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698:, which had previously subsidised the island nation's economy. Rationing started being phased out in the year 2000 at the end of the "special period", as Cuba had shifted to a more diversified and self-sustaining economy. Rationing, however, was not fully abolished and instead turned into an alternative way to purchase goods, in addition to the markets. This makes a curious departure from classical rationing, as during the 2001–2019 period, the rationing system was used in addition to, instead of as a replacement for regular markets. Cubans would be able to buy a certain amount of items at 'liberated' prices using ration coupons at a significantly reduced rate, while still being able to purchase more at regular market prices. This 'liberated' system persisted even during Cuba's period of economic growth and relative prosperity during the early and mid 2010s and enjoyed considerable popularity among the island's citizens. Cuba later re-introduced a classical limiting rationing system in 2019, following the imposition of strict sanctions on the island by US President
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so-called uniform rationing, each ration is set to the minimum of the participant's ideal ration and a cap, the cap being determined so that the sum of the rations equals the amount available. So, loosely speaking, the participant asking least will be served first. This mechanism is strategy-proof, avoids unnecessary waste (Pareto optimality) and equally treats equals (anonymity.) In fact, it is the only such mechanism. (Anonymity in this statement can be replaced by envyfreeness). For the redistribution of scarce goods to demanders by suppliers, see
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594:. In some respects it was more strict after the war than during it—two major foodstuffs that were never rationed during the war, bread and potatoes, were rationed after it (bread from 1946 to 1948, and potatoes for a time from 1947). Tea was still rationed until 1952. In 1953 rationing of sugar and eggs ended and in 1954, all rationing was abolished when cheese and meats came off ration. Sugar was again rationed in 1974 after Caribbean producers began selling to the more lucrative United States market.
929:. Individuals then surrender these credits when buying fuel or electricity. Individuals wanting or needing to emit at a level above that permitted by their initial allocation would be able to engage in emissions trading and purchase additional credits. Conversely, those individuals who emit at a level below that permitted by their initial allocation have the opportunity to sell their surplus credits. Thus, individual trading under Personal Carbon Trading is similar to the trading of companies under
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329:. They worked on the chemical composition of the human body, and on the nutritional value of different flours used to make bread. Widdowson also studied the impact of infant diet on human growth. They studied the differing effects from deficiencies of salt and of water and produced the first tables to compare the nutritional contents of foods before and after cooking. They co-authored
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410:(OPA) warned Americans of potential gasoline, steel, aluminum and electricity shortages. It believed that with factories converting to military production and consuming many critical supplies, rationing would become necessary if the country entered the war. It established a rationing system after the
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ended all imports. Using 1938 food-production data, they fed themselves and other volunteers a limited diet, while simulating the strenuous wartime physical work
Britons would likely have to perform. The scientists found that the subjects' health and performance remained very good after three months.
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were distributed per household, not per person, wives had to share their household allowance with their husbands, and in fact thus got nothing at all. People often sought to circumvent the rationing by making frequent use of friends or even strangers' booklets, for example by rewarding a young woman
375:
The
British public's wartime diet was never as severe as in the Cambridge study because German U-boats failed to halt trans-Atlantic supply, but rationing improved the health of British people: infant mortality declined and life expectancy rose. This was because everyone had access to a varied diet
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is in force. Ration stamps were widely used during World War II by both sides after hostilities caused interruption to the normal supply of goods. They were also used after the end of the war while the economies of the belligerents gradually returned to normal. Ration stamps were also used to help
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At other times, the ration can only be estimated by the beneficiary, such as a factory for which energy is to be rationed. In such cases, a mechanism is needed to discourage misreporting the needs or wants (i.e., to meet strategy-proofness). Suppose every participant reports an ideal ration. For
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A reason for setting the price lower than would clear the market may be that there is a shortage, which would drive the market price very high. High prices, especially in the case of necessities, are undesirable with regard to those who cannot afford them. However, economists point out that high
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Rationing was also introduced to a number of
British dominions, and colonies, with rationing of clothing imposed in Australia, from 12 June 1942, and certain foodstuffs from 1943. Canada rationed tea, coffee, sugar, butter and mechanical spares, between 1942 and 1947. The Cochin, Travancore and
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in
Estonia), where after each purchase of alcoholic beverages, a stamp was added, based on the amount of alcohol bought. If the buyer had reached their monthly ration, they would have to wait until next month to buy more. The rations were based on gender, income, wealth and social status, with
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The purpose of rationing is to guarantee a minimum of some resource or to impose a maximum limit on its use. (The latter is the case with carbon rationing, where the scarcity is artificial). Usually, the government determines a fair ration, for example, one proportional to the number of family
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observed in 1979, "whatever the expenditure on health care, demand is likely to rise to meet and exceed it". Rationing health care to control costs is regarded as an explosive issue in the US, but in reality health care is rationed everywhere. In places where a government provides healthcare,
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was rationed on 27 November 1942 to 1 pound (0.45 kg) every five weeks. By the end of 1942, ration coupons were used for nine other items. Typewriters, gasoline, bicycles, footwear, silk, nylon, fuel oil, stoves, meat, lard, shortening and cooking oils, cheese, butter, margarine,
819:. Every registered refugee is given a ration card upon registration which is used for collecting the rations from food distribution centres. The 2,100 calories allocated per person per day is based on minimal standards and is frequently not achieved, as has been the case in Kenya.
