1429:
place throughout the country, they were essentially local phenomena, breaking out spontaneously from similar local causes. The occasional coordination between and among local movements did not result in any national organization or leadership. Moreover, most of the uprisings were conservative, in that the leaders supported the restoration of the Lê dynasty. They did, however, put forward demands for land reform, more equitable taxes, and rice for all. Landless peasants accounted for most of the initial support for the various rebellions, but they were often joined later by craftsmen, fishermen, miners, and traders, who had been taxed out of their occupations. Some of these movements enjoyed limited success for a short time, but it was not until 1771 that any of the peasant revolts had a lasting national impact.
1548:
1425:
military adventures. Having to meet their tax obligations had forced many peasants off the land and facilitated the acquisition of large tracts by a few wealthy landowners, nobles, and scholar—officials. Because scholar—officials were exempted from having to pay a land tax, the more land they acquired, the greater was the burden that fell on those peasants who had been able to retain their land. In addition, the peasantry faced new taxes on staple items such as charcoal, salt, silk, and cinnamon, and on commercial activities such as fishing and mining. The disparate condition of the economy led to neglect of the extensive network of irrigation systems as well.
471:
829:. The offensive failed after seven months of fighting and a peace treaty between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn was agreed. This began the long 100-year peace between the north and south of Vietnam. During that time, the Nguyễn continued its southward expansion into lands held, or formerly held, by the Cham and the Khmer. The Trinh, meanwhile, consolidated its authority in the north, instituting administrative reforms and supporting scholarship. The nobility and scholar-officials of both north and south, however, continued to block the development of manufacturing and trade, preferring to retain a feudal, peasant society, which they could control.
1477:
1532:
1600:
43:
793:. In 1643 he abdicated the throne in favor of his son. In order to repulse invading Trinh forces, the Nguyễn in 1631 completed the building of two great walls, six meters high and eighteen kilometers long, on their northern frontier. The Trinh, with 100,000 troops, 500 elephants, and 500 large junks, were numerically far superior to their southern foe. The Nguyễn, however, were better equipped, having by this time acquired Portuguese weapons and gunpowder, and, as the defending force, had the support of the local people.
457:
1401:
683:) of Vietnam and crowned Lê Trang Tông as the next Lê emperor. In official Vietnamese history, this date marks the end of the Mạc dynasty though the reality was quite different. Mạc Đăng Dung ruled in Hanoi till his death in 1541 and his descendants ruled in Hanoi until 1592. The country was divided into two portions though gradually the Trịnh-Nguyễn alliance took over more and more of the country from the Mạc (for more complete histories of this time: see the
1620:
1584:
1572:
1500:, a French Jesuit who was sent to Hanoi in 1627, where he quickly learned the language and began preaching in Vietnamese. Initially, Rhodes was well received by the Trinh court, and he reportedly baptized more than 6,000 converts; however, his success probably led to his expulsion in 1630. He is credited with perfecting a romanized system of writing the Vietnamese language (
702:
717:(1533–48) – A son of Prince Ý named Ninh. Crowned Emperor at the "Winter palace" in 1533. Officially recognized as the King by a Ming delegation in 1536. An attack on the Mac forces led by the Le general Nguyễn Kim resulted in the partition of Vietnam in 1545, with the Nguyễn family seizing control of the southern part of the country as far north as what is now
757:(1573–99) – By the late sixteenth century the Trinh family had ousted the Mac family and had begun to rule the northern half of the country also in the name of the Lê dynasty. When Hanoi was captured for the second (and final) time in 1592, the Court moved back to the old capital. The Emperor gave Trịnh Tùng the title
1428:
As they fell into disrepair, disastrous flooding and famine resulted, unleashing great numbers of starving and landless people to wander aimlessly about the countryside. The widespread suffering in both north and south led to numerous peasant revolts between 1730 and 1770. Although the uprisings took
1488:
The seventeenth century was also a period in which
European missionaries and merchants became a serious factor in Vietnamese court life and politics. Although both had arrived by the early sixteenth century, neither foreign merchants nor missionaries had much impact on Vietnam before the seventeenth
