specially Protected Areas and Biodiversity of the Barcelona Convention)

2980:"Predicting the future effectiveness of protected areas for bird conservation in Mediterranean ecosystems under climate change and novel fire regime scenarios" 1508: 98:

are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural or cultural values. Protected areas are those areas in which human presence or the

4008: 1358: 954: 4193: 4188: 4061: 3432: 4568: 3465: 2503: 1831: 1126:

As of 2019, 2.2% of England making up 2,938 km (1,134 sq mi) is a conservation area, 59% of which are rural, and 41% are in urban areas.

718:

One major problem is that only 18% of the area covered by protected areas have been assessed, hence the effectiveness of most of them remains unclear.

592: 533: 512:

Initially, protected areas were recognised on a national scale, differing from country to country until 1933, when an effort to reach an international

4660: 4128: 4908: 4001: 3837: 1923: 1867: 1045: 608: 726:

Scientists advocate that 50% of global land and seas be converted to inter-connected protected areas to sustain these benefits. The Asian country

4903: 4213: 3720: 950: 879:(IPAs) are formed by agreement with Indigenous Australians, and declared by Indigenous Australians, and form a specific class of protected area. 3216:

Schöttker, Oliver; Johst, Karin; Drechsler, Martin; Wätzold, Frank (September 2016). "Land for biodiversity conservation — To buy or borrow?".

176: 145: 3779: 2190: 1669: 4503: 3508:

Bohorquez, John J.; Xue, Guifang; Frankstone, Timothy; Grima, Maria M.; Kleinhaus, Karine; Zhao, Yiyi; Pikitch, Ellen K. (12 November 2021).

5305: 4290: 1417: 1224: 1174: 5137: 4446: 4173: 1626: 572: 5355: 4456: 3376: 308:

Carbon emissions from deforestation account for an estimated 20% of global carbon emissions, so in protecting the worlds carbon stocks

1829: 5473: 4071: 2620: 406: 364:, unbeknownst to human society. Although biodiversity is usually the main reason for constructing protected areas, the protection of 2429: 128:

initiative has targeted to protect 30% of ocean territory and 30% of land territory worldwide by 2030; this has been adopted by the

5407: 4367: 4183: 2979: 2398: 665:

and implement new policies to adhere to the initial goal of protected areas, though many illegal activities are often overlooked.

218:

Prohibition of degradative activities including: fishing, hunting, development, agriculture, mining, logging, and sometimes entry.

5335: 4600: 4508: 4498: 4223: 4148: 1209: 521:

had had on the world's natural environment was acknowledged, and the need to preserve it for future generations was established.

273: 1575: 4198: 4041: 2671: 3957: 2284: 83: 4653: 4573: 4362: 4342: 4280: 4260: 4108: 4103: 1899: 1844: 246:

Increased: populations, species resilience, genetic diversity, and potential for adaptations, lowering the risk of extinction

1778: 4590: 4382: 4377: 4096: 3969: 3953: 3950: 3169:"Easement or public land? An economic analysis of different ownership modes for nature conservation measures in California" 1080: 504:

in certain places and diminished with increasing spatial distance from the seat of power. In the late 19th century, modern

2828:"Measuring progress in marine protection: A new set of metrics to evaluate the strength of marine protected area networks" 4605: 4548: 4543: 4486: 4429: 4315: 4178: 4158: 4143: 4133: 4046: 3975: 2520: 1290: 398: 5390: 5127: 4528: 4404: 4270: 4255: 4208: 4203: 4168: 4153: 4113: 4081: 4066: 4051: 3859: 1152: 1108: 1100: 588: 730:

achieved this high-reaching target by reserving 51.4% of the country's area as protected areas interconnected through

5402: 4780: 4218: 4123: 4118: 3573:

Xu, Weihua; Pimm, Stuart L.; Du, Ao; Su, Yang; Fan, Xinyue; An, Li; Liu, Jianguo; Ouyang, Zhiyun (1 September 2019).

1295: 1015: 133: 99: 5370: 4896: 4646: 4627: 4493: 4471: 4300: 4235: 4228: 3482: 1041: 962: 892: 3301:"Mammal richness and diversity in a Himalayan hotspot: the role of protected areas in conserving Bhutan's mammals" 2591: 5445: 5237: 5176: 4730: 4553: 4533: 4451: 4436: 4394: 4240: 2311: 5154: 4836: 4720: 4680: 4414: 4330: 3889: 1830:

Borrini-Feyerabend, G., N. Dudley, T. Jaeger, B. Lassen, N. Pathak Broome, A. Phillips and T. Sandwith (2013).

1214: 1021: 834: 17: 3458: 1512: 5488: 5227: 5062: 4886: 4866: 4399: 4357: 4325: 4076: 3354: 1009: 942: 911: 360:

Along with providing important stocks of natural resources, protected areas are often major sources of vital

3630: 2499: 2268: 175:

The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the

5450: 5193: 4988: 4983: 4861: 4610: 4538: 4513: 4419: 4337: 4056: 1280: 1274: 1087: 861: 525: 335: 277: 114: 575:

almost 200 countries, signed onto the agreement which includes protecting 30% of land and oceans by 2030 (

5468: 5375: 5360: 5159: 5044: 4973: 4876: 4770: 4615: 4583: 4523: 4518: 4466: 4441: 4347: 4275: 4091: 4086: 966: 946: 891:, has begun implementing various protected areas in recent years. As of the year 2017, China has nearly 556:

Recently, the importance of protected areas has been brought to the fore at the threat of human-induced

5310: 4918: 4710: 4595: 4563: 4476: 4285: 4265: 4036: 3890:"Governance and Conservation Effectiveness in Protected Areas and Indigenous and Locally Managed Areas" 3510:"China's little-known efforts to protect its marine ecosystems safeguard some habitats but omit others" 1169: 509:

peripheral regions thus became possible and at the same time underpinned the new state claim to power.

269: 137: 1969:

Progress on the Convention on Biological Diversity's 2010 and 2012 Targets for Protected Area Coverage

807: 485:

it occurs among the communities in the Pacific ("tapu" areas) and in parts of Africa (sacred groves).

5350: 5330: 5315: 5285: 5181: 4558: 4481: 4461: 4424: 4352: 4320: 4163: 4138: 2779:"Protected Area Downgrading, Downsizing, and Degazettement (PADDD) and Its Conservation Implications" 1366: 1147: 958: 876: 513: 469: 103: 3963: 3829: 3753: 1971:"Looking to the Future of the CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas" (Cambridge: UNEP-WCMC, 2009) 1809: 5509: 5478: 5395: 5365: 5345: 4953: 4871: 4856: 4846: 4821: 4816: 4578: 4409: 4387: 4372: 4305: 4295: 4250: 4245: 2453:

Protected Areas (Articles 8 (a) to (e)), Doc UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/VII/28 (20 February 2004) at para 18.

1158: 934: 915: 758: 550: 538: 309: 2472:

CBD (2018). Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (Decision 14/8).

2119:

Xu, Weihua; Xiao, Yi; Zhang, Jingjing; Yang, Wu; Zhang, Lu; Hull, Vanessa; Wang, Zhi; Zheng, Hua;

313:

highest percentage of any continent in both absolute terms and as a proportion of the total stock.

