History of Russia - Knowledge

3577: 3706: 1219: 4176:

disarmament had ever been imposed on a great power previously.... The Allies did not really think that they were dealing with a European power in Russia. They regarded Russia as a semi-Asiatic state....In Russia itself, the Crimean defeat discredited the armed services and highlighted the need to modernize the countries defenses, not just in the strictly military sense, but also through the building of railways, industrialization, sound finances and so on....The image many Russians had built up of their country – the biggest, richest and most powerful in the world – had suddenly been shattered. Russia's backwardness had been exposed....The Crimean disaster had exposed the shortcomings of every institution in Russia – not just the corruption and incompetence of the military command, the technological backwardness of the army and navy, or the inadequate roads and lack of railways the accounted for the chronic problems of supply, but the poor condition and illiteracy of the serfs who made up the armed forces, the inability of the serf economy to sustain a state of war against industrial powers, and the failures of autocracy itself.

3230: 6098: 4039:(reigned 1825–1855) lavished attention on his army. In a nation of 60–70 million people, it included a million men. They had outdated equipment and tactics, but the tsar took pride in its smartness on parade. The cavalry horses, for example, were only trained in parade formations, and did poorly in battle. He put generals in charge of most of his civilian agencies regardless of their qualifications. The Army became the vehicle of upward social mobility for noble youths from non-Russian areas, such as Poland, the Baltic, Finland and Georgia. On the other hand, many miscreants, petty criminals and undesirables were punished by local officials by enlisting them for life in the Army. Village oligarchies controlled employment, conscription for the army, and local patronage; they blocked reforms and sent the most unpromising peasant youth to the army. The conscription system was unpopular with people, as was the practice of forcing peasants to house the soldiers for six months of the year. 3402:(Peter I, 1672–1725) brought centralized autocracy into Russia and played a major role in bringing his country into the European state system. Russia was now the largest country in the world, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. The vast majority of the land was unoccupied, and travel was slow. Much of its expansion had taken place in the 17th century, culminating in the first Russian settlement of the Pacific in the mid-17th century, the reconquest of Kiev, and the pacification of the Siberian tribes. However, a population of only 14 million was stretched across this vast landscape. With a short growing season, grain yields trailed behind those in the West and potato farming was not yet widespread. As a result, the great majority of the population workforce was occupied with agriculture. Russia remained isolated from the sea trade and its internal trade, communication and manufacturing were seasonally dependent. 4786: 3502: 5517: 6339: 2722: 4632: 4678:. More than two million refugees fled. Repeated military failures and bureaucratic ineptitude soon turned large segments of the population against the government. The German and Ottoman fleets prevented Russia from importing urgently needed supplies through the Baltic and Black seas. By mid-1915 the impact of the war was demoralizing. Food and fuel were in short supply, casualties kept occurring, and inflation was mounting. Strikes increased among factory workers, and the peasants, who wanted land reforms, were restless. Meanwhile, elite distrust of the regime was deepened by reports that Rasputin was gaining influence; his assassination in late 1916 ended the scandal but did not restore the autocracy's prestige. 5007: 5673: 4144: 4239: 4736: 6397: 6328: 3130: 5620: 2852:, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. Biographer Fennell concludes that his reign was "militarily glorious and economically sound," and especially points to his territorial annexations and his centralized control over local rulers. However, Fennell argues that his reign was also "a period of cultural depression and spiritual barrenness. Freedom was stamped out within the Russian lands. By his bigoted anti-Catholicism Ivan brought down the curtain between Russia and the west. For the sake of territorial aggrandizement he deprived his country of the fruits of Western learning and civilization." 4021: 2872: 1285: 2648: 71: 5950: 2201: 1270: 4317: 3248:, runaway peasants became state fugitives, and the power of the landlords over the peasants "attached" to their land had become almost complete. Together, the state and the nobles placed an overwhelming burden of taxation on the peasants, whose rate was 100 times greater in the mid-17th century than it had been a century earlier. Likewise, middle-class urban tradesmen and craftsmen were assessed taxes, and were forbidden to change residence. All segments of the population were subject to military levy and special taxes. 4875: 2363: 3762: 4713: 5856: 4056: 4216: 1925: 5026: 15225: 4348: 5192: 15235: 5230:) were forced off their land. Many peasants strongly opposed regimentation by the state, often slaughtering their herds when faced with the loss of their land. In some sections they revolted, and countless peasants deemed "kulaks" by the authorities were executed. The combination of bad weather, deficiencies of the hastily established collective farms, and massive confiscation of grain precipitated a serious famine, and several million peasants 3919: 4763:(Saint Petersburg). On 23 February (8 March) 1917, thousands of female textile workers walked out of their factories protesting the lack of food and calling on other workers to join them. Within days, nearly all the workers in the city were idle, and street fighting broke out. The tsar ordered the Duma to disband, ordered strikers to return to work, and ordered troops to shoot at demonstrators in the streets. His orders triggered the 2491: 14784: 4556: 4377:. The Nihilists questioned all old values and shocked the Russian establishment. They became involved in the cause of reform and became major political forces. Their path was facilitated by the previous actions of the Decembrists, who revolted in 1825, and the financial and political hardship caused by the Crimean War, which caused many Russians to lose faith in political institutions. Russian nihilists created the manifesto 3725:. Powerful Russians resented their privileged positions and alien ideas. The backlash was especially severe after the Napoleonic wars. It produced a powerful anti-western campaign that "led to a wholesale purge of Western specialists and their Russian followers in universities, schools, and government service". The mid-18th century was marked by the emergence of higher education in Russia. The first two major universities 1177: 3392: 4613:, which conceded the creation of a national Duma (legislature) to be called without delay. The right to vote was extended, and no law was to go into force without confirmation by the Duma. The moderate groups were satisfied; but the socialists rejected the concessions as insufficient and tried to organize new strikes. By the end of 1905, there was disunity among the reformers, and the tsar's position was strengthened. 1235: 3576: 5258: 2805: 5215:. For the first time in history a government controlled all economic activity. The rapid growth of production capacity and the volume of production of heavy industry was of great importance for ensuring economic independence from western countries and strengthening the country's defense capability. At this time, the Soviet Union made the transition from an agrarian country to an industrial one. 6220: 3855: 4487:(1894–1918). The Industrial Revolution, which began to exert a significant influence in Russia, was meanwhile creating forces that would finally overthrow the tsar. Politically, these opposition forces organized into three competing parties: The liberal elements among the industrial capitalists and nobility, who wanted peaceful social reform and a constitutional monarchy, founded the 2992: 4530:, led by Yuli Martov. The Mensheviks believed that Russian socialism would grow gradually and peacefully and that the tsar's regime should be succeeded by a democratic republic. The Bolsheviks advocated the formation of a small elite of professional revolutionaries, subject to strong party discipline, to act as the vanguard of the proletariat in order to seize power by force. 4373:, Nihilists favoured the destruction of human institutions and laws, based on the assumption that they are artificial and corrupt. At its core, Russian nihilism was characterized by the belief that the world lacks comprehensible meaning, objective truth, or value. For some time, many Russian liberals had been dissatisfied by what they regarded as the empty discussions of the 4047:

was riddled with corruption and inefficiency and was unprepared for war. The Navy was weak and technologically backward; the Army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was even more out of touch with the latest technology. The nation's leaders realized that reforms were urgently needed.

3937:(1825–1855), who at the onset of his reign was confronted with an uprising. The background of this revolt lay in the Napoleonic Wars, when a number of well-educated Russian officers traveled in Europe in the course of the military campaigns, where their exposure to the liberalism of Western Europe encouraged them to seek change on their return. The result was the 4302:. Russia's advance in Asia led to British fears that the Russians planned aggression against British India. Before 1815 London worried Napoleon would combine with Russia to do that in one mighty campaign. After 1815 London feared Russia alone would do it step by step. However historians report that the Russians never had any intention to move against India. 6116:. Squeezed out of Union politics by Gorbachev in 1987, Yeltsin, who represented himself as a committed democrat, presented a significant opposition to Gorbachev's authority. In a remarkable reversal of fortunes, he gained election as chairman of the Russian republic's new Supreme Soviet in May 1990. The following month, he secured legislation 2890:(1547–1584), known as "Ivan the Terrible". He strengthened the position of the monarch to an unprecedented degree, as he ruthlessly subordinated the nobles to his will, exiling or executing many on the slightest provocation. Nevertheless, Ivan is often seen as a farsighted statesman who reformed Russia as he promulgated a new code of laws ( 4235:

Faced with an uprising in Poland in 1863, he stripped that land of its separate Constitution and incorporated it directly into Russia. To counter the rise of a revolutionary and anarchistic movements, he sent thousands of dissidents into exile in Siberia and was proposing additional parliamentary reforms when he was assassinated in 1881.

5117: 5091:, and the money economy was restricted. Strong opposition soon developed. The peasants wanted cash payments for their products and resented having to surrender their surplus grain to the government as a part of its civil war policies. Confronted with peasant opposition, Lenin began a strategic retreat from war communism known as the 3753:

the Imperial Court in St. Petersburg. The deficit required borrowing, primarily from Amsterdam; 5% of the budget was allocated to debt payments. Paper money was issued to pay for expensive wars, thus causing inflation. 18th-century Russia remained "a poor, backward, overwhelmingly agricultural, and illiterate country".

4666:. The success of the Russian army forced the German army to withdraw troops from the western front to the Russian front. However, victories in Poland by the Central Powers in the 1915 campaign, led to a major retreat of the Russian army. In 1916, the Russians again dealt a powerful blow to the Austrians during the 12534:

Because of the Russians' dominance in the affairs of the union, the RSFSR failed to develop some of the institutions of governance and administration that were typical of public life in the other republics: a republic-level communist party, a Russian academy of sciences, and Russian branches of trade

5631:

Although the Soviet Union was victorious in World War II, the war resulted in around 26–27 million Soviet deaths (estimates vary) and had devastated the Soviet economy in the struggle. Some 70,000 settlements were destroyed. The occupied territories suffered from the ravages of German occupation

5453:, stating as justification the "need to protect Ukrainians and Belarusians" there, after the "cessation of existence" of the Polish state. As a result, the Belarusian and Ukrainian Soviet republics' western borders were moved westward, and the new Soviet western border was drawn close to the original 5414:

following which Germany, Hungary and Poland divided parts of Czechoslovakia between themselves. German plans for further eastward expansion, as well as the lack of resolve from Western powers to oppose it, became more apparent. Despite the Soviet Union strongly opposing the Munich deal and repeatedly

3850:

The alliance collapsed by 1810. Russia's economy had been hurt by Napoleon's Continental System, which cut off trade with Britain. As Esdaile notes, "Implicit in the idea of a Russian Poland was, of course, a war against Napoleon". Schroeder says Poland was the root cause of the conflict but Russia's

3752:

Russia was in a continuous state of financial crisis. While revenue rose from 9 million rubles in 1724 to 40 million in 1794, expenses grew more rapidly, reaching 49 million in 1794. The budget was allocated 46% to the military, 20% to government economic activities, 12% to administration, and 9% for

3240:

Rather than risk their estates in more civil war, the boyars cooperated with the first Romanovs, enabling them to finish the work of bureaucratic centralization. Thus, the state required service from both the old and the new nobility, primarily in the military. In return, the tsars allowed the boyars

5939:

The hard currency from oil exports stopped the growing food supply crisis, increased the import of equipment and consumer goods, ensured a financial base for the arms race and the achievement of nuclear parity with the United States, and permitted the realization of such risky foreign-policy actions

4961:

carried out by the Bolsheviks vary widely. One source asserts that the total number of victims could be 1.3 million, whereas others give estimates ranging from 10,000 in the initial period of repression to 140,000 and an estimate of 28,000 executions per year from December 1917 to February 1922. The

4234:

to the United States in 1867. He modernized the military command system. He sought peace, and joined with Germany and Austria in the League of the Three Emperors that stabilized the European situation. The Russian Empire expanded in Siberia and in the Caucasus and made gains at the expense of China.

3929:

Russia's great power status obscured the inefficiency of its government, the isolation of its people, and its economic backwardness. Following the defeat of Napoleon, Alexander I was willing to discuss constitutional reforms, and though a few were introduced, no thoroughgoing changes were attempted.

3909:

Although the Russian Empire would play a leading role on behalf of conservatism as late as 1848, its retention of serfdom precluded economic progress of any significant degree. As West European economic growth accelerated during the Industrial Revolution, sea trade and colonialism which had begun in

2675:

A major factor in the ascendancy of Moscow was the cooperation of its rulers with the Mongol overlords, who granted them the title of Grand Prince of Moscow and made them agents for collecting the Tatar tribute from the Russian principalities. The principality's prestige was further enhanced when it

5133:

no longer required court procedure, and to make women completely free of the responsibilities of childbearing, abortion was made legal as early as 1920. As a side effect, the emancipation of women increased the labor market. Girls were encouraged to secure an education and pursue a career. Communal

4465:, tutor to Alexander III and his son Nicholas, and procurator of the Holy Synod from 1880 to 1895. He taught his royal pupils to fear freedom of speech and press and to hate democracy, constitutions, and the parliamentary system. Under Pobedonostsev, revolutionaries were hunted down and a policy of 4175:

The demilitarization of the Black Sea was a major blow to Russia, which was no longer able to protect its vulnerable southern coastal frontier against the British or any other fleet.... The destruction of the Russian Black Sea Fleet, Sevastopol and other naval docks was a humiliation. No compulsory

4118:

of 1831. He cast doubt on the greatness of the Russian past, and ridiculed Orthodoxy for failing to provide a sound spiritual basis for the Russian mind. He called on Russia to emulate Western Europe, especially in rational and logical thought, its progressive spirit, its leadership in science, and

4046:

at the end of his reign showed the world that Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and administratively incompetent. Despite his ambitions toward the south and Ottoman Empire, Russia had not built its railroad network in that direction, and communications were poor. The bureaucracy

3524:

and Caspian Sea region. After considerable success and the capture of many provinces and cities in the Caucasus and northern mainland Persia, the Safavids were forced to hand over the territories to Russia. However, by 12 years later, all the territories were ceded back to Persia, which was now led

2832:

In this way, internal consolidation accompanied outward expansion of the state. By the 16th century, the rulers of Moscow considered the entire Russian territory their collective property. Various semi-independent princes still claimed specific territories, but Ivan III forced the lesser princes to

2437:

as the dominant force in the south steppe regions neighbouring to Rus' at the end of the 11th century and founded a nomadic state in the steppes along the Black Sea (Desht-e-Kipchak). Repelling their regular attacks, especially in Kiev, was a heavy burden for the southern areas of Rus'. The nomadic

2041:

In the second millennium BC, the territories between the Kama and the Irtysh Rivers were the home of a Proto-Uralic-speaking population that had contacts with Proto-Indo-European speakers from the south. The woodland population is the ancestor of the modern Ugrian inhabitants of Trans-Uralia. Other

5064:

The constitution, adopted in 1924, established a federal system of government based on a pyramid of soviets in each constituent republic which culminated in the All-Union Congress of Soviets. However, while it appeared that the congress exercised sovereign power, this body was actually governed by

4402:

as a powerful revolutionary force. Finally, after several attempts, Alexander II was assassinated by anarchists in 1881, on the very day he had approved a proposal to call a representative assembly to consider new reforms in addition to the abolition of serfdom designed to ameliorate revolutionary

4207:

in 1861. Emancipation brought a supply of free labor to the cities, stimulated industry, and the middle class grew in number and influence. The freed peasants had to buy land, allotted to them, from the landowners with the state assistance. The Government issued special bonds to the landowners for

3104:

The Russian statehood survived the "Time of Troubles" and the rule of weak or corrupt Tsars because of the strength of the government's central bureaucracy. Government functionaries continued to serve, regardless of the ruler's legitimacy or the faction controlling the throne. However, the Time of

6132:

was attempted. The coup faced wide popular opposition and collapsed in three days, but disintegration of the Union became imminent. The Russian government took over most of the Soviet Union government institutions on its territory. Because of the dominant position of Russians in the Soviet Union,

5124:

As the Russian Empire included during this period not only the region of Russia, but also today's territories of Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Finland, Moldavia and the Caucasian and Central Asian countries, it is possible to examine the firm formation process in all those

4890:

to support the anti-Communist forces in an attempt to force Russia to rejoin the world war. The Bolsheviks fought against both these forces and national independence movements in the former Russian Empire. By 1921, they had defeated their internal enemies and brought most of the newly independent

4674:

benefit. The Russian army neglected to rally the ethnic and religious minorities that were hostile to Austria, such as Poles. The tsar refused to cooperate with the national legislature, the Duma, and listened less to experts than to his wife, who was in thrall to her chief advisor, the holy man

4135:

Since the war against Napoleon, Russia had become deeply involved in the affairs of Europe, as part of the "Holy Alliance." The Holy Alliance was formed to serve as the "policeman of Europe." However, to maintain the alliance required large armies. Prussia, Austria, Britain and France (the other

4011:

was a massive Polish revolt, which also was crushed. France, Britain and Austria tried to intervene in the crisis but were unable. The Russian patriotic press used the Polish uprising to unify the Russian nation, claiming it was Russia's God-given mission to save Poland and the world. Poland was

3271:

led his followers up the Volga River, inciting peasant uprisings and replacing local governments with Cossack rule. The tsar's army finally crushed his forces in 1670; a year later Stenka was captured and beheaded. Yet, less than half a century later, the strains of military expeditions produced

12826: 6353:

In 2000, the new acting president won the presidential election on 26 March and won in a landslide four years later. The Second Chechen war ended with the victory of Russia. After the 11 September terrorist attacks, there was a rapprochement between Russia and the United States. Putin created a

4673:

By 1915, morale was worsening. Many recruits were sent to the front unarmed. Nevertheless, the Russian army fought on, and tied down large numbers of Germans and Austrians. When the homefront showed an occasional surge of patriotism, the tsar and his entourage failed to exploit it for military

12204:

and to ease tensions with the United States through the policy known as détente. At the same time, he saw to it that the Soviet Union's military-industrial complex was greatly expanded and modernized.", "After his death, he was criticized for a gradual slide in living standards, the spread of

6388:

Due to high oil prices, from 2000 to 2008, Russia's GDP at PPP doubled. Although high oil prices and a relatively cheap ruble initially drove this growth, since 2003 consumer demand and, more recently, investment have played a significant role. Russia is well ahead of most other resource-rich

5926:

One of the greatest strengths of Soviet economy was its vast supplies of oil and gas; world oil prices quadrupled in 1973–1974, and rose again in 1979–1981, making the energy sector the chief driver of the Soviet economy, and was used to cover multiple weaknesses. At one point, Soviet Premier

4646:

Austro-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia, which it considered a Russian client-state. Russia had no treaty obligation to Serbia, and most Russian leaders wanted to avoid war. But in that crisis they had the support of France, and believed that supporting Serbia was important for Russia's

4821:, who was more progressive than his predecessor but not radical enough for the Bolsheviks or many Russians discontented with the deepening economic crisis and the war. The socialist-led soviet in Petrograd joined with soviets that formed throughout the country to create a national movement. 4397:

movement gained momentum, the government moved to extirpate it. In response to the growing reaction of the government, a radical branch of the Narodniks advocated and practiced terrorism. One after another, prominent officials were shot or killed by bombs. This represented the ascendancy of

5095:(NEP). The peasants were freed from wholesale levies of grain and allowed to sell their surplus produce in the open market. Commerce was stimulated by permitting private retail trading. The state continued to be responsible for banking, transportation, heavy industry, and public utilities. 3881:

at the onset of winter, even though he had lost most of his men. Instead, the Russians retreated, burning crops and food supplies in a scorched earth policy that multiplied Napoleon's logistic problems: 85%–90% of Napoleon's soldiers died from disease, cold, starvation or ambush by peasant

5922:

While all modernized economies were rapidly moving to computerization after 1965, the USSR fell behind. Moscow's decision to copy the IBM 360 of 1965 proved a decisive mistake for it locked scientists into an antiquated system they were unable to improve. They had enormous difficulties in

3444:

The war ended in 1721 when an exhausted Sweden sued for peace with Russia. Peter acquired four provinces situated south and east of the Gulf of Finland, thus securing his coveted access to the sea. There, in 1703, he had already founded the city that was to become Russia's new capital,

1685: 4856:(elected in December 1917) refused to become a rubber stamp of the Bolsheviks, it was dissolved by Lenin's troops and all vestiges of democracy were removed. With the handicap of the moderate opposition removed, Lenin was able to free his regime from the war problem by the harsh 9914: 3941:(December 1825), the work of a small circle of liberal nobles and army officers who wanted to install Nicholas' brother as a constitutional monarch. But the revolt was easily crushed, leading Nicholas to turn away from liberal reforms and champion the reactionary doctrine " 2833:

acknowledge the grand prince of Moscow and his descendants as unquestioned rulers with control over military, judicial, and foreign affairs. Gradually, the Russian ruler emerged as a powerful, autocratic ruler, a tsar. The first Russian ruler to officially crown himself "

6153:

has ever taken place, and many of its members became top Russian officials. However, as the Soviet government was still opposed to market reforms, the economic situation continued to deteriorate. By December 1991, the shortages had resulted in the introduction of food

5419:

led to the end of Czechoslovakia and further increased fears in the Soviet Union of a coming German attack. This led the Soviet Union to rush the modernization of its military industry and to carry out its own diplomatic maneuvers. In 1939, the Soviet Union signed the

4597:

to present a petition to the tsar. When the procession reached the palace, Cossacks opened fire, killing hundreds. The Russian masses were so aroused over the massacre that a general strike was declared demanding a democratic republic. This marked the beginning of the

2545:

The impact of the Mongol invasion on the territories of Kievan Rus' was uneven. The advanced city culture was almost completely destroyed. As older centers such as Kiev and Vladimir never recovered from the devastation of the initial attack, the new cities of Moscow,

6081:

the USSR lost its allies in Eastern Europe. Gorbachev's attempts at economic reform were not sufficient, and the Soviet government left intact most of the fundamental elements of communist economy. Suffering from low pricing of petroleum and natural gas, the ongoing

4824:

The German government provided over 40 million gold marks to subsidize Bolshevik publications and activities subversive of the tsarist government, especially focusing on disgruntled soldiers and workers. In April 1917 Germany provided a special sealed train to carry

8939:Балабанова Д. А., Веприцкая В. Н. Становление адвокатуры в Южноукраинских губерниях Российской империи в первой половине XIX века (на примере Одессы) // Раціональний та почуттєво-емоційний аспекти правосвідомості та поведінки суб’єктів права. — 2012. 6208:). The reforms immediately devastated the living standards of much of the population. In the 1990s Russia suffered an economic downturn that was, in some ways, more severe than the United States or Germany had undergone six decades earlier in the Great Depression. 3705: 4829:

back to Russia from his exile in Switzerland. After many behind-the-scenes maneuvers, the soviets seized control of the government in November 1917 and drove Kerensky and his moderate provisional government into exile, in the events that would become known as the

4974:

alone in 1920. Millions more also died of widespread starvation. By 1922 there were at least 7,000,000 street children in Russia as a result of nearly ten years of devastation from the Great War and the civil war. Another one to two million people, known as the

3616:, with the emphatic cry of "Hang all the landlords!", the rebels threatened to take Moscow until Catherine crushed the rebellion. Like the other enlightened despots of Europe, Catherine made certain of her own power and formed an alliance with the nobility. 5783:

continued, the number of nuclear weapons in the hands of the USSR and the United States reached a menacing scale, giving them the ability to destroy the planet multiple times. Less powerful countries had more room to assert their independence, and the two

12822: 4159:

Russia expected that in exchange for supplying the troops to be the policeman of Europe, it should have a free hand in dealing with the decaying Ottoman Empire—the "sick man of Europe." In 1853, Russia invaded Ottoman-controlled areas leading to the

1324:, uniting the northern and southern lands of the Eastern Slavs under one authority, moving the governance center to Kiev by the end of the 10th century, and maintaining northern and southern parts with significant autonomy from each other. The state 5301:, or execution. Of the six original members of the 1920 Politburo who survived Lenin, all were purged by Stalin. Old Bolsheviks who had been loyal comrades of Lenin, high officers in the Red Army, and directors of industry were liquidated in the 5580:

as the Germans never regained the strength to sustain their offensive operations and the Soviet Union recaptured the initiative for the rest of the conflict. By the end of 1943, the Red Army had broken through the German siege of Leningrad and

4227:, setting up elected local judges, abolishing capital punishment, promoting local self-government through the zemstvo system, imposing universal military service, ending some of the privileges of the nobility, and promoting the universities. 4782:. Meanwhile, the socialists in Petrograd organized elections among workers and soldiers to form a soviet (council) of workers' and soldiers' deputies, as an organ of popular power that could pressure the "bourgeois" Provisional Government. 6038:

Two developments dominated the decade that followed: the increasingly apparent crumbling of the Soviet Union's economic and political structures, and the patchwork attempts at reforms to reverse that process. After the rapid succession of

5128:

While the Russian economy was being transformed, the social life of the people underwent equally drastic changes. The Family Code of 1918 granted women equal status to men, and permitted a couple to take either the husband or wife's name.

3600:

reaffirming rights and freedoms of the Russian nobility and abolishing mandatory state service. She seized control of all the church lands, drastically reduced the size of the monasteries, and put the surviving clergy on a tight budget.

2668:(known as Muscovy in English), which first cooperated with and ultimately expelled the Tatars from Russia. Well-situated in the central river system of Russia and surrounded by protective forests and marshes, Moscow was at first only a 4208:

the land that they had lost, and collected a special tax from the peasants, called redemption payments, at a rate of 5% of the total cost of allotted land yearly. All the land turned over to the peasants was owned collectively by the

14773: 3433:, whose harbor was frozen nine months a year. Access to the Baltic was blocked by Sweden, whose territory enclosed it on three sides. Peter's ambitions for a "window to the sea" led him in 1699 to make a secret alliance with the 7000: 5242:

and parts of southwestern Russia. The deteriorating conditions in the countryside drove millions of desperate peasants to the rapidly growing cities, fueling industrialization, and vastly increasing Russia's urban population.

