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spectrophotometry and spectroscopy on metallurgical variations in composition have also been used to establish information on origin. It is important to note that cultural specificity is possible given that "different goldsmith cultures inhabited the
Columbian territories" and that each of these utilised "different finishes and colours on their surfaces, in accordance with the techniques and alloys used.".
206:. There is no clear data about when they were initially established; the current best guess is around the 1st century BCE. The name "quimbaya" has become a traditional generic term to refer to many of the productions and objects found in this geographical area, even if they cannot technically be traced to this same ethnic group and can be dated to different epochs in time.
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authenticity. This has also led to some stereotyping of artifact evidence. Critical observations have been made that the term "Quimbaya" has become disassociated from unique cultural elements through intensive artifact trading history, becoming almost a hyperbolic description of the exotic and mysterious artifacts found across the broader central
Colombian region.
480:. This alloy gave the gold-works a reddish hue within the final product and allowed further malleability post the casting process. Much of the gold and Tumbaga works of the Quimbaya are believed to have been cast with the lost wax technique, a form of casting that has been found throughout ancient civilisations as early as 4000 BCE.
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always included. The deceased carried these on his way to the next life, including food and weapons to make it easier. In the tombs they also buried most of the pre-Columbian gold objects, personal elements of the dead and some other sacred elements. They believed that all bodies would be resurrected.
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Gold-works are the predominant material composition and finish type for known
Quimbaya artifacts, used extensively across categories, including the range of artistically stylised figure representations of birds, fish, mammals and reptiles of the region. Gold-work features in poporos and cinerary urns
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There has been scientific analysis of pre-Hispanic artifacts, especially of gold-works, on a compositional level, including the physical and radiocarbon examination of materials, techniques and the use of colour, to provide dating and potential geographical context. Archaeometric methods, including
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Partially-faked artifacts are a major concern where heavy restoration makes it difficult to identify fakes. Many genuine artifacts are recovered in a poor state of preservation or have missing elements indicating low intrinsic market value. Restoration and additions can bring old pieces back to life
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Given the importance of physical condition and the impacts of material damage and weathering to scientific analysis, the preservation, storage and restoration process for
Quimbaya artefacts impacts how these materials are interpreted in modern times. Precise dating and geographical context are key
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is the term used in
Colombia and broader South America for an individual who loots graves or tombs for their profession. This occupation was widespread and accepted within the early 19th century where a legal framework was in order that applied ownership to those who discovered the artifacts. This
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The
Quimbaya people mined and worked gold, and developed advanced metallurgy techniques. Quimbaya technical skill also extended to the manufacture of oil for lighting, and in creating textiles, although given the poor geological conditions necessary for their preservation, few examples of textiles
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artifact trade was heavily exacerbated by the increase in exotic artifact demand internationally. This created a further spread of misinformation through the mislabeling of artifact origin as a guise to further their elusiveness. Given the scale, complicity and increasing levels of sophistication
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Engravings and petroglyphs of the
Quimbayas can be found in the Natural Park of Las Piedras Marcadas, also known as La Marcada. They are located in the path Alto del Toro in the municipality of Dosquebradas Risaralda (Colombia). They are granitic stones of great hardness and onto their surface is
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The collection included gold-works resembling local
Quimbaya animals such as fish, frogs and reptiles, where the so called "jets" could be recognised as a form of bird or fish statue. A major reason for the spread of misinformation was due to the Ancient Aliens segment setting out to "prove" the
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Additionally many of the original gold artifacts found were rather smelted into ingots before any analysis, as the raw materials were of more value to the looters than their cultural value. The trade and looting of these artifacts inevitably lead to the loss of many important archaeological and
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They paid much attention to their funeral practices, and the constructions of
Quimbaya tombs bear witness to this affirmation since, in truth, they elaborated an enormous variety of different tombs according to the specifications of each funeral, in which the offerings that would accompany were
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Living in the temperate tropical climate of the modern
Colombian "coffee belt", the Quimbaya people were able to cultivate a wide variety of food products, including corn, cassava, avocados and guava. Hunting provided them with rabbit and deer meat, but remains have also been found of opossums,
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The expansive boom in South American artifact trade similarly gave rise to an increase in faked artifact production. Many of the original artifacts were chimeras of rearranged or reshaped fragments into further complex and aesthetically provoking designs in hopes to sell better along with the
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collection. The stylised figures were often designed portraying a social class and included as offerings in burials in tombs representing the guardians or companions for the deceased. Representative of a distinctive Quimbaya style they have been described as "serenely smiling human beings in a
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in Madrid, Spain where they reside currently. They are yet to be returned to Colombia despite a judgment issued on 19 October 2017 by the Colombian Constitutional Court ordering the restitution of the objects of the Quimbaya people under international laws and treaties concerning the cultural
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In addition to ceremonial figurines and containers, a range of other vessels and ornaments were used as burial offerings. Tomb artifacts also include funeral masks and sarcophagi, suggesting the central importance of burial rituals and particularly the use of gold as a sacred metal to elevate
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The comprehensive archaeological record of unique cultural elements of Quimbaya culture has potentially been compromised by the high probability of many artifacts being well-crafted copies, or entirely new pieces redistributed to museums and private collections under the guise of scientific
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artifacts were rooted in representations of ancient aircraft. The program does many things to further misinformation such as not only labelling the objects as Tolima "jets" but also creating superficial external recreations on remote controlled planes as a form of ‘proof of flight’.