5320: 5222: 5169: 4928: 4851: 4620: 2243: 1779:"Guidelines for Applying the IUCN Protected Area Management Categories to Marine Protected Areas" 1367:"Beyond exclusion: alternative approaches to biodiversity conservation in the developing tropics" 1121: 910:

is a network of protected areas established by the EU across all member states. It is made up of

640: 221:

Reduction in: shifts in species distribution, intensity of storms, and impacts of sea level rise.

3384: 472:

in the United States. Yellowstone, the world's second official protected area (after Mongolia's

5385: 5380: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5280: 5262: 5247: 5101: 4760: 1269: 1239: 1124:. The concept was introduced in 1967, and by 2017 almost 9,800 had been designated in England. 1037: 872: 867: 788: 281: 2406: 5340: 5325: 5146: 5067: 5039: 5034: 4993: 4963: 4958: 4923: 4841: 4785: 4725: 4715: 3888:

Zhang, Yin; West, Paige; Thakholi, Lerato; Suryawanshi, Kulbhushansingh; et al. (2023).

3082:"Money for Nothing? A Call for Empirical Evaluation of Biodiversity Conservation Investments" 1796: 1234: 1194: 1137: 571:

As of December 2022, 17% of land territory and 10% of ocean territory were protected. At the

529: 518: 427: 421: 164: 110: 2592:"for Conservation: A Global Overview, Dan Brockington and Jim Igoe. Accessed: 18 April 2011" 2534: 2053:"Ecosystem services and justice of protected areas: the case of Circeo National Park, Italy" 373:, climate regulation, and protection against disease. Supporting ecosystem services include 39: 31: 5435: 5425: 5232: 5029: 4978: 4968: 4933: 4831: 4826: 4790: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4690: 4669: 3521: 3312: 3260: 3225: 3180: 3141: 3044: 2994: 2936: 2883: 2839: 2790: 2710: 2557: 2136: 2064: 2017: 1557: 1458: 1378: 1163: 704: 370: 261: 179:(IUCN) in its categorisation guidelines for protected areas. The definition is as follows: 156: 3993: 3905: 2978:

Regos, Adrian; D'Amen, M; Titeux, Nicolas; Herrando, S; Guisan, A; Brotons, Lluis (2016).

2679: 844: 493:, a mountain previous protected by local nomads for centuries in Mongolia, by then-ruling 8: 5242: 5217: 5210: 5132: 5054: 4775: 4765: 4735: 2621:"Poachers target endangered animals in protected areas, study finds | DW | 18 April 2017" 1300: 1285: 1067: 978: 888: 449: 233: 4700: 3525: 3316: 3264: 3229: 3184: 3145: 3048: 2998: 2940: 2887: 2843: 2794: 2714: 2561: 2140: 2068: 2021: 1688: 1561: 1462: 1449:

Soutullo, Alvaro (2010). "Extent of the Global Network of Terrestrial Protected Areas".

1382: 225: 167:

for the generally violent processes by which the regulations of the areas are enforced.

5198: 5072: 5003: 4795: 3612: 3550: 3509: 3336: 3198: 3108: 3081: 3010: 2960: 2909: 2808: 2734: 2605: 2573: 2167: 2124: 2093: 2052: 1917: 1861: 1490: 1337: 919: 784: 490: 473: 265: 184: 160: 2701:

Pringle, Robert M. (2017). "Upgrading protected areas to conserve wild biodiversity".

1542: 1142: 524:

Since then, it has been an international commitment on behalf of both governments and

334:

Annual updates on each of these analyses are made in order to make comparisons to the

330:

with mountain areas, 43.9% still have less than 10% of their mountain areas protected.

5514: 5455: 5164: 5122: 5008: 4891: 3616: 3604: 3596: 3555: 3537: 3406: 3340: 3328: 3202: 3113: 2952: 2913: 2901: 2803: 2778: 2726: 2282:

Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories, Published October, 2008

2172: 2154: 2098: 2080: 2033: 2005: 1905: 1895: 1840: 1726: 1482: 1474: 1470: 1394: 1204: 783:. Also found to be prevalent were the large herbivore species: Asiatic water buffalo 731: 561: 505: 464: 361: 293: 3658: 3014: 2812: 2645: 2577: 2281: 2218: 1494: 830: 323:, 54% have 10% or more of their forest cover protected under IUCN Categories I – VI. 5186: 4881: 4705: 3909: 3901: 3586: 3545: 3529: 3320: 3268: 3237: 3233: 3188: 3149: 3103: 3093: 3060: 3052: 3002: 2964: 2944: 2891: 2847: 2798: 2738: 2718: 2565: 2345:

A Short History of the International System of Protected Area Management Categories

2162: 2144: 2088: 2072: 2025: 1752: 1565: 1466: 1386: 1362: 1219: 816: 739: 712: 497: 439: 390: 2753:"Middle East's investments in African farmlands are rooted in food security fears" 2076: 607:

In 2018, to complement protected areas across landscapes and seascapes, the term '

4913: 3272: 3098: 2851: 2326: 2288: 1627:"More than 190 countries sign landmark agreement to halt the biodiversity crisis" 1390: 1229: 1189: 1117: 923: 820: 773: 748: 743: 542: 241: 2299: 2125:"Strengthening protected areas for biodiversity and ecosystem services in China" 1891:

Conservation of Wildlife Populations : Demography, Genetics, and Management

1184: 202: 3591: 3574: 3324: 3056: 2029: 1323: 1254: 1179: 1049: 1001:

There are three biosphere reserves in Lebanon that have been designated by the

938: 796: 708: 657: 557: 374: 237: 211: 197: 129: 87:

Share of important terrestrial biodiversity areas under protection, as of 2018.

3680: 3153: 1909: 5503: 5440: 5430: 5203: 5094: 5082: 5077: 3653: 3600: 3541: 3355:"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, Section 324A" 3332: 3300: 2158: 2084: 2037: 1651: 1478: 1398: 1331: 1244: 754: 662: 433: 3702: 2896: 2871: 2357:

Uekötter, Frank (9 March 2020). "Eine kleine Geschichte des Artenschutzes".

2149: 301:

cultural importance and considerable reserves of natural resources such as;

5117: 3804: 3608: 3559: 3533: 3117: 2956: 2905: 2752: 2730: 2176: 2102: 1486: 1062: 896: 546: 365: 320: 256: 4638: 1595: 623: 3929: 3746:"Summary of protection by Country and Territory on the 31st January 2008" 2120: 2006:"Protected areas slow declines unevenly across the tetrapod tree of life" 1264: 1249: 1199: 977:

Lebanon, home to one of the highest densities of floral diversity in the

907: 812: 778: 159:, often providing habitat and protection from hunting for threatened and 2722: 240:

buffers pH change), and increasing natural carbon sequestration via the

3914: 3193: 3168: 3065: 2002: 1259: 1112: 628: 494: 348: 289: 285: 236:

by: maintaining coastal primary producers, increasing teleost biomass (

43:

World map with percentage of each country under protection (2005 data)

3299:

Dorji, Sangay; Rajaratnam, Rajanathan; Vernes, Karl (1 October 2019).

3006: 2948: 2430:"A handbook for the indigenous and community conserved areas registry" 1889: 1570: 455:

Category VI – Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources

5257: 5089: 3939: 3433:"Indigenous rangers to receive $ 250m in funding for jobs until 2021" 2569: 1980:

Rodríguez-Rodríguez, D., Bomhard, B., Fitzgerald, C. & Blyth, S.