3826:

In European policy, Alexander I switched Russia back and forth four times in 1804–1812 from neutral peacemaker to anti-Napoleon to an ally of Napoleon, winding up in 1812 as Napoleon's enemy. In 1805, he joined Britain in the

4950:'s forces massacred 100,000 to 150,000 Jews in Ukraine and southern Russia. Hundreds of thousands of Jews were left homeless and tens of thousands became victims of serious illness. These massacres are now referred to as the 3023:'s reign ended in chaos, civil war combined with foreign intrusion, devastation of many cities and depopulation of the rural regions. The country rocked by internal chaos also attracted several waves of interventions by the 2608:

The Mongols left their impact on the Russians in such areas as military tactics and transportation. Under Mongol occupation, Muscovy also developed its postal road network, census, fiscal system, and military organization.

3588:, "the Great" (r. 1762–1796), was a German princess who married the German heir to the Russian crown. Catherine overthrew him in a coup in 1762, becoming queen regnant. Catherine enthusiastically supported the ideals of 6117: 6296:

By the mid-1990s Russia had a system of multiparty electoral politics. But it was harder to establish a representative government because of the struggle between president and parliament and the anarchic party system.

5179:

established near total control over Soviet society, wielding virtually unrestrained power. Following Lenin's death Stalin wrestled to gain control of the Soviet Union with rival factions in the Politburo, especially

4254:

was popular among the Russian people, who supported the independence of their fellow Orthodox Slavs, the Serbs and the Bulgarians. Russia's victory in this war allowed a number of Balkan states to gain independence:

2812:

Ivan proclaimed his absolute sovereignty over all Russian princes and nobles. Refusing further tribute to the Tatars, Ivan initiated a series of attacks that opened the way for the complete defeat of the declining

2409:, Kievan Rus' displayed an economy and achievements in architecture and literature superior to those that then existed in the western part of the continent. Compared with the languages of European Christendom, the 1218: 3886:

and finally captured Paris. Of a total population of around 43 million people, Russia lost about 1.5 million in the year 1812; of these about 250,000 to 300,000 were soldiers and the rest peasants and serfs.

2030:. Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the Bosporan Kingdom was also overwhelmed by successive waves of nomadic invasions, led by warlike tribes which would often move on to Europe, as was the case with the 13062: 6300:

Meanwhile, the central government had lost control of the localities, bureaucracy, and economic fiefdoms, and tax revenues had collapsed. Still in a deep depression, Russia's economy was hit further by the

5102:, who benefited from the NEP, the program proved highly beneficial and the economy revived. The NEP would later come under increasing opposition from within the party following Lenin's death in early 1924. 290: 229: 13185: 8437: 4965:

The Russian economy was devastated by the war, with factories and bridges destroyed, cattle and raw materials pillaged, mines flooded and machines damaged. The droughts of 1920 and 1921, as well as the

6451:" took place; Vladimir Putin again became president and Dmitry Medvedev took over as chairman of the government, after which the protests acquired an anti-Putin orientation, but soon began to decline. 6938:

Igor V. Ovchinnikov; Anders Götherström; Galina P. Romanova; Vitaliy M. Kharitonov; Kerstin Lidén; William Goodwin (30 March 2000). "Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus".

4454:". A committed Slavophile, Alexander III believed that Russia could be saved from chaos only by shutting itself off from the subversive influences of Western Europe. In his reign Russia concluded the 6416:, in which separation was favored by a large majority of voters according to official results, the Russian leadership announced the accession of Crimea into the Russian Federation, thus starting the 10524: 5923:

manufacturing the necessary chips reliably and in quantity, in programming workable and efficient programs, in coordinating entirely separate operations, and in providing support to computer users.

214: 14772: 6379:

seemed almost impossible. The economic problems are aggravated by massive capital outflows, as well as extremely difficult conditions for doing business, due to pressure from the security forces

1060: 1039: 1018: 997: 909: 13271: 13130: 3453:, the beginning of a 200-year domination of that region by the Russian Empire. In celebration of his conquests, Peter assumed the title of emperor, and the Russian Tsardom officially became the 3171:, were engaged in a bitter conflict with each other, which provided Russia the opportunity to make peace with Sweden in 1617 and to sign a truce with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1619. 12252: 893: 6238:, blasting out his opponents. As Yeltsin was taking the unconstitutional step of dissolving the legislature, Russia came close to a serious civil conflict. Yeltsin was then free to impose the 4882:

The Bolshevik grip on power was by no means secure, and a lengthy struggle broke out between the new regime and its opponents, which included the Socialist Revolutionaries, the anti-Bolshevik

6480:. A leading banker in Moscow said the damage might take a decade to recover, as half of its international trade has been lost. Despite international opposition, Russia officially annexed the 1406:, claiming lands as far as the Pacific Ocean by the end of the century. Domestically, Russia faced numerous uprisings of the various ethnic groups under their control, as exemplified by the 13100: 6924:

Matthew Warren, «Mum's a Neanderthal, Dad's a Denisovan: First discovery of an ancient-human hybrid - Genetic analysis uncovers a direct descendant of two different groups of early humans»,

3490:. As part of the government reform, the Orthodox Church was partially incorporated into the country's administrative structure, in effect making it a tool of the state. Peter abolished the 1738: 6230:

Meanwhile, the profusion of small parties and their aversion to coherent alliances left the legislature chaotic. During 1993, Yeltsin's rift with the parliamentary leadership led to the

3604:

Catherine spent heavily to promote an expansive foreign policy. She extended Russian political control over the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth with actions, including the support of the

6992: 6477: 4662:

The very large but poorly led and under-equipped Russian army fought tenaciously. Casualties were enormous. In the 1914 campaign, Russian forces defeated Austro-Hungarian forces in the

901: 11601:

This is far higher than the original number of 7 million given by Stalin, and, indeed, the number has increased under various Soviet and Russian Federation leaders. See Mark Harrison,

14774: 4203:(out of a total population of 67 million). In anticipation of civil unrest that could ultimately foment a revolution, Alexander II chose to preemptively abolish serfdom with the 4000:. After a brief occupation, the Russian imperial army withdrew into Georgia. By the 1830s, Russia had conquered all Persian territories and major Ottoman territories in the Caucasus. 3307:. Poland was divided in the 1790–1815 era, with much of the land and population going to Russia. Most of the 19th century growth came from adding territory in Asia, south of Siberia. 3819:

to cede swaths of its territories in the Caucasus to Russia, which drastically increased its territory in the region. To the south-west, Russia tried to expand at the expense of the

16766: 12976: 6055:

in an attempt to modernize Soviet communism, and made significant changes in the party leadership. However, Gorbachev's social reforms led to unintended consequences. His policy of

5636:

by Germany. Thirteen million Soviet citizens became victims of the repressive policies of Germany and its allies in occupied territories, where people died because of mass murders,

3229: 2736:

In the 15th century, the grand princes of Moscow continued to consolidate Russian land to increase their population and wealth. The most successful practitioner of this process was

2601:; but in return they received charters authorizing them to act as deputies to the khans. In general, the princes were allowed considerable freedom to rule as they wished, while the 519: 5654:. During the occupation, the Leningrad region lost around a quarter of its population, Soviet Belarus lost from a quarter to a third of its population, and 3.6 million Soviet 3596:. She patronized the arts, science and learning. She contributed to the resurgence of the Russian nobility that began after the death of Peter the Great. Catherine promulgated the 2445:

Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated as a state because of in-fighting between members of the princely family that ruled it collectively. Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of

6273:

Soviet economy. By mid-decade, retail, trade, services, and small industry was in private hands. Most big enterprises were acquired by their old managers, engendering a new rich (

6061:

facilitated public access to information after decades of government repression, and social problems received wider public attention, undermining the Communist Party's authority.

5560:

in a successful counterattack, the Germans retained the strategic initiative for approximately another year and held a deep offensive in the south-eastern direction, reaching the

4983:

in the 1920, some through the Far East, others west into the newly independent Baltic countries. These émigrés included a large percentage of the educated and skilled population.

13901: 4007:

in Poland. The Russian autocracy gave Polish artisans and gentry reason to rebel in 1863 by assailing the national core values of language, religion, and culture. The resulting

5134:

nurseries were set up for child care, and efforts were made to shift the center of people's social life from the home to educational and recreational groups, the soviet clubs.

4655:". Germany responded with its own mobilisation and declaration of War on 1 August 1914. At the opening of hostilities, the Russians took the offensive against both Germany and 4533:

At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia continued its expansion in the Far East; Chinese Manchuria was in the zone of Russian interests. Russia took an active part in the

4140:

in 1849 at the request of the Austrian Empire and broke the revolt there, while preventing its spread to Russian Poland. The Tsar cracked down on any signs of internal unrest.

5727:. The division of Europe into Western and Soviet blocks later took on a more global character, especially after 1949, when the U.S. nuclear monopoly ended with the testing of 1627: 3663:, she incorporated the territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, where after a century of Russian rule non-Catholic, mainly Orthodox population prevailed during the 5125:

regions. One of the main determinants of firm creation for given regions of Russian Empire might be urban demand of goods and supply of industrial and organizational skill.

4691: 1142: 6361:

International observers were alarmed by moves in late 2004 to further tighten the presidency's control over parliament, civil society, and regional officeholders. In 2008,

5688:

Collaboration among the major Allies had won the war and was supposed to serve as the basis for postwar reconstruction and security. USSR became one of the founders of the

10456: 6562: 14252: 6447:

in the country; a number of political scientists and journalists noted various falsifications on election day. In 2012, according to another pre-election agreement, a "

3608:. The cost of her campaigns, plus the oppressive social system that required serfs to spend almost all their time laboring on the land of their lords, provoked a major 13327: 12768:

But his critics believe that it has come at the cost of some post-communist democratic freedoms.", "2003: General election gives Putin allies control over parliament"

3540:

Peter the Great died in 1725, leaving an unsettled succession, but Russia had become a great power by the end of his reign. Peter I was succeeded by his second wife,

2977:

At the end of Ivan IV's reign the Polish–Lithuanian and Swedish armies carried out a powerful intervention in Russia, devastating its northern and northwest regions.

12360: 2759:

Through the defections of some princes, border skirmishes, and a long war with the Novgorod Republic, Ivan III was able to annex Novgorod and Tver. As a result, the

14816: 6242:

with strong presidential powers, which was approved by referendum in December 1993. The cohesion of the Russian Federation was also threatened when the republic of

6097: 13070: 11778: 5849: 5693: 2707:. Moscow's leadership in Russia was now firmly based and by the middle of the 14th century its territory had greatly expanded through purchase, war, and marriage. 1733: 1239: 13590: 13000: 4515:

in Russia. Gathering their support from the radical intellectuals and the urban working class, they advocated complete social, economic and political revolution.

3952:. Russia lost almost all of its recently consolidated territories during the first year but regained them and won the war on highly favourable terms. At the 1828 6405: 6346: 4164:. Britain and France came to the rescue of the Ottomans. After a grueling war fought largely in Crimea, with very high death rates from disease, the allies won. 12848: 5819:

started to unravel in the late 1980s. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia lost the superpower status that it had won in the Second World War.

5711:

in the summer of 1945. Stalin's goal was to establish a buffer zone of states between Germany and the Soviet Union. Truman charged that Stalin had betrayed the

5650:

along with local collaborators, resulted in almost complete annihilation of the Jewish population over the entire territory temporarily occupied by Germany and

4386:

After the Nihilists failed to convert the aristocracy and landed gentry to the cause of reform, they turned to the peasants. Their campaign became known as the

3520:, known as "The Persian Expedition of Peter the Great" by Russian histographers, in order to be the first Russian emperor to establish Russian influence in the 13302: 13182: 12451: 6429: 10545:

The Anatomy of Revolution Revisited: A Comparative Analysis of England, France, and Russia. Bailey Stone. Cambridge University Press, 25 November 2013. p. 335

9946: 9368: 8971: 8961: 8951: 8629: 5903:, and also attempted to ease relationships with the United States. Soviet science and industry peaked in the Khrushchev and Brezhnev years. The world's first 2628:

from the West. Despite this, becoming the Grand Prince, Alexander declared himself a vassal to the Golden Horde, not having the strength to resist its power.

2069:

through to the 8th century. Noted for their laws, tolerance, and cosmopolitanism, the Khazars were the main commercial link between the Baltic and the Muslim

17290: 15844: 13574: 13382: 6455: 6094:, there were shortages of almost all products. Control over the constituent republics was also relaxed, and they began to assert their national sovereignty. 3902:

with Austria and Prussia, to suppress revolutionary movements in Europe that he saw as immoral threats to legitimate Christian monarchs. He helped Austria's

3214:, begun at the end of the 16th century, continued in the 17th century. By the end of the 1640s, the Russians reached the Pacific Ocean, the Russian explorer 10762: 5323:

Penalties were introduced, and many citizens were prosecuted for fictitious crimes of sabotage and espionage. The labor provided by convicts working in the

4849:

agreed that Lenin’s influence on the Bolshevik party was decisive but the October insurrection was carried out according to Trotsky’s, not to Lenin’s plan.

4817:

In July, following a series of crises that undermined their authority with the public, the head of the Provisional Government resigned and was succeeded by

3877:; casualties were very high, but it was indecisive, and Napoleon was unable to engage and defeat the Russian armies. He tried to force the Tsar to terms by 13833: 10504: 8294: 13810: 4458:

to contain the growing power of Germany, completed the conquest of Central Asia, and exacted important territorial and commercial concessions from China.

4092:

favored imitating Western Europe while others renounced the West and called for a return of the traditions of the past. The latter path was championed by

1723: 16983: 13416: 5335:. An estimated 18 million people passed through the Gulag system, and perhaps another 15 million had experience of some other form of forced labor. 5042: 4857: 13399: 13160: 11873: 7749: 5207:. Abolishing the NEP, it was the first of a number of plans aimed at swift accumulation of capital resources through the buildup of heavy industry, the 3244:

In the preceding century, the state had gradually curtailed peasants' rights to move from one landlord to another. With the state now fully sanctioning

16600: 13263: 13210: 13122: 10110:

Levy, Jack S.; Mulligan, William (2017). "Shifting power, preventive logic, and the response of the target: Germany, Russia, and the First World War".

7917: 6697: 6501: 3721:

and modernization affected only the upper classes of Russian society, while the bulk of the population, consisting of peasants, remained in a state of

2582:

as punishment for resisting Mongol authority. Mongol domination of the Rus' principalities, along with tax collection by various overlords such as the

1515:, officially merging all four republics to form the Soviet Union as a single state. Between 1922 and 1991 the history of Russia essentially became the 12583: 12244: 11720: 10205: 6840:"Об охоте на крупных млекопитающих и использовании водных пищевых ресурсов в раннем палеолите (по материалам раннеашельских стоянок Южного Приазовья)" 5788:

were partially able to recognize their common interest in trying to check the further spread and proliferation of nuclear weapons in treaties such as

13547: 5425: 1540: 7023: 3674:

with the Georgians to protect them against any new invasion of their Persian suzerains and further political aspirations, Catherine waged a new war

13092: 6577: 6372:

Russia's long-term problems include a shrinking workforce, rampant corruption, and underinvestment in infrastructure. Nevertheless, reversion to a

2382:

religion, dramatically deepening a synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next thousand years. The region

1828: 10742:

Baten, Jörg; Behle, Dominic (2010). "Regional Determinants of Firm Creation in the Russian Empire. Evidence from the 1870 Industrial Exhibition".

10671: 5424:: a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany dividing Eastern Europe into two separate spheres of influence. Following the pact, the USSR normalized 4860:(1918) with Germany. Russia lost much of her western borderlands. However, when Germany was defeated the Soviet government repudiated the Treaty. 2898:), curbed the influence of the clergy, and introduced local self-management in rural regions. Tsar also created the first regular army in Russia: 2166:

From the 7th century onwards, East Slavs constituted the bulk of the population in Western Russia and slowly conquered and assimilated the native

13841: 13335: 13331: 12697: 12287:

Cain, Frank (2005). "Computers and the Cold War: United States Restrictions on the Export of Computers to the Soviet Union and Communist China".

6234:. The crisis climaxed on 3 October, when Yeltsin chose a radical solution to settle his dispute with parliament: he called up tanks to shell the 4256: 2703:, the Mongols were defeated, and although this hard-fought victory did not end Tatar rule of Russia, it did bring great fame to the Grand Prince 889: 8041: 4136:

members of the alliance) lacked large armies and needed Russia to supply the required numbers, which fit the philosophy of Nicholas I. The Tsar

17599: 13837: 10994: 6602: 6421: 6174:) took power on 26 December. The Russian government lifted price control in January 1992. Prices rose dramatically, but shortages disappeared. 2829:

and granted manors to nobles, who were obliged to serve in the military. The manor system provided a basis for an emerging cavalry-based army.

1615: 976: 873: 13044: 12877: 8647:"Milov L.V. "Russian peasant and features of the Russian historical process", the research of Russian economic history of 15th–18th centuries" 4647:

credibility and for its goal of a leadership role in the Balkans. Tsar Nicholas II mobilised Russian forces on 30 July 1914 to defend Serbia.

15190: 12425: 12120: 8405: 8138: 8124: 2313: 881: 863: 11738:"Involvement of the Lettish SS Legion in War Crimes in 1941–1945 and the Attempts to Revise the Verdict of the Nuremberg Tribunal in Latvia" 10647: 6850: 5175:

The years from 1929 to 1939 comprised a tumultuous decade in Soviet history—a period of massive industrialization and internal struggles as

2688:

in 1299 and a few years later established the permanent headquarters of the Church in Moscow under the original title of Kiev Metropolitan.

16388: 12273:

James W. Cortada, "Public Policies and the Development of National Computer Industries in Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, 1940—80."

12146: 6171: 4451: 4186: 1496: 1289: 12968: 12946: 12484: 11856:

Christian Streit: Keine Kameraden: Die Wehrmacht und die Sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, 1941–1945, Bonn: Dietz (3. Aufl., 1. Aufl. 1978),

10631: 6797: 5593:. By the end of 1944, the front had moved beyond the 1939 Soviet frontiers into eastern Europe. Soviet forces drove into eastern Germany, 4785: 2312:

valley. A coordinated group of princely states with a common interest in maintaining trade along the river routes, Kievan Rus' controlled

16480: 15271: 12404:

History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite...

10244: 9273: 9064: 8646: 6894:

Early Paleolithic cultural layers with tools of oldowan type was discovered in East Caucasus (Dagestan, Russia) by Kh. Amirkhanov (2006)

6305:. At the end of 1999, Yeltsin made a surprise announcement of his resignation, leaving the government in the hands of the Prime Minister 6029: 5836: 5832: 3882:

guerrillas. As Napoleon's forces retreated, Russian troops pursued them into Central and Western Europe, defeated Napoleon's army in the

1205: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 14370:

Baron, Samuel H., and Nancy W. Heer. "The Soviet Union: Historiography Since Stalin." in Georg G. Iggers and Harold Talbot Parker, eds.

12735:

In the 2000 election, he took 53% of the vote in the first round and, four years later, was re-elected with a landslide majority of 71%.

10283: 9246: 8861: 8727: 7137: 5320:

against the kulaks and various national minorities in the USSR. During the Great Purges of 1937–38, about 700,000 people were executed.

4962:

most reliable estimations for the total number of killings put the number at about 100,000, whereas others suggest a figure of 200,000.

4537:

to suppress the Boxer rebellion. During this war, Russia occupied Manchuria, which caused a clash of interests with Japan. In 1904, the

3267:, reacted against the growing centralization of the state, serfs escaped from their landlords and joined the rebels. The Cossack leader 1430:

as the new capital of his Empire, and for his introducing Western European culture to Russia. In 1762, Russia came under the control of

16440: 9845: 9713: 3652: 3479:

and districts. Peter told the senate that its mission was to collect taxes. In turn tax revenues tripled over the course of his reign.

3075: 2336: 2022:. At about the 2nd century AD Goths migrated to the Black Sea, and in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, a semi-legendary Gothic kingdom of 485: 13898: 13760:

Markevich, Andrei, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. 2018. “Economic Effects of the Abolition of Serfdom: Evidence from the Russian Empire.”

11656: 7867: 7053: 6257:

Economic reforms also consolidated a semi-criminal oligarchy with roots in the old Soviet system. Advised by Western governments, the

2909:(1558–1583) for control of the Baltic coast and access to the sea trade ultimately proved a costly failure. Ivan managed to annex the 2597:, one of the largest cities of the medieval world. The princes had to pay tribute to the Mongols of the Golden Horde, commonly called 15837: 14864: 13852: 10320: 4643: 1053: 12792: 3486:(ministries) were established in St. Petersburg, to replace the old governmental departments. In 1722, Peter promulgated his famous 17365: 13875: 8386: 6158:

in Moscow and Saint Petersburg for the first time since World War II. Russia received humanitarian food aid from abroad. After the

5931:

told the head of oil and gas production, "things are bad with bread. Give me 3 million tons over the plan." Former prime minister

3737:

laid the foundation for the development of Alaska by the Russians. By the end of the 18th century, Alaska became a Russian colony (

3501: 3498:, led by a lay government official. Peter continued and intensified his predecessors' requirement of state service for all nobles. 3028: 2438:

incursions caused a massive influx of Slavs to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north, particularly to the area known as

1718: 11786: 7770: 5742:

The foremost objectives of Soviet foreign policy were the maintenance and enhancement of national security and the maintenance of

16902: 16807: 16722: 16249: 15139: 12558: 6112:

The tension between Soviet Union and Russian SFSR authorities came to be personified in the power struggle between Gorbachev and

5773:

As the Soviet Union continued to maintain tight control over its sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, the Cold War gave way to

5343: 5298: 5111: 5066: 835: 646: 14249: 11981: 10450: 8555: 6908: 6358:

in Russia by subjugating parliament, suppressing independent media and placing major oil and gas companies under state control.

5915:

was built. In the 1950s the USSR became a leading producer and exporter of petroleum and natural gas. In 1980 Moscow hosted the

2950:, Ivan's followers carried out a series of bloody purges of the feudal aristocracy (whom he suspected of treachery after prince 2691:

By the middle of the 14th century, the power of the Mongols was declining, and the Grand Princes felt able to openly oppose the

17606: 17023: 15200: 8948:

According to Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: 1891 Grodno province – Catholics 384,696, total population 1,509,728

8883: 7580: 7118: 6819: 6627: 6322: 6239: 4504: 3263:(1682). By far the greatest peasant uprising in 17th-century Europe erupted in 1667. As the free settlers of South Russia, the 12183: 11800: 9644: 7720: 3910:

the second half of the 18th century, Russia began to lag ever farther behind, undermining its ability to field strong armies.

17118: 16781: 16460: 14789: 14582: 14198: 14157: 13868:

The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor

11648: 11275: 11250: 10518: 10401: 10149: 9971: 6597: 6520: 6231: 5355: 5166: 5120:

Soviet poster from 1932 symbolizing the reform of "old ways of life", dedicated to liberation of women from traditional roles

5078: 5041:, established in December 1922 by the leaders of the Russian Communist Party, was roughly coterminous with Russia before the 4635: 4204: 3942: 662: 17502: 14554: 14204: 12907: 8912:К. М. Корольков «Столетний юбилей города Екатеринослава (1787 — 9-го мая — 1887)» (Екатеринослав, 1887). 6129: 5516: 17452: 17164: 16417: 15830: 10391: 8486: 6647: 6632: 5392: 5170: 4195:

came to the throne in 1855, the demand for reform was widespread. The most pressing problem confronting the Government was

1583: 1162: 1032: 839: 792: 330: 14731: 13240: 12755: 12722: 12664: 10800: 9705:, Scott Gehlbach, and Tricia D. Olsen. "Does reform prevent rebellion? Evidence from Russia's emancipation of the serfs." 8463: 8434: 2721: 17395: 16339: 15786: 15114: 11761: 11737: 10717: 8014: 6146: 5875:

by the Communist Party's Central Committee, charging him with a host of errors that included Soviet setbacks such as the

5400: 5239: 5153:

of the outskirts. In particular, the languages of all the nations of the USSR were translated into the Cyrillic alphabet

4012:

punished by losing its distinctive political and judicial rights, with Russianization imposed on its schools and courts.

3628: 2231:

and trade throughout Northern Europe. In the mid-9th century, they began to venture along the waterways from the eastern

1575: 1273: 13587: 11826: 9311:

Olga E. Maiorova, "War as Peace: The Trope of War in Russian Nationalist Discourse during the Polish Uprising of 1863."

8921:Місто і люди. Єлисаветград — Кіровоград, 1754—2004. Ілюстрована енциклопедія., Кіровоград:, «Імекс-ЛТД», 2004, 303 стор. 8216: 6338: 4438:, approximately from 1890 to 1930—although some have placed its beginning as early as 1850 and its end as late as 1960. 1757:

Akusha region of the north Caucasus, demonstrating the presence of early humans in the territory of present-day Russia.

16897: 16516: 15972: 15640: 12997: 12354: 10487: 9430: 9161: 9030: 7967: 6778: 6532: 6201:" of ending Soviet-era price controls, drastic cuts in state spending, and an open foreign trade regime in early 1992 ( 6121: 5720: 5212: 4946:

Both sides regularly committed brutal atrocities against civilians. During the civil war era for example, Petlyura and

3746: 3434: 3164: 3153: 3106: 3024: 2465: 2383: 1512: 1325: 827: 817: 14079: 7471: 5532:

The peace with Germany was tense, as both sides were preparing for the military conflict, and abruptly ended when the

1475:(1906–1917) attempted to open and liberalize the economy and political system, but the emperors refused to relinquish 17330: 17219: 17154: 16455: 16314: 15902: 15159: 14548: 14526: 14389: 14320: 14228: 14171: 14104: 14039: 13936: 13659: 13493: 13441: 12852: 12438:

12 April 2001 is the fortieth anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight into space, the first time a human left the planet

12104: 12083: 12062: 12041: 12017: 11993: 11925: 11861: 11635: 11610: 11589: 11563: 11539: 11511: 11485: 11461: 11440: 11420: 11391: 11374: 11340: 11319: 11299: 11221: 11200: 11179: 11121: 11100: 11077: 11056: 11023: 10981: 10960: 10939: 10913: 10889: 10616: 10361: 10277: 10238: 10071: 9888: 9839: 9674: 9613: 9575: 9365: 9240: 9136: 8855: 8828: 8787: 8762: 8721: 8694: 8537: 8449: 8329: 8118: 8091: 7998: 7849: 7828: 7704: 7680: 7643: 7609: 7564: 7543: 7487: 7417: 7365: 7315: 7294: 7270: 7249: 7228: 7207: 7183: 7162: 7099: 6753: 6728: 6436: 6183: 6166:

withdrew Russia from the Soviet Union on 12 December. The Soviet Union officially ended on 25 December 1991, and the

5624: 4687: 4478: 4251: 4148: 3977: 3844: 3792: 3726: 3624: 3620: 3517: 2821:

and hordes. Ivan and his successors sought to protect the southern boundaries of their domain against attacks of the

2481: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 244: 13294: 13021: 12521: 12459: 11698: 9936: 6389:

countries in its economic development, with a long tradition of education, science, and industry. Russia hosted the

6137:

before the late 1980s. In the Soviet Union, only Russian SFSR lacked its own republic-level Communist Party branch,

3082:

11 September] 1610. Moscow revolted but riots there were brutally suppressed and the city was set on fire.

1866:".) Remnants of these long-gone steppe cultures were discovered in the course of the 20th century in such places as 1614:. Coupled with economic growth, Russia has since regained significant global status as a world power. Russia's 2014 1491:

initially brought into office a coalition of liberals and moderate socialists, but their failed policies led to the

17078: 17061: 16727: 15771: 15366: 14477: 13680: 13571: 13379: 12501:

The first-ever popularly elected leader of Russia, Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin was a protégé of Mikhail Gorbachev's.

