975:
neutral. On the one hand, magicians try to influence life forces to alter the physical world, perhaps to bring good fortune or a return to health. Sorcerers, on the other hand, are antisocial, using sorcery (or "black magic") to control or consume the vital force of others. Unlike magicians, whose identity is generally known, sorcerers hide their supernatural powers, practicing their nefarious rites in secret. When misfortune occurs, people often suspect that sorcery is at the root of their troubles. They seek counsel from diviners or magicians to identify the responsible party and ways to rectify the situation; if the disruption is deemed to threaten everyone, leaders may act on behalf of the community at large. If discovered, sorcerers are punished.
959:
intervene in daily life. The sun spirit, capable of rendering service or causing harm, also must be propitiated. Spirits may live in family groups with spouses and children. They are also capable of taking human, animal, or plant forms when they appear among the living. The supernatural powers that control natural events are also of major concern. Among farming peoples, rituals to propitiate such powers are associated with the beginning and end of the agricultural cycle. Among the Sara, the new year begins with the appearance of the first new moon following the harvest. The next day, people hunt with nets and fire, offering the catch to ancestors. Libations are offered to ancestors, and the first meal from the new harvest is consumed.
967:
supreme being may have helped the spread of
Christianity. When missionaries arrived in southern Chad, they often used the local name of this high god to refer to the Christian supreme being. Thus, although a much more interventionist spirit, the Christian god was recognizable to the people. This recognition probably facilitated conversion, but it may also have ironically encouraged syncretism (the mixing of religious traditions), a practice disturbing to many missionaries and to Protestants in particular. Followers of classical African religions would probably not perceive any necessary contradiction between accepting the Christian god and continuing to believe in the spirits just described.
1955:
97:
1025:
have attended Qur'anic schools, they often have learned to recite verses without understanding their inner meaning. Hence, perhaps even more than among those who understand Arabic, the recitation of verses has taken on a mystical character among
Chadian Muslims. Moreover, Islam in Chad was not particularly influenced by the great mystical movements of the Islamic Middle Ages or the fundamentalist upheavals that affected the faith in the Middle East, West Africa, and Sudan. Beginning in the Middle East in the thirteenth century, Muslim mystics and
1082:
971:
importance to ascertain which spirit or which person is responsible for undermining the natural order; only then is it possible to prescribe a remedy. In such circumstances, people frequently take their cases to ritual specialists, who divine the threats to harmony and recommend appropriate action. Such specialists share their knowledge only with peers. Indeed, they themselves have probably acquired such knowledge incrementally as they made their way through elaborate apprenticeships.
1090:
recommendation, however, probably reflected
European paternalism and favoritism toward Islam rather than a display of liberalism. In any case, the French military administration followed such counsel for the first two decades of the century, the time it took to conquer the new colony and establish control over its people. Following World War I, official opposition to Christianity softened, and the government tolerated but did not sponsor missionaries.
955:
walked among the living, ancestors are prone to intervene in daily affairs. This intervention is particularly likely in the case of the recently deceased, who are thought to spend weeks or months in limbo between the living and the dead. Many religious observances include special rituals to propitiate these spirits, encourage them to take their leave with serenity, and restore the social order their deaths have disrupted.
774:
1002:
1709:
963:
gon lere of Léré is responsible for relations with the sky spirits. And among the Sara
Madjingay, the mbang (chief) of the village of Bédaya controls religious rituals that preserve and renew the social order. Even after the coming of Islam, the symbols of such authority reinforced the rulers of nominally Islamic states such as Wadai, Kanem-Borno, and Bagirmi.
1034:
prolonged contact with West
African Muslim traders and pilgrims, most Chadian Muslims identify with the Tijaniyya order, but the brotherhood has not served as a rallying point for unified action. Similarly, the Sanusiyya, a brotherhood founded in Libya in the mid-nineteenth century, enjoyed substantial economic and political influence in the
1094:
mission education spread the French language. Even though Islam is the religion of the majority, Christians controlled the government that inherited power from the French. These leaders imparted an ideological orientation that continued to dominate in the 1980s. In addition, there are 7,000 Orthodox
Christians.