1516:
continued to be used by the court and the bureaucracy. The French later supported the use of Quốc ngữ, which, because of its simplicity, led to a high degree of literacy and a flourishing of
Vietnamese literature. After being expelled from Vietnam, Rhodes spent the next thirty years seeking support
1432:
The Tây Sơn were not content to simply conquer the southern provinces of
Quangnam. After a decade of fairly successful fighting in the south against the Nguyễn Lords, Nguyễn Huệ (the leading general of the Tây Sơn and no relation to the Nguyễn ruling family) and his army marched north in 1785. The
1465:
he was appointed a
Chinese mandarin of the fourth rank and was enrolled under the Tatar banners. His family also remained in China, and from that date many former Lê followers, who had not lost their hatred for the Tây Sơn, expected to find in every rebel who raised the flag of rebellion in their
1424:
that began at the end of the 17th century did not, however, mark the beginning of a period of peace and prosperity. Instead the decades of continual warfare between the two families had left the ruists and peasantry in a weakened state, the victim of taxes levied to support the courts and their
604:
as a tributary nation against the Lê dynasty. The
Revival Lê dynasty eventually recaptured three-quarters of their former kingdom. Inasmuch as the Mac dynasty ruled the northern portion of Đại Việt while the Lê dynasty ruled the remainder of the country, this time became known as the period of
875:
foolishly convinced the
Chinese government to give him the title Supreme King of Annam (An Nam Thượng Vương). This was widely seen as a usurpation of the Lê emperor's position and rebellion started throughout north Vietnam. Trịnh Giang gave up his power in 1738, the king abdicated just a year
580:
summoned the people who were still loyal to the Lê emperor and formed a new army to begin a revolt against Mạc Đăng Dung. Subsequently, Nguyễn Kim returned to Đại Việt and led the Lê royalists in a six-year civil war before the Lê were able to capture territories in Thanh Hóa. This marked the
1524:
The art forms of that time prospered and produced items of great artistic value, despite the upheavals and wars. Woodcarving was especially highly developed and produced items that were used for daily use or worship. Many of these items can be seen in the
National Museum in Hanoi.
698:, Vietnamese emperor Lê Thế Tông, was installed in the ancient capital. The Lê emperors sat as figurehead rulers in Đông Kinh until the Tây Sơn Revolt finally swept the Trịnh and the Le out of power. The following is the official list of Lê emperors from 1533 until 1789:
1547:
1433:
Royal army under Trịnh Tông vanquished by Nguyễn Huệ. Trịnh Tông committed suicide and the Lê Emperor submitted to the wishes of the victorious Huệ by giving his daughter in marriage to him. Huệ returned south and a few months later, the old emperor died.
1454:
At the beginning of the war, Nguyễn Huệ's troops retreated to the South, refused to engage the Qing army. He raised a large army of his own and defeated the invader in the Lunar New year Eve of 1789. Lê Chiêu Thống fled north into China, never to return.
775:, one of the Nguyễn Lords refused to accept imperial edicts from Le Kinh Tong. After 19 years as a figurehead, Le Kinh Tong was involved in a conspiracy to kill Trịnh Tùng and take power. He was executed and a new Emperor appointed.
835:(1676–1704) – This was a peaceful reign though in 1677 the last remnants of the Mạc attacked Vietnam out of China. They were defeated. This Emperor was forced to abdicate his throne in favor of his son by the new Trịnh Lord,
805:(again: 1649–62) – Regained the throne after the early death of his son. This was a time of many defeats for the Royal army (i.e. the Trịnh) in their long war against the Nguyễn. But by the old Emperor's death,
1439:(1786–1788). The last Lê emperor. At the start of his reign the Trịnh tried to reassert control over the government. This provoked another march north from Nguyễn Huệ and so the Emperor and the Trịnh fled from
42:
1531:
621:
emperor of Đại Việt. The title was given to Lê Trang Tông, however, only as a figurehead. Nguyễn Kim retained the real power for himself and ruled the kingdom. In 1545, Nguyễn Kim was poisoned by
1817:
1496:
European missionaries had occasionally visited
Vietnam for short periods of time, with little impact, beginning in the early sixteenth century. The best known of the early missionaries was
622:
1599:
1493:
by 1680. Fighting among the
Europeans and opposition by the Vietnamese made the enterprises unprofitable, however, and all of the foreign trading posts were closed by 1700.
