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505:. It is a testament to the history and evolution of the trade that those skills have reached an extremely high level of attainment and skill over time. A fine goldsmith can and will work to a tolerance approaching that of precision machinery, but largely using only his eyes and hand tools. Quite often the goldsmith's job involves the making of mountings for
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attempting to uncover the chemical techniques used by ancient artisans have remarked that their findings confirm that "the high level of competence reached by the artists and craftsmen of these ancient periods who produced objects of an artistic quality that could not be bettered in ancient times and has not yet been reached in modern ones."
516:'Jeweller', however, is a term mostly reserved for a person who deals in jewellery (buys and sells) and not to be confused with a goldsmith, silversmith, gemologist, diamond cutter, and diamond setters. A 'jobbing jeweller' is the term for a jeweller who undertakes a small basic amount of jewellery repair and alteration.
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228:; more recently jewelry arts schools, specializing in teaching goldsmithing and a multitude of skills falling under the jewelry arts umbrella, are available. Many universities and junior colleges also offer goldsmithing, silversmithing, and metal arts fabrication as a part of their fine arts curriculum.
901:
In contrast, the earliest exploitation and working of gold occurs in the
Balkans during the mid-fifth millennium BC, several centuries after the earliest known copper smelting. This is demonstrated most spectacularly in the various objects adorning the burials at Varna, Bulgaria (Renfrew 1986;
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Some pieces date back thousands of years and were made using many techniques that still are used by modern goldsmiths. Techniques developed by some of those goldsmiths achieved a skill level that was lost and remained beyond the skills of those who followed, even to modern times. Researchers
902:
Highamet al. 2007). In contrast, the earliest gold objects found in
Southwest Asia date only to the beginning of the fourth millennium BC as at Nahal Qanah in Israel (Golden 2009), suggesting that gold exploitation may have been a Southeast European invention, albeit a short-lived one.
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and usually were one of the most important and wealthiest of the guilds in a city. The guild kept records of members and the marks they used on their products. These records, when they survive, are very useful to historians. Goldsmiths often acted as
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The oldest known gold jewelry in the world is from an archaeological site in Varna
Necropolis, Bulgaria, and is over 6,000 years old (radiocarbon dated between 4,600 BC and 4,200 BC).
365:, since they dealt in gold and had sufficient security for the safe storage of valuable items, though they were usually restrained from lending at interest, which was regarded as
259:, for example. It is fairly easy to "pressure weld", wherein, similarly to clay, two small pieces may be pounded together to make one larger piece. Gold is classified as a
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and other forming tools to make the metal into shapes needed to build the intended piece. Then parts are fabricated through a wide variety of processes and assembled by
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where the metal is available, either indigenously or imported, and the history of these activities is extensive. Superbly made objects from the ancient cultures of
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Ancient
Mercury-Based Plating Methods: Combined Use of Surface Analytical Techniques for the Study of Manufacturing Process and Degradation Phenomena
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255:. It may easily be melted, fused, and cast without the problems of oxides and gas that are problematic with other metals such as
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to make it stronger and to create different colors. Depending on the metals used to create the alloy, the color can change.
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The first major gold-working centre was situated at the mouth of the Danube, on the shores of the Black Sea in
Bulgaria
1066:, Vol. 52, No. 1, translated from Croatian, Institut društvenih znanosti "Ivo Pilar", Područni centar Dubrovnik, 2009.
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metal of all, offers unique opportunities for the worker. In today's world a wide variety of other metals, especially
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developed among goldsmiths in
Germany around 1430, who had long used the technique on their metal pieces. The notable
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during the early-20th century. The man in the middle may be a "Klingalees" (orang Keling), someone from South India
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caste is one of the oldest communities in goldsmithing in India, whose superb gold artworks were displayed at
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Gabriel Maria Ingo, Giuseppe Guida, Emma
Angelini, Gabriella Di Carlo, Alessio Mezzi, Giuseppina Padeletti,
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grave 43 at the Varna cemetery, the richest single grave from Old Europe, dated about 4600–4500 BC.
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normally were members of a separate guild, since the trades were not allowed to overlap. Many
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1062:(Goldsmith's Book of the Kalogjera Family from Blato on the Island of KorÄŤula) in
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Ancient technology for metal coatings 2,000 years ago can't be matched even today
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A goldsmith might have a wide array of skills and knowledge at their disposal.
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Because it is so soft, however, 24 karat gold is rarely used. It is usually
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Metalworker who specializes in working with gold and other precious metals
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History of
Humanity: From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century BC
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The goldsmith will use a variety of tools and machinery, including the
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Zlatarska biljeĹľnica obitelji
Kalogjera iz Blata na otoku KorÄŤuli
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Gems and
Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World
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form, lasting indefinitely without oxidization and tarnishing.
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The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000–3500 BC
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1038:(3rd ed.). Lightning Source Incorporated. p. 91.
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in the world with an approximate age of over 6,000 years.
220:-making skills, as well as the very similar skills of the
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of the fifteenth century were either goldsmiths, such as
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grace museums and collections throughout the world. The
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Roberts, Benjamin W.; Thornton, Christopher P. (2009).