12225: 10930: 10055: 9872: 9782: 8969: 8959: 8949: 8626: 7812: 7753: 6465: 5188:

either exiled or rendered powerless, Stalin was ready to put a radical programme of industrialisation into action.

4393:. It was based on the belief that the common people had the wisdom and peaceful ability to lead the nation. As the 4283: 3870: 3300: 3195: 1623: 1074: 620: 608: 509: 30: 14837:

The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 17: Switzerland (concluded), Russia and Poland

14053: 13721: 13627: 12571:

1991 25 December – Gorbachev resigns as Soviet president; US recognises independence of remaining Soviet republics

9500: 9404: 9345: 7941: 4631: 2464:

in the 13th century was the final blow. Kiev was destroyed. Halych-Volhynia would eventually be absorbed into the

16872: 16410: 15796: 15399: 15264: 11881: 10770: 9477: 9453: 7377: 6552: 6540: 6065:

allowed ethnic and nationalist disaffection to reach the surface, and many constituent republics, especially the

6033: 5808: 5755: 4980: 4503:

in 1901, advocating the distribution of land among the peasants who worked it. A third radical group founded the

4488: 4224: 3016: 2740:, who laid the foundations for a Russian national state. Ivan competed with his powerful northwestern rival, the 1579: 1277: 1198: 813: 17: 13807: 8999:

Alfred J. Rieber, "Persistent factors in Russian foreign policy: an interpretive essay". In Hugh Ragsdale, ed.,

8302: 6817:Раннеплейстоценовая стоянка Кермек в Западном Предкавказье (предварительные результаты комплексных исследований) 5383:. The Soviets supported the republicans of Spain who struggled against fascist German and Italian troops in the 17477: 17103: 16536: 15583: 15416: 15354: 14673:

Suny, Ronald Grigor. "Rehabilitating Tsarism: The Imperial Russian State and Its Historians. A Review Article"

13987: 13413: 12391: 11847:"Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century", Greenhill Books, London, 1997, G. F. Krivosheev 10588: 9298:

Stephen R. Burant, "The January Uprising of 1863 in Poland: Sources of Disaffection and the Arenas of Revolt."

9076: 7522: 6877: 6672: 6444: 6413: 6366: 6331: 5900: 5723:(NATO), a mutual defense pact. The Soviet Union established an Eastern counterpart to NATO in 1955, dubbed the 5196: 4771: 4622: 4097: 3961: 3742: 3418: 3043: 2921:. These conquests complicated the migration of aggressive nomadic hordes from Asia to Europe via the Volga and 544: 459: 7587:, an account of Vladimir's baptism, followed by the baptism of the entire population of Kiev, as described in 6090:

proved to be ineffective, and by 1990 the Soviet government had lost control over economic conditions. Due to

5006: 2767:(Philotheus of Pskov) composed a letter to Ivan III, with the prophecy that the latter's kingdom would be the 17273: 16988: 16812: 16772: 16526: 16450: 16445: 16349: 16216: 16109: 15922: 15791: 15700: 14857: 13396: 13152: 8511: 6876:

Chepalyga, A.L.; Amirkhanov, Kh.A.; Trubikhin, V.M.; Sadchikova, T.A.; Pirogov, A.N.; Taimazov, A.I. (2011).

6622: 6587: 6425: 6302: 5797: 5469:(1939–1940), with the goal of annexing Finland into the Soviet Union. The war took a heavy death toll on the 4892: 4887: 4626: 4496: 4143: 3949: 3544:(1725–1727), who was merely a figurehead for a powerful group of high officials, then by his minor grandson, 3461: 3098: 3079: 3071: 3063: 3051: 3039:

in 1607. The decisive moment came when a combined Russian-Swedish army was routed by the Polish forces under

2587: 767: 597: 312: 13544: 13202: 7913: 6937: 6693: 5589:. During the 1944 campaign, the Red Army defeated German forces in a series of offensive campaigns known as 3627:) against the decaying Ottoman Empire and advanced Russia's southern boundary to the Black Sea. In 1775 she 17559: 17539: 17442: 17093: 17043: 16907: 16752: 16717: 16400: 16175: 15947: 14949: 14821: 12591: 11759:

Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations (Russian Federation. General Information)

11717: 10201: 6607: 6557: 6485: 6481: 5747: 5696:

of the UN Security Council. However, the conflict between Soviet and U.S. national interests, known as the

5672: 5609: 5605: 5525: 5441: 5262: 5208: 5083:

The period from the consolidation of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 until 1921 is known as the period of

4853: 4790: 4407: 4379: 4238: 4137: 4096:, who heaped scorn on the "decadent" West. The Slavophiles were opponents of bureaucracy and preferred the 4060: 3788: 3694: 3163:

The immediate task of the new monarch was to restore peace. Fortunately for Moscow, its major enemies, the

3110: 2963: 2593:

The Mongols dominated the lower reaches of the Volga and held Russia in sway from their western capital at

2402:. From the onset, the Kievan princes followed the Byzantine example and kept the Church dependent on them. 1528: 1468: 1011: 990: 481: 14133: 11413:Упущенный шанс Сталина: Советский Союз и борьба за Европу 1939–1941 гг. : Документы, факты, суждения. 5218:

As a part of the plan, the government took control of agriculture through the state and collective farms (

3772:

By the time of her death in 1796, Catherine's expansionist policy had made Russia a major European power.

3218:, discovered the strait between Asia and America. Russian expansion in the Far East faced resistance from 2958:

in 1570. This combined with the military losses, epidemics, and poor harvests so weakened Russia that the

2046:

people originated in the south Ural steppe and moved northwards into their current location about 500 AD.

17457: 17194: 17066: 16973: 16927: 16917: 16882: 16762: 16637: 16622: 16276: 16242: 15750: 15745: 15361: 15195: 8567: 6667: 6592: 6318: 6286: 6262: 5908: 5498: 5421: 5317: 4996: 4970:, worsened the disaster still further. Disease had reached pandemic proportions, with 3,000,000 dying of 4735: 4351:

By the end of 19th century, the majority of the Russian population were unable to read and write (map of

4325: 3878: 3795:

over control and consolidation over Georgia, as well as the Iranian territories that comprise modern-day

3690: 3304: 3211: 1544: 1516: 1472: 1457: 1403: 1122: 969: 885: 635: 358: 342: 37: 14513:, covers the scholarship of the three major schools, totalitarianism, revisionism, and post-revisionism. 12604:

The largest republic of the former Soviet Union; it became independent as the Russian Federation in 1991

6193:

Although Yeltsin came to power on a wave of optimism, he never recovered his popularity after endorsing

4212:, the village community, which divided the land among the peasants and supervised the various holdings. 17660: 17517: 17350: 17132: 17113: 17013: 17003: 16998: 16590: 16470: 16190: 16142: 16034: 16029: 15806: 15801: 15257: 15154: 15059: 14683:

Topolski, Jerzy. "Soviet Studies and Social History" in Georg G. Iggers and Harold Talbot Parker, eds.

12029: 10668: 6536: 5716: 5486: 5231: 5149:

was carried out. However, from the mid-30s, the Stalinist government returned to the tsarist policy of

4599: 4264: 3828: 3675: 1671: 1353: 1345: 1191: 777: 712: 350: 50: 14593:

Martin, Russell E (2010). "The Petrine Divide and the Periodization of Early Modern Russian History".

12694: 9941: 8471: 8023: 7976: 6878:"Geoarchaeology of the earliest paleolithic sites (Oldowan) in the North Caucasus and the East Europe" 5715:

agreement. With Eastern Europe under Red Army occupation, Stalin was also biding his time, as his own

2797:

was adopted, the first set of laws since the 11th century. The double-headed eagle was adopted as the

1280:

of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, Tsardom of Russia and Russian Empire between the 14th and 20th centuries

17569: 17549: 17522: 17278: 17038: 16797: 16676: 16605: 16485: 15776: 15530: 15491: 14808: 11407: 10324: 8168: 8045: 7949: 6612: 6390: 6198: 5586: 5450: 4311: 3734: 2515: 2244: 2205: 1824: 1679: 1667: 1443: 905: 897: 422: 192: 10998: 9902: 3631:, and on the former lands of the Ukrainian Cossacks in the places of theirs settlements was created 3537:

and the Russo-Persian alliance against the Ottoman Empire, the common neighbouring rivalling enemy.

17083: 16922: 16892: 16757: 16671: 16580: 16543: 16147: 15994: 15164: 14881: 14850: 13048: 12869: 11502: 6163: 5993: 5732: 5274: 4936: 4603: 4462: 4369: 4268: 3129: 2741: 2253: 2160: 1972: 1611: 1259: 554: 12124: 8402: 8146: 6327: 5619: 2925:. Through these conquests, Russia acquired a significant Muslim Tatar population and emerged as a 1570:

By the mid-1980s, with the weaknesses of Soviet economic and political structures becoming acute,

17589: 17564: 17400: 17249: 17209: 16912: 16857: 16742: 16610: 16152: 16114: 15781: 15439: 15109: 15074: 15029: 14668:

Historiography of Imperial Russia: The Profession and Writing of History in a Multinational State

14571:

Martin, Janet (2009b). "From Kiev to Muscovy: The Beginnings to 1450". In Freeze, Gregory (ed.).

12417: 10644: 9969:

Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev (1827–1907): Reactionary Views on Democracy, General Education

8988:

The Other East and Nineteenth-Century British Literature: Imagining Poland and the Russian Empire

6839: 6582: 6567: 6396: 6365:, Putin's head of staff, was elected President. In 2012, Putin became president again, prompting 5758:

movement in Poland in the early 1980s. The Soviet Union opposed the United States in a number of

4455: 4447: 3730: 3632: 3609: 3605: 3425:. His attention then turned to the north. Peter still lacked a secure northern seaport except at 3260: 2677: 2602: 2523: 2472:, two regions on the periphery of Kiev, would establish the basis for the modern Russian nation. 2375: 869: 851: 831: 718: 690: 182: 14259:; 800 pp covering art, literature, music, film, media, crime, politics, business, and economics. 12150: 5338:

After the partition of Poland in 1939, the NKVD executed 20,000 captured Polish officers in the

4020: 3890:

After the defeat of Napoleon, Alexander presided over the redrawing of the map of Europe at the

17527: 17385: 17355: 17310: 17261: 17256: 17189: 17073: 17033: 16993: 16827: 16737: 16732: 16553: 16465: 16332: 16235: 16094: 15605: 15434: 14999: 14994: 14889: 14379: 13613: 13514: 13047:[Protest against Putin: Russia's snow revolution is melting]. InoPressa. Archived from 12930: 12488: 10554:"The Russian Revolution", Richard Pipes, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 13 July 2011, p. 838 7027: 6793: 6617: 6516: 5461:

over a Soviet-proposed land swap that would redraw the Soviet-Finnish border further away from

4967: 4260: 4192: 4024: 3903: 3873:

was a catastrophe for Napoleon and his 450,000 invasion troops. One major battle was fought at

3781: 3714: 3585: 3067: 2879: 2871: 2798: 2772: 2579: 2555: 1952: 1899: 1808:, which DNA analysis revealed to be a previously unknown species of human, which was named the 1769: 1635: 1524: 1454: 1255: 400: 278: 13745:

The great reforms : autocracy, bureaucracy, and the politics of change in Imperial Russia

13020:[Putin said that he agreed with Medvedev on “castling” 4 years ago]. 17 October 2011. 12344: 11917: 11907: 11193:

Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia

10351: 10228: 9268: 9059: 8650: 8324:

Borisenkov E, Pasetski V. "The thousand-year annals of the extreme meteorological phenomena",

7134: 6519:

against the government. As of August 2023, the total number of Russian and Ukrainian soldiers

5415:

reaffirming its readiness to militarily back commitments given earlier to Czechoslovakia, the

4114:. He exposed the cultural isolation of Russia, from the perspective of Western Europe, in his 2930: 1606:

and state-ownership of property of the Soviet era in the 1990s, new leaders, led by President

17554: 17295: 17268: 17229: 17169: 16968: 16937: 16847: 16595: 16531: 16064: 16024: 16004: 15984: 15887: 15685: 15550: 15119: 15094: 15009: 14989: 14939: 14909: 14899: 13264:"Moscow has stepped back from civil war with Wagner. But the danger's not over, experts warn" 10879: 10267: 9565: 9230: 9022: 8845: 8711: 8621:

Basil Dmytryshyn, "Russian expansion to the Pacific, 1580–1700: a historiographical review."

8494: 8108: 8081: 6235: 6205: 6083: 5880: 5804: 5677: 5590: 5582: 5545: 4951: 4900: 4484: 4352: 4243: 4152: 4028: 3953: 3883: 3863: 3773: 3597: 3541: 3460:

Peter re-organized his government based on the latest Western models, molding Russia into an

3410: 3406: 2760: 2665: 2661: 2637: 1480: 1439: 1435: 1361: 1284: 1263: 700: 10822:

Remennick, Larissa (1991). "Epidemiology and Determinants of Induced Abortion in the USSR".

10144:

Clark, Christopher (2013). The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. HarperCollins.

9829: 9710: 7155:

The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World

4911:; Soviet Russia and allied Soviet republics conceded the parts of its territory to Estonia ( 2586:, continued into the early 16th century, despite later claims of Muscovite bookmen that the 1434:, who continued the westernizing policies of Peter the Great, and ushered in the era of the 17584: 17492: 17487: 17239: 17174: 16932: 16867: 16862: 16852: 16822: 16817: 16777: 16284: 16180: 15999: 15740: 15735: 15675: 15610: 15515: 15205: 15084: 15079: 14959: 14832: 14804: 14449: 9189:

Henry A. Delfiner, "Alexander I, the holy alliance and Clemens Metternich: A reappraisal."

7864: 7065: 6949: 6642: 6044: 6020:, the first consistently inhabited long-term space station, that served from 1986 to 2001. 6001: 5985: 5961: 5916: 5912: 5876: 5569: 5537: 5521: 5282: 5204: 4582: 4036: 3934: 3832: 3671: 3664: 3483: 3233: 3179: 3175: 2955: 2914: 2775:

and the death of the last Greek Orthodox Christian emperor contributed to this new idea of

2745: 2729: 2647: 1855: 1697: 1631: 1532: 1247: 1223: 674: 477: 10202:"Refugees (Russian Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)" 10026:

For an analysis of the reaction of the elites to the revolutionaries see Roberta Manning,

7263:

Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History

4651:

states: "The Russian general mobilisation was one of the most momentous decisions of the

4275:, which also had ambitions in the region. The Tsar was disappointed by the results of the 3564:, daughter of Peter I, ruled from 1741 to 1762. During her reign, Russia took part in the 1819:

on the large expanse of Russian territory dates back to 45,000 years, in central Siberia (

1479:

and resisted sharing their power. A combination of economic breakdown, mismanagement over

8: 17579: 17335: 17285: 17204: 17108: 16942: 16887: 16842: 16837: 16832: 16787: 16747: 16712: 16654: 16568: 16499: 16361: 16200: 16185: 16132: 16079: 16074: 16049: 15907: 15705: 15635: 15578: 15495: 15321: 15179: 15149: 15099: 15054: 15034: 15024: 14924: 14501:

on the ideas of Zbigniew Brzezinski, Stephen F. Cohen, Jerry F. Hough, and Richard Pipes.

14184: 13293:

Cooper, Helene; Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Schmitt, Eric; Barnes, Julian E. (18 August 2023).

13233:"War crimes have been committed in Ukraine conflict, top UN human rights inquiry reveals" 12800: 9814: 8257: 6493: 6417: 6142: 6078: 5904: 5474: 5465:

failed, and in December 1939 the USSR invaded Finland, beginning a campaign known as the

5308:

Stalin destroyed the opposition in the party consisting of the old Bolsheviks during the

5092: 5058: 4838: 4764: 4427: 4399: 4341: 4337: 4299: 3973: 3679: 3565: 3561: 3223: 3199: 3149: 3134: 2783: 2782:

and the seat of Orthodox Christianity, as did Ivan's 1472 marriage to Byzantine Princess

2681: 2035: 1991:

into Scythia, modern-day Ukraine, eventually reaching the Tanais river (now known as the

1508: 1488: 1431: 1308:. The traditional start date of specifically Russian history is the establishment of the 642: 587: 455: 240: 70: 16170: 15822: 14453: 13866: 11649:"Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers | DW | 27.10.2005" 10595:...the best estimates set the probable number of executions at about a hundred thousand. 9730:

The Great Reforms: Autocracy, Bureaucracy, and the Politics of Change in Imperial Russia

8383: 6953: 3776:

continued this policy, wresting Finland from the weakened kingdom of Sweden in 1809 and

2944:

In the later part of his reign, Ivan divided his realm in two. In the zone known as the

2297:), respectively. Their successors allegedly moved south and extended their authority to 17507: 17482: 17472: 17462: 17447: 17432: 17390: 17320: 17305: 17244: 17224: 17214: 17184: 17159: 17144: 17088: 17028: 17018: 16877: 16700: 16686: 16681: 16627: 16563: 16373: 16104: 16054: 16014: 15967: 15962: 15952: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15912: 15897: 15892: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15811: 15715: 15499: 15451: 15446: 15349: 15339: 15296: 15288: 15124: 15039: 15019: 14904: 14894: 14708: 14655: 14647: 14618: 14610: 14428: 14424: 14420: 13748: 13524: 13504: 13479: 13462: 12646: 12312: 12304: 12005: 11958: 11941:

Theoharis, Athan (1972). "Roosevelt and Truman on Yalta: The Origins of the Cold War".

11402: 11153: 10794:"Marriage in Twentieth Century Russia: Traditional Precepts and Innovative Experiments" 10127: 9533: 9383:

Edgar Melton, "Enlightened seigniorialism and its dilemmas in serf Russia, 1750-1830."

8751: 8188: 7767: 7557:

The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus

6973: 6662: 6637: 6572: 6251: 5708: 5681: 5549: 5524:, the largest and bloodiest battle in the history of warfare, the turning point on the 5359: 5278: 4831: 4818: 4767:, especially when soldiers sided with the strikers. On 2 March, Nicholas II abdicated. 4749: 4702: 4667: 4575: 4550: 4538: 4423: 4291: 4276: 4120: 4083: 3923: 3891: 3874: 3840: 3593: 3545: 3438: 3296: 3251:

Riots among peasants and citizens of Moscow at this time were endemic and included the

3183: 3047: 3008: 2776: 2737: 2725: 2716: 2696: 2655: 2571: 2391: 2367: 2331:

military aristocracy had merged with the native Slavic population, which also absorbed

2328: 2200: 1929: 1919: 1587: 1492: 1484: 1415: 1379: 1365: 956: 920: 859: 847: 755: 708: 448: 346: 334: 248: 236: 156: 13561: 12550: 11758: 8431:

Russia's First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty

5746:. The Soviet Union maintained its dominance over the Warsaw Pact through crushing the 1804:, uncovered a 40,000-year-old small bone fragment from the fifth finger of a juvenile 1749:, which lived 1.5–1.2 million years ago, a stone tool was found. 1.5-million-year-old 17625: 17377: 17345: 17340: 17325: 17300: 17149: 17098: 17048: 16978: 16956: 16801: 16585: 16521: 16511: 16475: 16378: 16344: 16322: 16195: 16137: 16099: 16089: 16069: 16044: 16039: 16019: 15989: 15957: 15942: 15917: 15853: 15690: 15665: 15645: 15625: 15615: 15505: 15487: 15456: 15389: 15306: 15280: 15234: 15169: 15104: 15004: 14984: 14974: 14934: 14919: 14914: 14712: 14659: 14622: 14578: 14544: 14522: 14432: 14385: 14323: 14224: 14194: 14167: 14153: 14100: 14067: 14035: 13960: 13932: 13922: 13790: 13701:

The Plow, the Hammer, and the Knout: An Economic History of Eighteenth-Century Russia

13694: 13655: 13641: 13534: 13489: 13452: 13437: 13369: 13181:"Russian economy may need a decade to return to pre-sanctions levels, Sberbank says" 12938: 12650: 12350: 12316: 12210: 12100: 12079: 12058: 12037: 12013: 11989: 11976: 11921: 11903: 11857: 11631: 11606: 11585: 11559: 11535: 11507: 11481: 11457: 11436: 11416: 11387: 11370: 11336: 11315: 11295: 11271: 11246: 11217: 11196: 11175: 11117: 11096: 11093:

The Anatomy of a Small War: The Soviet-Japanese Struggle for Changkufeng/Khasan, 1938

11073: 11052: 11019: 10977: 10956: 10935: 10909: 10885: 10839: 10835: 10612: 10584: 10514: 10483: 10480:

Revolutions and Counter-Revolutions: 1917 and Its Aftermath from a Global Perspective

10397: 10357: 10273: 10234: 10145: 10131: 10067: 9884: 9835: 9670: 9609: 9571: 9537: 9426: 9236: 9157: 9132: 9072: 9026: 8851: 8824: 8807: 8783: 8758: 8717: 8690: 8552: 8533: 8445: 8325: 8114: 8087: 7994: 7845: 7824: 7700: 7676: 7639: 7605: 7560: 7539: 7483: 7413: 7361: 7311: 7290: 7266: 7245: 7224: 7203: 7179: 7158: 7095: 6965: 6905: 6774: 6749: 6724: 6512: 6247: 6213: 6159: 6105: 6048: 5845: 5840: 5719:

was steadily and secretly progressing. In April 1949 the United States sponsored the

5494: 5384: 4976: 4869: 4810: 4663: 4648: 4610: 4560: 4450:(1881–1894) was throughout his reign a staunch reactionary who revived the maxim of " 4411: 4287: 4004: 3938: 3808: 3613: 3589: 3557: 3506: 3273: 3191: 3187: 2887: 2861: 2826: 2822: 2700: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2535: 2469: 2450: 2406: 2399: 2379: 2268: 2259: 2248: 2106: 2011: 1980: 1840: 1820: 1708: 1689: 1571: 1476: 1460: 1395: 1387: 1383: 1375: 1371: 1243: 843: 807: 803: 696: 523: 505: 493: 368: 354: 338: 305: 258: 111: 14150:

A Little War that Shook the World : Georgia, Russia, and the Future of the West

13359: 9045:

Charles Morley, "Czartoryski's attempts at a new foreign policy under Alexander I."

9015: 8930:Бобух А.І. Херсон: Путівник. — Херсон : Степ, 1994. — 60 с. 8891: 7577: 7115: 5968:, was especially successful. On 4 October 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first 5949: 5331:

system became an important component of the industrialization effort, especially in

3989: 17574: 17512: 17467: 17410: 17315: 17234: 17199: 17008: 16659: 16558: 16366: 16084: 16009: 15979: 15680: 15595: 15540: 15510: 15461: 15421: 15404: 15394: 15329: 15301: 15210: 15129: 15089: 15064: 15044: 14979: 14954: 14944: 14929: 14700: 14639: 14602: 14457: 14412: 13983:

edited by Glenn E. Curtis. (Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1996).

13737: 12638: 12296: 12175: 11950: 11804: 11623: 11575: 11523: 11145: 10925: 10906:

Peasant Rebels under Stalin. Collectivization and the Culture of Peasant Resistance

10874: 10831: 10702: 10576: 10119: 9641: 9525: 8379: 8180: 7717: 6977: 6957: 6940: 6816: 6355: 6290: 6282: 6274: 6125: 6066: 5892: 5655: 5601: 5594: 5557: 5553: 5478: 5416: 5411: 5396: 5376: 5098:

Although the left opposition among the Communists criticized the rich peasants, or

5030: 4846: 4806: 4779: 4675: 4594: 4419: 4316: 4295: 4124: 4072: 4008: 3965: 3836: 3472: 3446: 3094: 3012: 3000: 2986: 2967: 2910: 2891: 2886:

The development of the Tsar's autocratic powers reached a peak during the reign of

2794: 2613: 2539: 2519: 2495: 2410: 2332: 2317: 2210: 2124: 2078: 2007: 1984: 1933: 1911: 1895: 1809: 1777: 1761: 1504: 1391: 1329: 1317: 799: 658: 576: 533: 326: 316: 14829:

A historic project supported by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.

13063:"Russian Lessons from the Syrian Operation and the Culture of Military Innovation" 10123: 9968: 4891:

states under their control, with the exception of Finland, the Baltic States, the

3678:

in 1796 after they had again invaded Georgia and established rule over it about a

3475:, in effect a supreme council of state. The countryside was also divided into new 2522:(4 February 1238) and other major cities of northeast Russia, routed the Russians 1269: 17634: 17594: 17497: 17437: 17427: 17415: 17360: 17179: 16573: 16548: 16327: 15720: 15695: 15483: 15466: 15311: 15049: 15014: 14969: 14964: 14873: 14572: 14538: 14256: 14188: 14083: 14057: 13905: 13814: 13725: 13713:

Gatrell, Peter. "Review: Russian Economic History: The Legacy of Arcadius Kahan"

13684: 13631: 13594: 13578: 13551: 13420: 13403: 13386: 13189: 13004: 12899: 12701: 11985: 11765: 11724: 11702: 11432: 11011: 10675: 10651: 10059: 9975: 9876: 9831:

Religious Schism in the Russian Aristocracy 1860–1900: Radstockism and Pashkovism

9786: 9717: 9648: 9516:

Kantor, Vladimir K. (2012). "The tragedy of Herzen, or seduction by radicalism".