819:(1663–71) – During his time, the Mạc were driven from their last bit of territory in the far north of Vietnam. In the south, there was no activity in the Trịnh-Nguyen war.
785:, leader of the Nguyễn Lords, refused to acknowledge the new Emperor. After seven years of increasing tension, the great war between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn started (see
649:, and started a revolt against the reign of the Trịnh lords. As such, Đại Việt was divided for 232 years as the two lords fought each other in what is now known as the
443:
418:
799:(1643–49) – Died after only six years, just after the Royal (Trịnh) army suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of the Nguyễn. His father took the throne again.
1400:
1356:
1375:
1504:), which was probably developed as the joint effort of several missionaries, including Rhodes. He wrote the first catechism in Vietnamese and published a
634:
1383:
1939:
1619:
552:
This period marked the end of the second or Later Lê dynasty which had flourished for 100 years from 1428 to 1527 until a high-ranking mandarin
890:
revolt started in the south in 1772 and the
Imperial force under Trịnh lord seized the opportunity to end the 100-year truce and conquered
371:
101:
1466:
country a descendant of the old royal bloodline. The last of these insurrections was that of the Brigadier General Li Hung Tsai in 1878
1890:
606:
582:
545:
that existed between 1533 and 1789. The Primal Lê dynasty (1428–1527) and the Revival Lê dynasty (1533–1789) collectively formed the
343:
576:). The Right Commander-General of the Five Armies and Marquess of An Thanh (Vietnamese: Hữu vệ Điện tiền tướng quân An Thanh hầu)
1870:
1959:
894:. However, decimated by diseases, Trịnh army was forced to retreat to the North, leaving a power vacuum for the rising Tây Sơn.
1407:
747:
captured Hanoi. But a year later, the Trịnh army was thrown out of Hanoi. The Emperor took advantage of the chaos to flee to
751:
to escape the control of Trịnh Tùng. However, Trịnh Tùng simply appointed a new Emperor and had Lê Anh Tông assassinated.
592:
In 1592, unable to resist the forces of the Lê, the Mạc dynasty retreated to the north and established a new capital at
1878:
948:
113:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1451:
of the Qing Empire under the pretense of restoring Lê dynasty dispatched a large force to invade Northern Vietnam.
761:(Binh An Vương) in recognition of his great victory over the Mạc. The Trinh, who, like the Nguyễn, took the title
734:
1964:
625:), a surrendered general of the Mạc dynasty. The power of royal court was then passed to Nguyễn Kim's son-in-law
1929:
1934:
1571:
1583:
1645:
810:
786:
650:
542:
1508:; these works were the first books printed in Quốc ngữ. Quốc ngữ was used initially only by missionaries;
782:
190:
77:
1501:
157:
1867:
Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina and Samuel Baron on Tonkin
658:
224:
1557:
Bodhisattva, crimson and gilded wood, Revival Lê dynasty, autumn of Bính Thân year (1656), from
1537:
Woodcut paintings "Thánh Cung vạn tuế" ("Long live his Imperial Majesty") from the 18th-century
1705:
1456:
1436:
1389:
1249:
1233:
1126:
862:
852:
816:
553:
1562:
1295:
1097:
1048:
879:
825:(1672–75) – During his time, the last great offensive took place against the Nguyễn walls by
802:
778:
593:
177:
718:
637:
was assassinated by Trịnh Kiểm. Nguyễn Kim's second son, the Marquis of Hạ khê (Hạ khê hầu)
614:
586:
1655:
1558:
1476:
996:
836:
754:
748:
654:
464:
1075:
1020:
796:
768:
8:
1497:
1489:
century. The Portuguese, Dutch, English, and French had all established trading posts in
1202:
842:
514:
135:
72:
772:
638:
565:
357:
926:
714:
626:
618:
557:
330:
285:
209:
849:
were persecuted. The Emperor and Trịnh Cương died within months of each other in 1728.