792: 769: 3752:. World Database on Protected Areas. 31 January 2008. Archived from 5013: 4740: 3780:"The Biden Administration Has Reached Conservation Records in 2023" 2300:

Mongolia Sacred Mountains: Bogd Khan, Burkhan Khaldun, Otgon Tenger

1937: 1670:"G7 commits to end support for coal-fired power stations this year" 1306: 1166:: a person who has been forced to relocate from a conservation area 653: 612: 576: 149: 125: 3983: 3934: 643:

in West Bengal, India, is a Habitat Management Area (Category IV).

635: 385: 3652:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

848:

Prohibited activities and safety instructions at a state park in

838: 824: 3988: 3979:

Indicator Factsheet: Management Effectiveness of Protected Areas

3945: 3721:"Russia Has Most Protected Natural Areas in the World, WWF Says" 4998: 3034: 1357: 1175:

Climate change mitigation#Preserving and enhancing carbon sinks

1002: 849: 727: 144:. In December 2022, Nations have reached an agreement with the 3215: 3942:– campaigns for protecting at least 30% of the planet by 2030 2977: 1714:

Guidelines for Applying Protected Areas Management Categories

991:

15 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) (under Birdlife International)

764: 599:, known as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Target 11 states: 565: 481: 3887: 3130: 2865: 2863: 2861: 1954:

Campbell, A., Miles. L., Lysenko, I., Hughes, A., Gibbs, H.

587:

In 1992, a protected area was defined in paragraph 2 of the

380: 27:

Areas protected for having ecological or cultural importance

4023: 3989:

Brazilian Amazon Protected areas – Instituto Socioambiental

3631:"Natura 2000 Barometer - Environment - European Commission" 3507: 3381:

Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts

2827: 1833:

Governance of Protected Areas. From understanding to action

402: 3080:

Ferraro, Paul J; Pattanayak, Subhrendu K (11 April 2006).

2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2510:

from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.

2858: 685:

Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement

677:

Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement

136:, Campaign for Nature which promoted the goal during the 1689:"COP15: Nations reach 'historic' deal to protect nature" 1361:; Wilshusen, Peter; Brockington, Dan; Seidler, Reinmar; 3167:

Schöttker, Oliver; Santos, Maria João (November 2019).

2763: 2473: 141: 2550:

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

1967:

Coad L., Burgess, N.D., Bomhard, B., and Besancon, C.

3298: 3250: 2547: 2359:

Zeitschrift der Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung

582: 191: 2872:"The uncertain future of protected lands and waters" 2347:(WCPA Task Force on Protected Area Categories, 2007) 2123:; Polasky, Stephen; Jiang, Ling (14 February 2017). 1313: 895:, 80% of which are nature reserves aiming to foster 2819: 2504:

International Institute for Sustainable Development

1982:

How much of the world's mountain area is protected?

1956:

