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spectrophotometry and spectroscopy on metallurgical variations in composition have also been used to establish information on origin. It is important to note that cultural specificity is possible given that "different goldsmith cultures inhabited the
Columbian territories" and that each of these utilised "different finishes and colours on their surfaces, in accordance with the techniques and alloys used.".
217:. There is no clear data about when they were initially established; the current best guess is around the 1st century BCE. The name "quimbaya" has become a traditional generic term to refer to many of the productions and objects found in this geographical area, even if they cannot technically be traced to this same ethnic group and can be dated to different epochs in time.
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authenticity. This has also led to some stereotyping of artifact evidence. Critical observations have been made that the term "Quimbaya" has become disassociated from unique cultural elements through intensive artifact trading history, becoming almost a hyperbolic description of the exotic and mysterious artifacts found across the broader central
Colombian region.
491:. This alloy gave the gold-works a reddish hue within the final product and allowed further malleability post the casting process. Much of the gold and Tumbaga works of the Quimbaya are believed to have been cast with the lost wax technique, a form of casting that has been found throughout ancient civilisations as early as 4000 BCE.
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always included. The deceased carried these on his way to the next life, including food and weapons to make it easier. In the tombs they also buried most of the pre-Columbian gold objects, personal elements of the dead and some other sacred elements. They believed that all bodies would be resurrected.
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Gold-works are the predominant material composition and finish type for known
Quimbaya artifacts, used extensively across categories, including the range of artistically stylised figure representations of birds, fish, mammals and reptiles of the region. Gold-work features in poporos and cinerary urns
645:
There has been scientific analysis of pre-Hispanic artifacts, especially of gold-works, on a compositional level, including the physical and radiocarbon examination of materials, techniques and the use of colour, to provide dating and potential geographical context. Archaeometric methods, including
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Partially-faked artifacts are a major concern where heavy restoration makes it difficult to identify fakes. Many genuine artifacts are recovered in a poor state of preservation or have missing elements indicating low intrinsic market value. Restoration and additions can bring old pieces back to life
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Given the importance of physical condition and the impacts of material damage and weathering to scientific analysis, the preservation, storage and restoration process for
Quimbaya artefacts impacts how these materials are interpreted in modern times. Precise dating and geographical context are key
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is the term used in
Colombia and broader South America for an individual who loots graves or tombs for their profession. This occupation was widespread and accepted within the early 19th century where a legal framework was in order that applied ownership to those who discovered the artifacts. This
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The
Quimbaya people mined and worked gold, and developed advanced metallurgy techniques. Quimbaya technical skill also extended to the manufacture of oil for lighting, and in creating textiles, although given the poor geological conditions necessary for their preservation, few examples of textiles
603:
artifact trade was heavily exacerbated by the increase in exotic artifact demand internationally. This created a further spread of misinformation through the mislabeling of artifact origin as a guise to further their elusiveness. Given the scale, complicity and increasing levels of sophistication
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Engravings and petroglyphs of the
Quimbayas can be found in the Natural Park of Las Piedras Marcadas, also known as La Marcada. They are located in the path Alto del Toro in the municipality of Dosquebradas Risaralda (Colombia). They are granitic stones of great hardness and onto their surface is
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The collection included gold-works resembling local
Quimbaya animals such as fish, frogs and reptiles, where the so called "jets" could be recognised as a form of bird or fish statue. A major reason for the spread of misinformation was due to the Ancient Aliens segment setting out to "prove" the
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Additionally many of the original gold artifacts found were rather smelted into ingots before any analysis, as the raw materials were of more value to the looters than their cultural value. The trade and looting of these artifacts inevitably lead to the loss of many important archaeological and
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They paid much attention to their funeral practices, and the constructions of
Quimbaya tombs bear witness to this affirmation since, in truth, they elaborated an enormous variety of different tombs according to the specifications of each funeral, in which the offerings that would accompany were