1093:
Since World War II, Chadian
Catholic Christians have had a far greater influence on Chadian life than their limited numbers suggest. The missions spread the ideology of Westernization—the notion that progress depended on following European models of development. Even more specifically, Roman Catholic
1024:
Islam in Chad has adapted to its local context in many ways. For one thing, despite the presence of a large number of
Chadian Arabs and despite being an official language and widely spoken, Arabic is not the mother tongue of the majority of Chadian Muslims. As a result, although many Chadian Muslims
1020:
Islam became a dynamic political and military force in the Middle East in the decades immediately following
Muhammad's death. By the late seventh century AD, Muslims reached North Africa and moved south into the desert. Although it is difficult to date the arrival and spread of Islam in Chad, by the
982:
Although such rites differ among societies, the Sara yondo may serve as a model of male initiation ceremonies found in Chad. The yondo takes place at a limited number of sites every six or seven years. Boys from different villages, usually accompanied by an elder, gather for the rites, which, before
954:
Ancestors play an important role in
Chadian classical religions. They are thought to span the gap between the supernatural and natural worlds. They connect these two worlds specifically by linking living lineage members with their earliest forebears. Because of their proximity, and because they once
978:
The survival of any society requires that knowledge be passed from one generation to another. In many Chadian societies, this transmission is marked by ritual. Knowledge of the world and its forces is limited to adults; among the predominantly patrilineal societies of Chad, it is further limited to
966:
Finally, most classical African religions involve belief in a supreme being who created the world and its inhabitants but who then retired from active intervention in human affairs. As a result, shrines to a high god are uncommon, and people tend to appeal to the lesser spirits; yet the notion of a
962:
Among the more centralized societies of Chad, the ruler frequently is associated with divine power. Poised at the apex of society, he or (more rarely) she is responsible for good relations with the supernatural forces that sanction and maintain the social order. For example, among the Moundang, the
986:
The yondo and its counterparts among other Chadian societies reinforce male bonds and male authority. Women are not allowed to witness the rite. Their initiated sons and brothers no longer eat with them and go to live in separate houses. Although rites also mark the transition to womanhood in many
970:
Because order is thought to be the natural, desirable state, disorder is not happenstance. Classical African religions devote considerable energy to the maintenance of order and the determination of who or what is responsible for disorder. In the case of illness, for example, it is of the greatest
1046:
legal school (which, like the other three accepted schools of Islamic jurisprudence, is based on an extensive legal literature), most Islamic education relies solely on the Qur'an. Higher Islamic education in Chad is all but nonexistent; thus, serious Islamic students and scholars must go abroad.
958:
Spirits are also numerous. These invisible beings inhabit a parallel world and sometimes reside in particular places or are associated with particular natural phenomena. Among the Mbaye, a Sara subgroup, water and lightning spirits are thought to bring violent death and influence other spirits to
1033:
founded brotherhoods, which institutionalized their teachers' interpretations of the faith. Such organizations stimulated the spread of Islam and provided opportunities for joint action, for the most part, which was not the case in Chad, where only two brotherhoods exist. Perhaps as a result of
974:
Although classical African religions provide institutionalized ways of maintaining or restoring community solidarity, they also allow individuals to influence the cosmic order to advance their own interests. Magic and sorcery both serve this end. From society's standpoint, magic is positive or
1089:
Christianity arrived in Chad in the twentieth century, shortly after the colonial conquest. Contrary to the dominant pattern in some other parts of Africa, however, where the colonial powers encouraged the spread of the faith, the earliest French officials in Chad advised against it. This
1054:
of the faith differs somewhat from the orthodox tradition. For example, public and communal prayer occurs more often than the prescribed one time each week but often does not take place in a mosque. Moreover, Chadian Muslims probably make the pilgrimage less often than, for example, their
1021:
time Arab migrants began arriving from the east in the fourteenth century, the faith was already widespread. Instead of being the product of conquest or the imposition of political power, Islam gradually spread in Chad, and beyond its political frontiers.
2491:
979:
men in particular. Rituals often mark the transition from childhood to adulthood. However, they actively "transform" children into adults, teaching them what adults must know to assume societal responsibilities.
1116:
in 1971. Through succeeding decades Baháʼís have been active in a number of ways and by some counts and estimates have become the third largest international religion in Chad with over 80,000 members by 2000.