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A goldsmith workshop during the mid-seventeenth century
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Peristil : zbornik radova za povijest umjetnosti
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Goldsmiths must be skilled in forming metal through
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
711:A Brahmin goldsmith from Goa, India, 16th century
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974:Anthony, David W.; Chi, Jennifer, eds. (2010).
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509:, in which case they often are referred to as
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725:Museum of Arts and Popular Customs of Seville
1009:, ScienceDaily, ScienceDaily, July 24, 2013,
950:. University of Chicago Press. p. 292.
872:(322). Department of Prehistory and Europe,
475:is pure gold and historically, was known as
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181:, decorative and serviceable utensils, and
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244:, rare, and it is the only solid metallic
412:', Vishwakarma (Viswabrahmins, Acharis) '
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1035:McQuhae's Practical Technical Instructor
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471:alloys, also may be used frequently. 24
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862:"Development of metallurgy in Eurasia"
356:Europe goldsmiths were organized into
283:Gold has been worked by humans in all
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1032:McQuhae, William (17 December 2008).
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435:, or the sons of goldsmiths, such as
216:. The trade has very often included
65:adding citations to reliable sources
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344:father teaches his son to cast gold
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920:. UNESCO / Routledge. p. 99.
785:An Afghan goldsmith in Kabul, 1928
236:Compared to other metals, gold is
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914:de Laet, Sigfried J. (1996).
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416:' are the goldsmith castes.
406:The Great Exhibition of 1851
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1003:American Chemical Society,
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447:Contemporary goldsmithing
328:Varna Necropolis treasure
2418:Metalworking occupations
723:Goldsmith's workshop in
677:Christoph Steidl Porenta
455:Modern goldsmith at work
1914:Nickel silver (alpacca)
740:Karo people (Indonesia)
636:Andrea Cagnetti – Akelo
543:17th century goldsmith.
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944:Grande, Lance (2009).
742:goldsmith in Sumatra (
589:Gaspard van der Heyden
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408:in London. In India, '
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381:also were goldsmiths.
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1374:Tools and terminology
646:William Claude Harper
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535:Category:Silversmiths
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144:The Baqdadi goldsmith
142:
1730:Wire wrapped jewelry
1710:Repoussé and chasing
1088:at Wikimedia Commons
554:Filippo Brunelleschi
396:, 16th century India
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2272:Ebonite (vulcanite)
1058:Vinicije B. Lupis,
604:Jean-Valentin Morel
531:Category:Goldsmiths
2403:History of banking
1617:Jewellery designer
761:Goldsmith shop in
579:Johannes Gutenberg
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520:Notable goldsmiths
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987:978-0-691-14388-0
957:978-0-226-30511-0
927:978-92-3-102811-3
559:Benvenuto Cellini
463:, being the most
437:Martin Schongauer
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807:Jewelers' Row
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656:Linda MacNeil
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582:
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564:Saint Eligius
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320:Varna culture
318:
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313:South America
310:
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305:North America
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117:December 2010
109:
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88:
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81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2382:Wearable art
2377:Phaleristics
2372:Metalworking
2277:Gutta-percha
2053:Lapis lazuli
1839:Colored gold
1720:Stonesetting
1611:
1312:Steam hammer
1189:
1123:Metalworking
1063:
1059:
1054:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1005:
999:
991:
976:
969:
961:
946:
939:
931:
916:
909:
900:
893:. Retrieved
869:
865:
855:
620:Contemporary
599:Arnold Lulls
529:Main pages:
515:
510:
499:swage blocks
491:rolling mill
488:
481:
458:
433:Master E. S.