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Living in the temperate tropical climate of the modern
Colombian "coffee belt", the Quimbaya people were able to cultivate a wide variety of food products, including corn, cassava, avocados and guava. Hunting provided them with rabbit and deer meat, but remains have also been found of opossums,
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The expansive boom in South American artifact trade similarly gave rise to an increase in faked artifact production. Many of the original artifacts were chimeras of rearranged or reshaped fragments into further complex and aesthetically provoking designs in hopes to sell better along with the
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collection. The stylised figures were often designed portraying a social class and included as offerings in burials in tombs representing the guardians or companions for the deceased. Representative of a distinctive Quimbaya style they have been described as "serenely smiling human beings in a
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in Madrid, Spain where they reside currently. They are yet to be returned to Colombia despite a judgment issued on 19 October 2017 by the Colombian Constitutional Court ordering the restitution of the objects of the Quimbaya people under international laws and treaties concerning the cultural
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In addition to ceremonial figurines and containers, a range of other vessels and ornaments were used as burial offerings. Tomb artifacts also include funeral masks and sarcophagi, suggesting the central importance of burial rituals and particularly the use of gold as a sacred metal to elevate
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The comprehensive archaeological record of unique cultural elements of Quimbaya culture has potentially been compromised by the high probability of many artifacts being well-crafted copies, or entirely new pieces redistributed to museums and private collections under the guise of scientific
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artifacts were rooted in representations of ancient aircraft. The program does many things to further misinformation such as not only labelling the objects as Tolima "jets" but also creating superficial external recreations on remote controlled planes as a form of ‘proof of flight’.
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A large amount of the Quimbaya Treasure consists of gold-work decorative personal items such as golden nose rings, necklaces, ear spacers, bracelets and pendants. These items are indicative of the collection’s origins, being a large funerary deposit that was later looted.
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Artifacts include necklace beads, stylised figure pendants, nose and ear and other personal body ornaments. Other larger ornaments were used for household and decorative tomb and funeral elements which have been identified as key elements of Quimbaya cultural traditions.
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As merchants, they exchanged their pieces of metalwork, blankets, textiles and gold, with towns in neighboring regions and beyond. They also produced and traded salt, extracted from the rivers though a technique involving boiling river water using fire and lava.
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These Quimbaya ceremonial artifacts include anthropomorphic or (often male) human figure objects, often seated, approximately 10-50cm in height, made as cinerary urns either cast in gold, or clay slab ceramics. Several examples can be found in the
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as ancient portrayals of aircraft. This collection of artifacts are colloquially referred to under the broad term "Quimbaya Artifacts" or more misleadingly as the Tolima 'Jets', the latter name stemming from the 2009 television program
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These include a range of phytomorphic and zoomorphic representations, the most common figures being birds, insects, fish and bats. Measuring approximately 5 to 7.5 cm in length, there are over 100 of these relics on display in the
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are vessel type containers primarily used to store powdered lime, made from calcined seashells. They were often cast in gold and decorated with human figures and exhibited "great elegance of conception, manufacture, and finish".
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A range of other important cultural objects including bowls, jars, bottles and other vessels, musical instruments and bells, have been retrieved from archaeological excavations, as well as helmets and other objects of warfare.
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The majority of recovered Quimbaya ceramic artifacts consist of decorated jars and vessels with anthropomorphic features. Additionally there were many ceramic figures portraying particular social classes or individuals.
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Even prior to Quimbaya goldsmith prevalence, metal objects played a role in social and class differentiation in the region, signifying the special status of certain individuals and groups in pre-Columbian cultures.
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443:, Colombia. The artifacts of the Quimbaya Treasure include poporos and other ceremonial vessels, containers, figures, crowns, pendants, necklace beads and pins, bells, musical instruments, nose and ear ornaments.