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due to the similar notion of paying for emissions allowances, but is a quite different concept designed to be mandatory and to guarantee that nations achieve their domestic carbon emissions targets (rather than attempting to do so via international trading or offsetting).
170:(FEMA) has established guidelines for rationing food and water when replacements are not available. According to FEMA standards, every person should have a minimum of 1 US quart (0.95 L) per day of water, and more for children, nursing mothers, and the ill.
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are often referred to colloquially as "food stamps". The parallels between these "food stamps" and ration stamps as used in war time rationing is limited, however, since food can be purchased in the United States on the regular market without the use of stamps.
144:" which allow them to purchase a certain amount of a product each month. Rationing often includes food and other necessities for which there is a shortage, including materials needed for the war effort such as rubber tires, leather shoes, clothing, and fuel.
643:, during which rationing was enforced. At first, only staple foods such as cooking oil, sugar, and margarine were rationed, but it was later expanded, and eventually included furniture and footwear. Every month, each citizen would get food coupons worth six
132:. Despite the fact that rationing systems are sometimes necessary as the only viable option for societies facing severe consumer goods shortages, they are usually extremely unpopular with the general public, as they enforce limits on individual consumption.
469:, a girl of 11, her notes about starvation and deaths of her sister, then grandmother, then brother, then uncle, then another uncle, then mother. The last three notes say "Savichevs died", "Everyone died" and "Only Tanya is left." She died of intestinal
654:, and the subsequent influx of foreign capital, Israel's economy was bolstered, and in 1953, most restrictions were cancelled. In 1958, the list of rationed goods was narrowed to just eleven, and in 1959, it was narrowed to only jam, sugar, and coffee.
391:" of wholemeal bread replaced the ordinary white variety, to the distaste of most housewives who found it mushy, grey, and easy to blame for digestive problems. Fish was not rationed, but fish prices increased considerably as the war progressed.
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there is also cultural rationing, with strict official control over what is published and performed in China, so that, particularly in recent years, there is a very narrow range of cultural entertainment from which all strata of society have to
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The work of issuing ration books and exchanging used stamps for certificates was handled by some 5,500 local ration boards of mostly volunteers. As a result of the gasoline rationing, all forms of automobile racing, including the
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enacted rationing in 1981 to cope with economic crisis. The rationing system initially encompassed most of the population's daily necessities, but was gradually phased out over time, with the last ration being abolished in 1989.
706:, which was facing its own economic troubles at that time. Cuba's president pitched the new system as significantly more lenient than the 1991–2000 "special period", though admitted that it would negatively affect consumption.
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Civilian peacetime rationing of food has been employed after natural disasters, during contingencies, or after failed governmental economic policies regarding production or distribution, as well as due to extensive
425:"An eager school boy gets his first experience in using War Ration Book Two. With many parents engaged in war work, children are being taught the facts of point rationing for helping out in family marketing.", 1943
383:, cheese, eggs, lard, milk, and canned and dried fruit. Fresh vegetables and fruit were not rationed, but supplies were limited. Many people grew their own vegetables, greatly encouraged by the highly successful "
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Rationing was widespread in the United
Kingdom during World War II and continued long after the end of the war. It has been credited with greatly increasing public health. Fuel rationing did not end until 1950.
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refined the rationing process in the early 1940s to ensure the population did not starve when food imports were severely restricted and local production limited due to the large number of men fighting the war.
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have often resulted in shortages of food and other essentials. In such circumstances, the rations allocated to an individual have often been determined based on age, sex, race or social standing. During the
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Similarly rationing was introduced across the
Japanese empire, as commodities such as rice became scarce in territories, after the destruction of the transport infrastructure that once served colonies.
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were often used. These were redeemable stamps or coupons, and every family was issued a set number of each kind of stamp based on the size of the family, ages of children, and income. The
British
68:, which is one's allowed portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time. There are many forms of rationing, although rationing by price is most prevalent.
1963:
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with a dinner out in return for the other party consuming most or all of the alcohol incurring the stamps. Alcohol rationing was eventually abolished in Sweden with the opening of state-owned
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government policy consisting of the planned and restrictive allocation of scarce resources and consumer goods, usually practiced during times of war, famine or some other national emergency.
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253:. It is said to have benefited the overall health of the country, through the "levelling of consumption of essential foodstuffs". To assist with rationing, ration books were introduced on
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The first commodity to be controlled was petrol. On 8 January 1940, bacon, butter and sugar were rationed. This was followed by successive rationing schemes for meat, tea, jam, biscuits,
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members. If participants possess different rights to a portion (even when they have the same need) and there is not enough for everyone, then one of the many algorithms for solving the
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elected to ration grain between the fall of 1943 and spring 1944. Egypt introduced a ration card-based subsidy of essential foodstuffs in 1945 that has persisted into the 21st century.
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the supplies may be rationed, which is sometimes referred to as the rationing game. The references mentioned here are a small sample of the literature about rationing inventories.
1823:"Woolton Asks Sacrifices by U.S. To Build Food Surplus for Britain; Minister Urges Reduction in Use of Milk, Sugar, Cheese, Meat and Canned Salmon -Calls Situation Now 'Secure'"
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In May 1941, Woolton appealed to
Americans to reduce consumption of certain foods (dairy, sugar canned salmon and meat) so more of those could go to the United Kingdom. The
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A man at a service station reads about the U.S. gasoline rationing system in an afternoon newspaper; a sign in the background states that no gasoline is available, 1974.