790:
1874:
1505:
1481:
826:
806:
705:
Map of Vietnam showing (roughly) the areas controlled by the Trịnh, Nguyen, Mac, and
182:
1271:
868:
744:
1685:
1590:
1448:
1421:
1368:
1150:
970:
822:
740:
688:
674:
646:
450:
145:
56:
883:
642:
1680:
1675:
1638:
1554:
1176:
872:
856:
832:
684:
670:
657:
eventually conquering the entire kingdom in 1789. The last emperor of Lê dynasty
630:
561:
436:
423:
389:
307:
270:
48:
522:
1610:
1518:
695:
577:
300:
258:
1513:
1509:
538:
1923:
1905:
1892:
1490:
653:. This conflict only ended then the Tây Sơn brothers led the peasants in the
89:
1670:
1628:(mythological beast) figurines, crimson and gilded wood, eighteenth century.
546:
1729:
1444:
887:
846:
597:
161:
95:
83:
1410:Đoan Môn, the main gate to the palatial complex of the Revival Lê emperors
1538:
60:
765:, spent most of the seventeenth century attempting to depose the Nguyễn.
1733:
Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East ...
1606:
1605:
Model of Vietnamese gunboat, seventeenth century, object of worship at
1443:. The Emperor's mother and the Trịnh went to the imperial court of the
706:
1846:
171:
882:(1740–86) – This was a time of many revolts but the new Trịnh Lord,
855:(1729–32) – The new Emperor was put in prison by the new Trịnh lord
1276:Ôn Gia Trang Túc Khải Túy Minh Mẫn Khoan Hồng Uyên Duệ Huy hoàng đế
1207:
Thuần Chính Huy Nhu Ôn Giản Từ Tường Khoan Huệ Tôn Mẫu Hòa hoàng đế
1181:
Thông Mẫn Anh Quả Đôn Khoát Khoan Dụ Vĩ Độ Huy Cung Chương hoàng đế
1131:
Khoát Đạt Duệ Thông Cương Nghị Trung Chính Ôn Nhu Hoà Lạc Khâm Minh
569:
501:
149:
124:
1155:
Khoan Minh Mẫn Đạt Anh Quả Huy Nhu Khắc Nhân Đốc Nghĩa Mỹ hoàng đế
809:
had restored the situation and defeated the Nguyễn offensive (see
1460:
891:
489:
1625:
174:
153:
52:
701:
1706:"國朝正編撮要 • Quốc triều chính biên toát yếu (q.01-02) • Page 48"
1440:
737:(1548–56) – During his reign, the war with the Mạc continued.
610:
601:
493:
1798:Đại Việt Sử ký Tục Biên, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Thuần Tông Giản hoàng đế
789:). Le Thần Tong saw the death of Trịnh Tùng and the rule by
1807:Đại Việt Sử ký Tục Biên, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Hiển Tông Vĩnh hoàng đế
1762:Đại Việt Sử ký Toàn Thư, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Huyền Tông Mục hoàng đế
1744:Đại Việt Sử ký Toàn Thư, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Thần Tông Uyên hoàng đế
1521:
hierarchy as well as making several more trips to Vietnam.
727:
679:
In 1533, the Nguyễn-Trịnh alliance captured the Đông Kinh (
573:
497:
1828:Đại Việt Sử ký Toàn Thư, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Anh Tông Tuấn hoàng đế
1254:
Khoan Hào Đôn Mẫn Nhu Tốn Cẩn Khác Trần Tiềm Giản hoàng đế
1780:Đại Việt Sử ký Tục Biên, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Dụ Tông Hòa hoàng đế
1771:Đại Việt Sử ký Toàn Thư, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Gia Tông Mỹ hoàng đế
1517:
for his missionary work from the Vatican and the French
102:
Rump state under Qing dynasty's protection (1788–1789)
865:(1732–35) – Nothing of import during his short rule.
1837:Đại Việt Sử ký Tục Biên, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Chiêu Thống Đế
845:(1705–28) – A peaceful time though some Christian
731:), continued to profess loyalty to the Lê dynasty.
661:fled to exile in China and the dynasty collapsed.
898:
1921:
1789:Đại Việt Sử ký Tục Biên, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Hôn Đức Công
613:, Nguyễn Kim made the son of the former emperor
26:
1480:Portrait of Nguyễn Quý Đức (1648–1720) wearing
641:relocated to the south, became the Viceroy of
1577:Wooden art pieces of the seventeenth century.