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A large amount of the Quimbaya Treasure consists of gold-work decorative personal items such as golden nose rings, necklaces, ear spacers, bracelets and pendants. These items are indicative of the collection’s origins, being a large funerary deposit that was later looted.
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Artifacts include necklace beads, stylised figure pendants, nose and ear and other personal body ornaments. Other larger ornaments were used for household and decorative tomb and funeral elements which have been identified as key elements of Quimbaya cultural traditions.
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As merchants, they exchanged their pieces of metalwork, blankets, textiles and gold, with towns in neighboring regions and beyond. They also produced and traded salt, extracted from the rivers though a technique involving boiling river water using fire and lava.
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These Quimbaya ceremonial artifacts include anthropomorphic or (often male) human figure objects, often seated, approximately 10-50cm in height, made as cinerary urns either cast in gold, or clay slab ceramics. Several examples can be found in the
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as ancient portrayals of aircraft. This collection of artifacts are colloquially referred to under the broad term "Quimbaya Artifacts" or more misleadingly as the Tolima 'Jets', the latter name stemming from the 2009 television program
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These include a range of phytomorphic and zoomorphic representations, the most common figures being birds, insects, fish and bats. Measuring approximately 5 to 7.5 cm in length, there are over 100 of these relics on display in the
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are vessel type containers primarily used to store powdered lime, made from calcined seashells. They were often cast in gold and decorated with human figures and exhibited "great elegance of conception, manufacture, and finish".
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A range of other important cultural objects including bowls, jars, bottles and other vessels, musical instruments and bells, have been retrieved from archaeological excavations, as well as helmets and other objects of warfare.
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The majority of recovered Quimbaya ceramic artifacts consist of decorated jars and vessels with anthropomorphic features. Additionally there were many ceramic figures portraying particular social classes or individuals.
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Even prior to Quimbaya goldsmith prevalence, metal objects played a role in social and class differentiation in the region, signifying the special status of certain individuals and groups in pre-Columbian cultures.
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432:, Colombia. The artifacts of the Quimbaya Treasure include poporos and other ceremonial vessels, containers, figures, crowns, pendants, necklace beads and pins, bells, musical instruments, nose and ear ornaments.
238:. Around the 10th century the Quimbaya culture disappeared entirely due to unknown circumstances. Studies of the archeological items point to an advanced cultural development and the political structure of a
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The Quimbaya are famed for their luxurious goldsmith work. They developed metallurgy systems to combine copper with gold that was not abundant in their region. This combination of gold and copper, called
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have also been found amongst the Quimbaya treasure, alluding to the large importance of textile production within the culture so much so it is buried alongside individuals within funerary customs.
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The Quimbaya people reached their zenith during the 4th to 7th century CE period known as The Quimbaya Classic. The culture's most emblematic piece comes from this period, a form of
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involved in modern artifact trading, illicit activity is characterised as largely opaque with considerable investment in investigative efforts required to prove authenticity.
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Significant regional artifact types exist from across comparable pre-Columbian cultures. These demonstrate significant artisan diversity in typology of mediums and materials.
