54:
224:, Leiber had no direct authority to correspond with Hudal but " role as one of Pius XII's closest confidantes allowed the German Jesuit to act as the pope's intermediary and messenger." Hudal maintained contact with Leiber and other Vatican officials during and after the war. Leiber destroyed all his personal papers before his death, rather than leave them for posterity, confirming to van Room that he had destroyed his papers because he feared they "would cast Pius in an unfavorable light".
683:
93:. After Pacelli was elected to the papacy as Pope Pius XII in 1939, Leiber helped and advised him until the Pope's death on 9 October 1958. Leiber is described as Pius XII's "most trusted aide". However he never was a Vatican official. He was a respected and feared "unofficial official". Known in papal Rome as the "little asthmatic", some described him with a Latin quip:
272:
In 1961, Leiber asserted that Pius personally ordered superiors of church properties to open their doors to Jews. If such orders were ever put into writing (which is unlikely, given the situation), no such written order has been found, prompting some historians to deny the orders. Michael Phayer
100:
He assisted Pius XII in researching the topics for his speeches and radio messages. Leiber was one of an "impromptu band of willing
Jesuits" whom Pius XII employed "checking and double-checking every reference" in his written works. Leiber, stationed at the Pontifical Gregorian University, three
116:, who visited Rome in 1939 and 1940 to obtain assistance from the Pope in acting as an intermediary between the Resistance and the Allies in the lead up to a planned coup against Hitler. Later in the war, Leiber remained the point of contact for communications from Colonel-General
273:
argues that
Catholic institutions in Italy and elsewhere that did admit or help Jews did so "independently, without the Vatican's instructions". For his statistics on the number of Jews he claimed Pius XII to have saved, Leiber relied on fellow Jesuit
158:
activities were "encouraging religious indifferentism (the belief that one religion is as good as the next)". Leiber concluded in April 1950 there was nothing theologically wrong with the work of
Luckner; Bea went further, actually affirming it.
2028:
294:. Leiber wrote in 1958 that " wished that could have postponed its dissolution until after the signing of the concordat. The mere fact of its existence, he said, might have been of use at the negotiating state".
1351:
1972:
1838:
154:), the pioneer of a German Catholic philo-Semitic and pro-Israel movement. The Holy Office in 1948 issued a monitum (or warning) to the group, due to concerns that the group's pro-
1826:
1190:
318:
1441:
1045:
1013:
648:
1364:
1008:
257:, another contemporary close to Pius XII, were in agreement. During the war, Pius XII surrounded himself with German advisers including Leiber, but also
253:
because he "wanted to play the peacemaker during the war" by maintaining
Vatican neutrality and independence. On this point, Leiber and British diplomat
105:, complained after Pius XII's death that he was often expected to "drop whatever he was doing and hasten to the Vatican", taking public transportation.
1110:
1020:
893:
886:
2008:
970:
1122:
1434:
1206:
242:, frequently writing and speaking publicly, always as a staunch defender of Pius XII. Leiber wrote an article, published on 27 March 1963 in the
274:
1050:
2038:
1427:
1384:
1180:
1065:
2043:
1030:
578:
1175:
500:
490:
2013:
1211:
1070:
1060:
1170:
1035:
213:— an escape route from Europe for Nazis and fascists, including war criminals. Leiber wrote to Hudal around the time of
2003:
1090:
1040:
1025:
1155:
515:
476:
462:
266:
1216:
1098:
246:, the main claim of which was that Pius XII had limited and generally unreliable information about the Holocaust.
113:
2023:
2018:
1277:
1185:
1080:
1003:
233:
221:
249:
As Leiber related to Dutch historian Ger van Roon, Leiber believed that Pius XII chose not to speak out about
1267:
746:
673:
643:
1377:
1075:
995:
809:
269:
historian George Kent and others, who questioned the pope's neutrality given this apparent
Germanophilia.
2033:
658:
638:
612:
571:
151:
129:
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90:
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82:
963:
1160:
1055:
753:
668:
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1147:
622:
548:
254:
495:
Riebling, Mark, 2015. Church of Spies: The Pope's Secret War
Against Hitler, New York: Basic Books,
1344:
1137:
1132:
977:
851:
767:
725:
108:
As the Pope's trusted
Private Secretary, Leiber acted at the intermediary between Pius XII and the
407:. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, p. xvii, 57, 102, 166-167, 176, 199, 207, 221, 237, 239.