568:. The Lê royalists escaped to the Kingdom of
721:. The Nguyễn, who took the hereditary title
585:. The Lê and Mạc would continue the lengthy
47:an 18th-century map of Vietnam, showing the
1864:
743:(1556–73) – In 1572, the Royal army under
41:
1133:Văn Tứ Doãn Cung Khắc Nhượng Mục hoàng đế
1025:Hiển Nhân Dụ Khánh Tuy Phúc Huệ hoàng đế
1873:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1865:Dror, Olga; Taylor, K. W., eds. (2006).
1475:
1447:to ask for aid against the Tây Sơn. The
1420:The stalemate between the Trịnh and the
700:
859:and was then murdered after four years.
771:(1600–19) – At the start of his reign,
1940:Former countries in Vietnamese history
1922:
1818:Khâm định Việt Sử Thông giám Cương mục
1506:Vietnamese-Latin-Portuguese dictionary
781:(1619–43) – At the start of his rule,
633:. Later, the first son of Nguyễn Kim,
1747:
583:Southern and Northern dynasties era
13:
1858:
886:managed to suppress them all. The
14:
1976:
1871:Studies on Southeast Asia Series
1618:
1598:
1582:
1570:
1546:
1530:
1399:
564:, ruling the whole territory of
469:
455:
441:
416:
390:Copper-alloy and zinc cash coins
1840:
1831:
1822:
1810:
1801:
607:Northern and Southern dynasties
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1738:
1723:
1698:
899:Naming conventions of emperors
694:In 1592, with the conquest of
629:who became the founder of the
609:. After capturing the capital
533:in historiography, officially
16:Vietnamese dynasty (1533–1789)
1:
1960:Tributaries of Imperial China
1691:
1589:Eighteenth century blades in
1848:Annam and its Minor Currency
560:in 1527 and established the
556:stole the throne of emperor
111:Tây Đô (Vạn Lại) (1546–1592)
7:
1664:
1415:
10:
1981:
1471:
668:
664:
1652:
1643:
1635:
589:over the next 40 years.
485:
395:
385:
381:
368:
354:
340:
327:
323:
315:
295:
291:
276:
264:
249:
245:
237:
233:
218:
203:
199:
189:
167:
141:
131:
120:
107:
68:
40:
35:
27:
21:
1735:Volume 1 2004 – Page 780
1955:18th century in Vietnam
1950:17th century in Vietnam
1945:16th century in Vietnam
1753:Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư
329:• Inauguration of
305:(until 1545; from 1786)
55:(in the North) and the
1965:Military dictatorships
1485:
1221:Cổ Đô Lăng, sau chuyển
1216:Vĩnh Thịnh (1706–1719)
1168:Đức Nguyên (1674–1675)
1038:Hoằng Định (1601–1619)
1012:Quang Hưng (1578–1599)
710:
651:Trịnh–Nguyễn Civil War
645:province, founded the
518:
1479:
1194:Chính Hoà (1680–1705)
1166:Dương Đức (1672–1673)
1114:Thịnh Đức (1653–1657)
1112:Khánh Đức (1649–1652)
1067:Dương Hoà (1634–1643)
988:Hồng Phúc (1572–1573)
986:Chính trị (1558–1571)
704:
669:Further information:
178:military dictatorship
132:Common languages
1935:Vietnamese dynasties
1223:sang Kim Thạch Lăng
1218:Bảo Thái (1720–1729)
1192:Vĩnh Trị (1678–1680)
1116:Vĩnh Thọ (1658–1661)
1065:Đức Long (1629–1634)
1010:Gia Thái (1573–1577)
709:about the year 1650.