249:. Around the 10th century the Quimbaya culture disappeared entirely due to unknown circumstances. Studies of the archeological items point to an advanced cultural development and the political structure of a
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The Quimbaya are famed for their luxurious goldsmith work. They developed metallurgy systems to combine copper with gold that was not abundant in their region. This combination of gold and copper, called
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have also been found amongst the Quimbaya treasure, alluding to the large importance of textile production within the culture so much so it is buried alongside individuals within funerary customs.
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The Quimbaya people reached their zenith during the 4th to 7th century CE period known as The Quimbaya Classic. The culture's most emblematic piece comes from this period, a form of
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involved in modern artifact trading, illicit activity is characterised as largely opaque with considerable investment in investigative efforts required to prove authenticity.
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Significant regional artifact types exist from across comparable pre-Columbian cultures. These demonstrate significant artisan diversity in typology of mediums and materials.
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301:", would not detract from the attractiveness, brightness and durability of its magnificent pieces creating a spectacular vivacity. One of them, very popular, is the famous
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234:. The most frequent designs in these art pieces depicted men and women sitting with closed eyes and placid expression. In addition there were many fruits and forms of
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The Quimbaya goldsmiths, pottery and ceramic craftspeople were contemporary to rich and distinctive artisan traditions present in neighbouring cultures including the
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305:. This goldsmithing is one of the most important in America given the exquisite beauty of the pieces expressed by very well developed metallurgical methods.
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alloy around 300 CE, the 777 gram golden vessel was used as a ceremonial device for consuming lime while chewing coca leaves during religious ceremonies
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Perea, A.; Gutiérrez-Neira, P.C.; Climent-Font, A.; Fernández-Esquivel, P.; Rovira-Llorens, S.; Ruvalcaba-Sil, J.L.; Verde, A.; Zucchiatti, A. (2013).
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2009:
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legal framework was in place up until the early 20th century when new laws enforced state ownership and therefore a protectionist legal system.
1923:"Analytical approach of colour and elemental composition in gold metallic objects from the Quimbaya culture: A case study in Antioquia, Colombia"
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1991:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Quimbaya civilization
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The most notable collection of Quimbaya artifacts is the Quimbaya treasure which consists of 433 artifacts originally discovered in 1890 in
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1866:"Constructing Caribbean Chronologies: Comparative Radiocarbon Dating of Shell and Wood Artefacts From Pre-Columbian Sites in Cuba"
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region of modern day Colombia. The artifacts are believed to have originated during the Classical Quimbaya period 500 BC–600 AD.
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1141:"Stylistic Affinities Between the Quimbaya Gold Style and a Little-Known Ceramic Style of the Middle Cauca Valley, Colombia"
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indicators for identifying cultural, social and religious practices that may indicate traditional or ceremonial purposes.
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These are a range of primarily ceramic and gold objects surviving from the Quimbaya civilisation, which was one of many
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A large part of the original collection was purchased from grave looters in 1891 by then President of the Republic,
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Thoury, M.; Mille, B.; Séverin-Fabiani, T.; Robbiola, L.; Réfrégiers, M.; Jarrige, J-F; Bertrand, L. (2016-11-15).
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942:"Translation Theory and Translational Architectures: Reading between History, Architecture and Cultural Theory"
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Of the Quimbaya artifacts, a handful of the stylised animal figures have been misidentified through a lens of
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fabrication of entirely new fake artifacts that were created in the modern era to resemble those of the past.
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1232:"High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object"
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Much of the Quimbaya artifacts were created from a combination of pure gold, but also the gold-copper alloy,
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1633:"Mineralogical Attributions: Mineralogical Work on Pre-Columbian Objects in the Yale University Art Gallery"
1416:"Museum salvage: A case study of Mesoamerican artifacts in museum collections and on the antiquities market"
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carved spirals, stars, constellations, planets and other symbols. Neither their age or meaning is known.
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characterized by technical accuracy and detailed designs. The majority of the gold work is made in
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Jar decorated with geometric patterns; 9th–14th century; painted ceramic; height: 23.8 cm;
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Another of the mysteries of the Quimbaya Culture are the Quimbaya artifacts, formerly called "
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312:", since the former was found near the banks of the Otún River in the province of Risaralda.