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programs implemented to cut or restrict public spending in countries where the rationed goods previously relied on government procurement or subsidies, as was the case
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Sweden from 1919 to 1955 and
Finland from 1944 to 1970, also Estonia from 1 July 1920 to 31 December 1925 sought to limit the consumption of alcohol by rationing with
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Rationing has been present in India since World War II. A ration card allows households to purchase highly subsidised food grain, sugar and kerosene from their local
647:, and every family would be allotted food. The average Israeli diet was 2,800 calories a day, with additional calories for children, the elderly, and pregnant women.
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American civilians first received ration books—War Ration Book Number One, or the "Sugar Book"—on 4 May 1942, through more than 100,000 school teachers,
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rationing is explicit. In other places people are denied treatment because of personal lack of funds, or because of decisions made by insurance companies. The
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1918 for butter, margarine, lard, meat, and sugar. During the war, average caloric intake decreased by only three percent, but protein intake by six percent.
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approved paying doctors to ration care, stating that there must be "some incentive connecting physician reward with treatment rationing". Shortages of
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Fisheries in war time: report on the sea fisheries of
England and Wales by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries for the Years 1939–1944 inclusive
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was the first consumer commodity rationed. Bakeries, ice cream makers, and other commercial users received rations of about 70% of normal usage.
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is the controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, services, or an artificial restriction of demand. Rationing controls the size of the
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rationing that determined how much gasoline could be filled in a fuel tank, depending on whether the driver was essential to the war effort.
87:. An example of rationing in the face of rising prices took place in the various countries where there was rationing of gasoline during the
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refugees shall be treated as national citizens in rationing schemes when there is a rationing system in place for the general population.
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was set up to coordinate the worldwide supply of food to the Allies, with special attention to flows from the U.S. and Canada to Britain.
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337:. Their book, "McCance and Widdowson", became known as the dietician's bible and formed the basis for modern nutritional thinking.
237:, a rationing system was introduced in 1914 and was steadily expanded over the following years as the situation worsened. Although
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German government propaganda poster describing rationing with personifications of meat, bread, sugar, butter, milk, and flour, 1916
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Weymark, John A. (1999). "Sprumont's characterization of the uniform rule when all single-peaked preferences are admissible".
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maintain the amount of food one could hold at a time. This was so that one person would not have more food than another.
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Rationing for civilians has most often been instituted during wartime. For example, each person may be given "ration
110:, where one pays a price to get in and then need not pay any price to go on the rides. Similarly, in the absence of
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of prospective borrowers. Changing the price of the loans (interest rate) does not balance loan demand and supply.
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ounces) for workers and 200 grams (7 ounces) for everyone else. One of the documents of the period is the diary of
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unemployed people and welfare recipients not being allowed to buy any alcohol at all. In addition, since the
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As of 2024, peacetime rationing for basic foodstuffs and similar goods is in effect in Cuba and North Korea.
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were initially set at 800 grams (28 ounces). By the end of 1941 the bread rations were reduced to 250 grams (
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Authorities which introduce rationing often have to deal with the rationed goods being sold illegally on the
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They also headed the first ever mandated addition of vitamins and minerals to food, beginning with adding
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2057:"The Japanese occupation: Malayan economy before, during and after - Articles | Economic History Malaya"
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adults received the same food rations as soldiers while children received half that. Food rations for
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Stiglitz, Joseph E.; Weiss, Andrew (1981). "Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information".
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2005:
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Beckett attributes this quotation (page 382) to Margaret Barnett, but does not give further details.
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of loans, even when it has enough funds to loan, and the provision of loans has not yet equaled the
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In 1939, they tested whether the United Kingdom could survive with only domestic food production if
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prices act to reduce waste of the scarce resource, while also providing incentive to produce more.
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387:" campaign. Most controversial was bread; it was not rationed until after the war ended, but the "
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has called in the army to manage the crisis by rationing the supply of various essential goods."
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446:(canned, bottled, and frozen), dried fruits, canned milk, firewood and coal, jams, jellies, and
202:) women received three-quarters of a man's food ration. Children received only half. During the
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If one were to buy more food than specified on the stamp, they had to pay 2.5 times the price.
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1649:. Medical Research Council (GB) Special Report Series, no. 235. London: H.M. Stationery Office
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schemes under which emissions credits are allocated to adult individuals on a (broadly) equal
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in began in 1942 and was abolished on most foods in 1948, but continued on butter until 1950.
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State Intervention in Great Britain: Study of Economic Control and Social Response, 1914–1919
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Ration Coupons on the Home Front, 1942–1945 – Duke University Libraries Digital Collections
2178:"Things Became Scarce: Food Availability and Accessibility in Santiago de Cuba Then and Now"
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761:, facing a major economic crisis, is considering introducing food rationing. According to
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2458:"How Sri Lanka's overnight flip to total organic farming has led to an economic disaster"
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Links to 1940s newspaper clippings on rationing, primarily World War II War Ration Books
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caused by starvation. Starting in 1942 daily bread rations were increased to 350 grams (
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2567:[The Ministry of Labor announced the expansion of the coupon economy in Iran].