9504: 9481: 9457: 9408: 9372: 9349: 9277: 9068: 8975: 8965: 8955: 8633: 8559: 8505:

For a discussion of the development of the class structure in Tsarist Russia see

8490: 8467: 8441: 8409: 8401:

Mikolaj Marchocki "Historia Wojny Moskiewskiej", ch. "Slaughter in the capital",

8390: 8278: 8018: 7971: 7945: 7871: 7816: 7774: 7724: 7584: 7475: 7141: 7125:- The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads (CSEN). Retrieved 20 July 2007. 7122: 6912: 6823: 6801: 6376: 6362: 6270: 6087: 5884: 5864: 5828: 5759: 5573: 5346:. A number of ethnic groups were deported from their settlement to Central Asia. 5270: 5266: 5088: 4928: 4904: 4726: 4656: 4564: 4534: 4272: 4231: 4196: 4111: 3895: 3738: 3656: 3534: 3530: 3399: 3245: 3138: 3036: 3032: 2918: 2685: 2583: 2551: 2454: 2446: 2422: 2395: 1941: 1937: 1879: 1797: 1729: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1548: 1464: 1419: 1399: 1227: 939: 473: 411: 389: 268: 161: 8483: 8460: 5597:

in May 1945. The war with Germany thus ended triumphantly for the Soviet Union.

5342:. In the late 30s - first half of the 40s, the Stalinist government carried out 4874: 4606:(councils of workers) appeared in most cities to direct revolutionary activity. 3761: 17532: 17405: 16666: 16632: 16356: 16309: 15670: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15630: 15620: 15535: 15478: 15371: 15334: 13232: 13203:"Putin illegally annexes territories in Ukraine, in spite of global opposition" 12747: 12714: 12672: 11551: 11527: 11497: 11435:. The Second World War: A Complete History. 2nd ed. New York: Owl Books, 1991. 11136: 9808: 9529: 8171:(October 1957). "The Russian Church Schism: Its Background and Repercussions". 8011: 7353: 6652: 6497: 6489: 6473: 6342: 6306: 6209: 5965: 5928: 5888: 5855: 5816: 5812: 5646: 5482: 5388: 5365: 5339: 5313: 5305:. Purges in other Soviet republics also helped centralize control in the USSR. 5054: 5010: 4912: 4908: 4883: 4842: 4826: 4802: 4794: 4759:

In late February (3 March 1917), a strike occurred in a factory in the capital

4718: 4523: 4431: 4374: 4329: 3993: 3820: 3718: 3549: 3513: 3487: 3454: 3414: 3285: 3215: 3114: 3059: 2996: 2959: 2951: 2849: 2704: 2651: 2563: 2514:'. In 1223, the disunited southern princes faced a Mongol raiding party at the 2511: 2485: 2414: 2344: 2281: 2276: 2195: 2171: 2167: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2015: 1945: 1867: 1663: 1619: 1607: 1427: 1423: 1341: 1309: 1251: 497: 489: 433: 378: 145: 131: 100: 14685:

International handbook of historical studies: contemporary research and theory

14606: 14372:

International handbook of historical studies: contemporary research and theory

12229: 11745: 11149: 11134:

Roberts, Geoffrey (1992). "The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany".

6128:

the Soviet Union into a less centralized state. However, on 19 August 1991, a

6004:. In 1970 and 1973, the world's first planetary rovers were sent to the moon: 5984:. Other achievements of Russian space program include: the first photo of the 4578:

was a major blow to the Russian State and increased the potential for unrest.

4250:

In the late 1870s Russia and the Ottoman Empire again clashed in the Balkans.

4055: 3015:(1606–13). Extremely cold summers (1601–1603) wrecked crops, which led to the 2825:

and other hordes. To achieve this aim, they sponsored the construction of the

1768:, belonging to a female who died about 90,000 years ago, shows that she was a 17654: 17639: 17544: 17053: 16792: 16383: 15766: 15565: 15228: 14267:

The Limits of Partnership: U.S.-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century

13991: 12942: 12300: 11818: 11234: 10793: 9702: 8506: 8224: 7964: 7692: 6440: 6278: 6266: 6223: 6113: 6101: 6091: 6074: 6040: 5997: 5896: 5751: 5641: 5309: 5176: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5084: 5050: 4916: 4590: 4466: 4364: 4333: 4168: 3997: 3899: 3816: 3804: 3655:

in 1783 and created the Black Sea fleet. Then, by allying with the rulers of

3640: 3020: 3011:

was followed by a period of civil wars and foreign intervention known as the

2763:

tripled in size under his rule. During his conflict with Pskov, a monk named

2749: 2321: 2309: 1859: 1793: 1765: 1764:

in Russia date to about 110,000 years ago. DNA from a bone fragment found in

1745: 1647: 1560: 1552: 1500: 1357: 1181: 877: 565: 515: 202: 172: 14461: 14416: 9270:

Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond

9061:

Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond

6012:. More recently, the Soviet Union produced the world's first space station, 5803:

U.S.–Soviet relations deteriorated following the beginning of the nine-year

5779:

and a more complicated pattern of international relations in the 1970s. The

3295:

Much of Russia's expansion occurred in the 17th century, culminating in the

3144:

In February 1613, after the chaos and expulsion of the Poles from Moscow, a

2789:

Under Ivan III, the first central government bodies were created in Russia:

2362: 1453:

Peasant revolts intensified during the nineteenth century, culminating with

17420: 16405: 16395: 15725: 15555: 15426: 15344: 14262: 14145: 14076: 13585:

A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya

13295:"Troop Deaths and Injuries in Ukraine War Near 500,000, U.S. Officials Say" 12197: 11603:

The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison

10632:

And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930

8530:

Modernizing Muscovy: Reform and Social Change in Seventeenth-Century Russia

7938: 7468: 7087: 6969: 6657: 6508: 6194: 6134: 6070: 5977: 5953: 5932: 5860: 5780: 5743: 5704: 5577: 5437: 5372: 5368: 5302: 5252: 5181: 5142: 5046: 5038: 5014: 4992: 4798: 4741: 4722: 4586: 4435: 4223:

Alexander was responsible for numerous reforms besides abolishing serfdom.

4102: 4089: 3491: 3268: 3145: 3055: 2906: 2895: 2845: 2814: 2594: 2559: 2518:

and were soundly defeated. In 1237–1238 the Mongols burnt down the city of

2461: 2352: 2175: 2019: 1713: 1675: 1659: 1610:, took political and economic power after 2000 and engaged in an assertive 1536: 1520: 1411: 1402:

in 1613. During the rest of the seventeenth century, Russia completed the

1293: 744: 733: 650: 322: 14704: 14519:

Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History

13984: 12642: 12245:"The Formation and Evolution of the Soviet Union's Oil and Gas Dependence" 12097:

The Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Reform, Revolt and Repression, 1953–1963

10843: 5473:

and the Soviets failed to conquer Finland, but forced Finland to sign the

4712: 4406:

The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th is known as the

2882:

from 1533 to 1547, then "Tsar of All the Russias" until his death in 1584.

2590:

had signified "the end of the Tatar yoke" and the "liberation of Russia".

2534:. By then they had conquered most of the Russian principalities. Only the 16615: 16422: 16299: 15710: 15588: 15573: 15545: 15381: 15238: 14836: 14792:

was created from a revision of this article dated 18 March 2012

14478:"Russian expansion to the Pacific, 1580–1700: A Historiographical Review" 14003: 13998:

Passage Through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution, 1914–1918

13017: 12513: 12206: 12201: 11913: 11695: 11473: 10901: 10163:

Passage Through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution, 1914–1918

8350: 6138: 6077:, sought greater autonomy, which Moscow was unwilling to provide. In the 6052: 5872: 5767: 5724: 5651: 5633: 5533: 5454: 5286: 5018: 4940: 4775: 4652: 4321: 4161: 4068: 4043: 3815:. In 1813, the war with Persia concluded with a Russian victory, forcing 3516:

to the south was heavily declining. Taking advantage, Peter launched the

3450: 3426: 3256: 3118: 3090: 2926: 2692: 2240: 2216: 2062: 2054: 2003: 1992: 1924: 1832: 1789: 1785: 1773: 1717:

migrated from Western Asia to the North Caucasus (archaeological site of

1586:. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic renamed itself as the 1447: 821: 722: 704: 682: 670: 92: 14614: 14500: 13677: 13123:"Russia's Putin authorises 'special military operation' against Ukraine" 12308: 11909:

Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History

11172:

Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941

11157: 10052: 9869: 9337:

John Shelton Curtiss, "The Army of Nicholas I: Its Role and Character,"

7809: 6124:

in 1991 Yeltsin became president of the Russian SFSR. At last Gorbachev

5867:

sign the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) treaty, 18 June 1979.

5224:). By a decree of February 1930, about one million individual peasants ( 5045:. At that time, the new nation included four constituent republics: the 5025: 4215: 3733:

were opened. Russian exploration of Siberia and the Far East continued.

2844:

Ivan III tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the

2006:

during the seventh and sixth centuries BC, eventually unifying into the

1703:

The first human settlement on the territory of Russia dates back to the

1574:

embarked on major reforms, which eventually led to the weakening of the

1483:, and discontent with the autocratic system of government triggered the 16644: 16304: 16294: 15473: 14651: 14050: 13718: 13624: 13469:

St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974

13349:

Companion to Russian Studies: vol 1: An Introduction to Russian History

13018:"Путин заявил, что договорился с Медведевым о "рокировке" 4 года назад" 12472:

In the process he engaged in a power struggle with Mikhail Gorbachev...

11962: 11239:

Miten Suomi valloitetaan: Puna-armeijan operaatiosuunnitelmat 1939–1944

11089: 11036: 9779: 9497: 7435: 6461:

In 2018, Vladimir Putin was re-elected for a fourth presidential term.

6258: 6150: 6009: 6005: 5785: 5763: 5703:

The Cold War emerged from a conflict between Stalin and U.S. President

5490: 5466: 5380: 5379:

as one of the major objectives in his vision of the German strategy of

5324: 5185: 4958: 4568: 4093: 3969: 3796: 3777: 3526: 3495: 3219: 3097:, expelled the foreign forces from the capital on 4 November [ 2966:. However, in 1572 the Russians defeated the Crimean Tatar army at the 2946: 2768: 2575: 2305: 2232: 2102: 1960: 1599: 1556: 1313: 1305: 463: 14678: 14510: 14400: 13950:

The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within

11268:

Northern European Overture to War, 1939–1941: From Memel to Barbarossa

10506:

Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence

9474: 9469:

Raymond T. McNally, "The Significance of Chaadayev's Weltanschauung."

9450: 9401: 9342: 8192: 6875: 5775: 5556:, Moscow, itself. Despite the fact that in December 1941 the Red Army 5191: 4347: 2937:

family established a firm foothold in the Urals and recruited Russian

1823:). The discovery of some of the earliest evidence for the presence of 16289: 15520: 14027: 10510: 6961: 6373: 6155: 5969: 5613: 5541: 5510: 5462: 5407: 5235: 4760: 4527: 4519: 4305: 4271:

de facto became independent. However, the war increased tension with

4110:, to the individualism of the West. A forerunner of the movement was 4107: 3918: 3812: 3584:

Nearly 40 years passed before a comparably ambitious ruler appeared.

3476: 3430: 3252: 3174:

Recovery of lost territories began in the mid-17th century, when the

3031:, Polish–Lithuanian forces reached Moscow and installed the impostor 2934: 2753: 2499: 2434: 2286: 2236: 2224: 2183: 2179: 2085: 2066: 1988: 1968: 1871: 1651: 934: 654: 469: 15249: 13568:

A History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-First Century

13093:"Vladimir Putin secures record win in Russian presidential election" 12629:

Fairbanks, Charles H. Jr. (1999). "The Feudalization of the State".

12383: 11954: 8968:; Volyhnia Province – Catholics 193,142, total population 2,059,870 6881: 6443:

won for the third time in a row. The official voting results caused

5980:

became the first human to travel into space in the Soviet spaceship

4050: 2804: 15730: 15525: 14747:(An on-line archive of primary source materials on Soviet history.) 14643: 12196:

During the 1970s Brezhnev attempted to normalize relations between

11243:

How to Conquer Finland: Operational Plans of the Red Army 1939–1944

8184: 7636:

Russia and Western Civilization: Cultural and Historical Encounters

6478:

International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

6448: 6381: 6243: 6133:

most gave little thought to any distinction between Russia and the

6057: 5981: 5697: 5667: 5565: 5470: 5447: 4920: 4745: 4387: 4360: 4246:

against Turkish troops was crucial for the independence of Bulgaria

3981: 3800: 3765: 3683: 3521: 3264: 3207: 3086: 2938: 2899: 2808:

Grand Duchy of Moscow (Territorial expansion between 1300 and 1547)

2490: 2430: 2348: 2340: 2272: 2156: 2119:, whose original home is thought by some scholars to have been the 2112: 1915: 1754: 1693: 1564: 1555:

in the closing stages of World War II, helped the country become a

1352:

emerged as a significant political and cultural force, driving the

951: 855: 678: 501: 121: 16227: 14842: 12931:"Putin Reclaims Crimea for Russia and Bitterly Denounces the West" 12034:

Cardboard Castle?: An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1991

8382:, "A History of Russia", Volume 5, Yale University Press, (1969). 7092:

Early Riders: The beginnings of mounted warfare in Asia and Europe

6219: 5137:

The Soviet government pursued a policy of eliminating illiteracy (

4555: 3823:, using Georgia at its base for the Caucasus and Anatolian front. 3682:, and had expelled the newly established Russian garrisons in the 3417:. His aim was to establish a Russian foothold on the Black Sea by 2271:

were invited in the 860s to restore order in three towns – either

1951:

In the later part of the 8th century BCE, Greek merchants brought

16767:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

16649: 15600: 15411: 14310:

An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders

14132:(1990)along with Kotkin and Service books, a standard biography; 13859:

Rethinking the Soviet Experience: Politics and History since 1917

11742:

Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations

10974:

Labor Camp Socialism: The Gulag in the Soviet Totalitarian System

5973: 5793: 5754:

in Czechoslovakia in 1968, and supporting the suppression of the

5502: 5458: 5332: 5297:

gathered in tens of thousands of Soviet citizens to face arrest,

5220: 5130: 4947: 4932: 4896: 4512: 4415: 4076: 4064: 3985: 3957: 3780:

from the Ottomans in 1812. His key advisor was a Polish nobleman

3722: 3660: 3644: 3391: 3157: 2875: 2838: 2818: 2764: 2538:

escaped occupation and continued to flourish in the orbit of the

2531: 2507: 2439: 2426: 2387: 2356: 2290: 2220: 2152: 2148: 2136: 2074: 2070: 2050: 1999: 1964: 1891: 1863: 1805: 1801: 1784:

showed a carbon-dated age of only 45,000 years. In 2008, Russian

1750: 1704: 1655: 1407: 1390:

and led Russia into a period of chaos and civil war known as the

1234: 686: 14744: 14401:"The New Russian Historiography and the Old—Some Considerations" 14164:

Failed Crusade: America and the Tragedy of Post-Communist Russia

13638:

The icon and the axe; an interpretive history of Russian culture

13366:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Russia and the Former Soviet Union

13153:"Stocks fall, ruble dives as Russia sanctions hit world markets" 12095:

Litvan, Gyorgy, Janos M. Bak & Lyman Howard Legters (eds.).

11677:

Gerlach, C. "Kalkulierte Morde" Hamburger Edition, Hamburg, 1999

11333:

Bessarabia and Bukovina: The Soviet-Romanian Territorial Dispute

9907:

Europe 1789–1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire

8958:; Curland province – Catholics 68,722, total population 555,003 5199:, with areas where the effects of famine were most severe shaded 3745:. In 1819–1821, Russian sailors discovered Antarctica during an 3741:). In the early 19th century, Alaska was used as a base for the 16258: 14440:

Cox, Terry (2002). "The New History of the Russian Peasantry".

13292: 11579:

The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria: 'August Storm

11454:

The People's War: Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union

9228: 7392: 7390: 6167: 6013: 5789: 5637: 5506: 5257: 5226: 5138: 4971: 4430:

was a large, influential wave of modern art that flourished in

3648: 3636: 3553: 3168: 3089:, both in 1611 and 1612. A volunteer army, led by the merchant 3040: 2790: 2669: 2598: 2527: 2458: 2228: 2140: 2058: 2043: 1976: 1956: 1875: 1847: 1836: 1781: 1684: 1618:

led to economic sanctions imposed by the United States and the

1582:, leaving Russia again on its own and marking the start of the 1463:

in 1861. In the following decades, reform efforts such as the

1349: 1337: 13874:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. 11068:

Radosh, Ronald, Mary Habeck & Grigory Sevostianov (eds.).

8673:

The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire

4574:

The disastrous performance of the Russian armed forces in the

3085:

The crisis provoked a patriotic national uprising against the

2018:, and the Bosporan Kingdom would become a client state of the 13865:

Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1953) .

7623:

The Comparative Historical Method in Soviet Mediaeval Studies

6086:, and outdated industry and pervasive corruption, the Soviet 5989: 5822: 5736: 5728: 5712: 5561: 5497:. At the same time, the Soviet Union also occupied the three 5410:

and, together with major Western European powers, signed the

5387:. In 1938–1939, the Soviet Union successfully fought against 5328: 5099: 4495:

in 1905. Followers of the Narodnik tradition established the

4472: 4441: 4200: 3859: 3851:

refusal to support the Continental System was also a factor.

3667:, pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe. 3178:(1648–1657) in Ukraine against Polish rule brought about the 2922: 2894:), established the first Russian feudal representative body ( 2732:. At his feet, defeated: Tatar, Lithuanian and Baltic German. 2567: 2468:, while the Mongol-dominated Vladimir-Suzdal and independent 2418: 2264: 2144: 1903: 1851: 1638:

has been increasingly criticized by international observers.

1414:, who led a revolt in 1670–1671. In 1721, in the wake of the 1333: 666: 152: 13755:

The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government

11386:А. В. Десять мифов Второй мировой. – М.: Эксмо, Яуза, 2004, 10028:

The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government

9550:

W.B. Lincoln, "Russia and the European Revolutions of 1848"

7387: 7021: 6563:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

5072: 5021:

celebrating the second anniversary of the October Revolution

4410:. The Silver Age was dominated by the artistic movements of 4180: 3854: 3713:

Russian emperors of the 18th century professed the ideas of

3449:. Russian intervention in the Commonwealth marked, with the 3194:, formerly under Polish control. This triggered a prolonged 2475: 2347:. One such campaign claimed the life of the foremost Slavic 2014:

in 107 BC. The Kingdom would eventually be conquered by the

14470:

After the Fall: Essays in Russian and Soviet Historiography

14298:(Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1974), new topical maps. 12226:"Soviet and Post-Soviet Economic Structure And Performance" 11718:Рыбаковский Л. Великая отечественная: людские потери России 11686:Россия и СССР в войнах ХХ века", М. "Олма- Пресс", 2001 год 11292:

Finland in the Second World War: Between Germany and Russia

9987:

Robert F. Byrnes, "Pobedonostsev: His Life and Thought" in

9592:

A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna

9396:

E. Willis Brooks, "Reform in the Russian Army, 1856–1861."

8341:

Solovyov. "History of Russia...", v.7, pp. 533–535, 543–568

8260:, Строгановская Сибирская Летопись. изд. Спаским, СПб, 1821 8083:

Autocracy, Modernization, and Revolution in Russia and Iran

7360:, Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 494-497. 6523:

during the Russian invasion of Ukraine was nearly 500,000.

6469: 6401: 5294: 4957:

Estimates for the total number of people killed during the

4924: 3468: 3422: 3413:. Peter's first military efforts were directed against the 3226:

was signed, delimiting the territories in the Amur region.

3203: 3124: 2834: 2547: 2298: 2132: 2082: 2031: 2027: 2023: 1907: 1321: 14330:

Red to Green: environmental activism in post-Soviet Russia

14114:(2004), along with Tucker and Kotkin, a standard biography 13912:

The Economic transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913-1945

13045:"Protest gegen Putin: Russlands Schneerevolution schmilzt" 12695:

Apologetic Yeltsin resigns; Putin becomes acting president

12170: 12168: 11975:

Cochran, Thomas B., Robert S. Norris & Oleg Bukharin.

11934: 10421:

Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War, 1918–1921

5935:, an economist looking back three decades, in 2007 wrote: 5403:

and the tense border peace that lasted until August 1945.

5349: 2991: 2002:, would colonize large parts of modern-day Crimea and the 15852: 14099:. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. 13619:

Baykov, Alexander. “The Economic Development of Russia.”

12969:"NATO Review - Sanctions after Crimea: Have they worked?" 11070:

Spain Betrayed: The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War

10000:

Arthur E. Adams, "Pobedonostsev's Religious Politics" in

9232:

The Struggle for the West: A Divided and Contested Legacy

7889: 7877: 7534:

See Dimitri Obolensky, "Russia's Byzantine Heritage," in

7306:

For a discussion of Slavic origins, see Paul M. Barford,

7135:

1998 NOVA documentary: "Ice Mummies: Siberian Ice Maiden"

6866:// Краткие сообщения Института археологии. Вып. 254. 2019 6017: 5160: 5145:

began. In the field of national policy in the 1920s, the

5116: 5065:

the Communist Party, which in turn was controlled by the

4692:

History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)

3996:

population, received extensive support from the region's

3066:

17 July] 1610, and recognized the Polish prince

3054:

24 June] 1610. As the result of the battle, the

14739:

Source Book for Russian History from Early Times to 1917

14691:

Winkler, Martina (2011). "Rulers and Ruled, 1700–1917".

13043:

Bidder, Benjamin; Offenberg, Anastasia (12 March 2012).

12665:"Russian president praises 1990s as cradle of democracy" 7842:

History of Humanity: Scientific and Cultural Development

7024:"Pre-Aurignacian Levels Discovered at the Kostenki Site" 5364:

The Soviet Union viewed the 1933 accession of fervently

4644:

assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austro-Hungary.

4320:

Russian writers of the second half of the 19th century:

3835:

he switched and formed an alliance with Napoleon by the

3756: 14817:

Guides to Sources on Russian History and Historiography

14381:

Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing vol 2

13427:

McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union

13328:

Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus'

12165: 11356:. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1959. 11195:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. 2nd ed. 6993:"Gains in DNA Are Speeding Research into Human Origins" 6347:

Treaty on Accession of the Republic of Crimea to Russia

6334:

against the conduct of Russia's parliamentary elections

6023: 5689: 3913: 3202:, where Poland accepted the loss of Left-bank Ukraine, 2355:, who was renowned for having crushed the power of the 1971:

as a huge (Europe's biggest) earth- and wood-fortified

1827:

found anywhere in Europe was reported in 2007 from the

1364:, which took full control of its own sovereignty under 14244:

Smorodinskaya, Tatiana, and Karen Evans-Romaine, eds.

14130:

Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1929–1941.

13919:

A people's tragedy a history of the Russian Revolution

13864: 11266:

Clemmesen, Michael H.; Faulkner, Marcus, eds. (2013).

11049:

The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism

7697:

Kalka River 1223: Genghis Khan's Mongols Invade Russia

7499:

James Westfall Thompson, and Edgar Nathaniel Johnson,

7441: 5576:

proved decisive and reversed the course of the entire

5312:. The NKVD under the leadership of Stalin's commissar 5285:. Only Budyonny and Voroshilov would survive Stalin's 4886:, and large numbers of peasants. At the same time the 4541:

began, which ended extremely unfavourably for Russia.

3831:

against Napoleon, but after the massive defeat at the

2554:

began to compete for hegemony in the Mongol-dominated

2405:

By the 11th century, particularly during the reign of

2301:, which had been previously dominated by the Khazars. 1835:

in Russia (dated to at least 40,000 years ago) and at

29:"Russian History" redirects here. For other uses, see 14693:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

14505:

Fitzpatrick, Sheila. "Revisionism in Soviet History"

14178:

Russian and Soviet Economic Performance and Structure

13943:

Russian and Soviet Economic Performance and Structure

12740: 12036:. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2005. 11819:"Case Study: Soviet Prisoners-of-War (POWs), 1941–42" 11116:. 2 vols. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990. 10017:(Oxford History of Modern Europe) (1967), pp. 598–627 9313:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

8514:: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China 8239: 7730: 6771:

Changing Russia? : history, culture and business

5899:. Brezhnev emphasized heavy industry, instituted the 4770:

To fill the vacuum of authority, the Duma declared a

4518:

In 1903, the RSDLP split into two wings: the radical

4086:

becomes an independent and very striking phenomenon.

1772:. Russia was also home to some of the last surviving 1770:

hybrid of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father

1547:

with the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union's network of

14826: 14495:

Firestone, Thomas. "Four Sovietologists: A Primer."

14221:

Post-Soviet Russia A Journey Through the Yeltsin Era

13895:

Soviet economic development from Lenin to Khrushchev

13834:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War

13789:(1969), excerpts from primary and secondary sources 12707: 12704:. Written by Jim Morris. Published 31 December 1999. 11532:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler

9115:

Napoleon's Wars: An International History, 1803–1815

9089:

Napoleon's Wars: An International History, 1803–1815

8420:

Sergey Solovyov. History of Russia... Vol. 8, p. 847

7423: 6177: 4927:). Poland incorporated the contested territories of 3693:, the troops under the command of Alexander Suvorov 2672:

of Vladimir, but soon it absorbed its parent state.