531:Later Lê Restoration
1902: /
1498:Alexandre de Rhodes
1063:Vĩnh Tộ (1620–1628)
529:), also called the
527:Lê trung hưng triều
73:Government in exile
1930:Revival Lê dynasty
1906:16.467°N 107.600°E
1646:Dynasty of Vietnam
1486:
1380:Diên Emperor (衍皇帝)
1361:Nhân Emperor (仁皇帝)
783:Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên
719:Thanh Hóa Province
711:
543:Vietnamese dynasty
511:Revival Lê dynasty
1710:nomfoundation.org
1662:
1661:
1653:Succeeded by
1563:Bắc Ninh Province
1395:
1394:
1337:
1336:
655:Tây Sơn rebellion
596:allying with the
594:Cao Bằng Province
581:beginning of the
519:Nhà Lê trung hưng
507:
506:
481:
480:
477:
476:
429:
428:
356:• Return of
281:
278:• 1786-1789
266:• 1545-1786
254:
251:• 1533–1545
238:Military Dictator
229:
220:• 1786–1789
214:
205:• 1533–1548
183:Absolute monarchy
1972:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1884:
1852:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1702:
1636:Preceded by
1633:
1632:
1622:
1602:
1586:
1574:
1550:
1534:
1449:Qianlong Emperor
1403:
1339:
1338:
1118:Vạn Khánh (1662)
1036:Thuận Đức (1600)
984:Thiên Hựu (1557)
903:
902:
811:Trịnh–Nguyễn War
787:Trịnh–Nguyễn War
759:Pacifying Prince
749:Nghệ An Province
687:article and the
547:Later Lê dynasty
473:
472:
459:
458:
445:
444:
433:
432:
420:
419:
413:
412:
397:
396:
279:
252:
227:
212:
146:Neo-Confucianism
121:Capital-in-exile
45:
30:
29:
19:
18:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1920:
1919:
1911:16.467; 107.600
1910:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1861:
1859:Further reading
1856:
1855:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1667:
1658:
1656:Tây Sơn dynasty
1649:
1641:
1629:
1623:
1614:
1603:
1594:
1587:
1578:
1575:
1566:
1559:Bút Tháp Temple
1555:Avalokiteshvara
1551:
1542:
1535:
1474:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1345:Posthumous name
1333:Bàn Thạch Lăng
1323:
1312:Bàn Thạch Lăng
1280:
1222:
1217:
1193:
1185:
1167:
1159:
1145:Quả Thịnh Lăng
1132:
1121:Quần Ngọc Lăng
1117:
1115:
1113:
1070:Quần Ngọc Lăng
1066:
1064:
1042:
1037:
1026:
1011:
987:
985:
909:Posthumous name
901:
681:Eastern Capital
677:
667:
623:Dương Chấp Nhất
500:
496:
492:
470:
465:Tây Sơn dynasty
456:
442:
417:
374:
361:
360:to Thuận–Quảng
347:
333:
310:
306:
304:
282:
267:
255:
221:
206:
181:
112:
78:Tributary state
76:
64:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1886:
1885:
1880:978-0877277415
1879:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1722:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1519:Roman Catholic
1473:
1470:
1417:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1266:Bình Ngô Lăng
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1160:(Lê Duy Khoái)
1156:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:Thuận hoàng đế
1078:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
993:
992:
989:
982:
979:
976:
973:
967:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
945:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
923:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
900:
897:
896:
895:
877:
866:
860:
850:
840:
830:
820:
814:
800:
794:
776:
766:
752:
738:
732:
666:
663:
659:Lê Chiêu Thống
505:
504:
487:
483:
482:
479:
478:
475:
474:
467:
461:
460:
453:
447:
446:
439:
430:
427:
426:
421:
409:
408:
403:
393:
392:
387:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
372:Kỷ Dậu Victory
369:
366:
365:
362:
355:
352:
351:
348:
341:
338:
337:
334:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
317:
313:
312:
301:rule by decree
297:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
277:
274:
273:
268:
265:
262:
261:
256:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
230:
225:Lê Chiêu Thống
222:
219:
216:
215:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
193:
187:
186:
169:
165:
164:
158:Folk religions
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
122:
118:
117:
109:
105:
104:
100:
99:
93:
87:
70:
66:
65:
63:(in the South)
46:
38:
37:
33:
32:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1977:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1851:, chapter 16.