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A (Soviet) voucher for the purchase of one pair of men's shoes, valid from 1990 to 1993
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348:" campaign, encouraging Britons to supplement their rations by cultivating gardens and
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2439:"Drought-Stricken California Hasn't Mandated Statewide Water Restrictions. Here's Why"
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German ration stamp for a person on holiday/vacation during World War II (5-day-stamp)
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did not suffer from food shortages, as the sea lanes were kept open for food imports,
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Rationing of food and water may also become necessary during an emergency, such as a
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introduced peacetime rationing systems due to food shortages in the postwar period.
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to bread. Their work became the basis of the wartime austerity diet promoted by the
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announced a 30-day electricity rationing regime in the face of power shortages.
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2689:(2 ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. pp. 223–224.
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A 1918 advertisement urges civilians to preserve their food during World War I.
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forces the rationing of organs for transplant even when funding is available.
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1692:"Fighting fit: how dietitians tested if Britain would be starved into defeat"
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California's drought is over, but water conservation remains a 'way of life'
2388:"California Imposes First Mandatory Water Restrictions to Deal With Drought"
1717:"Wartime Rationing helped the British get healthier than they had ever been"
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for fuels during the crisis, which allowed only vehicles with even-numbered
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food was rationed from 1941 to 1947. In particular, daily bread rations in
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in two periods: April 1952 to January 1953 and August 1976 to July 1989.
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liquor stores, where people could buy alcoholic beverages without limit.
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535:, who recorded the deaths of each member of her family during the siege.
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For the duration...: the United States goes to war, Pearl Harbor – 1942
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2653:"The Nation: The 'R' Word; Justice Souter Takes on a Health Care Taboo"
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United States gasoline ration stamps printed, but not used, during the
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products can be rationed using queues. This is seen, for example, at
2335:"Venezuela's Maduro announces electricity rationing amid power cuts"
1372:"Life on the Home Front; Rationing: A Necessary But Hated Sacrifice"
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issued by a government to allow the holder to obtain food or other
800:
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Short-term rationing for gas and other fuels was introduced in the
628:
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2919:
Rong, Ying; Snyder, Lawrence V.; Shen, Zuo-Jun Max (25 May 2017).
2539:"Sri Lanka walks back fertiliser ban over political fallout fears"
2177:
1398:"How the Ministry of Food managed food rationing in World War Two"
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Nanjing 1962 daily industrial products ration stamp/coupon, China.
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for basic goods was enacted in 1991 following the collapse of the
566:
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2583:"Cuba slashes size of daily bread ration as ingredients run thin"
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Government funds provided to poverty stricken individuals by the
1158:
Antyodaya (AAY) ration cards, issued to the "poorest of the poor"
870:
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Petroleum products were rationed in many countries following the
458:, were banned. All rationing in the United States ended in 1946.
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54:
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3042:, Report of New York State Task Force on Life and the Law, 2007.
2921:"Bullwhip and Reverse Bullwhip Effects under the Rationing Game"
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Any Way You Slice It: The Past, Present, and Future of Rationing
2268:"Cuba Rations Staple Foods and Soap in Face of Economic Crisis"
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Controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, or services
2302:"New York City Decides to Extend Gas Rationing Through Friday"
657:
2686:
Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies
1173:
Rationing was used in the United States during World War II.
1078:
1062:
808:
606:
434:
246:
190:
41:"Ration" redirects here. For Field and garrison rations, see
3177:
2601:"FAQs | WFP | United Nations World Food Programme"
681:
to fill up on gas one day and odd-numbered ones on another.
1074:
949:
250:
245:
towards the end of the war prompted the rationing of first
225:
The first modern rationing systems were imposed during the
3148:
World War II Rationing on the U.S. homefront, illustrated
3125:
Are You Ready?: An In-depth Guide to Citizen Preparedness
2487:"Explained - What caused the Sri Lankan economic crisis?"
1110:
2627:"WFP Forced To Reduce Food Rations To Refugees In Kenya"
2758:"Priority Rules and Other Asymmetric Rationing Methods"
2097:"FE482/FE482: Overview of Cuba's Food Rationing System"
1946:"Rationed Goods in the USA During the Second World War"
1894:"Sugar: U.S. consumers register for first ration books"
877:
can function to limit, moderate and share out approved
3083:
Canada rationing, 1942-1947 : a numismatic record
1424:"Could rationing hold the key to today's food crises?"
702:, as well as the collapse of petroleum shipments from
102:
is only one kind of non-price rationing. For example,
3045:
Matt Gouras. "Frist Defends Flu Shots for Congress."
2513:"Sri Lanka organic revolution threatens tea disaster"
2242:"Cuba to widen food rationing as supply crisis bites"
652:
Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany
1629:
631:
residents standing in line to buy food rations, 1954
590:, rationing remained for years after the end of the
2362:"Electricity rationing plan announced in Venezuela"
936:Personal carbon trading is sometimes confused with
881:, experiences and exposures to the general public.
3040:Allocation of Ventilators in an Influenza Pandemic
3011:
1785:
1739:"History in Focus: War – Rationing in London WWII"
1508:
2031:"Availability of Butter Coupons. Gisborne Herald"
317:Rationing on a scientific basis was pioneered by
4289:
2565:"وزارت کار خبر داد: گسترش اقتصاد کوپنی در ایران"
2111:"Shortages: Gas Fever: Happiness Is a Full Tank"
1635:
892:describes a situation wherein a bank limits the
294:Child's ration book, used in Britain during the
71:Rationing is often done to keep price below the
2970:
2504:
2480:
2478:
1888:
1886:
847:Royal Commission on the National Health Service
799:, provide food rations and other essentials to
513:ounces) for everyone else, which resulted in a
3168:Recipe for Victory:Food and Cooking in Wartime
2918:
2531:
2006:"Rationing of New Zealand-Grown Foods | NZETC"
1912:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1807:Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (1946).