Carbon Storage in Protected Areas: Technical Report

1309:(type of protected area in former Soviet republics) 355: 2244:"Protecting ecosystems brings benefits to society" 1079:As of 31 January 2008, according to the 560:and the understanding of the necessity to consume 534:United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 250: 3860:"What Is a Conservation Area? | Historic England" 3575:"Transforming Protected Area Management in China" 3079: 2920: 2521:"Schweizerischer Nationalpark – Protected Planet" 2050: 1958:(UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 2008) 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1048:, located along the 12-mile-wide isthmus between 5501: 4909:Other effective area-based conservation measures 2500:UN Biodiversity Conference (CBD COP 15) (Part 2) 2051:Benetti, Stefania; Langemeyer, Johannes (2021). 609:other effective area-based conservation measures 255:The objective of protected areas is to conserve 4904:Integrated Conservation and Development Project 3946:DOPA, a Digital Observatory for Protected Areas 3483:"Is China stepping up its nature conservation?" 3166: 2129:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2118: 1371:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2870:Golden Kroner, Rachel E.; et al. (2019). 2618: 1540: 1527: 177:International Union for Conservation of Nature 146:Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework 4654: 4009: 2869: 2776: 703:A main goal of protected areas is to prevent 445:Category IV – Habitat/Species Management Area 342: 3457:Hayes, Shelley; Egli, Daniel (26 May 2022). 3424: 2777:Mascia, Michael B.; Pailler, Sharon (2011). 2606:"BBC News: A Battle for DR Congo's Wildlife" 1922:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1866:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1225:List of largest protected areas in the world 4668: 3459:"Directory of Protected Areas in East Asia" 2694: 2427: 573:2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference 4661: 4647: 4016: 4002: 3894:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 3572: 3407:"Department of the Environment and Energy" 3357:. Australasian Legal Information Institute 1620: 1618: 1616: 1111:almost always applies to an area (usually 3913: 3590: 3549: 3456: 3377:"Fact Sheets: Indigenous Protected Areas" 3192: 3107: 3097: 3064: 3037:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2895: 2802: 2476:doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf 2166: 2148: 2092: 2057:Ecosystems and People (Abingdon, England) 1569: 918:(SPAs) designated respectively under the 721: 631:is a Strict Nature Reserve (Category Ia). 414:IUCN Protected Area Management Categories 381:IUCN Protected Area Management Categories 3430: 3411:Department of the Environment and Energy 2826:Roberts, Kelsey E.; et al. (2018). 2428:Environment, U. N. (16 September 2017). 2356: 1624: 1448: 843: 829: 806: 634: 622: 566:Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas 463: 384: 274:Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas 224: 201: 109:The term "protected area" also includes 82: 48: 0–3.9% of the country is protected 38: 3984:A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance 3805:"UK planning policy, practice and data" 2825: 2700: 1613: 1581:from the original on 11 September 2011. 1412: 1410: 1408: 1210:Indigenous and Community Conserved Area 14: 5502: 3840:from the original on 14 September 2015 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 2213: 2211: 2114: 2112: 1856:from the original on 17 December 2020. 1686: 4642: 3997: 3906:10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-081348 3369: 2926: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1430:from the original on 2 September 2016 627:Schweizerischer National Park in the 229:Climate change threats to coral reefs 3954:World Conservation Monitoring Center 3951:United Nations Environment Programme 3738: 3661:. Convention on Biological Diversity 3471:from the original on 11 August 2022. 1625:Paddison, Laura (19 December 2022). 1590: 1588: 1405: 1081:United Nations Environment Programme 407:Protected Area Management Categories 155:Protected areas are implemented for 3976:Biodiversity Indicators Partnership 3964:World Commission on Protected Areas 3777: 3279: 3024:from the original on 6 August 2016. 2208: 2109: 1291:World Commission on Protected Areas 955:conservation and community reserves 399:World Commission on Protected Areas 32:Protected area in the cricket pitch 24: 3881: 3681:"Biosphere reserves in Arab State" 2327:"Tobago Main Ridge Forest Reserve" 2324: 1887: 1874: 1816: 1791:from the original on 27 July 2021. 1687:Briggs, Helen (19 December 2022). 1153:Conservation area (United Kingdom) 1101:Conservation area (United Kingdom) 994:One Specially Protected Area (SPA) 589:Convention on Biological Diversity 583:Convention on Biological Diversity 192:Protected Areas and Climate Change 25: 5526: 4781:Conservation biology of parasites 3930:WDPA dataset on Ocean Data Viewer 3923: 3579:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3431:Davidson, Helen (27 April 2018). 3383:. 7 December 2007. Archived from 1585: 1509:"unstats - Millennium Indicators" 1296:World Database on Protected Areas 1093: 1034:O Parks, Wildlife, and Recreation 1016:Jabal Al Rihane Biosphere Reserve 902: 148:at the COP15, which includes the 100:exploitation of natural resources 5484: 5483: 4897:Tropical rainforest conservation 4801:Vulnerability and susceptibility 3647: 2804:10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00147.x 2312:"Yellowstone – Protected Planet" 1652:"Sign the 30x30 Petition Today!" 1471:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01465.x 1330: 1316: 1107:In the United Kingdom, the term 1099:This section is an excerpt from 1074: 1042:Mesoamerican Biological Corridor 988:Five UNESCO World Heritage Sites 893:10,000 to 12,000 protected areas 698: 356:Protection of ecosystem services 5446:NatureServe conservation status 4731:Conservation-induced extinction 3970:Global Protected Area Programme 3852: 3822: 3797: 3771: 3713: 3695: 3673: 3641: 3623: 3566: 3501: 3475: 3450: 3399: 3347: 3244: 3209: 3160: 3134:Journal for Nature Conservation 3124: 3073: 3028: 2971: 2745: 2678:. 16 April 2013. Archived from 2664: 2638: 2612: 2598: 2584: 2541: 2527: 2513: 2492: 2479: 2466: 2456: 2447: 2434:UNEP - UN Environment Programme 2421: 2405:. 1 August 2012. Archived from 2391: 2365: 2350: 2337: 2325:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 2318: 2304: 2293: 2275: 2261: 2236: 2219:"More About Ecosystem Services" 2183: 2044: 1996: 1987: 1974: 1961: 1948: 1930: 1771: 1745: 1719: 1706: 1680: 1155:(urban heritage area in the UK) 1086:According to a report from the 597:Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 251:Protection of natural resources 4837:Conservation management system 4721:Conservation-dependent species 4681:Index of conservation articles 3238:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.06.011 2619:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. 2535:"Jaldapara – Protected Planet" 2375:. October 2008. Archived from 2361:(in German). 11/2020. bpb: 15. 