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Pre-Columbian cultures of Southwestern Colombia. The Quimbaya culture is marked with number 1
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Anthropomorphic pendant; 5th–10th century; gold; height: 4.4 cm, width: 3.5 cm;
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454:. These 122 artifacts, mainly gold and funeral, were eventually placed on display at the
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made of hollow trunks. As a sacred metal, gold pieces represented the passport for the
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have survived. The manufacture of cotton blankets was, in fact, their main industry.
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Most of the retrieved items are part of funeral offerings, which were found inside
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1781:"Failures and Consequences of Antiquities Antitrafficking Policy in Mesoamerica"
1500:"Looting Lydia the Destruction of an Archaeological Landscape in Western Turkey"
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1463:"'The Destruction, Looting and Traffic of the Archaeological Heritage of Peru'"
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1584:"Illicit Cultural Property from Latin America: Looting, Trafficking, and Sale"
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Vessel in shape of a figure; 9th–14th century; ceramic; height: 23.1 cm;
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Seated figure; 13th–15th century; ceramic: height: 22.9, width: 21 cm;
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The Quimbaya inhabited the areas corresponding to the modern departments of
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Ornament; 13th–16th century; hammered gold; overall: 4.45 x 6.35 cm;
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Arnache, O.; Ricaurte, G.; Fabian-Salvador, J.; Pimienta, H. (2022).
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Brodie, Neil; Kersel, Morag M.; Tubb, Kathryn Walker (2006-08-01),
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Brodie, Neil; Kersel, Morag M.; Tubb, Kathryn Walker (2006-08-01),
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1042:"Pre-hispanic goldwork technology. The Quimbaya Treasure, Colombia"
946:
Transculturation: Cities, Spaces and Architectures in Latin America
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163:(/kɪmbaɪa/) were a small, ancient indigenous group in present-day
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exhibited in the Gold Museum in Bogotá, Colombia. Cast using the
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944:. In Hernández, Felipe; Millington, Mark; Borden, Iain (eds.).
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1358:"The Darién Gold Pendants of Ancient Colombia and the Isthmus"
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tapirs, armadillos, foxes and peccaries, among other animals.
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673:); 1st–7th century; gold; height: 22.9, width: 13.3 cm;
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Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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1989:
The Art of Precolumbian Gold: The Jan Mitchell Collection
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Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, and the Antiquities Trade
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Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, and the Antiquities Trade
1467:
Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, and the Antiquities Trade
1824:"Mixed Media – A Problem in Archaeological Nomenclature"
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2024:
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Painting in the Americas before European colonization
876:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1787:, University Press of Florida, pp. 189–204,
1747:, University Press of Florida, pp. 150–169,
1548:, University Press of Florida, pp. 147–172,
1506:, University Press of Florida, pp. 173–187,
921:Population history of American indigenous peoples
825:; before 1550; gold; overall: 1.8 x 2.2 cm;
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1414:Levine, Marc N; Luna, Lucha Martínez de (2013).
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1637:Pre-Columbian Art of Mexico and Central America
1469:, University Press of Florida, pp. 89–96,
1307:Bruhns, Karen O; Kelker, Nancy L (2016-09-16).
4263:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4248:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
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2010:
1185:"The "Quimbaya Treasure," Judgment SU-649/17"
817:Nose ring, a widespread type of jewel in the
282:Gallery of Quimbaya art and artifacts at the
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473:in the shape of high ranking social figures
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575:and enable them to command higher prices.
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2017:
2003:
1927:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
1741:"Forgery and the Pre-Columbian Art Market"
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431:spiritual preparations for the afterlife.
4253:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1355:
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127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2857:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
1985:, National Museum of the American Indian
1864:Cooper, J.; Thomas, K. D. (2011-07-22).