418:
399:
351:
347:
282:
235:
191:
154:
152:
143:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2319:Art jewelry
2143:Tiger's eye
2048:Labradorite
1998:Chrysocolla
1993:Chrysoberyl
1909:Mokume-gane
1886:Base metals
1658:centrifugal
1627:Silversmith
1502:Ferronnière
1452:Belt buckle
1447:Belly chain
1344:Fabrication
1322:Trip hammer
1317:Swage block
1302:Hardy tools
1210:Silversmith
1205:Pewtersmith
1185:Coppersmith
831:Silversmith
747: 1918
697:Renaissance
672:Gary Noffke
668:(1918–2013)
651:Mary Lee Hu
421:printmaking
375:base metals
371:Middle Ages
309:Mesoamerica
261:noble metal
222:silversmith
159:metalworker
76:"Goldsmith"
2413:Goldsmiths
2397:Categories
2153:Tourmaline
2098:Prasiolite
1973:Aventurine
1844:Crown gold
1746:Draw plate
1695:Metal clay
1632:Watchmaker
1622:Lapidarist
1607:Clockmaker
1482:Collar pin
1477:Chatelaine
1364:Metallurgy
1251:Planishing
1225:Whitesmith
1180:Bladesmith
1175:Blacksmith
1086:Goldsmiths
847:References
609:Paul Storr
525:Historical
317:Copper Age
183:ceremonial
171:silverware
165:and other
87:newspapers
2299:Toadstone
2236:Operculum
2163:Variscite
2158:Turquoise
2138:Tanzanite
2073:Moonstone
2068:Marcasite
2063:Malachite
1988:Carnelian
1963:Amazonite
1950:gemstones
1924:Pinchbeck
1869:Argentium
1859:Shibuichi
1800:Palladium
1779:Materials
1715:Soldering
1705:Polishing
1680:Engraving
1675:Enameling
1641:Processes
1612:Goldsmith
1547:Tie chain
1522:Neck ring
1512:Lapel pin
1421:Jewellery
1359:Machining
1354:Jewellery
1234:Processes
1200:Locksmith
1190:Goldsmith
890:163062746
866:Antiquity
841:Toreutics
816:engraving
771:Indonesia
507:gemstones
503:soldering
495:drawplate
477:fine gold
465:malleable
429:engravers
425:engraving
369:. In the
332:jewellery
238:malleable
214:polishing
198:soldering
187:religious
155:goldsmith
18:Gold work
2367:Gemology
2341:Fineness
2332:(purity)
2267:Bog-wood
2214:Precious
2194:Ammolite
2133:Sunstone
2123:Sodalite
2118:Sapphire
2078:Obsidian
2018:Fluorite
2008:Diopside
1968:Amethyst
1948:Mineral
1939:Tungsten
1934:Titanium
1849:Electrum
1805:Platinum
1690:Kazaziye
1685:Filigree
1663:lost-wax
1562:Toe ring
1552:Tie clip
1527:Pectoral
1517:Necklace
1492:Cufflink
1467:Bracelet
1462:Bolo tie
1442:Barrette
1369:Smithing
1307:Pritchel
1220:Tinsmith
1195:Gunsmith
1161:Smithing
876:: 1015.
791:See also
511:jewelers
469:platinum
379:jewelers
354:medieval
324:Bulgaria
285:cultures
175:platters
2362:Fashion
2336:Finding
2184:Abalone
2093:Peridot
2058:Larimar
2043:Kyanite
2028:Howlite
2013:Emerald
2003:Diamond
1876:Tumbaga
1854:ShakudĹŤ
1810:Rhodium
1761:Mandrel
1700:Plating
1653:Casting
1648:Carving
1557:Tie pin
1532:Pendant
1507:Genital
1497:Earring
1379:Welding
1349:Forming
1339:Casting
1266:Swaging
1261:Sinking
1256:Raising
1241:Forging
895:28 July
767:Sumatra
683:Gallery
641:Cartier
484:alloyed
390:Brahmin
363:bankers
271:History
257:bronzes
248:with a
246:element
242:ductile
218:jewelry
210:casting
206:forging
189:items.
179:goblets
101:scholar
2326:(mass)
2262:Bezoar
2168:Zircon
2128:Spinel
2103:Quartz
2038:Jasper
2023:Garnet
1919:Pewter
1904:Copper
1899:Bronze
1826:alloys
1815:Silver
1766:Pliers
1756:Hammer
1668:vacuum
1595:People
1588:Making
1572:pocket
1472:Brooch
1437:Anklet
1297:Hammer
1292:Fuller
1215:Tinker
1168:Smiths
1042:
984:
954:
924:
888:
820:niello
818:, and
493:, the
358:guilds
311:, and
297:Europe
289:Africa
265:native
250:yellow
212:, and
202:sawing
194:filing
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2330:Carat
2324:Carat
2312:Terms
2287:Shell
2241:Pearl
2231:Nacre
2221:Ivory
2209:Black
2204:Coral
2199:Copal
2189:Amber
2148:Topaz
2107:smoky
1978:Beryl
1958:Agate
1894:Brass
1739:Tools
1577:strap
1567:Watch
1542:Tiara
1487:Crown
1457:Bindi
1429:Forms
1287:Forge
1282:Anvil
1275:Tools
886:S2CID
836:Sunar
661:Mazlo
473:karat
414:Sunar
402:Sunar
367:usury
342:Aztec
301:India
253:color
157:is a
108:JSTOR
94:books
2282:Hair
2113:Ruby
2088:Opal
2083:Onyx
2033:Jade
1795:Gold
1751:File
1537:Ring
1040:ISBN
982:ISBN
952:ISBN
922:ISBN
897:2018
763:Aceh
533:and
461:Gold
439:and
419:The
400:The
293:Asia
232:Gold
163:gold
80:news
2226:Jet
1982:red
878:doi
394:Goa
352:In
185:or
146:by
63:by
2399::
990:.
960:.
930:.
899:.
884:.
870:83
868:.
864:.
814:,
769:,
765:,
744:c.
738:A
513:.
479:.
443:.
388:A
307:,
303:,
299:,
295:,
291:,
240:,
208:,
204:,
200:,
196:,
177:,
173:,
153:A
2109:)
2105:(
1984:)
1980:(
1413:e
1406:t
1399:v
1153:e
1146:t
1139:v
1115:e
1108:t
1101:v
1048:.
880::
749:)
322:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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