1850:
1849:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1408:
1402:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1364:Lê Duy Khoáng
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:Lê Duy Khiêm
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1300:Vĩnh hoàng đế
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:(Lê Duy Chấn)
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:Lê Duy Phường
1232:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1186:(Lê Duy Hiệp)
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:Phúc An Lăng
1170:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1103:Uyên hoàng đế
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:Hoa Phố Lăng
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1054:Uyên hoàng đế
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:(Bố Vệ Lăng)
1041:Hoa Loan Lăng
1040:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1027:(Giản Huy đế)
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1001:Nghị hoàng đế
1000:
998:
995:
994:
990:
983:
980:
977:
975:Tuấn hoàng đế
974:
972:
969:
968:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
904:
893:
889:
885:
881:
878:
874:
870:
867:
864:
863:Lê Thuần Tông
861:
858:
854:
851:
848:
844:
841:
838:
834:
831:
828:
824:
821:
818:
817:Lê Huyền Tông
815:
813:for details).
812:
808:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:
774:
770:
767:
764:
760:
756:
753:
750:
746:
742:
739:
736:
735:Lê Trung Tông
733:
730:
729:
724:
720:
716:
715:Lê Trang Tông
713:
712:
708:
703:
699:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
676:
672:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:Lê Trang Tông
616:
615:Lê Chiêu Tông
612:
608:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:Lê Cung Hoàng
555:
554:Mạc Đăng Dung
550:
548:
544:
541:: 大越), was a
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
503:
499:
495:
491:
488:
486:Today part of
484:
468:
466:
463:
462:
454:
452:
449:
448:
440:
438:
435:
434:
431:
425:
422:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
394:
391:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:
367:
363:
359:
353:
349:
346:of Đông Kinh
345:
339:
335:
332:
331:Lê Trang Tông
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:
284:
275:
272:
269:
263:
260:
257:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
226:
223:
217:
211:
210:Lê Trang Tông
208:
202:
198:
194:
192:
188:
184:
179:
176:
173:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
110:
106:
103:
97:
94:
91:
90:Southern Ming
88:
85:
82:
81:
79:
74:
71:
67:
62:
58:
54:
50:
44:
39:
34:
23:Đại Việt Quốc
20:
1887:
1866:
1847:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1732:
1730:Keat Gin Ooi
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1709:
1700:
1686:Nguyễn lords
1644:
1523:
1502:Chữ Quốc ngữ
1495:
1487:
1482:áo giao lĩnh
1464:
1453:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:Nguyễn lords
1419:
1319:Mẫn hoàng đế
1290:Phù Lê Lăng
1257:Lê Duy Tường
1230:Hôn Đức công
1210:Lê Duy Đường
956:Lê Duy Huyên
880:Lê Hiển Tông
871:(1735–40) –
853:Hôn-đức Duke
847:missionaries
803:Lê Thần Tông
797:Lê Chân Tông
779:Lê Thần Tông
773:Nguyễn Hoàng
769:Lê Kính Tông
762:
758:
726:
722:
693:
689:Nguyễn lords
680:
678:
675:Nguyễn lords
647:Nguyễn lords
639:Nguyễn Hoàng
598:Ming dynasty
591:
551:
534:
530:
526:
510:
508:
451:Nguyễn lords
406:Succeeded by
405:
400:
358:Nguyễn Hoàng
180:(1533-1787)
162:Christianity
75:(1533–1540)
59:-controlled
51:-controlled
1909: /
1681:Trịnh lords
1676:Mạc dynasty
1639:Mạc dynasty
1445:Qing Empire
1369:Lê Anh Tông
1342:Temple name
1330:Chiêu Thống
1324:(Lê Duy Kỳ)
1303:Lê Duy Diêu
1279:Lê Duy Thận
991:Bố Vệ Lăng
978:Lê Duy Bang
953:Vũ hoàng đế
934:Lê Duy Ninh
931:Dụ hoàng đế
906:Temple name
873:Trịnh Giang
857:Trịnh Giang
837:Trịnh Cương
823:Lê Gia Tông
791:Trịnh Tráng
755:Lê Thế Tông
741:Lê Anh Tông
685:Trịnh lords
671:Trịnh lords
635:Nguyễn Uông
631:Trịnh lords
562:Mạc dynasty
437:Trịnh lords
424:Mạc dynasty
401:Preceded by
311:(1545-1786)
308:Trịnh lords
296:Legislature
271:Trịnh lords
185:(1787–1789)
127:(1531–1540)
116:(1593–1789)
98:(1662–1788)
92:(1644–1662)
86:(1540–1644)
80:of China:
61:Cochinchina
1924:Categories
1692:References
1671:Lê dynasty
1650:1533–1789
1607:Keo Temple
1553:Statue of
1388:Father of
1367:Father of
1250:Thuần Tông
1241:Vĩnh Khánh
1184:Lê Duy Cáp
1158:Lê Duy Cối
1127:Huyền Tông
1083:Lê Duy Hựu
1030:Lê Duy Tân
1015:chưa biết
1004:Lê Duy Đàm
965:Diên Lăng
962:Thuận Bình
949:Trung Tông
943:Cảnh Lăng
940:Nguyên Hòa
927:Trang Tông
843:Lê Dụ Tông
833:Lê Hi Tông
745:Trịnh Tùng
725:(English:
707:Panduranga
691:article).