2664:, the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, founded the 2631: 2088:. In the 8th century, the Khazars embraced Judaism. 2081:, and waged a series of successful wars against the 2010:

by 480 BC, and would be incorporated into the large

14630:Orlovsky, Daniel (1990). "The New Soviet History". 14337:

The Geography of Nationalism in Russia and the USSR

14092:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984. 13488:. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2001. 11367:

The Baltic States: The Years of Dependence, 1940–90

10908:. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. 8804:

Catherine the Great and the Enlightenment in Russia

7384:, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1959, p. 335. 7265:, Central European University Press, 1999, p. 257. 6694:"History of Russia – Slavs in Russia: from 1500 BC" 5375:with alarm, especially since Hitler proclaimed the 3906:in suppressing all national and liberal movements. 3241:to complete the process of enserfing the peasants. 2374:Kievan Rus' is important for its introduction of a 2335:Christian influences in the course of the multiple 2026:existed in Southern Russia until it was overrun by 1788:from the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of 14728:Reinterpreting Russian History: Readings 860-1860s 14577:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–30. 13652:Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire 12115: 12113: 12076:The Warsaw Pact: Soviet Security and Bloc Politics 12032:, Malcolm Byrne & Magdalena Klotzbach (eds.). 11478:Barbarossa: The Russian-German Conflict, 1941–1945 10557: 9870:Transformation of Russia in the Nineteenth Century 9806: 9178:War and Society in Revolutionary Europe, 1770–1870 9102:The Transformation of European Politics: 1763–1848 9014: 8750: 8205:Skrynnikov R., "Ivan Grosny", p. 58, M., AST, 2001 7538:, St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1994, pp. 75–108. 4306:Russian society in the second half of 19th century 3845:a small-scale naval war against Britain, 1807–1812 3186:. In the treaty, Russia granted protection to the 3105:Troubles caused the loss of much territory to the 1839:(34,600 years ago). Humans reached Arctic Russia ( 1776:- the partial skeleton of a Neanderthal infant in 13910:Davies, R.W., Mark Harrison and S.G. Wheatcroft. 13556:Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Mark D. Steinberg. 13486:A History of Russia, the Soviet Union, and Beyond 12929:Myers, Steven Lee; Barry, Ellen (18 March 2014). 12449: 12211:stagnant and dispiriting character of Soviet life 11452:Thurston, Robert W. & Bernd Bonwetsch (ed.). 11133: 10870: 10868: 10866: 9021:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 8269:Skrynnikov R. "Ivan Grozny", M, 2001, pp. 142–173 8221:Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences 7178:, Princeton University Press, 2003, pp. 185–186. 7051: 6719:Hosking, Geoffrey; Service, Robert, eds. (1998). 6120:and withholding two-thirds of the budget. In the 4935:, the former parts of the Russian Empire (except 4609:In October 1905, Nicholas reluctantly issued the 4363:developed in Russia. A term originally coined by 4051:Russian society in the first half of 19th century 3689:In 1798–1799, Russian troops participated in the 2433:(also known as the Cumans), replaced the earlier 17652: 14734:; primary documents and excerpts from historians 14045:Ofer, Gur. "Soviet Economic Growth: 1928-1985," 14024:. Vol. 2: Since 1855. 2d ed. Anthem Press, 2005. 13769:The Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700–1917 13708:Russian Economic History: The Nineteenth Century 12545: 12543: 12346:Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia 12277:(2009) 44#3 pp. 493–512, especially pp. 509-510. 11354:Soviet Policy Toward the Baltic States 1918–1940 10919: 10226: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7052:Belinskij, Andrej; H. Härke (March–April 1999). 6768: 6578:History of the administrative division of Russia 5087:. Land, all industry, and small businesses were 4878:Russian Civil War in the European part of Russia 4681: 4511:in 1898; this party was the primary exponent of 4422:, many poetic schools flourished, including the 4171:points to the long-term damage Russia suffered: 3700: 2855: 2744:, for control over some of the semi-independent 1711:. About 2 million years ago, representatives of 1072: 765: 13842:Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union 13693:(Yale UP, 1998), Comprehensive topical survey. 13042: 12900:"Crimea referendum: Voters 'back Russia union'" 12110: 11978:Making the Russian Bomb: From Stalin to Yeltsin 11878:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum 11335:. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1982. 10953:The Economics of Forced Labor: The Soviet Gulag 10882:: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine 10581:Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War 9991:, Vol. 85, No. 3 (September 1970), pp. 528–530. 8315:Skrynnikov. "Ivan Grozny", M, 2001, pp. 222–223 6188: 6149:was banned in Russia in 1991–1992, although no 5848:solidified his position in a speech before the 5612:, defeating the Japanese troops in neighboring 5001: 4888:Allied powers sent several expeditionary armies 3933:The tsar was succeeded by his younger brother, 3070:as the Tsar of Russia on 6 September [ 2933:state. Also around this period, the mercantile 1551:in Eastern Europe, which were brought into its 1446:, leading Russia into the status of one of the 1344:ultimately disintegrated as a state due to the 14687:(Taylor & Francis, 1979. pp. 295–300. 14374:(Taylor & Francis, 1979). pp. 281–94. 14223:, Columbia University Press, 2002, 394 pages. 14190:A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples 13931:. (Oxford University Press, 1982), 208 pages. 13838:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 13648:A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia 13393:The Russian Economy: A Very Short Introduction 12870:"Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games | Britannica" 11696:Цена войны (Борис ЯЧМЕНЕВ) – "Трудовая Россия" 11534:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998. 11456:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000. 10951:Gregory, Paul R. & Valery Lazarev (eds.). 10863: 10415: 10413: 10004:, Vol. 22, No. 4 (December 1953), pp. 314–326. 9554:(Jan 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 1, pp. 53-59 online. 9492:Neil Cornwell, "Belinsky and V.F. Odoyevsky." 8709: 8355:Ot Rusi k Rossii. Ocherki e'tnicheskoj istorii 7777:, SCAND 344, May 1998. Retrieved 21 July 2007. 7200:A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia 6718: 6226:—first president of Russian Federation in 1999 4119:indeed its leadership on the path to freedom. 3222:. After the war between Russia and China, the 3058:, a group of Russian nobles, deposed the tsar 2962:were able to sack central Russian regions and 2562:. Although a coalition of Rus' princes led by 2421:of early Christian writings. This was because 1987:, would launch a military campaign around the 1634:is rated as the worst in Europe, and Russia's 1356:. By the end of the 15th century, many of the 1326:adopted Christianity from the Byzantine Empire 16243: 15838: 15265: 14858: 14289:Restless Empire: A Historical Atlas of Russia 13543:. (3 vol. Cambridge University Press, 2006). 13410:Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia 12540: 12375: 11768:. United Nations. Retrieved 16 February 2011. 11705:. Tr.rkrp-rpk.ru. Retrieved 16 February 2011. 10860:, Oxford University Press, 1949, pp. 294–344. 10634:, Thomas J. Hegarty, Canadian Slavonic Papers 10349: 10178:(Princeton University Press, 1980) pp 76–125. 10048: 10046: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10036: 9691:The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia: 1762-1907 7960: 7958: 7901: 7604:, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 2–3. 7412:, St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1994, p. 42. 7326: 7324: 7310:, Cornell University Press, 2001, pp. 15–16. 7176:Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and Fall 6773:(1. ed.). Helsinki: Finemor. p. 1. 6511:, a Russian paramilitary organization led by 6265:, Russia embarked on the largest and fastest 6118:giving Russian laws priority over Soviet laws 5707:over the future of Eastern Europe during the 5344:massive deportations of various nationalities 5105: 4899:), and Poland (with whom they had fought the 3336:includes new Baltic & Polish territories 3303:that incorporated left-bank Ukraine, and the 3279: 2327:By the end of the 10th century, the minority 1944:, 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC; marble, 1312:state in the north in the year 862, ruled by 1199: 14344:Economic Geography of the Russian Federation 14246:Encyclopedia of Contemporary Russian Culture 12998:Государственная дума должна быть переизбрана 12381: 12349:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 102. 12342: 11988:(PDF). Boulder,. CO:. Westview Press, 1995. 11605:, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 291 ( 11216:. 2nd ed. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1991. 10955:. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 2003. 10945: 10316: 10314: 10109: 9744:Alexander II and the Modernization of Russia 9642:Excerpt from "Enserfed population in Russia" 9563: 8818: 8777: 8524: 8522: 8106: 7993:, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 234. 7501:An Introduction to Medieval Europe, 300–1500 7242:Al-Hind, the Making of an Indo-Islamic World 7194: 7192: 7047: 7045: 6826:// Краткие сообщения ИА РАН. Вып. 239, 2015. 6232:September–October 1993 constitutional crisis 6172:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 5700:, came to dominate the international stage. 5658:(of 5.5 million) died in German camps. 4452:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and National Character 4426:tendency within the Symbolist movement. The 4187:Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia 3992:and, posing as protector and saviour of the 3984:and occupied the strategic Ottoman towns of 3494:and replaced it with a collective body, the 3437:and Denmark against Sweden resulting in the 14377: 14358:Russia in the Modern World: A New Geography 14064:A concise history of the Russian Revolution 13336:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917) 13332:Bibliography of Russian history (1223–1613) 12584:"Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic" 11365:Misiunas, Romuald J. & Rein Taagepera. 11029: 10934:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. 10884:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. 10850: 10785: 10703:"War Communism to NEP: The Road to Serfdom" 10696: 10694: 10692: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10609:Mastering Twentieth Century Russian History 10452:Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union 10410: 10356:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 411. 10265: 9865: 9863: 9156:. University of London Press. p. 193. 9012: 7860: 7858: 7805: 7803: 7559:, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 13. 7343:, Darton, Longman & Todd, 1963, p. 262. 7202:, Blackwell Publishing, 1998, pp. 286–288. 6603:List of Mongol and Tatar raids against Rus' 5265:in November 1935, clockwise from top left: 4986: 2394:. Some years later the first code of laws, 1378:in 1547. However, the death of Ivan's son 16250: 16236: 15845: 15831: 15272: 15258: 14865: 14851: 14675:Comparative Studies in Society and History 14475: 14384:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1025–41. 14166:. New York: W.W. Norton, 2000, 320 pages. 14032:An Economic History of the USSR, 1917–1991 13967:The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath 13957:Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin 13734:The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias 13654:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1998. 13347:Auty, Robert, and Dimitri Obolensky, eds. 12928: 12823:"Russia's GDP according to the World Bank" 12415: 12249:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 12205:corruption and cronyism within the Soviet 11713: 11711: 11072:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. 11051:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. 11005: 10741: 10477: 10098:Revolutionary Russia, 1891–1991: A History 10085:Revolutionary Russia, 1891–1991: A History 10033: 9925:– via GALE World History in Context. 9229:Christopher Browning; Marko Lehti (2009). 8086:. Princeton University Press. p. 46. 7955: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7768:The Hanseatic League in the Eastern Baltic 7321: 6458:in support of the Bashar al-Assad regime. 6293:of corrupt corporations by the mid-1990s. 5823:De-Stalinization and the era of stagnation 5640:, absence of medical aid and slave labor. 5616:, the last Soviet battle of World War II. 4473:Nicholas II and new revolutionary movement 4442:Autocracy and reaction under Alexander III 3019:and increased the social disorganization. 1206: 1192: 14543:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 14499:No. 14 (Winter 1988–9), pp. 102–107 13806:(Oxford History of Modern Europe) (1988) 13484:McKenzie, David & Michael W. Curran. 12628: 11940: 11727:. Gumer.info. Retrieved 16 February 2011. 11628:The Nuremberg Trial and International Law 10821: 10448: 10389: 10311: 8748: 8519: 8167: 7865:The Battle of Kulikovo (8 September 1380) 7464: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7189: 7042: 6476:. They aided Ukraine and imposed massive 5850:Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party 5073:War Communism and the New Economic Policy 4535:intervention of the great powers in China 4181:Alexander II and the abolition of serfdom 3297:first Russian colonisation of the Pacific 2476:Mongol invasion and vassalage (1223–1480) 2314:the trade route for furs, wax, and slaves 2189: 14800:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 14783: 14726:Kaiser, Daniel H. and Gary Marker, eds. 14629: 14516: 14241:. 2d ed. Anthem Press, 2005. Chapter 22. 14193:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 14180:, Addison-Wesley, Seventh Edition, 2001. 14077:http://www.regels.org/Russian-Church.htm 13667:Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great 12057:Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984. 12055:The Warsaw Pact: Alliance in Transition? 12053:Holloway, David & Jane M. O. Sharp. 12010:We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History 11503:Stalingrad, The Fateful Siege: 1942–1943 11380: 11369:. 2nd ed. London: Hurst & Co, 1993. 11312:The Soviet Invasion of Finland 1939–1940 10966: 10681: 10539: 10062:, excerpted from Glenn E. Curtis (ed.), 9879:, excerpted from Glenn E. Curtis (ed.), 9860: 9827: 9774:David Fromkin, "The Great Game in Asia" 9445:Janko Lavrin, "Chaadayev and the West." 9328:(OUP, 1981) vol. 2, pp. 315–333, 352-363 9047:American Slavic and East European Review 8843: 8821:Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great 8079: 7895: 7883: 7855: 7819:, excerpted from Glenn E. Curtis (ed.), 7625:, USSR Academy of Sciences, 1979. p. 90. 7521:Particularly among the aristocracy. See 7478:, excerpted from Glenn E. Curtis (ed.), 7281: 7279: 6990: 6928:, vol. 560, 23 August 2018, pp. 417-418. 6796:from the U.S. State Department website. 6424:and alleged Russian interference in the 6395: 6345:and pro-Russian Crimea leaders sign the 6337: 6326: 6246:attempted to break away, leading to the 6218: 6096: 5948: 5854: 5671: 5618: 5515: 5256: 5190: 5115: 5024: 5005: 4873: 4784: 4630: 4554: 4461:The tsar's most influential adviser was 4346: 4315: 4237: 4214: 4142: 4082:The early 19th century is the time when 4054: 4019: 3948:In 1826–1828, Russia fought another war 3917: 3894:(1814–1815), which made him the king of 3853: 3760: 3704: 3575: 3500: 3390: 3228: 3128: 3125:Accession of the Romanovs and early rule 2990: 2870: 2866: 2803: 2720: 2646: 2489: 2361: 2199: 1923: 1753:flint tools have been discovered in the 1683: 1283: 1268: 1233: 1217: 16903:Collective Security Treaty Organization 14690: 14570: 14472:(Bloomington: Slavica Publishers, 2004) 14398: 14282:A geography of Russia and its neighbors 14183: 14176:Gregory, Paul R. and Robert C. Stuart, 14034:. 3rd ed. London: Penguin Books, 1993. 14010:. (Northwestern University Press, 1968) 13941:Gregory, Paul R. and Robert C. Stuart, 12778: 12776: 12384:"Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age" 11896: 11708: 11558:. 3rd ed. London: Penguin Books, 2004. 11095:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977. 10700: 10575: 9937:"Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality" 9900: 9420: 8423: 7780: 7667: 7665: 7503:, W. W. Norton & Co., 1937, p. 268. 7429: 7396: 7371: 7026:. Archaeology.about.com. Archived from 6769:Ketola, Kari; Vihavainen, Timo (2014). 6454:Since 2015, Russia has been conducting 6030:History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991) 5944: 5852:in 1956 detailing Stalin's atrocities. 5837:History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982) 5833:History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964) 5568:. However, two major German defeats in 5558:threw off the German forces from Moscow 5350:Soviet Union on the international stage 5246: 5112:Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union 4581:In January 1905, an incident known as " 3619:Catherine successfully waged two wars ( 2588:indecisive standoff at the Ugra in 1480 2308:, emerged in the 9th century along the 1444:invasion by the French Emperor Napoleon 1360:around Moscow had been united with the 14: 17653: 14592: 14536: 14303:The Penguin Historical Atlas of Russia 14090:Building Socialism in Bolshevik Russia 14015:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 13821:The Making of Modern Europe, 1648–1780 13674:Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914 13351:(1981) 403 pages; surveys by scholars. 13200: 12880:from the original on 22 September 2022 12186:from the original on 13 September 2018 11902: 10791: 10760: 10723:from the original on 14 September 2014 10478:Rinke, Stefan; Wildt, Michael (2017). 9664: 9515: 9151: 9126: 9071:pp. 728–729 ABC-CLIO, 2 December 2014 8684: 8484:Pozharski, Dmitri Mikhailovich, Prince 8368:Histoire de la Russie et de son empire 8245: 8217:"The Origin of the Livonian War, 1558" 7844:, Taylor & Francis, 2005, p. 196. 7736: 7447: 7003:from the original on 12 September 2017 6628:Military history of the Russian Empire 6323:Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia 6216:from the days of the planned economy. 5895:, Brezhnev took Khrushchev's place as 5489:forcing it to cede the territories of 5161:Industrialization and collectivization 4778:, which was collectively known as the 4505:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 4279:in 1878, but abided by the agreement. 3791:from Persian occupation in 1802, they 3787:After Russian armies liberated allied 3571: 2710: 2612:At the same time, Prince of Novgorod, 2605:even experienced a spiritual revival. 2429:instead. A nomadic Turkic people, the 1998:Greeks, mostly from the city-state of 1975:inhabited around 500 BC by Heloni and 1348:in 1237–1240. After the 13th century, 16461:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 16231: 15854:History of current European countries 15826: 15279: 15253: 14846: 14274: 14097:A History of Twentieth-Century Russia 14074:Tragedy of Russian Church. 1917–1953. 13974:Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 13614:Russian Empire § Further reading 13305:from the original on 3 September 2023 13261: 13201:Maynes, Charles (30 September 2022). 13133:from the original on 24 February 2022 13024:from the original on 18 December 2019 12758:from the original on 17 December 2017 12725:from the original on 17 December 2017 12218: 10583:. Simon & Schuster. p. 384. 10527:from the original on 11 November 2020 10393:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky 9810:A Short History of Russian Literature 9741: 9603: 9326:God's Playground: A History of Poland 8990:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) pp. 14-40. 8214: 8127:from the original on 30 October 2022. 7594: 7276: 7086: 6721:Russian Nationalism, Past and Present 6598:List of heads of government of Russia 5356:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union 5167:Industrialization in the Soviet Union 5079:Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia 4696: 4636:Russian Expeditionary Force in France 4544: 4284:expanded its empire into Central Asia 3943:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality 3757:Alexander I and victory over Napoleon 3695:defeated the French in Northern Italy 3369:includes Congress Poland, Bessarabia 3236:was a legal code promulgated in 1649. 2510:accelerated the fragmentation of the 1846:During the prehistoric eras the vast 1559:competing with fellow superpower the 1374:transformed the Grand Duchy into the 17600:Unified Sports Classification System 14822:History of Russia: Primary Documents 13787:Russia in the era of Peter the Great 13691:Russia in the Age of Peter the Great 13669:(2002), comprehensive topical survey 13243:from the original on 4 December 2022 12849:"Russia: How Long Can The Fun Last?" 12829:from the original on 28 January 2021 12773: 12428:from the original on 12 January 2022 12363:from the original on 20 October 2023 12286: 12242: 12099:. London – New York: Longman, 1996. 11659:from the original on 22 January 2012 11480:. New York: Harper Perennial, 1985. 11114:Nomonhan: Japan against Russia, 1939 11016:Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps 10606: 10563: 10502: 10459:from the original on 22 January 2023 10286:from the original on 22 January 2023 10247:from the original on 22 January 2023 10176:The End of the Russian Imperial Army 9917:from the original on 12 January 2022 9848:from the original on 22 January 2023 9813:. K. Paul, Trench, Trubner. p. 9249:from the original on 22 January 2023 8864:from the original on 22 January 2023 8780:Catherine the Great: A Short History 8753:Catherine the Great: Life and Legend 8730:from the original on 22 January 2023 8687:Russia in the Age of Peter the Great 8373: 8004: 7920:from the original on 28 October 2018 7675:, Princeton University Press, 1993. 7671:In 1240. See Michael Franklin Hamm, 7662: 7659:(Penguin, 1963; 1997 revision) p. 74 6991:Mitchell, Alanna (30 January 2012). 6743: 6648:Russian colonization of the Americas 6633:Military history of the Soviet Union 6206:Russian economic reform in the 1990s 6024:Perestroika and breakup of the Union 5485:. In summer 1940 the USSR issued an 5457:. In the meantime negotiations with 5211:, and the restricted manufacture of 5171:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 5141:). After industrialization, massive 4863: 3914:Nicholas I and the Decembrist Revolt 2111:Some of the ancestors of the modern 2077:. They were important allies of the 1426:; he is also noted for establishing 16257: 15787:History of the Mediterranean region 14872: 14745:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History 14521:. Indiana University. p. 222. 14439: 14364: 13952:(2nd ed. Harvard UP 1992) 570 pages 13881:from the original on 27 August 2021 13757:. Princeton University Press, 1982. 13213:from the original on 5 October 2022 13103:from the original on 8 October 2022 12979:from the original on 4 October 2022 12949:from the original on 2 January 2020 12797:Guide to Russia's HISTORY OF RUSSIA 12619:. Macmillan Press, 1995. pp. 17–18. 12561:from the original on 28 August 2017 12450:David Pryce-Jones (20 March 2000). 12255:from the original on 4 October 2022 11212:Zaloga, Steven & Victor Madej. 10995:"Anne Applebaum – Inside the Gulag" 10390:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). 9655:, No 293 – 294, 18 June 1 July 2007 8516:. Cambridge University Press, 1988. 8454: 7285:Daniel H. Frank and Oliver Leaman, 7094:. New York: Routledge. p. 50. 