1038:
around 1900. Despite French fears of an Islamic revival movement led by "Sanusi fanatics," Chadian adherents, limited to the Awlad Sulayman Arabs and the Toubou of eastern Tibesti, have never been numerous.
1200:
1067:
fast, the most fervent Muslims in Chad refuse to swallow their saliva during the day, a particularly stern interpretation of the injunction against eating or drinking between sunrise and sunset.
987:
Chadian societies, such ceremonies are much shorter. Rather than encouraging girls to participate in the larger society, they stress household responsibilities and deference to male authority.
81:, and 4% other. They are largely concentrated in the northern, eastern, and central regions, whereas traditional religions or animists and Christians live primarily in southern Chad and
983:
the advent of Western education with its nine-month academic calendar, lasted several months. In recent decades, the yondo has been limited to several weeks between academic years.
2150:
1112:
in Chad began after the country's independence in 1960, members of the religion were present in associated territories since 1953. The Baháʼís of Chad elected their first
1131:
The Transitional Charter of October 2022 established Chad as a secular state and affirmed the separation of religion and state; it also provided for freedom of religion.
1150:
1029:
sought to complement the intellectual comprehension of Islam with direct religious experience through prayer, contemplation, and action. The followers of these
2478:
2471:
2459:
2212:
1389:
1842:
1047:
Popular destinations include Khartoum and Cairo, where numerous Chadians attend Al Azhar, the most renowned university in the Islamic world.
1871:
1342:
1929:
941:
2357:
2197:
1298:(in French). Bureau Central du Recensement & Direction de la Statistique, des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques. p. 26
2347:
1175:
1960:
883:
1482:
86:
2436:
1799:
1760:
1701:
1433:
1251:
2447:
1727:
1983:
2227:
2120:
2068:
1922:
934:
746:
1954:
1816:
1411:
1103:
1993:
1126:
1113:
1791:
2528:
2510:
1721:
1463:(in French). Institut National de la Statistique, des Études Économiques et Démographiques. p. 34
1370:(in French). Institut National de la Statistique, des Études Économiques et Démographiques. p. 41
1323:(in French). Institut National de la Statistique, des Études Économiques et Démographiques. p. 36
2547:
2267:
1978:
1689:
1490:
1850:
2497:
2382:
2372:
2177:
1915:
927:
2387:
2272:
2207:
1364:
1170:
913:
1879:
2504:
2367:
2327:
2312:
2297:
2252:
2192:
2013:
112:
96:
90:
2484:
2140:
2317:
1051:
788:
2515:
2422:
2397:
2242:
2237:
2217:
2187:
2172:
2048:
1899:
1076:
908:
116:
1109:
8:
2465:
2431:
2407:
2377:
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2342:
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2322:
2287:
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2232:
2182:
2157:
2113:
1693:
1270:
1154:
2417:
2412:
2352:
2302:
2262:
2162:
2098:
2073:
2038:
2008:
2003:
1938:
1766:
851:
823:
2453:
2392:
2337:
2292:
2277:
2257:
2247:
2222:
2167:
2125:
2088:
2063:
2018:
1795:
1770:
1756:
1697:
795:
1744:
The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara
82:
2402:
2307:
2093:
2078:
1968:
1785:
1748:
2135:
2103:
2058:
2053:
1988:
1365:"Enquête Nationale sur les Indicateurs du Paludisme au Tchad 2010: Rapport Final"
1035:
802:
781:
764:
120:
1457:
1317:
1292:
715:
The DHS Surveys of 1996-97 and 2004 sampled women ages 15-49 and men ages 15-59.
2108:
2083:
2033:
2028:
2023:
856:
89:, in the case of Chad completed in the 11th century with the conversion of the
2541:
1973:
1713:
1256:
996:
867:
846:
830:
755:
135:
According to estimates in 2014-15, 52.1% of the population is Muslim (mainly
124:
70:
1081:
1390:"Table: Christian Population as Percentages of Total Population by Country"
1056:
903:
105:
1752:
2130:
1010:
816:
74:
1742:
139:
115:
arrived in Chad with the French, at the end of the 19th century. Among
78:
63:
1907:
1683:
22:
1998:
1849:. Association For Baháʼí Studies in Southern Africa. Archived from
1134:
In 2023, the country was scored 1 out of 4 for religious freedom.