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290:", would not detract from the attractiveness, brightness and durability of its magnificent pieces creating a spectacular vivacity. One of them, very popular, is the famous
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223:. The most frequent designs in these art pieces depicted men and women sitting with closed eyes and placid expression. In addition there were many fruits and forms of
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The Quimbaya goldsmiths, pottery and ceramic craftspeople were contemporary to rich and distinctive artisan traditions present in neighbouring cultures including the
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294:. This goldsmithing is one of the most important in America given the exquisite beauty of the pieces expressed by very well developed metallurgical methods.
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alloy around 300 CE, the 777 gram golden vessel was used as a ceremonial device for consuming lime while chewing coca leaves during religious ceremonies
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Perea, A.; Gutiérrez-Neira, P.C.; Climent-Font, A.; Fernández-Esquivel, P.; Rovira-Llorens, S.; Ruvalcaba-Sil, J.L.; Verde, A.; Zucchiatti, A. (2013).
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legal framework was in place up until the early 20th century when new laws enforced state ownership and therefore a protectionist legal system.
1912:"Analytical approach of colour and elemental composition in gold metallic objects from the Quimbaya culture: A case study in Antioquia, Colombia"
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1980:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Quimbaya civilization
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The most notable collection of Quimbaya artifacts is the Quimbaya treasure which consists of 433 artifacts originally discovered in 1890 in
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1855:"Constructing Caribbean Chronologies: Comparative Radiocarbon Dating of Shell and Wood Artefacts From Pre-Columbian Sites in Cuba"
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region of modern day Colombia. The artifacts are believed to have originated during the Classical Quimbaya period 500 BC–600 AD.
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1130:"Stylistic Affinities Between the Quimbaya Gold Style and a Little-Known Ceramic Style of the Middle Cauca Valley, Colombia"
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indicators for identifying cultural, social and religious practices that may indicate traditional or ceremonial purposes.
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These are a range of primarily ceramic and gold objects surviving from the Quimbaya civilisation, which was one of many
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A large part of the original collection was purchased from grave looters in 1891 by then President of the Republic,
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Thoury, M.; Mille, B.; Séverin-Fabiani, T.; Robbiola, L.; Réfrégiers, M.; Jarrige, J-F; Bertrand, L. (2016-11-15).
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931:"Translation Theory and Translational Architectures: Reading between History, Architecture and Cultural Theory"
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Of the Quimbaya artifacts, a handful of the stylised animal figures have been misidentified through a lens of
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fabrication of entirely new fake artifacts that were created in the modern era to resemble those of the past.
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1221:"High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object"
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Much of the Quimbaya artifacts were created from a combination of pure gold, but also the gold-copper alloy,
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1622:"Mineralogical Attributions: Mineralogical Work on Pre-Columbian Objects in the Yale University Art Gallery"
1405:"Museum salvage: A case study of Mesoamerican artifacts in museum collections and on the antiquities market"
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carved spirals, stars, constellations, planets and other symbols. Neither their age or meaning is known.
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characterized by technical accuracy and detailed designs. The majority of the gold work is made in
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Jar decorated with geometric patterns; 9th–14th century; painted ceramic; height: 23.8 cm;
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Another of the mysteries of the Quimbaya Culture are the Quimbaya artifacts, formerly called "
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Pre-Columbian cultures of Southwestern Colombia. The Quimbaya culture is marked with number 1
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Anthropomorphic pendant; 5th–10th century; gold; height: 4.4 cm, width: 3.5 cm;
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443:. These 122 artifacts, mainly gold and funeral, were eventually placed on display at the
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made of hollow trunks. As a sacred metal, gold pieces represented the passport for the
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have survived. The manufacture of cotton blankets was, in fact, their main industry.
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Most of the retrieved items are part of funeral offerings, which were found inside
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1770:"Failures and Consequences of Antiquities Antitrafficking Policy in Mesoamerica"
1489:"Looting Lydia the Destruction of an Archaeological Landscape in Western Turkey"
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1452:"'The Destruction, Looting and Traffic of the Archaeological Heritage of Peru'"
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1573:"Illicit Cultural Property from Latin America: Looting, Trafficking, and Sale"
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Vessel in shape of a figure; 9th–14th century; ceramic; height: 23.1 cm;
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Seated figure; 13th–15th century; ceramic: height: 22.9, width: 21 cm;
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The Quimbaya inhabited the areas corresponding to the modern departments of
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Ornament; 13th–16th century; hammered gold; overall: 4.45 x 6.35 cm;
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Arnache, O.; Ricaurte, G.; Fabian-Salvador, J.; Pimienta, H. (2022).