627:Trịnh Kiểm
578:Nguyễn Kim
515:Vietnamese
344:Reconquest
286:Nguyễn Huệ
259:Nguyễn Kim
168:Government
1611:Thái Bình
1457:Lê Mẫn Đế
1437:Lê Mẫn Đế
1390:Lê Mẫn Đế
1384:Lê Duy Vĩ
1357:Hiếu Tông
1348:Real name
1327:1786–1789
1309:Cảnh Hưng
1306:1740–1786
1296:Hiển Tông
1284:1735–1740
1260:1732–1735
1238:1729–1732
1213:1706–1729
1197:Phú Lăng
1189:1675–1705
1163:1672–1675
1139:1663–1671
1136:Lê Duy Vũ
1109:1649–1662
1106:Lê Duy Kỳ
1098:Thần Tông
1089:Phúc Thái
1086:1643–1649
1076:Chân Tông
1060:1619–1643
1057:Lê Duy Kỳ
1049:Thần Tông
1033:1599–1619
1021:Kính Tông
1007:1573–1599
981:1556–1573
959:1548–1556
937:1533–1548
912:Real name
884:Trịnh Sâm
869:Lê Ý Tông
827:Trịnh Tạc
807:Trịnh Tạc
696:Đông Kinh
643:Thuận Hoá
611:Đông Kinh
587:civil war
172:Monarchic
142:Religion
114:Đông Kinh
36:1533–1789
1897:107°36′E
1715:13 April
1665:See also
1591:Việt Nam
1491:Phố Hiến
1459:went to
1441:Dongkinh
1416:Military
1376:Hựu Tông
1287:Vĩnh Hựu
1263:Long Đức
1151:Gia Tông
1142:Cảnh Trị
1100:(second)
997:Thế Tông
971:Anh Tông
918:Era name
570:Lan Xang
566:Đại Việt
535:Đại Việt
523:Hán-Việt
502:Cambodia
386:Currency
150:Buddhism
136:Annamese
125:Xam Neua
1894:16°28′N
1539:Nghệ An
1514:chữ Nôm
1510:chữ Hán
1472:Culture
1463:where "
1461:Beijing
1244:Kim Lũ
1203:Dụ Tông
1177:Hy Tông
1051:(first)
921:Temple
888:Tây Sơn
665:History
572:(today
539:Chữ Hán
525:: 黎中興朝
490:Vietnam
370:•
342:•
316:History
253:(first)
213:(first)
191:Emperor
108:Capital
1877:
1351:Cause
1272:Ý Tông
876:later.
521:茹黎中興;
319:
299:None (
280:(last)
241:
228:(last)
195:
175:feudal
154:Taoism
69:Status
57:Nguyễn
53:Tonkin
1816:Theo
602:China
494:China
49:Trịnh
1875:ISBN
1717:2017
1626:Nghê
1512:and
915:Time
763:chúa
728:lord
723:chúa
673:and
574:Laos
509:The
498:Laos
377:1789
364:1600
350:1592
336:1533
96:Qing
84:Ming
1609:in
1561:in
1468:".
892:Huế
600:of
28:大越國
1926::
1869:.
1708:.
617:,
549:.
517::
160:,
156:,
152:,
148:,
1883:.
1719:.
1613:.
1593:.
1565:.
1541:.
1484:.
839:.
537:(
513:(
303:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