1604:
1602:
1479:. London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co.
1143:Priority ration cards (replaced the erstwhile
752:California State Water Resources Control Board
3193:
3137:a short description of World War II rationing
2720:
2449:
2144:"Poland to End Rations And Food-Price Freeze"
1683:
824:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
2990:"1950: UK drivers cheer end of fuel rations"
2892:
2714:
2475:
2081:"Rationing starts as sugar shortage looms".
1883:
1843:
1689:
969:, where each household was given a booklet (
325:at the Department of Experimental Medicine,
3131:short descriptions of World War I rationing
1869:
1599:
34:. For the human activity of reasoning, see
3200:
3186:
2510:
1800:
1565:
1563:
613:during Ceausescu's rule in the 1980s, the
570:Polish milk ration stamp from 1981 to 1983
83:. Thus, rationing can be complementary to
2679:
2385:
1948:. Ames Historical Society. Archived from
1576:(2 ed.). Longman. pp. 380–382.
1178:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
398:Lining up at the Rationing Board Office,
2804:
1489:
1421:
1151:ration cards after the enactment of the
1056:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1013:
948:
834:
708:
656:
623:
565:
460:
420:
393:
339:
289:
177:
146:
49:
3009:
2857:
2485:Perumal, Prashanth (6 September 2021).
2484:
1763:. Guinness Publishing. pp. 19–20.
1761:The Guinness Book of Military Anecdotes
1670:
1569:
1560:
1539:
1483:
1395:
944:
617:in 1990–1991, and from 1962–present in
14:
4290:
3052:
2893:Richard, Gilbert J.; Klemperer, Paul.
2755:
2455:
2436:
1783:
1666:
1664:
1515:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
1506:
1472:
1327:
1113:or in other emergency situations when
784:
754:had mandatory water-use restrictions.
609:did so in the 1970s and 1980s, as did
561:
3181:
3057:. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
2511:Jayasinghe, Amal (1 September 2021).
2217:"Cuba cuts back on rationed products"
2214:
2175:
1792:. New York, Pantheon Books. pp.
1758:
1608:
1466:
1139:There are two types of ration cards:
861:
135:
2895:"An equilibrium theory of rationing"
2359:
1992:"New Zealand Official Yearbook 1946"
1042:Romanian 1989 ration card for bread.
233:, suffering from the effects of the
3277:Agent-based computational economics
2973:"National Food Security Act (2013)"
2456:Pandey, Samyak (5 September 2021).
2437:Romero, Ezra David (16 July 2021),
1673:"Elsie – mother of the modern loaf"
1661:
1333:
1292:Juntas de Abastecimientos y Precios
903:
884:
499:ounces) for workers and 125 grams (
301:Rationing became common during the
275:
168:Federal Emergency Management Agency
114:, access to roads is rationed in a
75:price determined by the process of
24:
3033:
2951:Eindhoven University of Technology
2299:
1690:Dawes, Laura (24 September 2013).
1422:Williams, Zoe (24 December 2013).
25:
4324:
3118:
3079:
2274:. Associated Press. 11 May 2019.
1964:"Historic Pittsburgh: Chronology"
1788:The People's War: Britain 1939–45
1646:The Chemical Composition of Foods
1184:
333:, first published in 1940 by the
331:The Chemical Composition of Foods
268:were in use until the end of the
3735:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
2805:Bjorkman, Jenny (15 June 2018).
2386:Nagourney, Adam (1 April 2015).
2194:10.1111/j.1556-4797.2009.01034.x
1457:"Food and Water in an Emergency"
1396:Charman, Terry (22 March 2018).
1318:The New Encyclopaedia Britannica
1162:
1109:that are in short supply during
791:Refugee camp § Food rations
748:series of droughts in California
450:were rationed by November 1943.
2982:
2964:
2939:
2912:
2886:
2851:
2825:
2798:
2749:
2673:
2645:
2619:
2593:
2575:
2557:
2430:
2413:
2379:
2353:
2327:
2300:Hu, Winnie (18 November 2012).
2293:
2260:
2234:
2215:Haven, Paul (7 November 2009).
2208:
2169:
2136:
2103:
2089:
2074:
2049:
2023:
1998:
1984:
1970:
1956:
1938:
1851:""Creamless Days?" / The Pinch"
1815:
1777:
1752:
1731:
1709:
1671:Elliott, Jane (25 March 2007).
1590:
1533:
1493:Ladysmith: The Diary of a Siege
1272:Rationing in the United Kingdom
1252:2007 Gas Rationing Plan in Iran
1191:Rationing in the United Kingdom
1009:
822:According to Article 20 of the
282:Rationing in the United Kingdom
264:after the First World War, and
2866:(4). (January 2000): 389–393.