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27:Indigenous group in present-day Colombia
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1512:10.5744/florida/9780813029726.003.0009
1475:10.5744/florida/9780813029726.003.0009
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450:as a gift to Queen Governor of Spain,
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1712:Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets
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1639:, Yale University Art Gallery, 1986,
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1189:American Journal of International Law
409:('Gold Museum') in Bogotá, Colombia.
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1098:
1096:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
985:
981:
979:
977:
612:Quimbaya airplanes conspiracy theory
505:Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
391:Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
3281:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
1907:
1854:
24:
4336:Indigenous culture of the Americas
4273:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
3252:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
2026:Ancestry and ethnicity in Colombia
1812:
1666:
421:
332:pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia
25:
4362:
3264:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
3235:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
1976:
1346:
1291:
1171:
1127:
1106:"Seated Figure 13th-15th century"
1093:
1046:Journal of Archaeological Science
1026:
974:
962:from the original on 4 April 2023
345:
4305:
3257:Archaeological sites in Colombia
3230:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
1882:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2011.00622.x
1706:Frassani, Alessia (2016-03-31).
879:
842:
810:
786:
762:
738:
714:
690:
660:
459:property of indigenous peoples.
41:
3240:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
1961:from the original on 2023-10-14
1896:from the original on 2023-10-14
1772:
1739:Kelker, Nancy L. (2019-07-15),
1732:
1699:
1688:from the original on 2022-07-01
1625:
1575:
1533:
1491:
1481:from the original on 2023-10-14
1454:
1432:10.1179/0093469013z.00000000053
1407:
1396:from the original on 2023-10-14
1335:from the original on 2023-10-14
1280:from the original on 2023-10-14
1116:from the original on 2022-05-16
1082:from the original on 2023-04-04
52:needs additional citations for
4351:Indigenous peoples in Colombia
2815:Race and ethnicity in Colombia
1720:10.1093/obo/9780199920105-0078
1708:"Pre-Hispanic Art of Colombia"
1678:"Huaquero Trafficking Culture"
1223:
895:Indigenous peoples in Colombia
503:Seated ceramic figure, at the
13:
1:
4184:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
3245:Archaeological sites in Chile
1356:Falchetti, Ana María (2008).
926:
641:Archaeological investigations
467:
394:variety of quiescent poses".
4278:Mesoamerican writing systems
4235:
3274:Archaeological sites in Peru
1939:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103290
1840:10.1179/naw.1984.22-23.1.007
1822:Olsen Bruhns, Karen (1984).
1645:10.37862/aaeportal.00095.014
1420:Journal of Field Archaeology
1139:Bruhns, Karen Olsen (1969).
948:. Rodopi. pp. 126–142.
578:
181:, which colours the pieces.
7:
4174:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
1779:Yates, Donna (2019-07-15),
1676:Yates, Donna (2012-07-12).
1582:Yates, Donna (2017-05-29).
1362:Metropolitan Museum Journal
1183:Mejía-Lemos, Diego (2019).
872:
494:
452:María Cristina de Habsburgo
213:, around the valley of the
10:
4367:
4200:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
4103:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
1785:The Market for Mesoamerica
1745:The Market for Mesoamerica
1157:10.1179/naw.1969.7-8.1.006
795:Metropolitan Museum of Art
771:Metropolitan Museum of Art
747:Metropolitan Museum of Art
723:Metropolitan Museum of Art
699:Metropolitan Museum of Art
675:Metropolitan Museum of Art
653:
565:
480:
350:
323:
256:
230:. It is on exhibit at the
184:
29:
4301:
4243:
4234:
4154:
4077:
4052:
4023:
3998:
3973:
3948:
3923:
3892:
3867:
3842:
3811:
3774:
3749:
3712:
3681:
3656:
3627:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3598:
3425:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
3210:
3042:
2899:
2863:
2800:
2765:
2509:
2402:
2367:
2360:
2032:
1058:10.1016/j.jas.2012.12.033
988:"Gold in Ancient America"
940:Felipe Hernández (2005).