2043:
1712:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1255:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1064:
1060:
1030:
1026:
143:
1043:
1006:
1001:
773:
108:
and traditional religions (blue: mostly, light blue plurality).
1151:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Chad
1042:
Chapelle writes that even though Chadian Islam adheres to the
66:
people as well as adherents of other faiths are also present.
101:
1335:
1014:
733:
The DHS Survey of 2014-15 sampled women and men ages 15-49.
136:
58:
1783:
1343:"International Religious Freedom Report for 2016: Chad"
1434:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Chad"
724:
The 2010 Malaria Survey only sampled women ages 15-49.
1458:"Tchad: Enquête Démographique et de Santé, 2014-2015"
1293:"Tchad: Enquête Démographique et de Santé, 1996-1997"
55:
Islam and Christianity are the most widely professed
1950:
1483:"Religious Freedom in the World, Report 2021: Chad"
1784:Universal House of Justice (1986). "In Memoriam".
2539:
1318:"Tchad: Enquête Démographique et de Santé, 2004"
711:
709:
1740:
1382:
1357:
1923:
1345:. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
935:
718:
706:
1900:Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08
1821:Asia Pacific Baháʼí Studies - Country files
1450:
1404:
727:
1930:
1916:
1285:
1263:
942:
928:
85:. Islam was brought in the course of the
1794:. pp. Table of Contents and pp.629.
1747:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1741:Brachet, Julien; Scheele, Judith (2019).
104:(green: mostly, light green: plurality),
1834:
1310:
1247:
1245:
1080:
1000:
740:
95:
1681:
1392:. Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011
2540:
1937:
1847:A Study of the Book “Century of Light”
1843:"Major events of the Century of Light"
1840:
1808:
1677:
1675:
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1671:
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1667:
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1623:
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1609:
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1601:
1599:
1597:
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1589:
1587:
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1579:
1577:
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1569:
1567:
1565:
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1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1414:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011
1230:
1120:
1911:
1777:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1412:"Table: Muslim Population by Country"
1242:
1176:Association of Religion Data Archives
548:2020 Pew Research Center Projections
1961:Traditional African religions portal
1864:
1195:
1193:
1165:
1163:
1814:
87:Muslim conquest of the Sudan region
13:
1688:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
1498:
1144:
49: Traditional religions (1.4%)
14:
2559:
1438:United States Department of State
1217:
1190:
1160:
2492:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2213:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1953:
1707:
772:
661:2021 ACN International Estimate
1893:
1734:
1475:
1426:
1171:"Religious demographics (Chad)"
1097:
1070:
142:), 44.1% is Christian, 0.3% is
130:
1205:www.globalreligiousfutures.org
150:Religious affiliation in Chad
1:
2121:Traditional African religions
1682:Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1990).
1201:"Religions in Chad | PEW-GRF"
1137:
747:Traditional African religions
100:Religions in Chad by region;
7:
2273:Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
1994:Traditional Berber religion
1127:Freedom of religion in Chad
1114:National Spiritual Assembly
146:and 2.8% have no religion.
10:
2564:
2529:African diaspora religions
1726:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1124:
1108:Though the history of the
1101:
1074:
1050:Chadian observance of the
994:
744:
2525:
2430:
2149:
1979:Ancient Egyptian religion
1945:
1690:Federal Research Division
1491:Aid to the Church in Need
1271:"The World Factbook:Chad"
1252:US State Dept 2022 report
1059:counterparts in northern
693:
580:
436:2010 Pew Forum Estimates
426:
340:
297:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
154:
62:. Smaller populations of
2198:Central African Republic
990:
123:and 17.9% profess to be
37: Christianity (41%)
1872:"Country Profile: Chad"
1823:. Baháʼí Library Online
1225:Encyclopædia Britannica
597:2020 The ARDA Estimate
21:Religion in Chad (2020
1876:Religious Intelligence
1086:
1017:
119:, 22.8% profess to be
109:
73:, 95% professed to be
2358:São Tomé and Príncipe
2348:Republic of the Congo
1753:10.1017/9781108566315
1685:Chad: A Country Study
1084:
1004:
745:Further information:
741:Traditional religions
99:
1104:Baháʼí Faith in Chad
1077:Christianity in Chad
884:World Heritage Sites
402:2010 Malaria Survey
2114:Serer creation myth
1882:on October 13, 2007
1792:Baháʼí World Centre
1790:. Vol. XVIII.