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Brodie, Neil; Kersel, Morag M.; Tubb, Kathryn Walker (2006-08-01),
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Brodie, Neil; Kersel, Morag M.; Tubb, Kathryn Walker (2006-08-01),
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1031:"Pre-hispanic goldwork technology. The Quimbaya Treasure, Colombia"
935:
Transculturation: Cities, Spaces and Architectures in Latin America
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152:(/kɪmbaɪa/) were a small, ancient indigenous group in present-day
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exhibited in the Gold Museum in Bogotá, Colombia. Cast using the
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933:. In Hernández, Felipe; Millington, Mark; Borden, Iain (eds.).
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1347:"The Darién Gold Pendants of Ancient Colombia and the Isthmus"
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tapirs, armadillos, foxes and peccaries, among other animals.
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662:); 1st–7th century; gold; height: 22.9, width: 13.3 cm;
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Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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1978:
The Art of Precolumbian Gold: The Jan Mitchell Collection
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Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, and the Antiquities Trade
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Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, and the Antiquities Trade
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Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, and the Antiquities Trade
1813:"Mixed Media – A Problem in Archaeological Nomenclature"
600:
2013:
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Painting in the Americas before European colonization
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56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1776:, University Press of Florida, pp. 189–204,
1736:, University Press of Florida, pp. 150–169,
1537:, University Press of Florida, pp. 147–172,
1495:, University Press of Florida, pp. 173–187,
910:Population history of American indigenous peoples
814:; before 1550; gold; overall: 1.8 x 2.2 cm;
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1403:Levine, Marc N; Luna, Lucha Martínez de (2013).
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1626:Pre-Columbian Art of Mexico and Central America
1458:, University Press of Florida, pp. 89–96,
1296:Bruhns, Karen O; Kelker, Nancy L (2016-09-16).
4252:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4237:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
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1999:
1174:"The "Quimbaya Treasure," Judgment SU-649/17"
806:Nose ring, a widespread type of jewel in the
271:Gallery of Quimbaya art and artifacts at the
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462:in the shape of high ranking social figures
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564:and enable them to command higher prices.
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2006:
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1916:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
1730:"Forgery and the Pre-Columbian Art Market"
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420:spiritual preparations for the afterlife.
4242:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2846:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
1974:, National Museum of the American Indian
1853:Cooper, J.; Thomas, K. D. (2011-07-22).
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16:Indigenous group in present-day Colombia
981:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
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439:as a gift to Queen Governor of Spain,
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1701:Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets
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1628:, Yale University Art Gallery, 1986,
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1178:American Journal of International Law
398:('Gold Museum') in Bogotá, Colombia.
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1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
974:
970:
968:
966:
601:Quimbaya airplanes conspiracy theory
494:Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
380:Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
3270:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
1896:
1843:
13:
4325:Indigenous culture of the Americas
4262:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
3241:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
2015:Ancestry and ethnicity in Colombia
1801:
1655:
410:
321:pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia
14:
4351:
3253:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
3224:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
1965:
1335:
1280:
1160:
1116:
1095:"Seated Figure 13th-15th century"
1082:
1035:Journal of Archaeological Science
1015:
963:
951:from the original on 4 April 2023
334:
4294:
3246:Archaeological sites in Colombia
3219:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
1871:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2011.00622.x
1695:Frassani, Alessia (2016-03-31).
868:
831:
799:
775:
751:
727:
703:
679:
649:
448:property of indigenous peoples.
30:
3229:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
1950:from the original on 2023-10-14
1885:from the original on 2023-10-14
1761:
1728:Kelker, Nancy L. (2019-07-15),
1721:
1688:
1677:from the original on 2022-07-01
1614:
1564:
1522:
1480:
1470:from the original on 2023-10-14
1443:
1421:10.1179/0093469013z.00000000053
1396:
1385:from the original on 2023-10-14
1324:from the original on 2023-10-14
1269:from the original on 2023-10-14
1105:from the original on 2022-05-16
1071:from the original on 2023-04-04
41:needs additional citations for
4340:Indigenous peoples in Colombia
2804:Race and ethnicity in Colombia
1709:10.1093/obo/9780199920105-0078
1697:"Pre-Hispanic Art of Colombia"
1667:"Huaquero Trafficking Culture"
1212:
884:Indigenous peoples in Colombia
492:Seated ceramic figure, at the
1:
4173:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
3234:Archaeological sites in Chile
1345:Falchetti, Ana María (2008).