522:Regional artisan cultures
336:Middle Cauca River valley
32:Quimbaya (disambiguation)
4312:Civilizations portal
3269:Cultural periods of Peru
1310:Faking the Ancient Andes
463:Materials and technology
398:Animal and plant figures
143:Statuette of a Quimbaya
4346:Circum-Caribbean tribes
4206:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
3052:Mesoamerican chronology
1374:10.1086/met.43.25699085
827:Cleveland Museum of Art
147:sitting on a stool, in
4341:Prehistory of Colombia
2909:Archaeological periods
1793:10.2307/j.ctvx0738n.15
1753:10.2307/j.ctvx0738n.13
1613:Cite journal requires
857:Museum of the Americas
621:
557:Artifact controversies
507:
413:Pendants and ornaments
384:Stylised human figures
287:
194:
156:
149:Museum of the Americas
4212:List of Conquistadors
4099:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
3510:Quebrada de Humahuaca
2929:Caddoan Mississippian
1592:10.31235/osf.io/ny7z6
1319:10.4324/9781315428574
1236:Nature Communications
1201:10.1017/ajil.2018.106
619:
502:
435:The Quimbaya treasure
281:
192:
142:
4179:Francisco de Montejo
4107:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
3220:Andean civilizations
3147:Shaft tomb tradition
986:King, Heidi (2002).
887:Civilizations portal
819:Pre-Columbian period
608:cultural knowledge.
364:The most noteworthy
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
4145:Manco Inca Yupanqui
3450:Manteño-Huancavilca
2919:Ancestral Puebloans
2810:Lists of Colombians
1248:10.1038/ncomms13356
916:History of Colombia
855:sitting on stools;
274:Culture and customs
4268:Columbian exchange
4258:Portal:Mesoamerica
3410:La Tolita (Tumaco)
3225:Indigenous peoples
2964:Hopewell tradition
2891:Indigenous peoples
622:
508:
374:lost wax technique
326:Quimbaya artifacts
320:Quimbaya artifacts
288:
232:Bogotá Gold Museum
195:
157:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4293:Pre-Columbian art
4229:
4228:
4223:Francisco Pizarro
4189:Pedro de Alvarado
3505:Pucará de Tilcara
2823:
2822:
2796:
2795:
1110:www.metmuseum.org
955:978-90-420-1628-6
514:Numerous ceramic
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
4358:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4232:
4231:
4218:Spanish Conquest
4195:Spanish Conquest
4170:Spanish Conquest
4159:Spanish Conquest
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2527:
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2473:
2461:
2449:
2437:
2395:
2383:
2365:
2364:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1983:Quimbaya artwork
1970:
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1966:
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1052:(5): 2326–2334.
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667:Lime container (
664:
456:Museo de América
368:artifact is the
310:Pájaros del Otún
284:Museo de América
177:alloy, with 30%
167:noted for their
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4116:Quemuenchatocha
4114:
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4092:
4088:
4084:
4045:
3914:
3823:
3797:
3786:
3733:Human Sacrifice
3730:
3722:Human Sacrifice
3719:
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3666:Mayan Languages
3594:
3206:
3038:
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2876:Genetic history
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1962:
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1128:
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1103:
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1038:
1027:
1004:10.2307/3269153
984:
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868:
849:Two statues of
847:
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791:
782:
767:
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743:
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665:
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620:Quimbaya "Jets"
614:
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568:
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485:
470:
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437:
424:
422:Other artifacts
415:
400:
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370:Poporo Quimbaya
353:
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334:inhabiting the
328:
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259:
228:Poporo Quimbaya
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4078:Notable Rulers
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4047:Neo-Inca State
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2361:Non-indigenous
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2142:Embera-Wounaan
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1977:External links
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1876:(2): 401–425.
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1834:(1): 225–227.