6558:Family tree of the Russian monarchs 6412:In 2014, following a controversial 6147:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 6122:first Russian presidential election 5540:on 22 June 1941. By the autumn the 4483:Alexander was succeeded by his son 3803:. They also became involved in the 3635:, in which new cities were formed: 3525:by the charismatic military genius 3512:By then, the once powerful Persian 2980: 2457:in the south-west. Conquest by the 2304:Thus, the first East Slavic state, 1616:annexation of the Crimean Peninsula 1592:successor state to the Soviet Union 1563:and other Western countries in the 1481:Russia's involvement in World War I 1404:exploration and conquest of Siberia 1328:in 988, beginning the synthesis of 24: 16898:Commonwealth of Independent States 14770: 14720: 14557:from the original on 23 April 2023 14353:(University of London Press, 1968) 14317:Routledge Atlas of Russian History 14312:(Yale UP, 1970), new topical maps. 14301:Channon, John, and Robert Hudson. 14207:from the original on 23 April 2023 14139: 14126:Stalin as Revolutionary, 1879–1929 13767:Mironov, Boris N., and Ben Eklof. 13459:Russia and the Russians: a History 13321: 13163:from the original on 29 March 2022 11630:, Martinus Nijhoff, 1990, p. 160. 10976:. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2000. 10763:"Women and the Russian Revolution" 10710:The Journal of Libertarian Studies 10208:from the original on 19 April 2017 9949:from the original on 26 April 2008 9206:(fifth ed.) pp. 302–303; Charques 9129:Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace 8528:Jarmo Kotilaine and Marshall Poe, 8179:(4). Blackwell Publishing: 37–58. 8143:Minnesota State University Mankato 7602:Reforming the Russian Legal System 7442:Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953 7358:The New Cambridge Medieval History 7330:David Christian, op cit., pp. 6–7. 7022:K. Kris Hirst Archaeology Expert. 6533:Historiography in the Soviet Union 6496:on 30 September. According to the 5956:, first human to travel into space 5762:all over the world, including the 5721:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 5499:formerly independent Baltic states 4359:In the 1860s, a movement known as 4225:He reorganized the judicial system 3386: 3007:The death of Ivan's childless son 1513:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 1354:unification of Russian territories 1079: 25: 17672: 14751: 14351:An historical Geography of Russia 14305:(Viking, 1995), new topical maps. 14119:The Russian Revolution, 1905–1921 14008:Russian Peasants and Soviet Power 13861:. (Oxford University Press, 1985) 13823:(3rd ed. 2003). pp. 550–600. 13607: 13395:(Oxford University Press, 2020). 13274:from the original on 29 June 2023 12910:from the original on 17 June 2018 12213:in the late 1970s and early '80s. 12012:. Oxford: Clarendon press, 1997. 11233: 10803:from the original on 26 July 2007 10744:Russian Economic History Yearbook 10667:Soviet Union Information Bureau, 10482:. Campus Verlag. pp. 57–58. 10272:. Cambridge U.P. pp. 29–50. 9667:Emancipation of the Russian Serfs 9494:Slavonic and East European Review 9210:(Phoenix, second ed. 1962) p. 125 9154:An historical geography of Russia 8806:(Morgan Reynolds, 2005) pp 33–34. 8610:The Revolution of Peter the Great 6700:from the original on 9 March 2006 6526: 6184:History of the Russian Federation 6178:Russian Federation (1991–present) 5625:Raising a Flag over the Reichstag 5554:threatened to capture the capital 5428:and resumed Soviet–German trade. 4688:Dissolution of the Russian Empire 4199:. In 1859, there were 23 million 3858:The entry of Russian troops into 3727:Saint Petersburg State University 3395:Peter I, called "Peter the Great" 3160:dynasty ruled Russia until 1917. 2954:'s betrayal), culminating in the 2642: 2632:Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283–1547) 1304:begins with the histories of the 1093: 15772:Bibliography of European history 15367:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 15233: 15224: 15223: 14839:, New York: The Outlook Company. 14782: 13849:The Russian Revolution 1917–1921 13286: 13255: 13225: 13194: 13175: 13145: 13115: 13085: 13055: 13036: 13010: 13007:// Vedomosti, 21 September 2012. 12991: 12961: 12922: 12892: 12862: 12841: 12815: 12785: 12687: 12657: 12622: 12609: 12576: 12524:from the original on 20 May 2018 12506: 12477: 12443: 12409: 12394:from the original on 20 May 2020 12382:Steve Garber (19 January 2007). 12336: 12323: 12280: 12267: 12236: 12228:. HArper Collins. Archived from 12139: 12089: 12068: 12047: 12023: 11999: 11969: 11866: 11850: 11841: 11829:from the original on 15 May 2019 11811: 11793: 11771: 11752: 11744:. United Nations. Archived from 11730: 11689: 11680: 11671: 11641: 11616: 11595: 11569: 11545: 11517: 11491: 11467: 11446: 11426: 11396: 11359: 11346: 11325: 11304: 11284: 11259: 11227: 11206: 11185: 11164: 11127: 11106: 11083: 11062: 11041: 10987: 10931:The Great Terror: A Reassessment 10895: 10815: 10754: 10735: 10661: 10637: 10625: 10600: 10569: 10548: 10496: 10471: 10442: 10426: 10383: 10370: 10343: 10330: 10298: 10259: 10220: 10194: 10181: 10168: 10155: 10138: 10103: 10090: 10077: 10066:, Department of the Army, 1998. 10020: 10007: 9994: 9981: 9961: 9929: 9894: 9883:, Department of the Army, 1998. 9821: 9800: 9797:Riasonovsky pp. 381–382, 447–448 9791: 9768: 9759: 9750: 9735: 9722: 9696: 9683: 9658: 9635: 9622: 9597: 9584: 9557: 9544: 9509: 9486: 9463: 9439: 9414: 9390: 9377: 9354: 9331: 9318: 9305: 9292: 9283: 9261: 9222: 9213: 9196: 9183: 9170: 9145: 9120: 9107: 9094: 9081: 9052: 9039: 9006: 8993: 8980: 8942: 8933: 8924: 8915: 8906: 8876: 8837: 8582:(1974) pp 8–31; Martin Gilbert, 8295:"Moscow – Historical background" 8110:The History of the Baltic States 7823:, Department of the Army, 1998. 7718:The Vladimir Suzdal Principality 7512:David Christian, Op cit. p. 343. 7482:, Department of the Army, 1998. 7341:The Making of the Russian Nation 6856:from the original on 7 June 2023 6794:Article 1 of the Lisbon Protocol 6439:were held, as a result of which 6016:, which in 1986 was replaced by 5393:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 4734: 4711: 4446:Unlike his father, the new tsar 3592:, thus earning the status of an 3548:(1727–1730), then by his niece, 3029:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 2578:and his Rus' allies immediately 2574:in 1380, forces of the new khan 2091: 1850:of Southern Russia were home to 1543:, which had previously signed a 1394:, ending with the coronation of 1175: 69: 31:Russian History (disambiguation) 15797:History of Western civilization 15400:Christianity in the Middle Ages 14737:Vernadsky, George, et al. eds. 14468:David-Fox, Michael et al. eds. 14291:(2015), copies of historic maps 13541:The Cambridge History of Russia 13521:Encyclopedia of Russian History 13513:(1926) By a leading historian. 13501:Encyclopedia of Russian History 13451:(1962) excerpts from scholars. 12289:Journal of Contemporary History 12275:Journal of Contemporary History 12121:"Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev" 11018:. London: Penguin Books, 2003. 10799:. Russian Academy of Sciences. 10230:The Twilight of Imperial Russia 10053:The Last Years of the Autocracy 9001:Imperial Russian Foreign Policy 8812: 8796: 8771: 8742: 8703: 8678: 8665: 8639: 8615: 8602: 8589: 8572: 8543: 8499: 8477: 8414: 8395: 8360: 8344: 8335: 8318: 8309: 8287: 8272: 8263: 8251: 8208: 8199: 8161: 8131: 8113:. Greenwood Press. p. 23. 8100: 8073: 8060: 8034: 7991:The Cambridge History of Russia 7983: 7932: 7834: 7760: 7742: 7710: 7685: 7649: 7628: 7615: 7570: 7549: 7528: 7515: 7506: 7493: 7402: 7346: 7333: 7300: 7255: 7234: 7213: 7168: 7147: 7128: 7108: 7080: 7015: 6984: 6931: 6918: 6553:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 6541:List of Slavic studies journals 6312: 6034:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 5431: 5209:collectivization of agriculture 4642:On 28 June 1914, Bosnian Serbs 4489:Constitutional Democratic party 4015: 3862:in 1814, headed by the Emperor 3629:liquidated the Zaporozhian Sich 3560:was soon deposed in a coup and 3380:includes new Asian territories 3319:Population of Russia (millions) 1858:. (In classical antiquity, the 1580:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1087:Not internationally recognized. 84: 36:For a chronological guide, see 15641:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 15584:Christianity in the modern era 15355:Christianity in late antiquity 15191:British Indian Ocean Territory 14047:Journal of Economic Literature 13717:50#1 (1991), pp. 176–178 13262:Yeung, Jessie (25 June 2023). 12793:"The Russian Federation Today" 12748:"Putin's hold on the Russians" 12715:"Putin's hold on the Russians" 11265: 10449:Florinsky, Michael T. (1961). 9669:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 9360:Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter, 9013:Riasanovsky, Nicholas (1984). 7578:The Christianisation of Russia 7469:Kievan Rus' and Mongol Periods 7221:Magill's Literary Annual, 1977 6899: 6869: 6829: 6806: 6787: 6762: 6737: 6712: 6686: 6673:Timeline of Russian innovation 6456:military intervention in Syria 6000:; first female spaceflight by 5901:Soviet economic reform of 1965 5809:1980 election of Ronald Reagan 5538:swept across the Soviet border 4623:Russian entry into World War I 4616: 4526:, and the relatively moderate 4130: 4003:In 1831, Nicholas crushed the 3743:First Russian circumnavigation 3709:Moscow University in the 1790s 3612:. Inspired by a Cossack named 3552:(1730–1740), daughter of Tsar 3435:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3165:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3107:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3074:27 August] 1610. The 3025:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2482:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' 2466:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2386:by the official act of public 2131:in two waves: one moving from 2096: 1626:led to significantly expanded 1230:(unveiled on 8 September 1862) 1081: 545:General Secretariat of Ukraine 88: 13: 1: 16808:Political abuse of psychiatry 15792:History of the European Union 14677:31#1 (1989) pp. 168–179 14517:Halperin, Charles J. (1987). 14360:(Blackwell, 1998) of Finland. 13827: 13436:. 2nd ed. (Oxford UP, 2002). 11622:As evidenced at the post-war 10858:Stalin: A Political Biography 10396:. Verso Books. p. 1283. 10124:10.1080/01402390.2016.1242421 9707:Comparative Political Studies 9665:Emmons, Terence, ed. (1970). 9518:Russian Studies in Philosophy 9425:. Routledge. pp. 60–65. 8819:de Madariaga, Isabel (2002). 8778:de Madariaga, Isabel (2002). 8512:States and Social Revolutions 8042:"The Tatar Khanate of Crimea" 7589:The Russian Primary Chronicle 6906:A fourth Denisovan individual 6679: 6623:List of wars involving Russia 6588:History of the Jews in Russia 6464:In 2022, Russia launched the 5863:and Soviet General Secretary 5798:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 5585:, much of Western Russia and 5318:massive repressive operations 5203:In 1929, Stalin proposed the 4893:Moldavian Democratic Republic 4854:national Constituent Assembly 4682:Russian Civil War (1917–1922) 4627:Russia in the First World War 4589:led an enormous crowd to the 4497:Socialist-Revolutionary Party 4479:History of Russia (1892–1917) 4408:Silver Age of Russian culture 4286:, conquering the khanates of 4127:were prominent Westernizers. 3839:(1807) and joined Napoleon's 3701:Ruling the Empire (1725–1825) 3518:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 3299:in the mid-17th century, the 3290: 2856:Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721) 2848:over the Rus', renovated the 2413:was little influenced by the 2243:. According to the legendary 1979:. In 513 BC, the king of the 1641: 1584:history of post-Soviet Russia 1095: 313:Great Stand on the Ugra River 17453:Traditions and superstitions 13804:The Russian Empire 1801–1917 13782:. 2d ed. Anthem Press, 2002. 13771:(2 vol Westview Press, 2000) 13740:, sweeping narrative history 13623:7#2 1954, pp. 137–149. 13570:(Harvard UP, 3rd ed., 2009) 13531:Companion to Russian history 12782:CIA World Fact Book – Russia 12416:Neil Perry (12 April 2001). 12176:"Leonid Brezhnev, 1906–1982" 11785:. Yad Vashem. Archived from 11314:. London: Frank Cass, 1997. 11294:. New York: Palgrave, 2002. 10836:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90389-T 10701:Richman, Sheldon L. (1981). 10455:. McGraw-Hill. p. 258. 10269:The Russian Revolution, 1917 10112:Journal of Strategic Studies 10015:The Russian Empire 1801–1917 9362:From Serf to Russian Soldier 8844:Campbell (28 January 2015). 8282:The Northern Wars: 1558–1721 8215:Urban, William (Fall 1983). 7638:, M.E. Sharpe, 2003, p. 13. 7287:History of Jewish Philosophy 6748:. New Word City. p. 5. 6608:List of presidents of Russia 6240:current Russian constitution 6189:Liberal reforms of the 1990s 5748:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 5744:hegemony over Eastern Europe 5610:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 5442:Eastern Front (World War II) 5263:Marshals of the Soviet Union 5002:Creation of the Soviet Union 4903:). Finland also annexed the 4456:union with republican France 4380:Catechism of a Revolutionary 4061:Golden Age of Russian Poetry 3980:Russia invaded northeastern 3301:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 3196:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 2558:under the suzerainty of the 2316:between Scandinavia and the 2293:(most texts) or "Slovensk" ( 1885: 1829:Kostenki archaeological site 1630:. Under Putin's leadership, 7: 17119:Water supply and sanitation 15751:Russian invasion of Ukraine 15362:Crisis of the Third Century 14833:Williams, Henry Smith (Ed.) 14509:(2007) 46#4 pp. 77–91 13847:Chamberlin, William Henry. 13797:Russia under the Old Regime 13449:Readings in Russian history 13425:Florinsky, Michael T. ed. 13376:A Concise History of Russia 12617:China's Rise, Russia's Fall 12078:. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989. 11943:Political Science Quarterly 11783:Chronology of the Holocaust 11584:. London: Routledge, 2003. 11245:] (in Finnish). Edita. 11174:. New York: Praeger, 1999. 10233:. Oxford U.P. p. 232. 9989:Political Science Quarterly 9807:I. K. Shakhnovskiĭ (1921). 9339:American Historical Review, 8757:. Oxford University Press. 8749:Alexander, John T. (1988). 8532:, Routledge, 2004, p. 264. 7699:, Osprey Publishing, 2001. 7673:Kiev: A Portrait, 1800–1917 7289:, Routledge, 1997, p. 196. 7223:Salem Press, 1977, p. 818. 7054:"The 'Princess' of Ipatovo" 6668:Timeline of Russian history 6593:History of the Soviet Union 6545: 6437:elections to the State Duma 6319:Russia under Vladimir Putin 6263:International Monetary Fund 5661: 5520:Soviet soldiers during the 5426:relations with Nazi Germany 4997:History of the Soviet Union 4151:of a Russian naval base at 3471:(council of nobles) with a 3464:state. He replaced the old 3322: 3317: 3305:Russian conquest of Siberia 3212:Russian conquest of Siberia 3101:22 October] 1612. 3017:Russian famine of 1601–1603 2817:, now divided into several 2526:, and then moved west into 2384:adopted Christianity in 988 1517:history of the Soviet Union 609:Provisional Priamurye Govt. 38:Timeline of Russian history 10: 17677: 15807:Military history of Europe 15802:Maritime history of Europe 14476:Dmytryshyn, Basil (1980). 14442:Journal of Agrarian Change 13831: 13611: 13432:Freeze, Gregory L., ed.,. 13364:Brown, Archie et al. eds. 13341: 13325: 11556:Berlin: The Downfall, 1945 11506:. New York: Viking, 1998. 10380:(4th ed. 1984) pp. 460–461 10340:(4th ed. 1984) pp. 456–460 9834:. Springer. pp. 5–7. 9608:. Henry Holt and Company. 9606:The Crimean War: A History 9530:10.2753/rsp1061-1967510303 9423:Imperial Russia: 1801–1905 9300:European History Quarterly 7382:Archeology in the U.S.S.R. 7378:Aleksandr Lʹvovich Mongaĭt 7116:"Sintashta-Arkaim Culture" 6537:List of Russian historians 6530: 6367:massive protests in Moscow 6332:2011–2013 Russian protests 6316: 6181: 6027: 5940:as the war in Afghanistan. 5826: 5665: 5446:On 17 September 1939, the 5435: 5401:Soviet-Japanese neutrality 5353: 5250: 5197:Soviet famine of 1932–1933 5164: 5109: 5106:Changes to Russian society 5076: 4990: 4867: 4837:Bolshevik figures such as 4700: 4685: 4620: 4600:Russian Revolution of 1905 4548: 4476: 4309: 4282:During this period Russia 4242:The Russian and Bulgarian 4219:The Russian Empire in 1867 4184: 4138:sent his army into Hungary 3829:War of the Third Coalition 3670:In accordance to Russia's 3283: 3280:Russian Empire (1721–1917) 3078:on 21 September [ 2984: 2859: 2714: 2635: 2479: 2193: 2100: 1955:to the trade emporiums in 1889: 1825:anatomically modern humans 1672:Domestication of the horse 1645: 1519:. During this period, the 35: 28: 17619: 17376: 17140: 17131: 16964: 16955: 16708: 16699: 16507: 16498: 16433: 16275: 16266: 16209: 16161: 16123: 15860: 15777:Genetic history of Europe 15759: 15564: 15380: 15320: 15287: 15219: 15178: 15138: 14880: 14632:Journal of Modern History 14607:10.1017/S0037677900015060 14540:Medieval Russia: 980–1584 14399:Confino, Michael (2009). 14378:Boyd, Kelly, ed. (1999). 14121:(Oxford Histories, 2017). 13785:Oliva, Lawrence Jay. ed. 13476:A Brief History of Russia 13368:(2nd ed. 1994) 664 pages 11801:"It Took Nerves of Steel" 11779:"July 25: Pogrom in Lvov" 11723:27 September 2007 at the 11701:27 September 2007 at the 11150:10.1080/09668139208411994 10750:– via Researchgate. 10678:. Retrieved 21 July 2007. 10658:. Retrieved 21 July 2007. 10611:. Palgrave. p. 151. 10308:(4th ed. 1984) pp. 455–56 10227:Richard Charques (1974). 10191:(4th ed. 1984) pp. 418-20 9978:. Retrieved 21 July 2007. 9778:58#4 (1980), pp. 936-951 9567:A Brief History of Russia 9385:Journal of Modern History 9341:63#4 (1958), pp. 880-889 9235:. Routledge. p. 36. 9208:A Short History of Russia 8964:30 September 2007 at the 8954:30 September 2007 at the 8850:. Routledge. p. 86. 8782:. Yale University Press. 8716:. Routledge. p. 31. 8689:. Yale University Press. 8632:25 September 2019 at the 8389:24 September 2015 at the 8299:The Economist: City Guide 8284:(Longman, 2000) pp. 26–27 7952:, Sixth Edition. 2001–05. 7950:The Columbia Encyclopedia 7874:. Retrieved 22 July 2007. 7815:20 September 2011 at the 7750:"The Destruction of Kiev" 7727:. Retrieved 21 July 2007. 7536:Byzantium & the Slavs 7525:. Retrieved 22 July 2007. 7474:27 September 2007 at the 6613:List of Russian explorers 6488:, along with most of the 6486:Luhansk People's Republic 6482:Donetsk People's Republic 6468:, which was denounced by 6391:2014 Winter Olympic Games 6385:and government agencies. 6269:ever to reform the fully 5604:, three months after the 5583:liberated much of Ukraine 4979:, fled Russia, many were 4797:is locked and guarded by 4312:Russian nihilist movement 3735:Great Northern Expedition 2676:became the center of the 2245:Calling of the Varangians 2206:Calling of the Varangians 2042:researchers say that the 1792:, working at the site of 1533:surprise invasion in 1941 1438:. Catherine's grandson, 1422:renamed the state as the 1398:as the first Tsar of the 1340:for the next millennium. 1051: 1030: 1012:Luhansk People's Republic 1009: 991:Donetsk People's Republic 988: 967: 950: 933: 754: 743: 607: 586: 575: 564: 543: 432: 421: 410: 399: 388: 193:Principality of Chernigov 16893:Prime Minister of Russia 14940:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 14082:17 February 2015 at the 14056:11 November 2020 at the 14049:(1987) 25#4: 1767–1833. 13969:(7th ed. 2010) 502 pages 13904:27 December 2022 at the 13762:American Economic Review 13539:Perrie, Maureen, et al. 13402:16 November 2020 at the 12700:13 November 2007 at the 12551:"Timeline: Soviet Union" 12301:10.1177/0022009405049270 12147:"Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev" 11626:. See Ginsburg, George, 11613:), for more information. 11214:The Polish Campaign 1939 10674:3 September 2017 at the 10645:Tsar Killed, USSR Formed 9570:. Infobase. p. 92. 8685:Hughes, Lindsey (2000). 8584:Atlas of Russian history 8489:11 December 2008 at the 8466:18 December 2007 at the 8444:Penn State Press, 2001, 8107:O'Connor, Kevin (2003). 8068:Ivan the Great of Moscow 7970:15 December 2007 at the 7914:"History of the Mongols" 7121:28 February 2019 at the 6432:were imposed on Russia. 6164:Supreme Soviet of Russia 6126:attempted to restructure 6108:in Geneva, November 1985 5907:was established in 1954 5871:In 1964, Khrushchev was 5680:against Soviet armor at 5644:, carried out by German 5316:carried out a series of 5275:Alexander Ilyich Yegorov 4987:Soviet Union (1922–1991) 4748:and a key figure in the 4463:Konstantin Pobedonostsev 4100:of the medieval Russian 3610:peasant uprising in 1773 3347:includes part of Poland 3312: 3137:, the first Tsar of the 3133:Election of 16-year-old 3035:in 1605, then supported 2995:The Poles surrender the 2964:burn down Moscow in 1571 2742:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 2566:defeated Mongol warlord 2254:Novgorod First Chronicle 1746:Elasmotherium caucasicum 1531:after recovering from a 618: 288: 212: 130: 120: 110: 17331:Social entrepreneurship 17220:Forced public apologies 17155:Anti-American sentiment 15782:History of Christianity 15201:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 14732:excerpt and text search 14567:(digital printing 2004) 14462:10.1111/1471-0366.00046 14425:10.2979/his.2009.21.2.7 14417:10.2979/his.2009.21.2.7 14349:Parker, William Henry. 14321:excerpt and text search 14296:A Map History of Russia 13981:Russia: a country study 13808:excerpt and text search 13621:Economic History Review 13603:(Greenwood Press, 1999) 13562:9th edition 1993 online 13545:excerpt and text search 13380:excerpt and text search 13183:(Reuters, 17 June 2022) 10650:19 October 2012 at the 10064:Russia: A Country Study 10058:3 November 2016 at the 9942:Encyclopædia Britannica 9901:Waldron, Peter (2006). 9881:Russia: A Country Study 9875:3 November 2016 at the 9756:Riasonovsky pp. 386–387 9709:48.8 (2015): 984-1019. 9604:Figes, Orlando (2011). 9276:21 October 2022 at the 9219:Riasonovsky pp. 302-307 9191:East European Quarterly 9067:21 October 2022 at the 8710:Stephen J. Lee (2013). 8597:A Map History of Russia 8580:A Map History of Russia 8553:Moscow Uprising of 1682 8472:Encyclopædia Britannica 8440:30 October 2022 at the 8029:Encyclopædia Britannica 8024:Encyclopædia Britannica 8017:18 October 2007 at the 7977:Encyclopædia Britannica 7821:Russia: A Country Study 7480:Russia: A Country Study 7410:Byzantium and the Slavs 7114:Dr. Ludmila Koryakova, 6723:. Springer. p. 8. 6583:History of the Caucasus 6568:History of Central Asia 6500:, Russia has committed 6430:international sanctions 6406:Russian missile strikes 6303:financial crash of 1998 5684:, Berlin, October 1961. 5422:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 5043:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4858:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4793:on 6 January 1918. The 4789:The dissolution of the 4567:and establishing first 3922:The Decembrists at the 3731:Moscow State University 3633:Novorossiya Governorate 3606:Targowica Confederation 3198:, which ended with the 3182:between Russia and the 2970:and Ivan abandoned the 2678:Russian Orthodox Church 2603:Russian Orthodox Church 2390:of Kiev inhabitants by 1843:) by 40,000 years ago. 1590:and became the primary 1242:around 1470, including 870:Eurasian Economic Union 719:Parade of sovereignties 183:Principality of Polotsk 17079:Social security system 17062:Science and technology 16728:Classified information 16554:Central Russian Upland 15903:Bosnia and Herzegovina 15606:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 14827:Дневник Истории России 14778: 14758:Listen to this article 14537:Martin, Janet (2004). 14284:(Guilford Press, 2011) 14280:Blinnikov, Mikhail S. 14134:online at ACLS e-books 13929:The Russian Revolution 13665:De Madariaga, Isabel. 13419:3 October 2016 at the 13067:www.marshallcenter.org 13003:1 January 2014 at the 12858:Bloomberg BusinessWeek 11415:Изд. 2-е, испр., доп. 11408:Stalin's Missed Chance 10353:The Russian Revolution 10350:Richard Pipes (2011). 10321:The Russian Revolution 10187:Nicholas Riasanovsky, 9590:Rene Albrecht-Carrie, 9473:23.4 (1964): 352–361. 8366:Michel Heller (1997), 8080:McDaniel, Tim (1991). 7244:, Brill, 2004, p. 35. 7219:Frank Northen Magill, 7157:, Brill, 1995, p. 38. 6911:15 August 2022 at the 6618:List of Russian rulers 6426:war in eastern Ukraine 6409: 6350: 6335: 6281:or Western investors. 