1780:
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732:
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238:
After the war, Leiber became actively involved in debates over the legacy of Pius XII during
1998:
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865:
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214:
39:
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8:
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135:'s priest assistant was secretly a member of the Nazi party and an informer for the
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1801:
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359:
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1103:
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942:
921:
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718:
524:
290:
180:
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147:
132:
78:
1600:
89:. While Professor at the Gregorian, he continued advising Pacelli, who was then
1881:
1871:
1752:
1657:
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1524:
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239:
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57:
23:
1811:
50:, "throughout his entire papacy his private secretary and closest advisor".
2029:
Commanders
Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1973:
List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes
1956:
1667:
1590:
1559:
1534:
1504:
1479:
1285:
1247:
781:
596:
Born
Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958
285:
172:
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102:
1683:
1876:
1850:
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206:
167:
In an
October 1958 meeting, Leiber turned down a position offered by new
117:
379:; 3rd edn. (1st English edn); McDonald & Jane's; London, p. 161, 294
1337:
816:
618:
606:
146:, Pius XII charged Leiber and Bea with investigating the activities of
280:
Above all, Leiber disputed that the disbanding of the German Catholic
1408:
121:
322:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 59, 81, 93, 200.
682:
155:
31:
556:
1951:
187:
attacks for many years, Leiber died in Rome in 1967, aged 79.
184:
27:
508:
Under his very Windows. The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy
319:
Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy
46:
from 1930 to 1960. Leiber was, according to Pius's biographer
217:, telling the latter to "look at the mission as a crusade".
600:
227:
136:
43:
22:(10 April 1887 – 18 February 1967) was a close advisor to
277:; the original compilation of the numbers is unknown.
1449:
336:
Church of Spies:The Pope's secret War Against Hitler
1365:
International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission
175:instead. He authored several books and articles on
205:, Leiber "sparked new life" into Austrian bishop
1985:
469:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965
405:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965
124:. Through the German ambassador to the Vatican,
510:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press;
377:The History of the German Resistance 1933-1945
1435:
572:
454:Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII
360:Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII
97:- "I do not fear Peter , but his secretary".
1442:
1428:
579:
565:
471:. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press;
371:
369:
330:
328:
312:
310:
308:
306:
1385:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War
483:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War
421:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War
415:
413:
2009:20th-century German Catholic theologians
423:, Indiana University Press, p. 177, 206.
399:
397:
395:
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391:
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387:
385:
228:Statements on Pius XII and the Holocaust
220:According to a history professor at the
52:
16:German Roman Catholic priest (1887–1967)
366:
325:
303:
77:. From 1924 to 1929, he was advisor to
1986:
410:
350:
348:
346:
344:
190:
1423:
560:
432:Debórah Dwork and Robert Pelt. 2002.
382:
95:Timeo non Petrum sed secretarium eius
73:on the publication of his 20-volume
341:
171:in light of his health, suggesting
162:
13:
681:
265:. This attracted the attention of
14:
2055:
2039:Historians of the Catholic Church
1450:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives
1207:Apostolic constitutions and bulls
586:
338:. New York: Basic Books. p. 9-10.
267:United States Department of State
69:Before 1924, Leiber worked with
2044:German male non-fiction writers
234:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
222:Pontifical Gregorian University
60:and Robert Leiber (right), 1929
426:
244:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1:
747:Communium interpretes dolorum
442:
1834:Operation Osoaviakhim (USSR)
1061:Pontifical Relief Commission
810:Redemptoris nostri cruciatus
485:, Indiana University Press;
363:. Viking Press, p. 149, 349.
64:
7:
2014:20th-century German Jesuits
613:Cardinal Secretary of State
152:Righteous among the Nations
128:, Leiber was informed that
120:in the lead up to the 1944
91:Cardinal Secretary of State
10:
2060:
1056:Jewish orphans controversy
754:Orientales omnes Ecclesias
679:
231:
194:
2004:People from Bodenseekreis
1965:
1939:
1904:
1864:
1822:Operation Paperclip (USA)
1789:
1773:
1766:
1739:
1718:
1697:
1676:
1650:
1624:
1573:
1462:
1455:
1401:
1378:The Myth of Hitler's Pope
1329:
1276:
1230:
1199:
1146:
1089:
994:
692:
632:
594:
549:Loris Francesco Capovilla
545:
540:Personal Papal Secretary
538:
530:
523:
1846:Robert Leiber (Holy See)
1797:Colonia Dignidad (Chile)
1345:Three Popes and the Jews
978:Ad Apostolorum principis
964:Le pèlerinage de Lourdes
852:Sempiternus Rex Christus
768:Deiparae Virginis Mariae
726:Mystici Corporis Christi
297:
183:. After suffering acute
1071:Alleged kidnapping plot
733:Divino afflante Spiritu
506:Zuccotti, Susan. 2000.