1694:Library of Congress
1155:Pew Research Center
1121:Freedom of religion
1085:Church in Fort Lamy
484:2014-15 DHS Survey
257:1996-97 DHS Survey
151:
2099:Malagasy mythology
2009:Bushongo mythology
1939:Religion in Africa
1696:. pp. 67–73.
1087:
1018:
149:
117:Chadian Christians
110:
91:Kanem–Bornu Empire
2535:
2534:
2441:other territories
2228:Equatorial Guinea
2126:Tumbuka mythology
2089:Lugbara mythology
2074:Khoe/San religion
2019:Dahomean religion
1815:Hassall, Graham.
1722:cite encyclopedia
952:
951:
702:
701:
31: Islam (55%)
2555:
2548:Religion in Chad
2151:Sovereign states
2094:Maasai mythology
2079:Lotuko mythology
1969:Akamba mythology
1963:
1958:
1957:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1878:. Archived from
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1787:The Baháʼí World
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1234:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1167:
1158:
1148:
944:
937:
930:
776:
767:
751:
750:
734:
731:
725:
722:
716:
713:
307:2004 DHS Survey
152:
148:
48:
42:
36:
30:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2440:
2435:
2426:
2145:
2136:Yoruba religion
2104:Mbuti mythology
2059:Isoko mythology
1989:Bantu mythology
1959:
1952:
1941:
1936:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1817:"Belgian Congo"
1813:
1809:
1802:
1782:
1778:
1763:
1739:
1735:
1719:
1718:
1708:
1704:
1680:
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1371:
1367:
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1222:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1182:
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1169:
1168:
1161:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1129:
1123:
1106:
1100:
1079:
1073:
1036:Lake Chad Basin
999:
993:
948:
919:
918:
914:National anthem
899:
898:
889:
888:
879:
878:
862:
861:
842:
841:
765:Culture of Chad
763:
749:
743:
738:
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732:
728:
723:
719:
714:
707:
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691:
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675:
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656:
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207:
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187:
133:
71:Chadian Muslims
53:
52:
51:
50:
46:
44:
43: None (2%)
40:
38:
34:
32:
28:
12:
11:
5:
2561:
2551:
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2511:Western Sahara
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2109:Serer religion
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2084:Lozi mythology
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2034:Efik mythology
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2029:Dogon religion
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2024:Dinka religion
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2016:
2011:
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1999:Bono mythology
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2268:Guinea-Bissau
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2141:Zulu religion
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1853:on 2009-09-02
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1762:9781108566315
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997:Islam in Chad
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64:non-religious
61:
60:
57:religions in
26:
24:
16:
2503:
2490:
2477:
2432:Dependencies
2383:South Africa
2373:Sierra Leone
2202:
2178:Burkina Faso
2014:Christianity
1984:Baháʼí Faith
1895:
1884:. Retrieved
1880:the original
1875:
1866:
1855:. Retrieved
1851:the original
1846:
1841:Dr. Ahmadi.