1662: 1644: 1596:"Protected Planet Report 2020" 1550:Marine Ecology Progress Series 1501: 1442: 1418:"Protected Planet Report 2016" 1351: 1215:IUCN protected area categories 1022:Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve 951:reserved and protected forests 835:Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve 214:effects in a variety of ways: 134:Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 13: 1: 5063:Assisted natural regeneration 4867:Ecoregion conservation status 3305:Biodiversity and Conservation 2077:10.1080/26395916.2021.1946155 1731:www.survivalinternational.org 1344: 1010:Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve 912:Special Areas of Conservation 618: 206:Change in average temperature 170: 115:transboundary protected areas 5451:Special Area of Conservation 4989:Landscape-scale conservation 4984:High conservation value area 4862:Community-based conservation 4062:Australian Capital Territory 3784:Center for American progress 3659:"Lebanon Biodiversity Facts" 3273:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.01.014 3099:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040105 2852:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.01.004 2399:"The Worlds Protected Areas" 2331:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2195:National Wildlife Federation 1984:(Cambridge, UNEP-WCMC, 2009) 1600:Protected Planet Report 2020 1391:10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.006 1281:Transboundary protected area 1275:Special Area of Conservation 1088:Center for American Progress 1028: 862:Protected areas of Australia 855: 802: 526:non-government organisations 336:Millennium Development Goals 278:Alliance for Zero Extinction 7: 5469:List of conservation issues 4877:Evidence-based conservation 4771:Mutualisms and conservation 2987:Diversity and Distributions 1130: 10: 5531: 4919:Roadless area conservation 4711:Compassionate conservation 3592:10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.009 3325:10.1007/s10531-019-01821-9 3057:10.1016/J.AGEE.2016.04.008 2030:10.1038/s41586-023-06562-y 1170:Centres of Plant Diversity 1098: 972: 877:Indigenous Protected Areas 859: 459: 343:Protection of biodiversity 270:Centres of Plant Diversity 210:Protected Areas alleviate 195: 138:Convention on Biodiversity 106:, water, ...) is limited. 104:non-timber forest products 72: 41.8–72.3% protected 66: 22.7–41.8% protected 60: 11.3–22.7% protected 29: 5464: 5418: 5273: 5110: 5053: 5022: 4942: 4809: 4689: 4676: 4189:Newfoundland and Labrador 4032: 3958:Protected Areas Programme 3154:10.1016/J.JNC.2015.10.004 1727:"Decolonize Conservation" 1716:(IUCN: Switzerland, 2008) 1148:Coastal Reserve (Ukraine) 1055: 593:Conference of the Parties 470:Yellowstone National Park 157:biodiversity conservation 54: 3.9–11.3% protected 5306:Central African Republic 4954:Conservation designation 4872:Environmental protection 4857:Conspicuous conservation 4847:Conservation photography 4822:Conservation development 4817:Conservation agriculture 1733:. Survival International 1159:Conservation designation 1122:tree preservation orders 935:Protected areas of India 929: 916:Special Protection Areas 882: 759:Asian small clawed otter 551:Johannesburg Declaration 539:World Charter for Nature 310:greenhouse gas emissions 140:'s COP15 Summit and the 30:Not to be confused with 5045:Human–wildlife conflict 4929:Site-based conservation 4852:Conservation psychology 4670:Conservation of species 4027:by country or territory 3253:Biological Conservation 2897:10.1126/science.aau5525 2832:Biological Conservation 2672:"About Protected Areas" 2150:10.1073/pnas.1620503114 1942:www.biodiversitya-z.org 1541:Mora C, Sale P (2011). 1052:and the Pacific Ocean. 963:private protected areas 641:Jaldapara National Park 5102:Species reintroduction 4761:Latent extinction risk 4129:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3864:historicengland.org.uk 3534:10.1126/sciadv.abj1569 2646:"Wildlife Trafficking" 1804:Cite journal requires 1423:. UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. 1303:– registered by UNESCO 1270:Private protected area 1240:National heritage site 1038:private protected area 873:Indigenous Australians 868:National Heritage List 852: 841: 827: 722:Bhutan as a role model 644: 632: 482:indigenous communities 477: 394: 389:Strict nature reserve 282:Key Biodiversity Areas 230: 207: 189: 111:marine protected areas 88: 80: 5474:List of organisations 5128:Hawaiian honeycreeper 5068:Ecosystem restoration 5040:Habitat fragmentation 5035:Fortress conservation 4994:Marine protected area 4964:Conservation easement 4959:Conservation district 4924:Roadside conservation 4842:Conservation movement 4786:Species translocation 4726:Conservation genetics 4716:Conservation behavior 4194:Northwest Territories 2929:Global Change Biology 2498:IISD (14 March 2022). 1235:Marine Protected Area 1195:Fortress conservation 1138:Biodiversity hotspots 847: 833: 810: 638: 626: 530:Stockholm Declaration 519:Industrial Revolution 498:Tenger Tetgegch Khaan 468:Black Opal Spring in 467: 422:Strict nature reserve 388: 228: 205: 181: 165:fortress conservation 124:In recent years, the 86: 42: 5436:Planetary boundaries 5426:Conservation officer 5030:Conservation refugee 4979:Habitat conservation 4969:Conservation reserve 4934:Wetland conservation 4832:Conservation grazing 4827:Conservation finance 4791:Conservation welfare 4756:In-situ conservation 4751:Extinction threshold 4746:Ex-situ conservation 4569:United Arab Emirates 4214:Prince Edward Island 3830:"Conservation Areas" 3218:Ecological Economics 3173:Conservation Letters 2783:Conservation Letters 2474:https://www.cbd.int/ 2191:"Ecosystem Services" 1515:on 27 September 2017 1451:Conservation Biology 1359:Lele, Sharachchandra 1164:Conservation refugee 1060:On 21 May 2019, The 1024:, designated in 2009 1018:, designated in 2007 1012:, designated in 2005 943:Wildlife sanctuaries 732:biological corridors 705:loss of biodiversity 371:carbon sequestration 262:Important Bird Areas 187:and cultural values. 4776:Nature conservation 4766:Marine conservation 4736:Conservation status 3940:Campaign For Nature 3935:ProtectedPlanet.net 3809:www.bedfordpark.net 3703:"Account Suspended" 3526:2021SciA....7.1569B 3317:2019BiCon..28.3277D 3265:2017BCons.207...72D 3230:2016EcoEc.129...94S 3185:2019ConL...12E2647S 3146:2016JNatC..29...33P 3049:2016AgEE..225..184A 2999:2016DivDi..22...83R 2941:2016GCBio..22..656S 2888:2019Sci...364..881G 2844:2018BCons.219...20R 2795:2011ConL....4....9M 2723:10.1038/nature22902 2715:2017Natur.546...91P 2562:2016ACMFE..26S...3H 2287:4 June 2013 at the 2141:2017PNAS..114.1601X 2069:2021EcoPe..17..411B 2022:2023Natur.622..101J 1759:. 10 September 2015 1656:Campaign for Nature 1562:2011MEPS..434..251M 1463:2010ConBi..24..362. 1383:2010COES....2...94L 1301:World Heritage Site 1286:Urban heritage park 1068:World Wildlife Fund 979:Mediterranean basin 889:megadiverse country 761:, the tiger, dhole 746:, mountain weasel ( 450:Protected Landscape 234:ocean acidification 5073:Island restoration 5004:Open space reserve 4796:Threatened species 4072:Northern Territory 3194:10.1111/conl.12647 1938:"Biodiversity A-Z" 1888:Scott., Mills, L. 1338:Environment portal 967:conservation areas 947:biosphere reserves 920:Habitats Directive 853: 842: 828: 645: 633: 506:territorial states 478: 474:Bogd Khan Mountain 405:has developed six 395: 362:ecosystem services 266:Endemic Bird Areas 231: 208: 185:ecosystem services 161:endangered species 96:conservation areas 89: 81: 5497: 5496: 5456:Soil conservation 5009:Wildlife corridor 4892:Forest protection 4887:Forest management 4636: 4635: 4097:Western Australia 3489:. 28 October 2021 3311:(12): 3277–3297. 3007:10.1111/ddi.12375 2949:10.1111/gcb.13089 2882:(6443): 881–886. 2016:(7981): 101–106. 1901:978-1-118-40669-4 1846:978-2-8317-1608-4 1712:Dudley, N. (ed.) 1571:10.3354/meps09214 1205:Historic district 1109:conservation area 985:Four Ramsar sites 776:and Tibetan fox ( 562:natural resources 549:in 1992, and the 410:management aims. 294:Crisis Ecoregions 16:(Redirected from 5522: 5487: 5486: 5371:Papua New Guinea 5263:Cryopreservation 5228:Gray nurse shark 4882:Flagship species 4706:Captive breeding 4663: 4656: 4649: 4640: 4639: 4487:Ulyanovsk Oblast 4447:Papua New Guinea 4316:Himachal Pradesh 4174:British Columbia 4018: 4011: 4004: 3995: 3994: 3919: 3917: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3834:Historic England 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3758: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3725:The Moscow Times 3717: 3711: 3710: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3594: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3553: 3520:(46): eabj1569. 