6227: 6212:hit the ruble, due to 6130:coup against Gorbachev 6109: 5957: 5942: 5868: 5815:, but improved as the 5685: 5628: 5608:the USSR launched the 5529: 5528:and in the entire WWII 5451:invaded eastern Poland 5290: 5200: 5184:'s. By 1928, with the 5121: 5034: 5022: 4895:(which was annexed by 4879: 4814: 4772:Provisional Government 4725:and the leader of the 4639: 4571: 4356: 4344: 4247: 4244:defence of Shipka Pass 4230:In foreign policy, he 4220: 4156: 4155:during the Crimean War 4079: 4032: 4025:Monument to Nicholas I 3926: 3904:Klemens von Metternich 3866: 3782:Adam Jerzy Czartoryski 3769: 3768:'s retreat from Moscow 3715:Enlightened absolutism 3710: 3581: 3509: 3396: 3276:, ultimately subdued. 3237: 3141: 3004: 2883: 2880:Grand Prince of Moscow 2809: 2799:coat of arms of Russia 2773:Fall of Constantinople 2733: 2666:principality of Moscow 2658: 2503: 2371: 2366:Kievan Rus' after the 2247:, recorded in several 2227:in the East, combined 2223:in Western Europe and 2213: 2190:Kievan Rus' (862–1240) 2139:) towards present-day 1953:classical civilization 1948: 1900:Ancient Greek colonies 1734:Bogatyri/Sinyaya balka 1700: 1692:: South Russia as the 1636:human rights situation 1602:status. Scrapping the 1594:. Russia retained its 1336:cultures that defined 1297: 1281: 1266: 1231: 460:Provisional Government 401:Grand Duchy of Finland 279:Principality of Moscow 17540:Russian tsars regalia 16873:Intelligence agencies 16596:Great Russian Regions 16340:Expansion (1500-1800) 15686:Industrial Revolution 14777: 14705:10.1353/kri.2011.0061 14666:Sanders, Thomas, ed. 14255:30 March 2022 at the 13979:Library of Congress. 13927:Fitzpatrick, Sheila. 13813:15 April 2017 at the 13724:22 April 2022 at the 13683:25 March 2021 at the 13636:Billington, James H. 13630:22 April 2022 at the 13601:The History of Russia 13577:29 March 2022 at the 13550:17 March 2016 at the 13457:Hosking, Geoffrey A. 13447:Harcave, Sidney, ed. 13239:. 23 September 2022. 12669:Johnson's Russia List 12643:10.1353/jod.1999.0031 12487:. CNN. Archived from 12452:"Boris on a Pedestal" 12343:Yegor Gaidar (2007). 12149:. CNN. Archived from 12123:. CNN. Archived from 11984:9 August 2007 at the 10880:The Harvest of Sorrow 10792:Pushkareva, Natalia. 10607:Lowe, Norman (2002). 9742:Mosse, W. E. (1958). 9716:1 August 2020 at the 9632:, (2010) pp. 442–443. 9564:Michael Kort (2008). 9456:25 March 2020 at the 9449:22.3 (1963): 274–288 9421:Chapman, Tim (2001). 9387:62.4 (1990): 676–708. 9302:15#2 (1985): 131–156. 9152:Parker, W.H. (1968). 9131:. Faber & Faber. 9127:Palmer, Alan (2014). 9049:12.4 (1953): 475-485. 8495:Columbia Encyclopedia 8429:Chester S L Dunning, 7944:6 August 2007 at the 7840:Sigfried J. De Laet, 7723:20 March 2008 at the 7339:Henry K Paszkiewicz, 6822:21 March 2021 at the 6507:On 23 June 2023, the 6504:during the invasion. 6420:. Following Russia's 6399: 6341: 6330: 6222: 6100: 5952: 5937: 5881:collective leadership 5858: 5675: 5622: 5606:Victory Day in Europe 5519: 5260: 5251:Further information: 5194: 5165:Further information: 5119: 5028: 5009: 4981:evacuated from Crimea 4952:White Terror (Russia) 4877: 4788: 4634: 4558: 4391:("Populist") movement 4350: 4319: 4252:The Russo-Turkish War 4241: 4218: 4185:Further information: 4146: 4116:Philosophical Letters 4058: 4023: 3954:Treaty of Turkmenchay 3921: 3884:Battle of the Nations 3857: 3764: 3708: 3691:anti-French coalition 3598:Charter to the Gentry 3579: 3504: 3394: 3232: 3156:, to the throne. The 3132: 3076:Poles occupied Moscow 3062:on 27 July [ 2994: 2941:to colonise Siberia. 2874: 2867:Ivan IV, the Terrible 2807: 2761:Grand Duchy of Moscow 2724: 2662:Daniil Aleksandrovich 2650: 2638:Grand Duchy of Moscow 2580:sacked Moscow in 1382 2493: 2425:was used directly in 2365: 2295:Pskov Third Chronicle 2203: 2049:A Turkic people, the 1927: 1890:Further information: 1698:Indo-European peoples 1687: 1680:Pit–Comb Ware culture 1668:Pontic–Caspian steppe 1646:Further information: 1436:Russian Enlightenment 1362:Grand Duchy of Moscow 1287: 1278:territorial evolution 1272: 1237: 1221: 1101:Not fully controlled. 935:Republic of Tatarstan 828:Constitutional crisis 17607:World Heritage sites 16984:Droughts and famines 16537:Environmental issues 16285:Proto-Indo-Europeans 15741:European debt crisis 15736:European integration 15676:Age of Enlightenment 15516:Republic of Florence 15115:United Arab Emirates 14809:More spoken articles 14405:History & Memory 13976:(2014); vol 2 (2017) 13819:Treasure, Geoffrey. 13802:Seton-Watson, Hugh. 13599:Ziegler; Charles E. 13188:17 July 2022 at the 13159:. 28 February 2022. 13129:. 24 February 2022. 12855:on 13 December 2006. 12631:Journal of Democracy 12535:unions, for example. 12232:on 10 December 2012. 12209:, and the generally 10503:Ryan, James (2012). 10266:Rex A. Wade (2005). 9974:12 June 2007 at the 9967:Hugo S. Cunninggam, 9785:18 July 2021 at the 9647:22 July 2017 at the 9407:28 July 2021 at the 9371:29 June 2013 at the 9348:27 July 2021 at the 9315:6#3 (2005): 501–534. 8974:3 March 2016 at the 8847:Western Civilization 7989:Donald Ostrowski in 7773:29 June 2011 at the 7583:27 July 2007 at the 7399:, p. 55, 59–60. 6696:. Historyworld.net. 6643:Russian Armed Forces 6494:Zaporizhzhia Oblasts 6445:significant protests 6435:On 4 December 2011, 6422:annexation of Crimea 6145:, and the like. The 6045:Konstantin Chernenko 6002:Valentina Tereshkova 5986:far side of the Moon 5976:. On 12 April 1961, 5962:Soviet space program 5945:Soviet space program 5917:Summer Olympic Games 5913:Baikal Amur Mainline 5879:. After a period of 5877:Cuban Missile Crisis 5632:and deportations of 5522:Battle of Stalingrad 5487:ultimatum to Romania 5283:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 5247:Stalinist repression 5205:first five-year plan 5029:Lenin and Stalin at 4791:Constituent Assembly 4300:Trans-Caspian region 3833:Battle of Austerlitz 3747:Antarctic expedition 3665:Partitions of Poland 3234:Sobornoye Ulozheniye 3180:Treaty of Pereyaslav 3176:Khmelnitsky Uprising 3113:, as well as to the 3111:the Russo-Polish war 3050:on 4 July [ 3044:Stanisław Żółkiewski 2956:Massacre of Novgorod 2746:Upper Principalities 2730:Millennium of Russia 2684:, fled from Kiev to 2398:, was introduced by 2324:and Dnieper Rivers. 2079:Eastern Roman Empire 1930:Hellenistic soldiers 1856:nomadic pastoralists 1707:period in the early 1632:corruption in Russia 1469:constitution of 1906 1358:petty principalities 1224:Millennium of Russia 874:Annexation of Crimea 482:Constituent Assembly 359:Second Patriotic War 17458:Forms of addressing 17067:Academy of Sciences 17024:Financial districts 16888:President of Russia 16813:Political divisions 16773:Freedom of assembly 16655:West Siberian Plain 16401:Great Patriotic War 16362:February Revolution 16124:States with limited 15706:Revolutions of 1848 15636:Early modern France 15417:Anglo-Saxon England 15322:Classical antiquity 15142:limited recognition 14454:2002JAgrC...2..570C 14235:A History of Russia 14117:Steinberg, Mark D. 14112:Stalin: A Biography 14088:Remington, Thomas. 14022:A History of Russia 13996:Lincoln, W. Bruce. 13948:Hosking, Geoffrey. 13776:A History of Russia 13764:108.4–5: 1074–1117. 13743:Lincoln, W. Bruce. 13732:Lincoln, W. Bruce. 13672:Fuller, William C. 13593:25 May 2017 at the 13558:A History of Russia 13511:A History of Russia 13499:Millar, James, ed. 13467:Jelavich, Barbara. 13391:Connolly, Richard. 13385:25 May 2017 at the 13374:Bushkovitch, Paul. 13356:A History of Russia 13354:Bartlett, Roger P. 12588:The Free Dictionary 11884:on 14 February 2009 11764:11 May 2009 at the 11748:on 13 January 2009. 11352:Tarulis, Albert N. 11290:Vehviläinen, Olli. 11191:Gross, Jan Tomasz. 11170:Ericson, Edward E. 11001:on 15 October 2008. 10972:Ivanova, Galina M. 10761:McElvanney, Katie. 10669:Area and Population 10656:20th Century Russia 10432:See Orlando Figes: 10378:A History of Russia 10338:A History of Russia 10306:A History of Russia 10189:A History of Russia 10013:Hugh Seton-Watson, 9945:. 26 January 2016. 9503:31 May 2022 at the 9496:62.1 (1984): 6–24. 9480:31 May 2022 at the 9400:43.1 (1984): 63-82 9267:Timothy C. Dowling 9204:A History of Russia 9100:Paul W. Schroeder, 9058:Timothy C. Dowling 9017:A History of Russia 8558:1 July 2017 at the 8408:4 July 2017 at the 8403:Russian translation 8384:Russian translation 8305:on 11 October 2007. 8258:Siberian Chronicles 8169:Zenkovsky, Serge A. 8139:"Ivan the Terrible" 7870:7 June 2007 at the 7716:Tatyana Shvetsova, 7657:The Orthodox Church 7408:Dimitri Obolensky, 7140:13 May 2011 at the 7064:(2). Archived from 6954:2000Natur.404..490O 6800:28 May 2019 at the 6466:invasion of Ukraine 6418:Russo-Ukrainian War 6252:Second Chechen Wars 6236:Russian White House 6143:Academy of Sciences 6079:revolutions of 1989 5905:nuclear power plant 5717:atomic bomb project 5475:Moscow Peace Treaty 5093:New Economic Policy 5059:Transcaucasian SFSR 4839:Anatoly Lunacharsky 4765:February Revolution 4428:Russian avant-garde 4400:anarchism in Russia 4342:Alexander Ostrovsky 4338:Alexander Druzhinin 4205:emancipation reform 3976:. In the 1828–1829 3793:clashed with Persia 3580:Catherine the Great 3572:Catherine the Great 3505:Russian victory at 3405:Peter reformed the 3274:revolt in Astrakhan 3224:Treaty of Nerchinsk 3200:Treaty of Andrusovo 3152:, the young son of 2784:Sophia Palaiologina 2711:Ivan III, the Great 2618:repel the offensive 2556:Rus' principalities 2449:in the north-east, 2219:Norsemen, known as 2073:empire centered in 1815:The first trace of 1624:invasion of Ukraine 1553:sphere of influence 1545:non-aggression pact 1509:Transcaucasian SFSR 1489:end of the monarchy 1432:Catherine the Great 1054:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 886:Invasion of Ukraine 675:Great Patriotic War 647:Cultural revolution 588:Transcaucasian SFSR 456:February Revolution 343:Emancipation reform 241:Council of Uvetichi 91: • 87: • 17508:Russian given name 17094:Telecommunications 17044:Petroleum industry 16908:State of emergency 16753:Far-right politics 16718:Capital punishment 16564:Meshchera Lowlands 16418:Russian Federation 16374:October Revolution 15812:Crusading movement 15716:Russian Revolution 15551:Hundred Years' War 15447:Maritime republics 15350:Early Christianity 15340:Hellenistic period 15297:Paleolithic Europe 14779: 14507:History and Theory 14356:Shaw, Denis J. B. 14342:Medvedev, Andrei. 14335:Kaiser, Robert J. 14294:Catchpole, Brian. 14275:Atlases, geography 14124:Tucker, Robert C. 14017:(2007), 522 pages. 14013:McCauley, Martin. 13955:Kennan, George F. 13857:Cohen, Stephen F. 13753:Manning, Roberta. 13646:Christian, David. 13566:Service, Robert. 13299:The New York Times 13073:on 10 October 2022 12935:The New York Times 12874:www.britannica.com 12594:on 12 January 2012 12243:Ermolaev, Sergei. 12006:Gaddis, John Lewis 11904:Gaddis, John Lewis 11411:, М. И. Мельтюхов 11403:Mikhail Meltyukhov 11047:Payne, Stanley G. 10434:A People's Tragedy 10419:W. Bruce Lincoln, 10174:Allan K. Wildman, 10161:W. Bruce Lincoln, 9765:Riasonovsky p. 349 9728:W. Bruce Lincoln, 9693:(Routledge, 2014). 9289:Riasonovsky p. 308 9193:37.2 (2003): 127+. 9117:(2007) pp. 460–480 8894:on 21 January 2010 8357:, Moscow: Ekopros. 8066:J. L. I. Fennell, 8048:on 8 November 2017 7600:Gordon Bob Smith, 6997:The New York Times 6744:Grey, Ian (2015). 6663:Timeline of Moscow 6638:Politics of Russia 6573:History of Siberia 6410: 6408:on 10 October 2022 6351: 6336: 6228: 6168:Russian Federation 6110: 6084:war in Afghanistan 5958: 5869: 5750:, suppressing the 5709:Potsdam Conference 5686: 5682:Checkpoint Charlie 5629: 5591:Stalin's ten blows 5587:moved into Belarus 5550:siege of Leningrad 5530: 5360:Soviet imperialism 5291: 5279:Kliment Voroshilov 5232:died of starvation 5201: 5122: 5035: 5023: 4880: 4832:October Revolution 4819:Alexander Kerensky 4815: 4750:October Revolution 4703:Russian Revolution 4697:Russian Revolution 4668:Brusilov offensive 4640: 4576:Russo-Japanese War 4572: 4551:Revolution of 1905 4545:Revolution of 1905 4539:Russo-Japanese War 4424:Mystical Anarchism 4367:in his 1862 novel 4357: 4345: 4326:Dmitry Grigorovich 4277:Congress of Berlin 4248: 4221: 4157: 4121:Vissarion Belinsky 4084:Russian literature 4080: 4033: 4031:, Saint Petersburg 4029:St. Isaac's Square 3927: 3892:Congress of Vienna 3871:invasion of Russia 3867: 3841:Continental System 3770: 3711: 3594:enlightened despot 3582: 3510: 3439:Great Northern War 3397: 3238: 3184:Ukrainian Cossacks 3142: 3048:Battle of Klushino 3005: 2884: 2810: 2734: 2726:Ivan III of Russia 2717:Ivan III of Russia 2697:Battle of Kulikovo 2659: 2656:Battle of Kulikovo 2504: 2453:in the north, and 2372: 2368:Council of Liubech 2214: 2127:gradually settled 2053:, ruled the lower 1949: 1920:History of Siberia 1701: 1588:Russian Federation 1493:October Revolution 1485:Russian Revolution 1467:of 1906–1914, the 1416:Great Northern War 1386:in 1598 created a 1298: 1282: 1267: 1232: 970:Republic of Crimea 921:Russian Federation 864:Presidential terms 756:Karelo-Finnish SSR 709:Chernobyl disaster 449:Russian Revolution 347:Russo-Japanese War 335:1812 Patriotic War 249:Battle of Kulikovo 237:Council of Liubech 17661:History of Russia 17648: 17647: 17615: 17614: 17195:Domestic violence 17127: 17126: 17049:Russian oligarchs 16974:Aircraft industry 16951: 16950: 16928:Mass surveillance 16918:Search and rescue 16883:Political parties 16763:Foreign relations 16695: 16694: 16494: 16493: 16486:Historical cities 16345:Tsardom of Russia 16225: 16224: 15820: 15819: 15746:COVID-19 pandemic 15691:French Revolution 15666:Habsburg monarchy 15646:Cossack Hetmanate 15626:Portuguese Empire 15616:Absolute monarchy 15611:Thirty Years' War 15506:Holy Roman Empire 15431:Bulgarian Empire 15390:Early Middle Ages 15307:Bronze Age Europe 15281:History of Europe 15247: 15246: 15184:other territories 14775: 14730:(1994) 464 pages 14584:978-0-19-150121-0 14574:Russia: A History 14497:National Interest 14435:– via Muse. 14315:Gilbert, Martin. 14200:978-1-4426-1021-7 14158:978-0-230-61773-5 14110:Service, Robert. 14095:Service, Robert. 13972:Kotkin, Stephen. 13706:Kahan, Arcadius. 13699:Kahan, Arcadius. 13689:Hughes, Lindsey. 13434:Russia: A History 13099:. 19 March 2018. 13051:on 28 March 2017. 12906:. 16 March 2014. 12180:The History Guide 11789:on 11 March 2005. 11528:Jonathan M. House 11277:978-90-04-24908-0 11252:978-951-37-5278-1 10577:Lincoln, W. Bruce 10520:978-1-138-81568-1 10403:978-1-78168-721-5 10150:978-0-06-219922-5 9828:E. Heier (2012). 9087:Charles Esdaile, 8625:25 (1980): 1–25. 8595:Brian Catchpole, 8586:(1993) pp. 33–74. 8578:Brian Catchpole, 8564:History of Russia 8461:Troubles, Time of 8012:Eastern Orthodoxy 7916:. History World. 7756:on 27 April 2011. 7621:P. N. Fedosejev, 7261:András Róna-Tas, 7198:David Christian, 7153:Esther Jacobson, 6948:(6777): 490–493. 6847:www.archaeolog.ru 6746:Russia: A History 6521:killed or wounded 6513:Yevgeny Prigozhin 6291:hostile takeovers 6283:Corporate raiders 6277:) in league with 6214:monetary overhang 6160:Belavezha Accords 6106:Mikhail Gorbachev 6049:Mikhail Gorbachev 5988:; exploration of 5846:Nikita Khrushchev 5841:Era of Stagnation 5805:Soviet–Afghan War 5600:As agreed at the 5495:Northern Bukovina 5406:In 1938, Germany 5385:Spanish Civil War 5236:mostly in Ukraine 4901:Polish–Soviet War 4870:Russian Civil War 4864:Russian Civil War 4744:, founder of the 4721:, founder of the 4664:Battle of Galicia 4649:Christopher Clark 4611:October Manifesto 4561:October Manifesto 4469:was carried out. 4412:Russian Symbolism 4298:, as well as the 4147:The eleven-month 4108:village community 4005:November Uprising 3978:Russo-Turkish War 3939:Decembrist Revolt 3809:Caucasian Imamate 3614:Yemelyan Pugachev 3590:The Enlightenment 3529:, as part of the 3507:Battle of Poltava 3384: 3383: 3358:includes Finland 3192:Left-bank Ukraine 3154:Patriarch Filaret 3146:national assembly 3068:Władysław IV Vasa 2931:multiconfessional 2911:Khanates of Kazan 2862:Tsardom of Russia 2827:Great Abatis Belt 2622:Northern Crusades 2536:Novgorod Republic 2524:at the Sit' River 2470:Novgorod Republic 2407:Yaroslav the Wise 2400:Yaroslav the Wise 2392:Prince Vladimir I 2269:Sineus and Truvor 2263:, the Varangians 2260:Primary Chronicle 2147:and another from 2012:Kingdom of Pontus 1981:Achaemenid Empire 1967:was described by 1841:Mamontovaya Kurya 1709:Lower Paleolithic 1690:Kurgan hypothesis 1572:Mikhail Gorbachev 1499:, along with the 1388:succession crisis 1376:Tsardom of Russia 1372:Ivan the Terrible 1316:. In 882, Prince 1302:history of Russia 1216: 1215: 1182:Russia portal 1110: 1109: 804:Belavezha Accords 786: 785: 697:Era of Stagnation 663:Industrialization 629: 628: 506:Soviet-Polish War 442: 441: 423:Russian Manchuria 369:Tsardom of Russia 355:October Manifesto 339:Decembrist Revolt 331:Petrovian reforms 299: 298: 259:Novgorod Republic 223: 222: 139: 138: 16:(Redirected from 17668: 17628: 17575:Russian language 17518:National symbols 17138: 17137: 17057: 17014:Fishing industry 17004:Economic regions 16999:Defence industry 16962: 16961: 16706: 16705: 16660:Russian Far East 16559:Northwest Russia 16517:Cities and towns 16505: 16504: 16367:Russian Republic 16273: 16272: 16252: 16245: 16238: 16229: 16228: 16162:Dependencies and 15861:Sovereign states 15847: 15840: 15833: 15824: 15823: 15681:Great Divergence 15596:Age of Discovery 15541:Late Middle Ages 15511:High Middle Ages 15422:Byzantine Empire 15405:Christianization 15395:Migration Period 15330:Classical Greece 15302:Neolithic Europe 15274: 15267: 15260: 15251: 15250: 15237: 15227: 15226: 15196:Christmas Island 14882:Sovereign states 14867: 14860: 14853: 14844: 14843: 14799: 14797: 14786: 14785: 14776: 14766: 14764: 14759: 14716: 14663: 14626: 14588: 14566: 14564: 14562: 14532: 14492: 14482: 14465: 14436: 14395: 14328:Henry, Laura A. 14233:Moss, Walter G. 14216: 14214: 14212: 14185:Magocsi, Paul R. 14162:Cohen, Stephen. 14062:Pipes, Richard. 14020:Moss, Walter G. 13990:11 July 2012 at 13917:Figes, Orlando. 13890: 13888: 13886: 13880: 13873: 13795:Pipes, Richard. 13774:Moss, Walter G. 13509:Pares, Bernard. 13408:Figes, Orlando. 13315: 13314: 13312: 13310: 13290: 13284: 13283: 13281: 13279: 13259: 13253: 13252: 13250: 13248: 13229: 13223: 13222: 13220: 13218: 13198: 13192: 13179: 13173: 13172: 13170: 13168: 13149: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13138: 13119: 13113: 13112: 13110: 13108: 13089: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13078: 13069:. Archived from 13059: 13053: 13052: 13040: 13034: 13033: 13031: 13029: 13014: 13008: 12995: 12989: 12988: 12986: 12984: 12975:. 13 July 2015. 12965: 12959: 12958: 12956: 12954: 12926: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12915: 12896: 12890: 12889: 12887: 12885: 12866: 12860: 12856: 12851:. Archived from 12845: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12819: 12813: 12812: 12810: 12808: 12799:. Archived from 12789: 12783: 12780: 12771: 12770: 12765: 12763: 12754:. 28 June 2007. 12744: 12738: 12737: 12732: 12730: 12721:. 28 June 2007. 12711: 12705: 12691: 12685: 12684: 12682: 12680: 12671:. Archived from 12661: 12655: 12654: 12626: 12620: 12613: 12607: 12606: 12601: 12599: 12590:. Archived from 12580: 12574: 12573: 12568: 12566: 12557:. 3 March 2006. 12547: 12538: 12537: 12531: 12529: 12510: 12504: 12503: 12498: 12496: 12481: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12467: 12458:. Archived from 12447: 12441: 12440: 12435: 12433: 12413: 12407: 12406: 12401: 12399: 12379: 12373: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12340: 12334: 12327: 12321: 12320: 12284: 12278: 12271: 12265: 12264: 12262: 12260: 12240: 12234: 12233: 12222: 12216: 12215: 12193: 12191: 12172: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12158: 12143: 12137: 12136: 12134: 12132: 12117: 12108: 12093: 12087: 12074:Holden, Gerard. 12072: 12066: 12051: 12045: 12027: 12021: 12003: 11997: 11973: 11967: 11966: 11938: 11932: 11931: 11900: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11889: 11880:. Archived from 11870: 11864: 11854: 11848: 11845: 11839: 11838: 11836: 11834: 11823:Gendercide Watch 11815: 11809: 11808: 11803:. Archived from 11797: 11791: 11790: 11775: 11769: 11756: 11750: 11749: 11734: 11728: 11715: 11706: 11693: 11687: 11684: 11678: 11675: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11645: 11639: 11624:Nuremberg Trials 11620: 11614: 11599: 11593: 11582: 11576:Glantz, David M. 11573: 11567: 11549: 11543: 11524:Glantz, David M. 11521: 11515: 11495: 11489: 11471: 11465: 11450: 11444: 11430: 11424: 11423:(second edition) 11400: 11394: 11384: 11378: 11363: 11357: 11350: 11344: 11331:Dima, Nicholas. 11329: 11323: 11310:Van Dyke, Carl. 11308: 11302: 11288: 11282: 11281: 11263: 11257: 11256: 11231: 11225: 11210: 11204: 11189: 11183: 11168: 11162: 11161: 11131: 11125: 11110: 11104: 11087: 11081: 11066: 11060: 11045: 11039: 11033: 11027: 11009: 11003: 11002: 10997:. Archived from 10991: 10985: 10970: 10964: 10949: 10943: 10926:Conquest, Robert 10923: 10917: 10899: 10893: 10875:Conquest, Robert 10872: 10861: 10854: 10848: 10847: 10819: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10798: 10789: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10778: 10773:on 1 August 2020 10769:. Archived from 10758: 10752: 10751: 10739: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10722: 10707: 10698: 10679: 10665: 10659: 10641: 10635: 10629: 10623: 10622: 10604: 10598: 10597: 10573: 10567: 10561: 10555: 10552: 10546: 10543: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10500: 10494: 10493: 10475: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10446: 10440: 10436:(Pimlico, 1996) 10430: 10424: 10417: 10408: 10407: 10387: 10381: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10347: 10341: 10334: 10328: 10318: 10309: 10302: 10296: 10295: 10293: 10291: 10263: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10252: 10224: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10198: 10192: 10185: 10179: 10172: 10166: 10159: 10153: 10142: 10136: 10135: 10107: 10101: 10100:(2014) pp. 33–43 10094: 10088: 10081: 10075: 10050: 10031: 10024: 10018: 10011: 10005: 9998: 9992: 9985: 9979: 9965: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9922: 9898: 9892: 9867: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9853: 9825: 9819: 9818: 9804: 9798: 9795: 9789: 9772: 9766: 9763: 9757: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9739: 9733: 9726: 9720: 9700: 9694: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9662: 9656: 9639: 9633: 9628:Orlando Figes, 9626: 9620: 9619: 9601: 9595: 9594:(1973) pp. 84–94 9588: 9582: 9581: 9561: 9555: 9548: 9542: 9541: 9513: 9507: 9490: 9484: 9467: 9461: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9418: 9412: 9394: 9388: 9381: 9375: 9358: 9352: 9335: 9329: 9322: 9316: 9309: 9303: 9296: 9290: 9287: 9281: 9265: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9226: 9220: 9217: 9211: 9200: 9194: 9187: 9181: 9174: 9168: 9167: 9149: 9143: 9142: 9124: 9118: 9111: 9105: 9098: 9092: 9085: 9079: 9056: 9050: 9043: 9037: 9036: 9020: 9010: 9004: 8997: 8991: 8984: 8978: 8946: 8940: 8937: 8931: 8928: 8922: 8919: 8913: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8899: 8890:. Archived from 8880: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8816: 8810: 8802:Nancy Whitelaw, 8800: 8794: 8793: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8756: 8746: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8707: 8701: 8700: 8682: 8676: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8653:on 18 April 2009 8649:. Archived from 8643: 8637: 8619: 8613: 8608:James Cracraft, 8606: 8600: 8593: 8587: 8576: 8570: 8551: 8547: 8541: 8526: 8517: 8503: 8497: 8481: 8475: 8458: 8452: 8427: 8421: 8418: 8412: 8399: 8393: 8380:George Vernadsky 8377: 8371: 8364: 8358: 8348: 8342: 8339: 8333: 8322: 8316: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8301:. Archived from 8291: 8285: 8276: 8270: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8223:. Archived from 8212: 8206: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8145:. Archived from 8135: 8129: 8128: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8077: 8071: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8044:. Archived from 8038: 8032: 8008: 8002: 7987: 7981: 7962: 7953: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7910: 7899: 7898:, p. 77–78. 7893: 7887: 7886:, p. 73–75. 