2839:(in Estonian). 8 November 2008
1926:. 30 November 1942. p. 64
1500:
1449:
1415:
1389:
1364:
1309:
1277:Rationing in the United States
1204:Ration cards were used in the
1169:Rationing in the United States
829:
408:Office of Price Administration
286:Rationing in the United States
13:
1:
3671:Critique of political economy
3207:
3028:– via Internet Archive.
1546:. Routledge. pp. 12–29.
1490:Nevinson, Henry Wood (1900).
1476:The Siege of Lucknow: A Diary
1473:Inglis, Julia Selina (1892).
1302:
1267:Rationing in the Soviet Union
611:Socialist Republic of Romania
2756:Moulin, Hervé (1 May 2000).
2723:The American Economic Review
1880:Kennett, 1985 p 133, 137-138
1053:ration stamps for milk. 1950
807:who are registered with the
805:internally displaced persons
222:were significantly smaller.
7:
2833:"Alkoholikeeldudest Eestis"
2807:"Motboken – hatad av många"
2571:(in Persian). 27 June 2023.
1966:. University of Pittsburgh.
1540:Hurwitz, Samuel J. (1949).
1214:
1026:French ration stamps, 1944.
997:non-monetary microeconomies
641:under a regime of austerity
431:Parent-Teacher Associations
260:Food rationing appeared in
206:in the early stages of the
10:
4329:
3809:Real business-cycle theory
1570:Beckett, Ian F.W. (2007).
1188:
1166:
1153:National Food Security Act
1134:Public distribution system
1125:
907:
838:
795:Aid agencies, such as the
788:
279:
173:
40:
29:
4249:
4207:
3849:
3583:
3332:
3297:
3215:
3150:– Ames Historical Society
3053:Elster, Jon, ed. (1995).
2902:RAND Journal of Economics
2860:Review of Economic Design
2085:. 9 July 1974. p. 3.
2035:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1900:. 11 May 1942. p. 19
1857:. 9 June 1941. p. 38
1811:. H.M. Stationery Office.
1637:McCance, Robert Alexander
1376:Oregon Secretary of State
1199:
811:and are either living in
750:(from 2015 to 2019), the
746:For a few years during a
3173:war time rationing in UK
3055:Local justice in America
2339:South China Morning Post
1978:"World War II Rationing"
1831:. 31 May 1941. p. 4
1759:Regan, Geoffrey (1992).
1609:Nicol, Patricia (2010).
1507:Heyman, Neil M. (1997).
1496:. New Amsterdam Book Co.
1334:Cox, Stan (7 May 2013).
1242:Grain rationing in China
1206:Polish People's Republic
1121:
774:In 2023, Iran began the
473:shortly after the siege.
433:, and other volunteers.
335:Medical Research Council
200:Indian Rebellion of 1857
116:first come, first served
3449:Industrial organization
3272:Computational economics
3139:– Memories of the 1940s
3133:– Spartacus Educational
2777:10.1111/1468-0262.00126
2631:UN World Food Programme
2366:Business Standard India
1343:. New York: New Press.
1320:(15th ed.). 1994.
1004:supply chain management
925:basis, within national
915:Personal carbon trading
776:National Credit Network
376:with enough nutrients.
327:University of Cambridge
30:For the 1944 film, see
3654:Modern monetary theory
3319:Experimental economics
3289:Pluralism in economics
3262:Mathematical economics
3018:. New York: Scribner.
2947:"Find Research Output"
1784:Calder, Angus (1969).
1262:Rationing in Nicaragua
1227:Colorado River Compact
1086:
1054:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
954:
852:American Supreme Court
717:
662:
632:
571:
474:
426:
412:attack on Pearl Harbor
403:
352:
298:
186:
152:
58:
4313:Disaster preparedness
3010:Kennett, Lee (1985).
2971:Government of India.
2872:10.1007/s100580050044
2360:IANS (1 April 2019).
2176:Garth, Hanna (2009).
1060:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
952:
835:Health-care rationing
712:
660:
627:
569:
545:New Zealand rationing
464:
424:
397:
343:
293:
181:
150:
53:
3528:Social choice theory
3284:Behavioral economics
3267:Complexity economics
2786:on 18 September 2020
2589:. 17 September 2024.
2117:. 18 February 1974.
2010:nzetc.victoria.ac.nz
1641:Widdowson, Elsie May
1282:Road space rationing
945:Rationing mechanisms
841:Healthcare rationing
815:or are supported in
797:World Food Programme
121:process, leading to
3612:American (National)
3312:Economic statistics
3080:Allen, Harold Don.
3049:. October 21, 2004.
1952:on 10 October 2014.
1296:Chile under Allende
1128:Ration card (India)
917:refers to proposed
856:organs for donation
785:Refugee aid rations
650:Following the 1952
635:From 1949 to 1959,
562:Peacetime rationing
554:Many countries had
416:Combined Food Board
414:. In June 1942 the
385:Digging for Victory
4308:Military logistics
2992:. BBC. 26 May 1950
2681:Goldstone, Jack A.
2658:The New York Times
2633:. 14 November 2014
2392:The New York Times
2306:The New York Times
2272:The New York Times
2148:The New York Times
2037:. 16 December 1949
1980:. Online Highways.