3514:Science Advances 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3463: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3296: 3277: 3276: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3196: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3111: 3101: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 2984: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2899: 2867: 2856: 2855: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2806: 2774: 2761: 2760: 2757:farmlandgrab.org 2749: 2743: 2742: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2682:on 16 April 2013 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2570:10.1002/aqc.2681 2545: 2539: 2538: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2511: 2496: 2490: 2483: 2477: 2470: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2409:on 1 August 2012 2395: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2379:on 19 March 2012 2369: 2363: 2362: 2354: 2348: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2308: 2302: 2297: 2291: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2215: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2170: 2152: 2135:(7): 1601–1606. 2116: 2107: 2106: 2096: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1978: 1972: 1965: 1959: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1921: 1913: 1885: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1857: 1855: 1838: 1827: 1814: 1813: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1792: 1790: 1783: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1723: 1717: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1622: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1592: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1573: 1547: 1538: 1525: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1511:. Archived from 1505: 1499: 1498: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1429: 1422: 1414: 1403: 1402: 1355: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1277:(European Union) 1220:Last of the Wild 1118:listed buildings 959:communal forests 811:Kuivajärvi, the 779:Vulpes ferrilata 753:, small-toothed 740:Chinese pangolin 713:invasive species 440:Natural monument 391:Belianske Tatras 375:nutrient cycling 280:Sites (AZE) and 102:(e.g. firewood, 77: 71: 65: 59: 53: 47: 21: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5510:Protected areas 5500: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5460: 5414: 5269: 5187:Indian elephant 5106: 5049: 5018: 5014:30 by 30 target 4945: 4938: 4914:Riparian buffer 4805: 4692: 4685: 4672: 4667: 4637: 4632: 4529:Solomon Islands 4082:South Australia 4067:New South Wales 4028: 4025:Protected areas 4022: 3926: 3884: 3882:Further reading 3879: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3759:on 13 July 2009 3756: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3657: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3571: 3567: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3387:on 23 July 2008 3375: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3297: 3280: 3249: 3245: 3214: 3210: 3165: 3161: 3129: 3125: 3078: 3074: 3033: 3029: 3021: 2982: 2976: 2972: 2925: 2921: 2868: 2859: 2824: 2820: 2775: 2764: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2709:(7656): 91–99. 2699: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2653: 2652:. 13 April 2015 2650:www.justice.gov 2644: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2617: 2613: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2546: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2497: 2493: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2355: 2351: 2342: 2338: 2323: 2319: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2294: 2289:Wayback Machine 2280: 2276: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2227: 2225: 2217: 2216: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2117: 2110: 2049: 2045: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1979: 1975: 1966: 1962: 1953: 1949: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1915: 1914: 1902: 1886: 1875: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1847: 1836: 1828: 1817: 1805: 1803: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1736: 1734: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1711: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1685: 1681: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1623: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1578: 1545: 1539: 1528: 1518: 1516: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1447: 1443: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1406: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1336: 1329: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1230:Listed building 1190:Forest Preserve 1133: 1128: 1127: 1104: 1096: 1077: 1058: 1031: 975: 932: 924:Birds Directive 905: 885: 864: 858: 821:Tavastia Proper 805: 774:clouded leopard 749:Mustela altaica 744:Indian pangolin 724: 701: 648:of guidelines. 621: 585: 543:Rio Declaration 462: 438:Category III – 428:Wilderness Area 383: 358: 345: 253: 242:biological pump 238:osmosregulation 200: 194: 173: 92:Protected areas 79: 75: 73: 69: 67: 63: 61: 57: 55: 51: 49: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5528: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5481: 5479:List of people 5476: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5391:United Kingdom 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5238:Painted turtle 5235: 5230: 5225: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5196: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5179: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5162: 5157: 5155:American bison 5149: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5130: 5120: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4950: 4948: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4666: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4574:United Kingdom 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4281:European Union 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4261:Czech Republic 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4021: 4020: 4013: 4006: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3948: 3943: 3937: 3932: 3925: 3924:External links 3922: 3921: 3920: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3851: 3821: 3796: 3778:Hananel, Sam. 3770: 3737: 3712: 3694: 3672: 3640: 3622: 3585:(9): 762–766. 3565: 3500: 3487:China Dialogue 3474: 3449: 3423: 3398: 3368: 3346: 3278: 3243: 3208: 3159: 3123: 3072: 3027: 2970: 2935:(2): 656–665. 2919: 2857: 2818: 2762: 2744: 2693: 2663: 2637: 2611: 2597: 2583: 2540: 2526: 2512: 2491: 2478: 2465: 2455: 2446: 2420: 2390: 2364: 2349: 2336: 2317: 2303: 2292: 2274: 2271:. 8 June 2016. 2260: 2235: 2207: 2182: 2108: 2063:(1): 411–431. 2043: 1995: 1986: 1973: 1960: 1947: 1929: 1900: 1873: 1845: 1815: 1806:|journal= 1770: 1744: 1718: 1705: 1679: 1676:. 21 May 2021. 1661: 1643: 1612: 1584: 1526: 1500: 1457:(2): 362–363. 1441: 1404: 1365:(1 May 2010). 