915:
630:Archaeological investigations
456:
383:variety of quiescent poses".
4267:Mesoamerican writing systems
4224:
3263:Archaeological sites in Peru
1928:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103290
1829:10.1179/naw.1984.22-23.1.007
1811:Olsen Bruhns, Karen (1984).
1634:10.37862/aaeportal.00095.014
1409:Journal of Field Archaeology
1128:Bruhns, Karen Olsen (1969).
937:. Rodopi. pp. 126–142.
567:
170:, which colours the pieces.
7:
4163:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
1768:Yates, Donna (2019-07-15),
1665:Yates, Donna (2012-07-12).
1571:Yates, Donna (2017-05-29).
1351:Metropolitan Museum Journal
1172:Mejía-Lemos, Diego (2019).
861:
483:
441:María Cristina de Habsburgo
202:, around the valley of the
10:
4356:
4189:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
4092:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
1774:The Market for Mesoamerica
1734:The Market for Mesoamerica
1146:10.1179/naw.1969.7-8.1.006
784:Metropolitan Museum of Art
760:Metropolitan Museum of Art
736:Metropolitan Museum of Art
712:Metropolitan Museum of Art
688:Metropolitan Museum of Art
664:Metropolitan Museum of Art
642:
554:
469:
339:
312:
245:
219:. It is on exhibit at the
173:
18:
4290:
4232:
4223:
4143:
4066:
4041:
4012:
3987:
3962:
3937:
3912:
3881:
3856:
3831:
3800:
3763:
3738:
3701:
3670:
3645:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3414:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
3199:
3031:
2888:
2852:
2789:
2754:
2498:
2391:
2356:
2349:
2021:
1047:10.1016/j.jas.2012.12.033
977:"Gold in Ancient America"
929:Felipe Hernández (2005).
511:Regional artisan cultures
325:Middle Cauca River valley
21:Quimbaya (disambiguation)
4301:Civilizations portal
3258:Cultural periods of Peru
1299:Faking the Ancient Andes
452:Materials and technology
387:Animal and plant figures
132:Statuette of a Quimbaya
4335:Circum-Caribbean tribes
4195:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
3041:Mesoamerican chronology
1363:10.1086/met.43.25699085
816:Cleveland Museum of Art
136:sitting on a stool, in
4330:Prehistory of Colombia
2898:Archaeological periods
1782:10.2307/j.ctvx0738n.15
1742:10.2307/j.ctvx0738n.13
1602:Cite journal requires
846:Museum of the Americas
610:
546:Artifact controversies
496:
402:Pendants and ornaments
373:Stylised human figures
276:
183:
145:
138:Museum of the Americas
4201:List of Conquistadors
4088:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
3499:Quebrada de Humahuaca
2918:Caddoan Mississippian
1581:10.31235/osf.io/ny7z6
1308:10.4324/9781315428574
1225:Nature Communications
1190:10.1017/ajil.2018.106
608:
491:
424:The Quimbaya treasure
270:
181:
131:
4168:Francisco de Montejo
4096:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
3209:Andean civilizations
3136:Shaft tomb tradition
975:King, Heidi (2002).
876:Civilizations portal
808:Pre-Columbian period
597:cultural knowledge.
353:The most noteworthy
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
4134:Manco Inca Yupanqui
3439:Manteño-Huancavilca
2908:Ancestral Puebloans
2799:Lists of Colombians
1237:10.1038/ncomms13356
905:History of Colombia
844:sitting on stools;
263:Culture and customs
4257:Columbian exchange
4247:Portal:Mesoamerica
3399:La Tolita (Tumaco)
3214:Indigenous peoples
2953:Hopewell tradition
2880:Indigenous peoples
611:
497:
363:lost wax technique
315:Quimbaya artifacts
309:Quimbaya artifacts
277:
221:Bogotá Gold Museum
184:
146:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4282:Pre-Columbian art
4218:
4217:
4212:Francisco Pizarro
4178:Pedro de Alvarado
3494:Pucará de Tilcara
2812:
2811:
2785:
2784:
1099:www.metmuseum.org
944:978-90-420-1628-6
503:Numerous ceramic
126:
125:
118:
100:
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4207:Spanish Conquest
4184:Spanish Conquest
4159:Spanish Conquest
4148:Spanish Conquest
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2008:
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1972:Quimbaya artwork
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1041:(5): 2326–2334.