481:Phayer, Michael. 2008.
467:Phayer, Michael. 2000.
288:for the signing of the
2024:Roman Catholic writers
2019:Pope Pius XII advisers
1475:Ludolf von Alvensleben
1371:Under His Very Windows
1066:1942 Christmas address
803:In multiplicibus curis
686:
623:Saint Peter's Basilica
525:Catholic Church titles
419:Michael Phayer. 2008.
403:Michael Phayer. 2009.
375:Peter Hoffmann. 1977.
316:Susan Zuccotti. 2000.
255:Francis d'Arcy Osborne
61:
1856:Stroessner (Paraguay)
1021:Persecution of Church
929:Luctuosissimi eventus
685:
334:Mark Riebling. 2015.
232:Further information:
56:
1947:Krunoslav Draganović
1485:Hermine Braunsteiner
866:Orientales Ecclesias
740:Orientalis Ecclesiae
434:Holocaust: a history
215:Operation Barbarossa
209:'s plan to set up a
126:Ernst von Weizsäcker
40:Gregorian University
34:, and Professor for
1740:Other nationalities
1555:Josef Schwammberger
1036:Catholic Resistance
859:Ingruentium malorum
845:Evangelii praecones
191:Ratline involvement
20:Robert Leiber, S.J.
2034:Deaths from asthma
1940:Disputed / dubious
1839:list of scientists
1827:list of scientists
1817:Videla (Argentina)
1747:Tscherim Soobzokov
1352:Actes et documents
1217:Apostolic writings
1191:Fátima and Balazar
1051:Ustaše involvement
1014:conversion of Jews
705:Summi Pontificatus
687:
534:Carlo Confalonieri
263:Pasqualina Lehnert
197:Ratlines (history)
62:
1981:
1980:
1900:
1899:
1887:Hans-Ulrich Rudel
1812:Perón (Argentina)
1790:State involvement
1762:
1761:
1616:Vjekoslav Vrančić
1596:Vjekoslav Luburić
1586:Andrija Artuković
1510:Walter Kutschmann
1463:German / Austrian
1417:
1416:
1330:Works on Pius XII
1176:Eastern canon law
1111:Post–World War II
1091:Foreign relations
1046:Occupied dioceses
1026:German Resistance
901:Ad Sinarum gentem
873:Doctor Mellifluus
664:Illness and death
555:
554:
546:Succeeded by
501:978-0-465-02229-8
491:978-0-253-34930-9
110:German Resistance
2051:
1926:Simon Wiesenthal
1851:Banzer (Bolivia)
1771:
1770:
1663:Feodor Fedorenko
1545:Walter Schreiber
1540:Eduard Roschmann
1515:Johann von Leers
1460:
1459:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1156:Social teachings
957:Invicti athletae
936:Laetamur admodum
908:Ad Caeli Reginam
894:Ecclesiae fastos
887:Sacra virginitas
796:Auspicia quaedam
775:Fulgens radiatur
712:Sertum laetitiae
581:
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543:1939–1958
531:Preceded by
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163:Last years/death
150:(later declared
83:Nuncio in Munich
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1983:
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1961:
1935:
1916:Beate Klarsfeld
1912:Serge Klarsfeld
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1735:
1731:Herberts Cukurs
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1705:Aleksander Laak
1693:
1672:
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1418:
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1397:
1392:The Pope's Jews
1325:
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1226:
1195:
1142:
1104:Reichskonkordat
1085:
1081:Bombing of Rome
1031:Nazi euthanasia
990:
985:Meminisse iuvat
971:Miranda prorsus
943:Datis nuperrime
922:Haurietis aquas
789:Optatissima pax
719:Saeculo exeunte
696:
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291:Reichskonkordat
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181:Reichskonkordat
169:Pope John XXIII
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148:Gertrud Luckner
133:Cesare Orsenigo
101:miles from the
79:Eugenio Pacelli
67:
58:Eugenio Pacelli
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1495:Adolf Eichmann
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880:Fulgens corona
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838:Mirabile illud
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831:Humani generis
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824:Summi maeroris
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203:Michael Phayer
195:Main article:
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177:Church history
164:
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112:. He met with
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63:
48:Susan Zuccotti
36:Church History
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1931:Efraim Zuroff