1363:Bawa, Kamaljit 1349: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1327: 1324:Ecology portal 1311: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1255:Nature reserve 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1180:Exclusion zone 1177: 1172: 1167: 1161: 1156: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1105: 1097: 1095: 1094:United Kingdom 1092: 1076: 1073: 1057: 1054: 1050:Lake Nicaragua 1046:Paso del Istmo 1030: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1013: 999: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 974: 971: 939:National parks 931: 928: 904: 903:European Union 901: 884: 881: 860:Main article: 857: 854: 804: 801: 797:Asian elephant 723: 720: 709:climate change 700: 697: 620: 617: 605: 604: 584: 581: 558:global heating 461: 458: 457: 456: 453: 446: 443: 436: 432:Category II – 430: 426:Category Ib – 424: 420:Category Ia – 382: 379: 357: 354: 344: 341: 332: 331: 324: 314: 306:Carbon stocks: 252: 249: 248: 247: 244: 222: 219: 212:climate change 198:Climate Change 196:Main article: 193: 190: 172: 169: 130:European Union 74: 68: 62: 56: 50: 44: 26: 18:Protected Area 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5527: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5490: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5441:IUCN Red List 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5431:De-extinction 5429: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5403:United States 5401: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5083:afforestation 5081: 5080: 5079: 5078:Reforestation 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4659: 4657: 4652: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4591:United States 4589: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4184:New Brunswick 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4005: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3682: 3676: 3660: 3655: 3654:public domain 3644: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3356: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2607: 2601: 2593: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2536: 2530: 2522: 2516: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2482: 2475: 2469: 2459: 2450: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2378: 2374: 2373:"IUCN – Home" 2368: 2360: 2353: 2346: 2343:Phillips, A. 2340: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2296: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2278: 2270: 2269:"IUCN – Home" 2264: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2224: 2223:www.fs.fed.us 2220: 2214: 2212: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2113: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1990: 1983: 1977: 1970: 1964: 1957: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1925: 1919: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1869: 1863: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1811: 1798: 1787: 1780: 1774: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1715: 1709: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1632: 1628: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1589: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1544: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1445: 1426: 1419: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377:(1): 94–100. 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1350: 1339: 1333: 1328: 1325: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1245:National park 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1091: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1075:United States 1072: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1044:known as the 1043: 1039: 1035: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1004: 996: 993: 990: 987: 984: 983: 982: 980: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 900: 898: 894: 890: 880: 878: 874: 869: 863: 851: 846: 840: 836: 832: 826: 822: 818: 814: 809: 800: 798: 794: 790: 789:golden langur 786: 785:Bubalus arnee 782: 780: 775: 771: 767: 766: 760: 756: 755:ferret badger 752: 750: 745: 741: 735: 733: 729: 719: 716: 714: 710: 706: 699:Effectiveness 696: 692: 688: 686: 682: 681: 678: 674: 670: 666: 664: 659: 655: 649: 642: 637: 630: 625: 616: 614: 610: 602: 601: 600: 598: 594: 590: 580: 578: 574: 569: 567: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 541:in 1982, the 540: 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 515: 510: 507: 501: 499: 496: 492: 486: 483: 475: 471: 466: 454: 451: 448:Category V – 447: 444: 441: 437: 435: 434:National park 431: 429: 425: 423: 419: 418: 417: 415: 411: 408: 404: 400: 392: 387: 378: 376: 372: 367: 363: 353: 350: 340: 337: 328: 325: 322: 318: 315: 311: 307: 304: 303: 302: 298: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 258: 245: 243: 239: 235: 227: 223: 220: 217: 216: 215: 213: 204: 199: 188: 186: 180: 178: 168: 166: 162: 158: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 122: 118: 116: 112: 107: 105: 101: 97: 93: 85: 78: No data 41: 37: 33: 19: 5204:Bengal Tiger 5160:Arabian oryx 5151:Land mammal 5138:Golden eagle 4974:Gap analysis 4943: 4701:Biodiversity 4691:Conservation 4554:Turkmenistan 4534:South Africa 4509:Sierra Leone 4499:Saudi Arabia 4224:Saskatchewan 4149:Burkina Faso 4024: 3897: 3893: 3867:. Retrieved 3863: 3854: 3842:. Retrieved 3833: 3824: 3812:. Retrieved 3808: 3799: 3787:. Retrieved 3783: 3773: 3761:. Retrieved 3754:the original 3749: 3740: 3728:. Retrieved 3724: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3685:. Retrieved 3675: 3663:. Retrieved 3643: 3635:ec.europa.eu 3634: 3625: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3491:. Retrieved 3486: 3477: 3452: 3440:. Retrieved 3437:the Guardian 3436: 3426: 3414:. Retrieved 3410: 3401: 3391:22 September 3389:. Retrieved 3385:the original 3371: 3359:. Retrieved 3349: 3308: 3304: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3089: 3086:PLOS Biology 3085: 3075: 3040: 3036: 3030: 2993:(1): 83–96. 2990: 2986: 2973: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2879: 2875: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2786: 2782: 2756: 2747: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2684:. Retrieved 2680:the original 2675: 2666: 2654:. Retrieved 2649: 2640: 2628:. Retrieved 2624: 2614: 2600: 2586: 2556:(S1): 3–11. 2553: 2549: 2543: 2529: 2515: 2494: 2487: 2481: 2468: 2458: 2449: 2437:. Retrieved 2433: 2423: 2411:. Retrieved 2407:the original 2402: 2393: 2381:. Retrieved 2377:the original 2367: 2358: 2352: 2344: 2339: 2330: 2320: 2306: 2295: 2277: 2263: 2251:. Retrieved 2248:ScienceDaily 2247: 2238: 2226:. Retrieved 2222: 2198:. Retrieved 2194: 2185: 2132: 2128: 2121:Liu, Jianguo 2060: 2056: 2046: 2013: 2009: 1998: 1989: 1981: 1976: 1968: 1963: 1955: 1950: 1941: 1932: 1890: 1832: 1797:cite journal 1773: 1761:. Retrieved 1756: 1747: 1735:. Retrieved 1730: 1721: 1713: 1708: 1696:. Retrieved 1692: 1682: 1673: 1664: 1655: 1646: 1634:. Retrieved 1630: 1603:. Retrieved 1599: 1553: 1549: 1517:. Retrieved 1513:the original 1503: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1432:. Retrieved 1374: 1370: 1353: 1106: 1085: 1078: 1063:Moscow Times 1061: 1059: 1032: 1000: 976: 933: 906: 897:biodiversity 886: 865: 777: 765:Cuon alpinus 762: 747: 736: 725: 717: 702: 693: 689: 683: 679: 676: 675: 671: 667: 650: 646: 606: 586: 570: 555: 547:Earth Summit 523: 511: 502: 487: 479: 413: 412: 401:(WCPA), the 397:Through its 396: 366:biodiversity 359: 346: 333: 326: 321:forest cover 317:Rainforests: 316: 305: 299: 257:biodiversity 254: 209: 182: 174: 154: 152:initiative. 123: 119: 108: 95: 91: 90: 36: 5376:South Sudan 5361:New Zealand 5055:Restoration 4457:Philippines 4415:New Zealand 4331:West Bengal 4199:Nova Scotia 4042:Afghanistan 3915:10023/28716 3900:: 559–588. 3844:16 February 3814:6 September 3789:24 December 3092:(4): e105. 3066:1885/109128 3043:: 184–191. 2789:(1): 9–20. 2439:11 December 1698:19 December 1636:20 December 1556:: 251–266. 