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3213:
3212:South America
3209:
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3200:
3198:
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3058:
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3053:
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3049:
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3035:
3034:Weeden Island
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:Poverty Point
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:Mississippian
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
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2902:
2901:North America
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Paleo-Indians
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
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2831:
2828:
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2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
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1960:
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1654:9780894670398
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1563:9780813029726
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1521:9780813029726
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1328:9781315428574
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799:New York City
796:
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775:New York City
772:
765:
760:
756:
752:
751:New York City
748:
741:
736:
732:
728:
727:New York City
724:
717:
712:
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704:
703:New York City
700:
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684:
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679:New York City
676:
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406:Museo del Oro
395:
392:
381:
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375:
371:
367:
362:
359:
358:
343:
341:
338:and southern
337:
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285:
280:
271:
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263:
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239:
237:
233:
229:
226:known as the
225:
224:
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182:
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128:
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109:
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102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4303:
4236:
4086:Moctezuma II
4043:Inca history
3968:Andean Music
3912:Architecture
3907:Architecture
3902:Architecture
3897:Architecture
3893:Architecture
3887:Gender Roles
3632:Tenochtitlan
3555:Timoto–Cuica
3550:Tierradentro
3514:
3335:Casma–Sechin
3067:Chalcatzingo
2702:Scandinavian
2261:
1963:. Retrieved
1930:
1926:
1898:. Retrieved
1873:
1870:Archaeometry
1869:
1831:
1827:
1804:, retrieved
1784:
1774:
1764:, retrieved
1744:
1734:
1723:. Retrieved
1711:
1701:
1690:. Retrieved
1681:
1658:, retrieved
1636:
1627:
1606:cite journal
1595:. Retrieved
1577:
1567:, retrieved
1545:
1535:
1525:, retrieved
1503:
1493:
1483:, retrieved
1466:
1456:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1398:. Retrieved
1365:
1361:
1337:. Retrieved
1309:
1282:. Retrieved
1242:(1): 13356.
1239:
1235:
1225:
1192:
1188:
1151:(1): 65–83.
1148:
1144:
1118:. Retrieved
1109:
1084:. Retrieved
1067:10261/196200
1049:
1045:
995:
991:
964:. Retrieved
945:
935:
851:
668:
648:
644:
635:
623:
606:
600:
598:
589:
585:
584:
579:
573:
569:
560:
551:
535:Tierradentro
528:
525:
513:
509:
488:
486:
481:
475:
471:
455:
445:
438:
429:
425:
416:
404:
401:
387:
377:
373:
369:
365:
363:
355:
354:
329:
314:
309:
307:
302:
296:
293:
289:
268:
264:
260:
240:
235:
221:
219:
196:
172:
160:
158:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
4149:Túpac Amaru
4133:Manco Cápac
4082:Moctezuma I
3993:Agriculture
3988:Agriculture
3983:Agriculture
3974:Agriculture
3917:Road System
3806:Mathematics
3671:Muysc Cubun
3525:San Agustín
3475:Monte Verde
3152:Teotihuacan
3044:Mesoamerica
2939:Coles Creek
2924:Anishinaabe
2881:Archaeology
2753: [
2741: [
2717: [
2705: [
2693: [
2681: [
2669: [
2652: [
2635: [
2623: [
2611: [
2582: [
2570: [
2558: [
2546: [
2534: [
2522: [
2497: [
2485: [
2468: [
2456: [
2444: [
2432: [
2390: [
2378: [
2252:Pira-tapuya
2062:Awa-Kwaiker
1828:Ñawpa Pacha
1145:Ñawpa Pacha
998:(4): 5–55.
531:Sam Agustin
215:Cauca River
4330:Categories
4120:Tisquesusa
4094:Cuauhtémoc
4090:Cuitláhuac
3420:Lauricocha
3390:Gran Chaco
3380:Cupisnique
3365:Chinchorro
3340:Chachapoya
3330:Caral–Supe
3172:Tlaxcaltec
3162:Teuchitlán
3077:Chupícuaro
3004:Plum Bayou
2999:Plaquemine
2969:Marksville
2934:Chichimeca
2666:Portuguese
2649:Lithuanian
2387:Venezuelan
2034:Indigenous
1965:2022-05-19
1933:: 103290.