1920:"Coffee Rationing"
1828:The New York Times
1247:Rationing in India
1149:below poverty line
1145:above poverty line
1087:
1083:Artsakh government
1081:, provided by the
1061:Ration stamps for
1055:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1020:
960:bankruptcy problem
955:
862:Cultural rationing
769:Gotabaya Rajapaksa
718:
675:odd–even rationing
663:
633:
572:
539:Madras states, of
483:besieged Leningrad
475:
427:
404:
353:
299:
204:Siege of Ladysmith
187:
153:
136:Civilian rationing
89:1973 energy crisis
59:
4285:
4284:
3816:New institutional
3064:978-0-87154-233-5
2607:on 18 August 2016
2519:. Omicron Limited
2419:Stephanie Koons,
1615:. Vintage Books.
1583:978-1-4058-1252-8
1350:978-1-59558-884-5
938:carbon offsetting
919:emissions trading
692:Rationing in Cuba
599:planned economies
597:Some centralized
381:breakfast cereals
270:Polish–Soviet War
166:In the U.S., the
81:unfettered market
77:supply and demand
57:ration card, 1989
16:(Redirected from
4320:
4303:Civilians in war
3489:Natural resource
3324:Economic history
3250:Mechanism design
3202:
3195:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3114:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3076:
3047:Associated Press
3029:
3017:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2899:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2811:Slakthistoria.se
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2779:. Archived from
2762:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2603:. Archived from
2597:
2591:
2590:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2569:Voice of America
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2434:
2428:
2427:(July 10, 2019).
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2331:
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2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2150:. 31 July 1989.
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2072:
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1967:
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1953:
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1331:
1325:
1324:
1313:
1257:Military rations
1085:in January 2023.
910:Carbon rationing
904:Carbon rationing
890:Credit rationing
885:Credit rationing
530:
529:
525:
522:
512:
511:
507:
504:
498:
497:
493:
490:
456:Indianapolis 500
366:Minister of Food
344:Poster for the "
311:Ministry of Food
303:Second World War
296:Second World War
276:Second World War
256:
235:British blockade
196:Siege of Lucknow
157:natural disaster
98:Rationing using
43:Military rations
32:Rationing (film)
21:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4321:
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4317:
4288:
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4281:
4278:Business portal
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3967:von Böhm-Bawerk
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3854:
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3617:Ancient thought
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3577:
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3293:
3245:Contract theory
3230:Decision theory
3211:
3206:
3158:Genealogy Today
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3034:Further reading
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2699:
2697:
2683:, ed. (1994) .
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2545:. 5 August 2021
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1300:
1294:, rationing in
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1193:
1187:
1171:
1165:
1130:
1124:
1012:
947:
912:
906:
887:
864:
845:As the British
843:
837:
832:
793:
787:
739:In April 2019,
734:Hurricane Sandy
715:1973 oil crisis
667:1973 oil crisis
564:
533:Tanya Savicheva
527:
523:
520:
518:
515:surge of deaths
509:
505:
502:
500:
495:
491:
488:
486:
467:Tanya Savicheva
444:processed foods
346:Dig for Victory
319:Elsie Widdowson
288:
278:
254:
227:First World War
183:First World War
176:
138:
108:amusement parks
73:market-clearing
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4326:
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3681:Disequilibrium
3678:
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3494:Organizational
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3295:
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3264:
3259:
3257:Macroeconomics
3254:
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3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3225:Microeconomics
3221:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3205:
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3182:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3151:
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3120:
3119:External links
3117:
3116:
3115:
3107:|website=
3077:
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3050:
3043:
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3032:
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3004:
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2981:
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2911:
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2824:
2797:
2771:(3): 643–684.
2748:
2729:(3): 393–410.
2713:
2695:
2672:
2661:. 18 June 2000
2644:
2618:
2592:
2574:
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2530:
2503:
2474:
2448:
2429:
2412:
2378:
2352:
2341:. 1 April 2019
2326:
2292:
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2246:Deutsche Welle
2233:
2207:
2188:(1): 178–192.
2168:
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2102:
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2073:
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2022:
1997:
1983:
1969:
1955:
1937:
1911:
1882:
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1814:
1799:
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1719:. 21 June 2004
1708:
1682:
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1622:978-0099521129
1621:
1598:
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1553:978-1136931864
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1526:978-0313298806
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1198:
1189:Main article:
1186:
1185:United Kingdom
1183:
1167:Main article:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1126:Main article:
1123:
1120:
1101:is a stamp or
1011:
1008:
946:
943:
927:carbon budgets
908:Main article:
905:
902:
886:
883:
879:cultural goods
863:
860:
839:Main article:
836:
833:
831:
828:
786:
783:
645:Israeli pounds
588:United Kingdom
563:
560:
323:Robert McCance
277:
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175:
172:
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85:price controls
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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3862:de Mandeville
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3827:
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3804:New classical
3802:
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3785:
3783:
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3776:
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3772:
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3760:Malthusianism
3758:
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3748:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3732:
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3728:
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3721:Institutional
3719:
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3524:Public choice
3522:
3520:
3517:
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3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3499:Participation
3497:
3495:
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3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
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3459:Institutional
3457:
3455:
3452:
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3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:Expeditionary
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Environmental
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
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3198:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:Tax Rationing
3161:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
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3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3027:
3025:0-684-18239-4
3021:
3016:
3015:
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2696:9780155003859
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2277:
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2269:
2263:
2248:. 11 May 2019
2247:
2243:
2237:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:NAPA Bulletin
2179:
2172:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
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2120:
2116:
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2106:
2098:
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2077:
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2036:
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2026:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1925:
1921:
1915:
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1889:
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1846:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1810:
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1772:
1770:0-85112-519-0
1766:
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1573:The Great War
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1399:
1392:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1316:"Rationing".