1836:
1825:. Retrieved
1820:
1810:
1786:
1779:
1743:
1736:
1684:
1489:
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1452:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1265:
1254:
1237:
1236:S. Collelo,
1232:
1224:
1219:
1208:. Retrieved
1204:
1181:. Retrieved
1174:
1146:
1133:
1130:
1110:Baháʼí Faith
1107:
1098:Baháʼí Faith
1092:
1088:
1071:Christianity
1052:five pillars
1049:
1041:
1023:
1019:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
909:Coat of arms
809:
729:
720:
350:2009 Census
193:1993 Census
134:
131:Demographics
113:Christianity
111:
106:Christianity
68:
56:
54:
20:
15:
2388:South Sudan
2131:Waaqeffanna
188:Christians
183:Protestant
25:Estimates)
2527:See also:
2518:(Tanzania)
2505:Somaliland
2498:St. Helena
2462:(Portugal)
2437:autonomies
2368:Seychelles
2328:Mozambique
2313:Mauritania
2298:Madagascar
2253:The Gambia
2193:Cape Verde
2049:Irreligion
1886:2008-11-17
1857:2008-11-17
1827:2008-11-17
1443:2022-09-29
1210:2022-09-29
1183:2022-09-29
1138:References
852:Television
824:Literature
160:Christian
140:Tijaniyyah
125:Protestant
2318:Mauritius
1946:Religions
1771:181557618
877:Monuments
796:Languages
180:Catholic
23:Pew Forum
2542:Category
2516:Zanzibar
2487:(France)
2479:Puntland
2468:(France)
2423:Zimbabwe
2398:Tanzania
2243:Ethiopia
2238:Eswatini
2218:Djibouti
2188:Cameroon
2173:Botswana
2039:Hinduism
2004:Buddhism
1467:21 April
1418:16 April
1396:16 April
1374:21 April
1349:21 April
1327:21 April
1302:21 April
1277:21 April
1223:"Chad",
810:Religion
756:a series
754:Part of
169:Unknown
163:Animist
121:Catholic
2485:Réunion
2474:(Spain)
2472:Melilla
2466:Mayotte
2460:Madeira
2456:(Spain)
2450:(Spain)
2408:Tunisia
2378:Somalia
2363:Senegal
2343:Nigeria
2333:Namibia
2323:Morocco
2288:Liberia
2283:Lesotho
2233:Eritrea
2208:Comoros
2183:Burundi
2158:Algeria
2069:Judaism
2064:Jainism
1494:. 2021.
1157:. 2020.
1065:Ramadan
1061:Nigeria
897:Symbols
803:Cuisine
782:History
157:Muslim
144:animist
2418:Zambia
2413:Uganda
2353:Rwanda
2303:Malawi
2263:Guinea
2163:Angola
1798:
1769:
1759:
1700:
1179:. 2020
1044:Maliki
1011:Abéché
1007:mosque
857:Cinema
789:People
758:on the
166:Other
69:Among
47:
41:
35:
29:
2454:Ceuta
2439:, and
2393:Sudan
2338:Niger
2293:Libya
2278:Kenya
2258:Ghana
2248:Gabon
2223:Egypt
2168:Benin
2054:Islam
1767:S2CID
1486:(PDF)
1461:(PDF)
1368:(PDF)
1321:(PDF)
1296:(PDF)
1273:. CIA
1057:Hausa
1031:da'is
1027:da'is
991:Islam
868:Sport
847:Radio
840:Media
831:Music
673:34.8%
666:57.5%
630:11.8%
616:15.6%
609:35.2%
602:56.3%
560:41.1%
553:55.1%
510:23.9%
496:44.1%
489:52.1%
462:17.6%
455:22.5%
448:40.0%
441:55.7%
414:43.0%
407:53.6%
333:17.6%
326:22.4%
319:40.0%
312:55.7%
283:16.3%
276:22.6%
269:38.9%
262:54.6%
219:14.2%
212:20.1%
205:34.3%
198:53.1%
186:Other
172:None
102:Islam
83:Guéra
77:, 1%
75:Sunni
2500:(UK)
2403:Togo
2308:Mali
2203:Chad
1796:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1728:link
1698:ISBN
1469:2018
1420:2018
1398:2018
1376:2018
1351:2018
1329:2018
1304:2018
1279:2018
1238:Chad
1015:Chad
904:Flag
689:6.7%
654:0.1%
644:0.8%
637:7.6%
623:7.8%
590:2.4%
583:0.1%
576:1.3%
541:2.8%
534:0.7%
524:0.3%
517:0.2%
429:3.4%
343:4.3%
300:3.5%
293:2.9%
250:3.1%
243:1.7%
236:0.5%
229:7.3%
177:All
137:Sufi
79:Shia
59:Chad
1749:doi
1009:in
817:Art
503:20%
376:16%
369:18%
362:34%
355:58%
2544::
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1819:.
1765:.
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1005:A
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649:-
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565:-
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473:-
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419:-
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394:-
391:-
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