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656:Lime container (
653:
445:Museo de América
357:artifact is the
299:Pájaros del Otún
273:Museo de América
166:alloy, with 30%
156:noted for their
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3722:Human Sacrifice
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3655:Mayan Languages
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2865:Genetic history
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323:inhabiting the
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217:Poporo Quimbaya
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3201:South America
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3023:Weeden Island
3021:
3019:
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3009:
3006:
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2999:
2998:Poverty Point
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2963:Mississippian
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2890:North America
2887:
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2871:
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2863:
2861:
2860:Paleo-Indians
2858:
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788:New York City
785:
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764:New York City
761:
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740:New York City
737:
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716:New York City
713:
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692:New York City
689:
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668:New York City
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395:Museo del Oro
384:
381:
370:
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364:
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356:
351:
348:
347:
332:
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327:and southern
326:
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222:
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215:known as the
214:
213:
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98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
4292:
4225:
4075:Moctezuma II
4032:Inca history
3957:Andean Music
3901:Architecture
3896:Architecture
3891:Architecture
3886:Architecture
3882:Architecture
3876:Gender Roles
3621:Tenochtitlan
3544:Timoto–Cuica
3539:Tierradentro
3503:
3324:Casma–Sechin
3056:Chalcatzingo
2691:Scandinavian
2250:
1952:. Retrieved
1919:
1915:
1887:. Retrieved
1862:
1859:Archaeometry
1858:
1820:
1816:
1793:, retrieved
1773:
1763:
1753:, retrieved
1733:
1723:
1712:. Retrieved
1700:
1690:
1679:. Retrieved
1670:
1647:, retrieved
1625:
1616:
1595:cite journal
1584:. Retrieved
1566:
1556:, retrieved
1534:
1524:
1514:, retrieved
1492:
1482:
1472:, retrieved
1455:
1445:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1387:. Retrieved
1354:
1350:
1326:. Retrieved
1298:
1271:. Retrieved
1231:(1): 13356.
1228:
1224:
1214:
1181:
1177:
1140:(1): 65–83.
1137:
1133:
1107:. Retrieved
1098:
1073:. Retrieved
1056:10261/196200
1038:
1034:
984:
980:
953:. Retrieved
934:
924:
840:
657:
637:
633:
624:
612:
595:
589:
587:
578:
574:
573:
568:
562:
558:
549:
540:
524:Tierradentro
517:
514:
502:
498:
477:
475:
470:
464:
460:
444:
434:
427:
418:
414:
405:
393:
390:
376:
366:
362:
358:
354:
352:
344:
343:
318:
303:
298:
296:
291:
285:
282:
278:
257:
253:
249:
229:
224:
210:
208:
185:
161:
149:
147:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
4138:Túpac Amaru
4122:Manco Cápac
4071:Moctezuma I
3982:Agriculture
3977:Agriculture
3972:Agriculture
3963:Agriculture
3906:Road System
3795:Mathematics
3660:Muysc Cubun
3514:San Agustín
3464:Monte Verde
3141:Teotihuacan
3033:Mesoamerica
2928:Coles Creek
2913:Anishinaabe
2870:Archaeology
2742: [
2730: [
2706: [
2694: [
2682: [
2670: [
2658: [
2641: [
2624: [
2612: [
2600: [
2571: [
2559: [
2547: [
2535: [
2523: [
2511: [
2486: [
2474: [
2457: [
2445: [
2433: [
2421: [
2379: [
2367: [
2241:Pira-tapuya
2051:Awa-Kwaiker
1817:Ñawpa Pacha
1134:Ñawpa Pacha
987:(4): 5–55.