1265:Park ranger 1250:Nature park 1200:Fossil park 1143:Buffer zone 914:(SACs) and 908:Natura 2000 813:Natura 2000 393:in Slovakia 5504:Categories 5311:Costa Rica 5274:By country 5194:Slow loris 5170:Polar bear 5023:Key issues 4810:Approaches 4596:California 4400:Mozambique 4378:Madagascar 4363:Kyrgyzstan 4358:Kyrgyzstan 4343:Kazakhstan 4326:Tamil Nadu 4109:Bangladesh 4104:Azerbaijan 4077:Queensland 3687:13 January 3665:13 January 3442:1 February 3224:: 94–103. 2676:archive.is 2403:archive.is 2383:6 February 1910:1347768873 1434:7 February 1345:References 1260:Paper park 1185:Ecotourism 629:Swiss Alps 619:Challenges 615:, Canada. 495:Qing China 442:or Feature 349:vertebrate 327:Mountains: 290:Global 200 286:ecoregions 264:(IBA) and 171:Definition 5351:Mauritius 5331:Indonesia 5316:Hong Kong 5286:Australia 5258:Seed bank 5248:Sea otter 5118:Arthropod 5090:Rewilding 4944:Protected 4539:Sri Lanka 4514:Singapore 4420:Nicaragua 4338:Indonesia 4236:Caribbean 4057:Australia 4047:Argentina 3869:17 August 3617:196613762 3601:0169-5347 3542:2375-2548 3416:16 August 3341:199370519 3333:1572-9710 3259:: 72–79. 3203:145952617 3140:: 33–44. 2914:171092917 2838:: 20–27. 2159:0027-8424 2085:2639-5908 2038:1476-4687 1918:cite book 1862:cite book 1519:28 August 1479:1523-1739 1399:1877-3435 1029:Nicaragua 887:China, a 856:Australia 803:By region 793:musk deer 770:Binturong 514:consensus 452:/Seascape 5515:Land use 5489:Category 5396:Scotland 5366:Pakistan 5346:Malaysia 5182:Elephant 5111:By taxon 4741:Endemism 4616:Michigan 4611:Kentucky 4606:Illinois 4584:Scotland 4549:Thailand 4544:Tanzania 4524:Slovenia 4519:Slovakia 4467:Portugal 4442:Pakistan 4430:Svalbard 4383:Malaysia 4348:Kiribati 4276:Eswatini 4179:Manitoba 4159:Cambodia 4144:Bulgaria 4134:Botswana 4092:Victoria 4087:Tasmania 3838:Archived 3763:13 April 3707:opwr.org 3683:. UNESCO 3609:31301875 3560:34767454 3466:Archived 3118:16602825 3019:Archived 3015:53593929 2957:26367139 2906:31147519 2813:54722277 2731:28569807 2686:27 March 2578:88786689 2508:Archived 2413:27 March 2285:Archived 2177:28137858 2103:34382004 1851:Archived 1839:. IUCN. 1786:Archived 1763:5 August 1693:BBC News 1674:euronews 1605:24 April 1576:Archived 1495:32390446 1487:20491846 1425:Archived 1307:Zakaznik 1131:See also 1066:cited a 937:include 815:area in 654:bushmeat 613:Montreal 577:30 by 30 491:Khan Uul 292:), or a 276:(ICCA), 232:Combats 150:30 by 30 126:30 by 30 5419:Related 5408:forests 5356:Namibia 5336:Ireland 5321:Iceland 5233:Manatee 5223:Dolphin 5177:Cheetah 4693:biology 4601:Georgia 4564:Ukraine 4477:Romania 4405:Myanmar 4311:Gujarat 4291:Georgia 4286:Finland 4271:Estonia 4266:Estonia 4256:Croatia 4209:Ontario 4204:Nunavut 4169:Alberta 4154:Burundi 4114:Belgium 4052:Armenia 4037:Albania 3551:8589307 3522:Bibcode 3361:28 June 3313:Bibcode 3261:Bibcode 3226:Bibcode 3181:Bibcode 3142:Bibcode 3109:1435411 3045:Bibcode 2995:Bibcode 2965:2903238 2937:Bibcode 2884:Bibcode 2876:Science 2840:Bibcode 2791:Bibcode 2739:4387383 2711:Bibcode 2558:Bibcode 2168:5321011 2137:Bibcode 2094:8315210 2065:Bibcode 2018:Bibcode 1753:"About" 1737:24 June 1558:Bibcode 1459:Bibcode 1379:Bibcode 973:Lebanon 839:Lebanon 825:Finland 817:Tammela 680:(PADDD) 545:at the 532:of the 460:History 272:(CPD), 268:(EBA), 132:in its 5386:Uganda 5381:Sweden 5301:Canada 5296:Brazil 5291:Belize 5281:Angola 5254:Plant 5243:Salmon 5218:Marine 5133:Raptor 5095:marine 4999:Marxan 4559:Tuvalu 4504:Serbia 4482:Russia 4462:Poland 4425:Norway 4395:Mexico 4353:Kosovo 4321:Kerala 4296:Greece 4219:Quebec 4164:Canada 4139:Brazil 4124:Bhutan 4119:Belize 3730:21 May 3615: 3607: 3599: 3558: 3548: 3540: 3493:26 May 3339: 3331: 3201: 3116: 3106: 3013: 2963: 2955: 2912: 2904: 2811: 2737: 2729: 2703:Nature 2656:29 May 2630:29 May 2625:DW.COM 2576: 2253:26 May 2228:26 May 2200:26 May 2175: 2165: 2157: 2101: 2091: 2083: 2036: 2010:Nature 1908: 1898: 1843: 1493: 1485: 1477: 1397: 1056:Russia 1003:UNESCO 850:Oregon 795:, and 728:Bhutan 658:trophy 553:2002. 76: 70: 64: 58: 52: 46: 5341:Italy 5326:India 5199:Tiger 5147:Fungi 4946:areas 4628:Yemen 4579:Wales 4494:Samoa 4472:Qatar 4410:Nepal 4388:Johor 4373:Libya 4306:Bihar 4301:India 4251:China 4246:Chile 4229:Yukon 3974:2010 3968:IUCN 3962:IUCN 3757:(XLS) 3613:S2CID 3469:(PDF) 3462:(PDF) 3337:S2CID 3199:S2CID 3179:(6). 3022:(PDF) 3011:S2CID 2983:(PDF) 2961:S2CID 2910:S2CID 2809:S2CID 2735:S2CID 2574:S2CID 2488:PARKS 1854:(PDF) 1837:(PDF) 1789:(PDF) 1782:(PDF) 1579:(PDF) 1546:(PDF) 1491:S2CID 1428:(PDF) 1421:(PDF) 1113:urban 1036:is a 930:India 883:China 489:then- 288:(see 5211:Wolf 5165:Bear 5123:Bird 4621:Ohio 4452:Peru 4437:Oman 4368:Laos 4241:Chad 3871:2022 3846:2021 3816:2017 3791:2023 3765:2009 3750:UNEP 3732:2019 3689:2024 3667:2024 3605:PMID 3597:ISSN 3556:PMID 3538:ISSN 3495:2022 3444:2020 3418:2018 3393:2012 3363:2015 3329:ISSN 3114:PMID 2953:PMID 2902:PMID 2727:PMID 2688:2020 2658:2022 2632:2022 2441:2022 2415:2020 2385:2016 2255:2022 2230:2022 2202:2022 2173:PMID 2155:ISSN 2099:PMID 2081:ISSN 2034:ISSN 1924:link 1906:OCLC 1896:ISBN 1868:link 1841:ISBN 1810:help 1765:2020 1757:IUCN 1739:2023 1700:2022 1638:2022 1607:2023 1521:2018 1483:PMID 1475:ISSN 1436:2020 1395:ISSN 1120:and 965:and 922:and 866:The 663:laws 639:The 403:IUCN 113:and 3910:hdl 3902:doi 3587:doi 3546:PMC 3530:doi 3321:doi 3269:doi 3257:207 3234:doi 3222:129 3189:doi 3150:doi 3104:PMC 3094:doi 3061:hdl 3053:doi 3041:225 3003:doi 2945:doi 2892:doi 2880:364 2848:doi 2836:219 2799:doi 2719:doi 2707:546 2566:doi 2163:PMC 2145:doi 2133:114 2089:PMC 2073:doi 2026:doi 2014:622 1631:CNN 1566:doi 1554:434 1467:doi 1387:doi 1116:of 837:in 768:), 656:or 579:). 94:or 5506:: 3956:, 3908:. 3898:48 3896:. 3892:. 3862:. 3836:. 3832:. 3807:. 3782:. 3748:. 3723:. 3705:. 3656:. 3633:. 3611:. 3603:. 3595:. 3583:34 3581:. 3577:. 3554:. 3544:. 3536:. 3528:. 3516:. 3512:. 3485:. 3464:. 3435:. 3409:. 3379:. 3335:. 3327:. 3319:. 3309:28 3307:. 3303:. 3281:^ 3267:. 3255:. 3232:. 3220:. 3197:. 3187:. 3177:12 3175:. 3171:. 3148:. 3138:29 3136:. 3112:. 3102:. 3088:. 3084:. 3059:. 3051:. 3039:. 3017:. 3009:. 3001:. 2991:22 2989:. 2985:. 2959:. 2951:. 2943:. 2933:22 2931:. 2908:. 2900:. 2890:. 2878:. 2874:. 2860:^ 2846:. 2834:. 2830:. 2807:. 2797:. 2785:. 2781:. 2765:^ 2755:. 2733:. 2725:. 2717:. 2705:. 2674:. 2648:. 2623:. 2572:. 2564:. 2554:26 2552:. 2506:. 2502:. 2432:. 2401:. 2329:. 2246:. 2221:. 2210:^ 2193:. 2171:. 2161:. 2153:. 2143:. 2131:. 2127:. 2111:^ 2097:. 2087:. 2079:. 2071:. 2061:17 2059:. 2055:. 2032:. 2024:. 2012:. 2008:. 1940:. 1920:}} 1916:{{ 1904:. 1894:. 1876:^ 1864:}} 1860:{{ 1849:. 1818:^ 1801:: 1799:}} 1795:{{ 1784:. 1755:. 1729:. 1691:. 1672:. 1654:. 1629:. 1615:^ 1598:. 1587:^ 1574:. 1564:. 1552:. 1548:. 1529:^ 1489:. 1481:. 1473:. 1465:. 1455:24 1453:. 1407:^ 1393:. 1385:. 1373:. 1369:. 1005:: 969:. 961:, 957:, 953:, 949:, 945:, 941:, 875:. 823:, 819:, 791:, 787:, 772:, 757:, 742:, 711:, 416:: 142:G7 4662:e 4655:t 4648:v 4017:e 4010:t 4003:v 3918:. 3912:: 3904:: 3873:. 3848:. 3818:. 3793:. 3767:. 3734:. 3709:. 3691:. 3669:. 3637:. 3619:. 3589:: 3562:. 3532:: 3524:: 3518:7 3497:. 3446:. 3420:. 3395:. 3365:. 3343:. 3323:: 3315:: 3275:. 3271:: 3263:: 3240:. 3236:: 3228:: 3205:. 3191:: 3183:: 3156:. 3152:: 3144:: 3120:. 3096:: 3090:4 3069:. 3063:: 3055:: 3047:: 3005:: 2997:: 2967:. 2947:: 2939:: 2916:. 2894:: 2886:: 2854:. 2850:: 2842:: 2815:. 2801:: 2793:: 2787:4 2759:. 2741:. 2721:: 2713:: 2690:. 2660:. 2634:. 2608:. 2594:. 2580:. 2568:: 2560:: 2537:. 2523:. 2443:. 2417:. 2387:. 2333:. 2314:. 2257:. 2232:. 2204:. 2179:. 2147:: 2139:: 2105:. 2075:: 2067:: 2040:. 2028:: 2020:: 1944:. 1926:) 1912:. 1870:) 1812:) 1808:( 1767:. 1741:. 1702:. 1658:. 1640:. 1609:. 1568:: 1560:: 1523:. 1497:. 1469:: 1461:: 1438:. 1401:. 1389:: 1381:: 1375:2 1103:. 781:) 763:( 751:) 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.