1312:
1308:
1297:
1293:
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1285:
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1207:
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1192:
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1179:
1174:
1170:
1163:United States
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:ration coupon
1092:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:vegetable oil
1068:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
992:
990:
989:Systembolaget
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
951:
942:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
901:
899:
895:
891:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
859:
857:
853:
848:
842:
827:
825:
820:
818:
817:urban centres
814:
813:refugee camps
810:
806:
802:
798:
792:
782:
779:
777:
772:
770:
767:, "President
766:
765:
760:
755:
753:
749:
744:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
711:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
686:
682:
680:
676:
672:
671:United States
668:
659:
655:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
630:
626:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
568:
559:
557:
552:
548:
546:
542:
541:British India
536:
534:
516:
484:
480:
472:
468:
465:The diary of
463:
459:
457:
451:
449:
448:fruit butters
445:
440:
436:
432:
423:
419:
417:
413:
409:
401:
396:
392:
390:
389:national loaf
386:
382:
377:
373:
371:
367:
363:
358:
351:
347:
342:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
312:
308:
307:Ration stamps
304:
297:
292:
287:
283:
273:
271:
267:
266:ration stamps
263:
258:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
216:Indian people
213:
209:
205:
201:
198:(part of the
197:
192:
184:
180:
171:
169:
164:
162:
161:terror attack
158:
149:
145:
143:
133:
131:
126:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:ration stamps
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
4273:Publications
4229:Publications
4196:
3792:Neoclassical
3782:Mercantilism
3691:Evolutionary
3553:Sociological
3526: /
3424:Geographical
3404:Evolutionary
3379:Digitization
3344:Agricultural
3307:Econometrics
3235:Price theory
3087:. Retrieved
3082:
3054:
3046:
3013:
2994:. Retrieved
2984:
2966:
2954:. Retrieved
2950:
2941:
2924:
2914:
2905:
2901:
2888:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2836:
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2813:(in Swedish)
2810:
2800:
2788:. Retrieved
2781:the original
2768:
2765:Econometrica
2764:
2751:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2707:
2700:. Retrieved
2685:
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2656:
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2630:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2605:the original
2595:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2542:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
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3765:Marginalism
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3369:Demographic
3240:Game theory
3217:Theoretical
2702:12 December
2549:6 September
2523:6 September
2496:6 September
2467:6 September
2425:AccuWeathey
1930:23 November
1904:17 November
1511:World War I
1341:(Hardcover)
1237:Food stamps
1107:commodities
1099:ration card
1051:Yugoslavian
1002:For smooth
975:viinakortti
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962:may apply.
830:Other types
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4292:Categories
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4097:Schumacher
4002:Schumpeter
3972:von Wieser
3892:von Thünen
3852:Economists
3751:Circuitism
3716:Humanistic
3711:Historical
3686:Ecological
3676:Democratic
3649:Chartalism
3639:Behavioral
3602:Mainstream
3563:Statistics
3558:Solidarity
3479:Managerial
3444:Humanistic
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3349:Behavioral
2221:Boston.com
2061:www.ehm.my
1861:5 December
1744:20 January
1723:20 January
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1287:Salt lists
923:per capita
867:Censorship
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726:New Jersey
350:allotments
280:See also:
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4298:Rationing
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3997:von Mises
3992:Heckscher
3952:Edgeworth
3831:Stockholm
3826:Socialist
3726:Keynesian
3706:Happiness
3666:Classical
3627:Mutualism
3622:Anarchist
3607:Heterodox
3504:Personnel
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3109:ignored (
3099:cite book
2880:154970988
2837:Postimees
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759:Sri Lanka
757:In 2021,
741:Venezuela
736:in 2012.
704:Venezuela
581:in Israel
577:austerity
249:and then
210:in 1900,
189:Military
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4253:Category
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4219:Glossary
4172:Stiglitz
4137:Rothbard
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3947:Marshall
3797:Lausanne
3701:Georgism
3696:Feminist
3644:Buddhist
3634:Austrian
3533:Regional
3509:Planning
3484:Monetary
3414:Feminist
3359:Cultural
3354:Business
3089:28 March
3073:94039623
2996:27 March
2843:27 March
2817:29 March
2790:2 August
2517:Phys.org
2462:ThePrint
1677:BBC News
1643:(1940).
1215:See also
1155:in 2013)
801:refugees
730:New York
629:Tel Aviv
556:gasoline
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3907:Cournot
3902:Bastiat
3887:Ricardo
3877:Malthus
3867:Quesnay
3770:Marxian
3661:Chicago
3591:history
3586:Schools
3573:Welfare
3543:Service
3334:Applied
2933:1240173
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2743:1802787
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2015:21 July
1462:. FEMA.
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875:museums
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508:⁄
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262:Poland
191:sieges
104:scarce
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4263:Lists
4258:Index
4209:Lists
4182:Hoppe
4167:Lucas
4132:Solow
4122:Arrow
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3568:Urban
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3538:Rural
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2691:ISBN
2667:2015
2639:2021
2613:2016
2551:2021
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2321:2019
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2163:2019
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2130:2019
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2017:2022
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1906:2011
1898:Life
1863:2012
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