1900:2022-05-19
1806:2022-05-16
1766:2022-04-10
1725:2022-05-09
1692:2022-04-13
1660:2022-05-16
1597:2022-05-16
1569:2022-04-20
1527:2022-04-20
1485:2022-05-16
1400:2022-05-19
1339:2022-05-19
1284:2022-05-19
1120:2022-04-16
1086:2022-05-19
927:References
626:pareidolia
549:cultures.
468:Gold-works
340:Antioquian
243:sarcophagi
87:newspapers
76:"Quimbaya"
4141:Atahualpa
4137:Pachacuti
4112:Nemequene
3978:Chinampas
3800:Astronomy
3789:Astronomy
3769:Mythology
3764:Mythology
3759:Mythology
3754:Mythology
3750:Mythology
3580:Wankarani
3570:Tuncahuán
3460:Marajoara
3415:Las Vegas
3301:Atacameño
3197:Xochipala
3137:Purépecha
3097:Epi-Olmec
3087:Cuicuilco
3029:Troyville
3019:St. Johns
2750:Ukrainian
2620:Hungarian
2601:Mennonite
2375:Argentine
2237:Patángoro
2152:Guambiano
2122:Cocamilla
2117:Chitarero
1955:246392921
1947:2352-409X
1890:0003-813X
1848:0077-6297
1801:213841119
1761:135100399
1448:130242519
1440:0093-4690
1390:191403390
1382:0077-8958
1368:: 39–73.
1256:2041-1723
1217:149790905
1209:0002-9300
1165:0077-6297
1076:0305-4403
1012:0026-1521
831:Cleveland
601:guaquéros
591:huaqueoro
586:Guaquéros
580:Guaquéros
251:cacicazgo
247:afterlife
207:Risaralda
169:gold work
161:Quimbaya
18:Quimbayas
4237:See also
4155:Conquest
4128:Zoratama
3795:Calendar
3784:Calendar
3779:Calendar
3775:Calendar
3744:Religion
3739:Religion
3728:Religion
3717:Religion
3713:Religion
3702:Numerals
3696:Numerals
3657:Language
3637:Multiple
3575:Valdivia
3560:Tiwanaku
3520:Saladoid
3515:Quimbaya
3405:Kuhikugu
3385:Diaguita
3375:Chorrera
3192:Veraguas
3187:Veracruz
3167:Tlatilco
2979:Mogollon
2886:Cultures
2864:Americas
2805:See also
2678:Romanian
2555:Croatian
2519:Austrian
2477:Japanese
2429:Armenian
2417:Lebanese
2368:Americas
2262:Quimbaya
2182:Kankuamo
2107:Carijona
2102:Carabayo
2072:Barasana
1959:Archived
1894:Archived
1686:Archived
1682:Huaquero
1479:archived
1394:Archived
1333:Archived
1278:Archived
1274:27843139
1114:Archived
1080:Archived
960:Archived
912:treasure
910:Malagana
873:See also
852:caciques
823:Colombia
803:New York
779:New York
755:New York
731:New York
707:New York
683:New York
495:Ceramics
286:, Madrid
211:Colombia
165:Colombia
155:, Spain)
117:May 2022
4124:Tundama
4053:Peoples
4038:History
4033:History
4028:History
4024:History
4018:Cuisine
4013:Cuisine
4008:Cuisine
4003:Cuisine
3999:Cuisine
3857:Warfare
3852:Warfare
3847:Warfare
3843:Warfare
3837:Society
3832:Economy
3821:Society
3816:Society
3812:Society
3682:Writing
3676:Quechua
3661:Nahuatl
3628:Capital
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