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1921:Eli Rosenbaum
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1892:Otto Skorzeny
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1637:Léon Degrelle
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1581:Milivoj Ašner
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1565:Gustav Wagner
1563:
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1518:
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1490:Alois Brunner
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1291:Galeazzi-Lisi
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1004:The Holocaust
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695:chronological
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631:
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589:
588:Pope Pius XII
582:
577:
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568:
563:
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559:
550:
541:
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529:
526:
522:
517:
516:0-300-08487-0
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477:0-253-33725-9
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463:0-670-87620-8
460:
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355:John Cornwell
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251:the Holocaust
247:
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240:the Holocaust
235:
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201:According to
198:
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115:
114:Joseph Müller
111:
106:
104:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:while he was
80:
76:
75:Papal History
72:
71:Ludwig Pastor
59:
55:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
24:Pope Pius XII
21:
1957:Stille Hilfe
1845:
1749:(Circassian)
1668:Mykola Lebed
1601:Ante Pavelić
1591:Anton Geiser
1560:Franz Stangl
1535:Walter Rauff
1505:Aribert Heim
1480:Klaus Barbie
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1305:
1231:Appointments
1123:Persecutions
1102:
1099:Nazi Germany
1041:Roman razzia
996:World War II
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
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878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
782:Mediator Dei
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
674:Canonization
539:
507:
482:
468:
452:
433:
428:
420:
404:
376:
358:
335:
317:
289:
286:quid pro quo
282:Centre Party
279:
275:Beato Ambord
271:
248:
243:
237:
219:
200:
173:Augustin Bea
166:
144:World War II
141:
107:
99:
94:
74:
68:
30:priest from
19:
18:
1999:1967 deaths
1994:1887 births
1877:Alois Hudal
1710:Karl Linnas
1689:Carl Værnet
1642:René Lagrou
1632:Pierre Daye
1611:Dinko Šakić
1606:Ivo Rojnica
1500:Hans Eisele
1222:Magisterium
1212:Encyclicals
950:Fidei donum
761:Quemadmodum
659:Later years
625:(1930–1939)
615:(1930–1939)
609:(1935–1939)
603:(1939–1958)
284:had been a
259:Ludwig Kaas
207:Alois Hudal
179:and on the
118:Ludwig Beck
1988:Categories
1767:Assistance
1338:The Deputy
1076:Yad Vashem
1009:statements
817:Anni sacri
644:Nunciature
639:Early life
619:Archpriest
607:Camerlengo
457:. Viking;
443:References
1755:(Finnish)
1684:Søren Kam
1651:Ukrainian
1456:Fugitives
1409:Pius Wars
1268:Cardinals
1238:Tisserant
1161:Mariology
669:Testament
633:Biography
436:, p. 423.
211:"ratline"
122:July Plot
87:in Berlin
65:Biography
1966:See also
1781:Ratlines
1698:Estonian
1574:Croatian
1316:Spellman
1278:Advisers
1258:Orsenigo
1243:Maglione
1200:Writings
1148:Theology
1117:Ratlines
654:Election
649:US visit
451:. 1999.
357:. 1999.
1905:Hunters
1719:Latvian
1625:Belgian
1402:Related
1321:Spiazzi
1301:Lehnert
1253:Tardini
1248:Montini
1171:Liturgy
1166:Judaism
156:Zionist
103:Vatican
38:at the
32:Germany
1952:ODESSA
1914:&
1677:Danish
1311:Nogara
1306:Leiber
1263:Muench
1138:Russia
1133:Poland
514:
499:
489:
475:
461:
185:asthma
142:After
130:Nuncio
28:Jesuit
1128:China
697:order
298:Notes
1296:Kaas
601:Pope
512:ISBN
497:ISBN
487:ISBN
473:ISBN
459:ISBN
261:and
137:RSHA
85:and
44:Rome
26:, a
1286:Bea
621:of
42:in
1990::
412:^
384:^
368:^
343:^
327:^
305:^
139:.
1443:e
1436:t
1429:v
1119:"
1115:"
1107:)
1101:(
580:e
573:t
566:v
503:.
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