520:Sam Agustin
204:Cauca River
4319:Categories
4109:Tisquesusa
4083:Cuauhtémoc
4079:Cuitláhuac
3409:Lauricocha
3379:Gran Chaco
3369:Cupisnique
3354:Chinchorro
3329:Chachapoya
3319:Caral–Supe
3161:Tlaxcaltec
3151:Teuchitlán
3066:Chupícuaro
2993:Plum Bayou
2988:Plaquemine
2958:Marksville
2923:Chichimeca
2655:Portuguese
2638:Lithuanian
2376:Venezuelan
2023:Indigenous
1954:2022-05-19
1922:: 103290.
1889:2022-05-19
1795:2022-05-16
1755:2022-04-10
1714:2022-05-09
1681:2022-04-13
1649:2022-05-16
1586:2022-05-16
1558:2022-04-20
1516:2022-04-20
1474:2022-05-16
1389:2022-05-19
1328:2022-05-19
1273:2022-05-19
1109:2022-04-16
1075:2022-05-19
916:References
615:pareidolia
538:cultures.
457:Gold-works
329:Antioquian
232:sarcophagi
76:newspapers
65:"Quimbaya"
4130:Atahualpa
4126:Pachacuti
4101:Nemequene
3967:Chinampas
3789:Astronomy
3778:Astronomy
3758:Mythology
3753:Mythology
3748:Mythology
3743:Mythology
3739:Mythology
3569:Wankarani
3559:Tuncahuán
3449:Marajoara
3404:Las Vegas
3290:Atacameño
3186:Xochipala
3126:Purépecha
3086:Epi-Olmec
3076:Cuicuilco
3018:Troyville
3008:St. Johns
2739:Ukrainian
2609:Hungarian
2590:Mennonite
2364:Argentine
2226:Patángoro
2141:Guambiano
2111:Cocamilla
2106:Chitarero
1944:246392921
1936:2352-409X
1879:0003-813X
1837:0077-6297
1790:213841119
1750:135100399
1437:130242519
1429:0093-4690
1379:191403390
1371:0077-8958
1357:: 39–73.
1245:2041-1723
1206:149790905
1198:0002-9300
1154:0077-6297
1065:0305-4403
1001:0026-1521
820:Cleveland
590:guaquéros
580:huaqueoro
575:Guaquéros
569:Guaquéros
240:cacicazgo
236:afterlife
196:Risaralda
158:gold work
150:Quimbaya
4226:See also
4144:Conquest
4117:Zoratama
3784:Calendar
3773:Calendar
3768:Calendar
3764:Calendar
3733:Religion
3728:Religion
3717:Religion
3706:Religion
3702:Religion
3691:Numerals
3685:Numerals
3646:Language
3626:Multiple
3564:Valdivia
3549:Tiwanaku
3509:Saladoid
3504:Quimbaya
3394:Kuhikugu
3374:Diaguita
3364:Chorrera
3181:Veraguas
3176:Veracruz
3156:Tlatilco
2968:Mogollon
2875:Cultures
2853:Americas
2794:See also
2667:Romanian
2544:Croatian
2508:Austrian
2466:Japanese
2418:Armenian
2406:Lebanese
2357:Americas
2251:Quimbaya
2171:Kankuamo
2096:Carijona
2091:Carabayo
2061:Barasana
1948:Archived
1883:Archived
1675:Archived
1671:Huaquero
1468:archived
1383:Archived
1322:Archived
1267:Archived
1263:27843139
1103:Archived
1069:Archived
949:Archived
901:treasure
899:Malagana
862:See also
841:caciques
812:Colombia
792:New York
768:New York
744:New York
720:New York
696:New York
672:New York
484:Ceramics
275:, Madrid
200:Colombia
154:Colombia
144:, Spain)
106:May 2022
4113:Tundama
4042:Peoples
4027:History
4022:History
4017:History
4013:History
4007:Cuisine
4002:Cuisine
3997:Cuisine
3992:Cuisine
3988:Cuisine
3846:Warfare
3841:Warfare
3836:Warfare
3832:Warfare
3826:Society
3821:Economy
3810:Society
3805:Society
3801:Society
3671:Writing
3665:Quechua
3650:Nahuatl
3617:Capital
3554:Toyopán
3534:Tairona
3444:Mapuche
3359:Chiripa
3334:Chancay
3305:Cañaris
3280:Amotape
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