7881: 7875: 7862: 7853: 7838: 7832: 7807: 7778: 7766:Jennifer Mills, 7764: 7758: 7757: 7752:. Archived from 7746: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7714: 7708: 7689: 7683: 7669: 7660: 7653: 7647: 7632: 7626: 7619: 7613: 7598: 7592: 7574: 7568: 7553: 7547: 7532: 7526: 7519: 7513: 7510: 7504: 7497: 7491: 7466: 7445: 7444:, p. 38–39. 7439: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7385: 7375: 7369: 7350: 7344: 7337: 7331: 7328: 7319: 7304: 7298: 7283: 7274: 7259: 7253: 7238: 7232: 7217: 7211: 7196: 7187: 7172: 7166: 7151: 7145: 7132: 7126: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7049: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7030:on 21 March 2021 7019: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7008: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6962:10.1038/35006625 6935: 6929: 6922: 6916: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6889: 6880:. Archived from 6873: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6855: 6844: 6833: 6827: 6810: 6804: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6690: 6356:guided democracy 6067:Baltic republics 5893:Nikolai Podgorny 5807:in 1979 and the 5694:permanent member 5656:prisoners of war 5602:Yalta Conference 5595:capturing Berlin 5479:Karelian Isthmus 5417:Western Betrayal 5412:Munich Agreement 5397:Russian Far East 5377:Drang nach Osten 4847:Dmitry Manuilsky 4780:Russian Republic 4738: 4715: 4676:Grigori Rasputin 4595:Saint Petersburg 4585:" occurred when 4420:Russian Futurism 4370:Fathers and Sons 4125:Alexander Herzen 4009:January Uprising 3966:Nagorno-Karabakh 3956:, Russia gained 3898:. He formed the 3879:capturing Moscow 3837:Treaty of Tilsit 3566:Seven Years' War 3447:Saint Petersburg 3409:and created the 3310: 3309: 3259:(1662), and the 3095:Dmitry Pozharsky 3013:Time of Troubles 3001:Prince Pozharsky 2987:Time of Troubles 2981:Time of Troubles 2968:Battle of Molodi 2892:Sudebnik of 1550 2680:. Its head, the 2614:Alexander Nevsky 2540:Hanseatic League 2502:in February 1238 2411:Russian language 2380:Eastern Orthodox 2318:Byzantine Empire 2275:(most texts) or 2211:Viktor Vasnetsov 2125:Early East Slavs 2008:Bosporan Kingdom 1934:Bosporan Kingdom 1912:Turkic migration 1896:Bosporan Kingdom 1810:Denisova hominin 1778:Mezmaiskaya cave 1743:, in a skull of 1742: 1727: 1622:. Russia's 2022 1604:central planning 1549:satellite states 1505:Byelorussian SSR 1465:Stolypin reforms 1392:Time of Troubles 1346:Mongol invasions 1318:Oleg of Novgorod 1288:Location of the 1208: 1201: 1194: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1166: 1104: 1103: 1090: 1089: 1066: 1045: 1024: 1003: 982: 962: 952:Chechen Republic 945: 928: 917: 916: 814:USSR dissolution 730: 729: 659:Collectivization 577:Byelorussian SSR 534:Russian Republic 530: 529: 365: 364: 327:Treaty of Nystad 255: 254: 169: 168: 97: 96: 95: 73: 63: 45: 44: 21: 17676: 17675: 17671: 17670: 17669: 17667: 17666: 17665: 17651: 17650: 17649: 17644: 17631: 17624: 17611: 17570:Public holidays 17565:Political jokes 17550:Personification 17503:Names of Russia 17372: 17291:Life expectancy 17123: 17055: 16947: 16798:Law enforcement 16691: 16677:Protected areas 16574:Smolensk Upland 16569:Oka–Don Lowland 16549:European Russia 16490: 16429: 16315:Mongol invasion 16262: 16256: 16226: 16221: 16205: 16163: 16157: 16143:Northern Cyprus 16125: 16119: 16035:North Macedonia 15856: 15851: 15821: 15816: 15755: 15721:Interwar period 15696:Napoleonic Wars 15560: 15531:Mongol invasion 15484:Crown of Aragon 15376: 15316: 15312:Iron Age Europe 15283: 15278: 15248: 15243: 15215: 15183: 15174: 15155:Northern Cyprus 15141: 15134: 14876: 14874:History of Asia 14871: 14813: 14812: 14801: 14795: 14793: 14790:This audio file 14787: 14780: 14771: 14768: 14762: 14761: 14757: 14754: 14723: 14721:Primary sources 14589:(third edition) 14585: 14560: 14558: 14551: 14529: 14480: 14392: 14367: 14319:(4th ed. 2007) 14308:Chew, Allen F. 14277: 14272: 14257:Wayback Machine 14219:Medvedev, Roy. 14210: 14208: 14201: 14142: 14140:Post-Soviet era 14084:Wayback Machine 14072:Regelson, Lev. 14058:Wayback Machine 13965:Kort, Michael. 13906:Wayback Machine 13884: 13882: 13878: 13871: 13844: 13830: 13815:Wayback Machine 13726:Wayback Machine 13685:Wayback Machine 13632:Wayback Machine 13616: 13610: 13595:Wayback Machine 13579:Wayback Machine 13560:(9th ed. 2018) 13552:Wayback Machine 13503:(4 vol. 2003). 13474:Kort, Michael. 13421:Wayback Machine 13404:Wayback Machine 13387:Wayback Machine 13344: 13338: 13326:Main articles: 13324: 13322:Further reading 13319: 13318: 13308: 13306: 13291: 13287: 13277: 13275: 13260: 13256: 13246: 13244: 13231: 13230: 13226: 13216: 13214: 13199: 13195: 13190:Wayback Machine 13180: 13176: 13166: 13164: 13151: 13150: 13146: 13136: 13134: 13121: 13120: 13116: 13106: 13104: 13091: 13090: 13086: 13076: 13074: 13061: 13060: 13056: 13041: 13037: 13027: 13025: 13016: 13015: 13011: 13005:Wayback Machine 12996: 12992: 12982: 12980: 12967: 12966: 12962: 12952: 12950: 12927: 12923: 12913: 12911: 12898: 12897: 12893: 12883: 12881: 12868: 12867: 12863: 12847: 12846: 12842: 12832: 12830: 12821: 12820: 12816: 12806: 12804: 12791: 12790: 12786: 12781: 12774: 12761: 12759: 12746: 12745: 12741: 12728: 12726: 12713: 12712: 12708: 12702:Wayback Machine 12692: 12688: 12678: 12676: 12675:on 11 July 2007 12663: 12662: 12658: 12627: 12623: 12614: 12610: 12597: 12595: 12582: 12581: 12577: 12564: 12562: 12549: 12548: 12541: 12527: 12525: 12518:Country Studies 12512: 12511: 12507: 12494: 12492: 12491:on 13 June 2008 12485:"Boris Yeltsin" 12483: 12482: 12478: 12465: 12463: 12456:National Review 12448: 12444: 12431: 12429: 12414: 12410: 12397: 12395: 12380: 12376: 12366: 12364: 12357: 12341: 12337: 12328: 12324: 12285: 12281: 12272: 12268: 12258: 12256: 12241: 12237: 12224: 12223: 12219: 12189: 12187: 12174: 12173: 12166: 12156: 12154: 12153:on 13 June 2008 12145: 12144: 12140: 12130: 12128: 12127:on 13 June 2008 12119: 12118: 12111: 12094: 12090: 12073: 12069: 12052: 12048: 12030:Mastny, Vojtech 12028: 12024: 12004: 12000: 11986:Wayback Machine 11974: 11970: 11955:10.2307/2147826 11939: 11935: 11928: 11901: 11897: 11887: 11885: 11872: 11871: 11867: 11855: 11851: 11846: 11842: 11832: 11830: 11817: 11816: 11812: 11807:on 6 June 2007. 11799: 11798: 11794: 11777: 11776: 11772: 11766:Wayback Machine 11757: 11753: 11736: 11735: 11731: 11725:Wayback Machine 11716: 11709: 11703:Wayback Machine 11694: 11690: 11685: 11681: 11676: 11672: 11662: 11660: 11647: 11646: 11642: 11621: 11617: 11600: 11596: 11580: 11574: 11570: 11550: 11546: 11522: 11518: 11496: 11492: 11472: 11468: 11451: 11447: 11433:Gilbert, Martin 11431: 11427: 11401: 11397: 11385: 11381: 11364: 11360: 11351: 11347: 11330: 11326: 11309: 11305: 11289: 11285: 11278: 11264: 11260: 11253: 11232: 11228: 11211: 11207: 11190: 11186: 11169: 11165: 11132: 11128: 11112:Coox, Alvin D. 11111: 11107: 11088: 11084: 11067: 11063: 11046: 11042: 11034: 11030: 11012:Applebaum, Anne 11010: 11006: 10993: 10992: 10988: 10971: 10967: 10950: 10946: 10924: 10920: 10900: 10896: 10873: 10864: 10855: 10851: 10820: 10816: 10806: 10804: 10796: 10790: 10786: 10776: 10774: 10767:British Library 10759: 10755: 10740: 10736: 10726: 10724: 10720: 10705: 10699: 10682: 10676:Wayback Machine 10666: 10662: 10652:Wayback Machine 10642: 10638: 10630: 10626: 10619: 10605: 10601: 10591: 10574: 10570: 10562: 10558: 10553: 10549: 10544: 10540: 10530: 10528: 10521: 10513:. p. 114. 10501: 10497: 10490: 10476: 10472: 10462: 10460: 10447: 10443: 10431: 10427: 10418: 10411: 10404: 10388: 10384: 10375: 10371: 10364: 10348: 10344: 10335: 10331: 10325:History Channel 10319: 10312: 10303: 10299: 10289: 10287: 10280: 10264: 10260: 10250: 10248: 10241: 10225: 10221: 10211: 10209: 10200: 10199: 10195: 10186: 10182: 10173: 10169: 10160: 10156: 10143: 10139: 10108: 10104: 10095: 10091: 10087:(2014) pp. 1–33 10083:Orlando Figes, 10082: 10078: 10060:Wayback Machine 10051: 10034: 10025: 10021: 10012: 10008: 9999: 9995: 9986: 9982: 9976:Wayback Machine 9966: 9962: 9952: 9950: 9935: 9934: 9930: 9920: 9918: 9899: 9895: 9877:Wayback Machine 9868: 9861: 9851: 9849: 9842: 9826: 9822: 9805: 9801: 9796: 9792: 9787:Wayback Machine 9776:Foreign Affairs 9773: 9769: 9764: 9760: 9755: 9751: 9740: 9736: 9727: 9723: 9718:Wayback Machine 9701: 9697: 9688: 9684: 9677: 9663: 9659: 9653:Демоскоп Weekly 9649:Wayback Machine 9640: 9636: 9630:The Crimean War 9627: 9623: 9616: 9602: 9598: 9589: 9585: 9578: 9562: 9558: 9549: 9545: 9514: 9510: 9505:Wayback Machine 9491: 9487: 9482:Wayback Machine 9468: 9464: 9458:Wayback Machine 9444: 9440: 9433: 9419: 9415: 9409:Wayback Machine 9395: 9391: 9382: 9378: 9373:Wayback Machine 9359: 9355: 9350:Wayback Machine 9336: 9332: 9324:Norman Davies: 9323: 9319: 9310: 9306: 9297: 9293: 9288: 9284: 9278:Wayback Machine 9266: 9262: 9252: 9250: 9243: 9227: 9223: 9218: 9214: 9201: 9197: 9188: 9184: 9176:Geoffrey Best, 9175: 9171: 9164: 9150: 9146: 9139: 9125: 9121: 9112: 9108: 9099: 9095: 9086: 9082: 9069:Wayback Machine 9057: 9053: 9044: 9040: 9033: 9011: 9007: 9003:(1993), p. 328. 8998: 8994: 8986:Thomas McLean, 8985: 8981: 8976:Wayback Machine 8966:Wayback Machine 8956:Wayback Machine 8947: 8943: 8938: 8934: 8929: 8925: 8920: 8916: 8911: 8907: 8897: 8895: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8867: 8865: 8858: 8842: 8838: 8831: 8817: 8813: 8801: 8797: 8790: 8776: 8772: 8765: 8747: 8743: 8733: 8731: 8724: 8713:Peter the Great 8708: 8704: 8697: 8683: 8679: 8670: 8666: 8656: 8654: 8645: 8644: 8640: 8634:Wayback Machine 8620: 8616: 8607: 8603: 8594: 8590: 8577: 8573: 8568:Sergey Solovyov 8560:Wayback Machine 8549: 8548: 8544: 8527: 8520: 8504: 8500: 8491:Wayback Machine 8482: 8478: 8468:Wayback Machine 8459: 8455: 8442:Wayback Machine 8428: 8424: 8419: 8415: 8410:Wayback Machine 8400: 8396: 8391:Wayback Machine 8378: 8374: 8365: 8361: 8349: 8345: 8340: 8336: 8323: 8319: 8314: 8310: 8293: 8292: 8288: 8279:Robert I. Frost 8277: 8273: 8268: 8264: 8256: 8252: 8244: 8240: 8230: 8228: 8213: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8166: 8162: 8152: 8150: 8149:on 18 July 2007 8137: 8136: 8132: 8121: 8105: 8101: 8094: 8078: 8074: 8065: 8061: 8051: 8049: 8040: 8039: 8035: 8019:Wayback Machine 8009: 8005: 7988: 7984: 7972:Wayback Machine 7963: 7956: 7946:Wayback Machine 7937: 7933: 7923: 7921: 7912: 7911: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7872:Wayback Machine 7863: 7856: 7839: 7835: 7817:Wayback Machine 7808: 7781: 7775:Wayback Machine 7765: 7761: 7748: 7747: 7743: 7735: 7731: 7725:Wayback Machine 7715: 7711: 7690: 7686: 7670: 7663: 7654: 7650: 7633: 7629: 7620: 7616: 7599: 7595: 7585:Wayback Machine 7575: 7571: 7555:Serhii Plokhy, 7554: 7550: 7533: 7529: 7520: 7516: 7511: 7507: 7498: 7494: 7476:Wayback Machine 7467: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7407: 7403: 7395: 7388: 7376: 7372: 7351: 7347: 7338: 7334: 7329: 7322: 7308:The Early Slavs 7305: 7301: 7284: 7277: 7260: 7256: 7239: 7235: 7218: 7214: 7197: 7190: 7174:Peter Turchin, 7173: 7169: 7152: 7148: 7142:Wayback Machine 7133: 7129: 7123:Wayback Machine 7113: 7109: 7102: 7085: 7081: 7071: 7069: 7068:on 10 June 2008 7050: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7020: 7016: 7006: 7004: 6989: 6985: 6936: 6932: 6923: 6919: 6913:Wayback Machine 6904: 6900: 6887: 6885: 6874: 6870: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6842: 6838: 6836:Щелинский В. Е. 6834: 6830: 6824:Wayback Machine 6813:Щелинский В. Е. 6811: 6807: 6802:Wayback Machine 6792: 6788: 6781: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6717: 6713: 6703: 6701: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6548: 6543: 6529: 6377:command economy 6363:Dmitri Medvedev 6325: 6315: 6279:criminal mafias 6275:Russian tycoons 6191: 6186: 6180: 6088:planned economy 6036: 6028:Main articles: 6026: 5947: 5885:Leonid Brezhnev 5865:Leonid Brezhnev 5843: 5829:Khrushchev Thaw 5827:Main articles: 5825: 5760:proxy conflicts 5670: 5664: 5536:led by Germany 5444: 5436:Main articles: 5434: 5408:annexed Austria 5399:, which led to 5362: 5354:Main articles: 5352: 5271:Vasily Blyukher 5267:Semyon Budyonny 5261:The first five 5255: 5249: 5173: 5163: 5114: 5108: 5081: 5075: 5004: 4999: 4991:Main articles: 4989: 4933:Western Ukraine 4929:Western Belarus 4923:), and Turkey ( 4917:Estonian Ingria 4907:of the Russian 4905:region Pechenga 4872: 4866: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4739: 4731: 4730: 4727:Bolshevik party 4716: 4705: 4699: 4694: 4686:Main articles: 4684: 4657:Austria-Hungary 4629: 4621:Main articles: 4619: 4565:civil liberties 4553: 4547: 4481: 4475: 4444: 4314: 4308: 4273:Austria-Hungary 4267:. In addition, 4189: 4183: 4133: 4112:Pyotr Chaadayev 4053: 4018: 3916: 3896:Congress Poland 3759: 3739:Russian America 3703: 3651:(1794). Russia 3574: 3535:Treaty of Ganja 3531:Treaty of Resht 3482:Administrative 3400:Peter the Great 3389: 3387:Peter the Great 3293: 3288: 3282: 3261:Moscow Uprising 3150:Michael Romanov 3139:Romanov dynasty 3135:Mikhail Romanov 3127: 3037:False Dmitry II 3033:False Dmitriy I 2989: 2983: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2719: 2713: 2645: 2640: 2634: 2552:Nizhny Novgorod 2494:The sacking of 2488: 2480:Main articles: 2478: 2455:Halych-Volhynia 2447:Vladimir-Suzdal 2423:Church Slavonic 2396:Russkaya Pravda 2249:Rus' chronicles 2198: 2192: 2109: 2101:Main articles: 2099: 2094: 1942:southern Russia 1938:Taman Peninsula 1928:Stele with two 1922: 1888: 1798:Altai Mountains 1736: 1730:Taman Peninsula 1721: 1682: 1644: 1596:nuclear arsenal 1576:communist party 1477:autocratic rule 1461:Russian serfdom 1420:Peter the Great 1400:Romanov dynasty 1396:Michael Romanov 1338:Russian culture 1228:Veliky Novgorod 1212: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1145: 1133: 1120: 1112: 1111: 1092: 1091: 1078: 1064: 1043: 1022: 1001: 980: 960: 943: 926: 915: 910:2022 annexation 894:Mass emigration 882:2020 amendments 865: 823: 809: 796: 795: 787: 728: 714: 692: 639: 638: 630: 528: 511: 474:Kornilov affair 452: 451: 443: 412:Congress Poland 390:Russian America 363: 351:1905 Revolution 318: 309: 308: 300: 269:Vladimir-Suzdal 253: 245:Mongol conquest 233: 232: 224: 167: 162:Russkaya Pravda 157:Baptism of Rus' 149: 148: 140: 105:pre-9th century 83: 81: 61: 54: 41: 34: 23: 22: 18:Russian History 15: 12: 11: 5: 17674: 17664: 17663: 17646: 17645: 17643: 17642: 17637: 17630: 17629: 17621: 17620: 17617: 17616: 17613: 17612: 17610: 17609: 17604: 17603: 17602: 17592: 17587: 17582: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17536: 17535: 17530: 17525: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17485: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17424: 17423: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17382: 17380: 17374: 17373: 17371: 17370: 17369: 17368: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17338: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17283: 17282: 17281: 17276: 17266: 17265: 17264: 17254: 17253: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17141: 17135: 17129: 17128: 17125: 17124: 17122: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17084:Space industry 17081: 17076: 17071: 17070: 17069: 17059: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17011: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16965: 16959: 16953: 16952: 16949: 16948: 16946: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16923:Urban planning 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16805: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16775: 16770: 16760: 16758:Federal budget 16755: 16750: 16745: 16740: 16735: 16730: 16725: 16720: 16715: 16709: 16703: 16697: 16696: 16693: 16692: 16690: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16667:North Caucasus 16664: 16663: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16642: 16641: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16620: 16619: 16618: 16608: 16603: 16601:Highest points 16598: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16577: 16576: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16546: 16544:Extreme points 16541: 16540: 16539: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16508: 16502: 16496: 16495: 16492: 16491: 16489: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16437: 16435: 16431: 16430: 16428: 16427: 16426: 16425: 16415: 16414: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16393: 16392: 16391: 16386: 16376: 16371: 16370: 16369: 16359: 16357:Russian Empire 16354: 16353: 16352: 16342: 16337: 16336: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16281: 16279: 16270: 16264: 16263: 16261: articles 16255: 16254: 16247: 16240: 16232: 16223: 16222: 16220: 16219: 16217:European Union 16213: 16211: 16210:Other entities 16207: 16206: 16204: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16167: 16165: 16164:other entities 16159: 16158: 16156: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16129: 16127: 16121: 16120: 16118: 16117: 16112: 16110:United Kingdom 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16072: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15925: 15923:Czech Republic 15920: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15864: 15862: 15858: 15857: 15850: 15849: 15842: 15835: 15827: 15818: 15817: 15815: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15763: 15761: 15757: 15756: 15754: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15671:Russian Empire 15668: 15663: 15661:British Empire 15658: 15656:Dutch Republic 15653: 15651:Swedish Empire 15648: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15631:Spanish Empire 15628: 15623: 15621:Ottoman Empire 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15592: 15591: 15581: 15576: 15570: 15568: 15562: 15561: 15559: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15536:Serbian Empire 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15470: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15444: 15443: 15442: 15437: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15408: 15407: 15397: 15392: 15386: 15384: 15378: 15377: 15375: 15374: 15372:Late antiquity 15369: 15364: 15359: 15358: 15357: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15335:Roman Republic 15332: 15326: 15324: 15318: 15317: 15315: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15293: 15291: 15285: 15284: 15277: 15276: 15269: 15262: 15254: 15245: 15244: 15242: 15241: 15231: 15220: 15217: 15216: 15214: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15187: 15185: 15176: 15175: 15173: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15146: 15144: 15136: 15135: 15133: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14886: 14884: 14878: 14877: 14870: 14869: 14862: 14855: 14847: 14841: 14840: 14830: 14824: 14819: 14802: 14788: 14781: 14769: 14756: 14755: 14753: 14752:External links 14750: 14749: 14748: 14742: 14735: 14722: 14719: 14718: 14717: 14699:(4): 789–806. 14688: 14681: 14671: 14664: 14644:10.1086/600602 14627: 14601:(2): 410–425. 14590: 14583: 14568: 14549: 14534: 14527: 14514: 14503: 14493: 14485:Slavic Studies 14473: 14466: 14437: 14396: 14390: 14375: 14366: 14365:Historiography 14363: 14362: 14361: 14354: 14347: 14340: 14333: 14326: 14313: 14306: 14299: 14292: 14285: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14270: 14260: 14242: 14231: 14217: 14199: 14181: 14174: 14160: 14152:. NYU (2010). 14141: 14138: 14137: 14136: 14122: 14115: 14108: 14093: 14086: 14070: 14060: 14043: 14025: 14018: 14011: 14001: 13994: 13977: 13970: 13963: 13953: 13946: 13945:(7th ed. 2001) 13939: 13925: 13915: 13908: 13893:Davies, R. W. 13891: 13862: 13855: 13829: 13826: 13825: 13824: 13817: 13800: 13799:(2nd ed. 1997) 13793: 13783: 13772: 13765: 13758: 13751: 13741: 13730: 13729: 13728: 13704: 13697: 13687: 13670: 13663: 13644: 13634: 13612:Main article: 13609: 13608:Russian Empire 13606: 13605: 13604: 13597: 13583:Stone, David. 13581: 13564: 13554: 13537: 13529:Paxton, John. 13527: 13519:Paxton, John. 13517: 13507: 13497: 13482: 13472: 13465: 13455: 13445: 13430: 13423: 13406: 13389: 13372: 13362: 13352: 13343: 13340: 13339: 13323: 13320: 13317: 13316: 13285: 13254: 13224: 13193: 13174: 13144: 13114: 13084: 13054: 13035: 13009: 12990: 12960: 12921: 12891: 12861: 12840: 12814: 12784: 12772: 12739: 12706: 12686: 12656: 12621: 12608: 12575: 12539: 12505: 12476: 12462:on 2 June 2007 12442: 12418:"Yuri Gagarin" 12408: 12374: 12356:978-0815731153 12355: 12335: 12322: 12295:(1): 131–147. 12279: 12266: 12235: 12217: 12164: 12138: 12109: 12088: 12067: 12046: 12022: 11998: 11968: 11933: 11926: 11895: 11874:"The Cold War" 11865: 11849: 11840: 11810: 11792: 11770: 11751: 11729: 11707: 11688: 11679: 11670: 11640: 11615: 11594: 11568: 11552:Beevor, Antony 11544: 11516: 11498:Beevor, Antony 11490: 11466: 11445: 11425: 11395: 11379: 11358: 11345: 11324: 11303: 11283: 11276: 11258: 11251: 11235:Manninen, Ohto 11226: 11205: 11184: 11163: 11137:Soviet Studies 11126: 11105: 11090:Coox, Alvin D. 11082: 11061: 11040: 11028: 11004: 10986: 10965: 10944: 10918: 10894: 10862: 10856:I. Deutscher, 10849: 10830:(7): 841–848. 10814: 10784: 10753: 10734: 10680: 10660: 10636: 10624: 10617: 10599: 10589: 10568: 10556: 10547: 10538: 10519: 10495: 10489:978-3593507057 10488: 10470: 10441: 10425: 10409: 10402: 10382: 10369: 10362: 10342: 10329: 10310: 10297: 10278: 10258: 10239: 10219: 10193: 10180: 10167: 10154: 10137: 10118:(5): 731–769. 10102: 10089: 10076: 10032: 10019: 10006: 10002:Church History 9993: 9980: 9960: 9928: 9903:"Alexander II" 9893: 9859: 9840: 9820: 9799: 9790: 9767: 9758: 9749: 9734: 9721: 9695: 9682: 9675: 9657: 9634: 9621: 9614: 9596: 9583: 9576: 9556: 9543: 9508: 9485: 9471:Russian Review 9462: 9447:Russian Review 9438: 9432:978-0415231091 9431: 9413: 9389: 9376: 9353: 9330: 9317: 9304: 9291: 9282: 9260: 9241: 9221: 9212: 9195: 9182: 9169: 9163:978-0340069400 9162: 9144: 9137: 9119: 9106: 9093: 9080: 9051: 9038: 9032:978-0195033618 9031: 9005: 8992: 8979: 8941: 8932: 8923: 8914: 8905: 8875: 8856: 8836: 8829: 8811: 8795: 8788: 8770: 8763: 8741: 8722: 8702: 8695: 8677: 8675:(1979) p. 353. 8671:Lord Kinross, 8664: 8638: 8623:Slavic Studies 8614: 8601: 8588: 8571: 8542: 8518: 8507:Skocpol, Theda 8498: 8476: 8453: 8422: 8413: 8394: 8372: 8370:, Paris: Plon. 8359: 8343: 8334: 8317: 8308: 8286: 8271: 8262: 8250: 8248:, p. 395. 8238: 8227:on 30 May 2002 8207: 8198: 8185:10.2307/125748 8173:Russian Review 8160: 8130: 8119: 8099: 8092: 8072: 8059: 8033: 8003: 7982: 7954: 7931: 7900: 7888: 7876: 7854: 7833: 7779: 7759: 7741: 7739:, p. 139. 7729: 7709: 7684: 7661: 7655:Timothy Ware: 7648: 7634:Russell Bova, 7627: 7614: 7593: 7569: 7548: 7527: 7514: 7505: 7492: 7446: 7434: 7422: 7401: 7386: 7370: 7354:Timothy Reuter 7345: 7332: 7320: 7299: 7275: 7254: 7233: 7212: 7188: 7167: 7146: 7127: 7107: 7100: 7079: 7041: 7014: 6983: 6930: 6917: 6898: 6884:on 20 May 2013 6868: 6849:(in Russian). 6828: 6805: 6786: 6780:978-9527124017 6779: 6761: 6754: 6736: 6729: 6711: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6653:Russian Empire 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6528: 6527:Historiography 6525: 6498:United Nations 6474:European Union 6343:Vladimir Putin 6314: 6311: 6307:Vladimir Putin 6210:Hyperinflation 6190: 6187: 6182:Main article: 6179: 6176: 6170:(formerly the 6025: 6022: 5966:Sergey Korolev 5946: 5943: 5929:Alexei Kosygin 5889:Alexei Kosygin 5824: 5821: 5817:communist bloc 5813:anti-communist 5676:US Army tanks 5666:Main article: 5663: 5660: 5647:Einsatzgruppen 5546:seized Ukraine 5483:Ladoga Karelia 5433: 5430: 5389:Imperial Japan 5366:anti-Communist 5351: 5348: 5340:Katyn massacre 5314:Nikolai Yezhov 5248: 5245: 5213:consumer goods 5162: 5159: 5110:Main article: 5107: 5104: 5074: 5071: 5055:Belarusian SSR 5003: 5000: 4988: 4985: 4913:Petseri County 4909:Kola Peninsula 4884:White movement 4868:Main article: 4865: 4862: 4843:Moisei Uritsky 4827:Vladimir Lenin 4795:Tauride Palace 4740: 4733: 4732: 4719:Vladimir Lenin 4717: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4701:Main article: 4698: 4695: 4683: 4680: 4638:, October 1916 4618: 4615: 4549:Main article: 4546: 4543: 4524:Vladimir Lenin 4477:Main article: 4474: 4471: 4443: 4440: 4432:Russian Empire 4375:intelligentsia 4355:literacy data) 4330:Ivan Goncharov 4307: 4304: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4132: 4129: 4052: 4049: 4017: 4014: 3994:Greek Orthodox 3950:against Persia 3915: 3912: 3821:Ottoman Empire 3758: 3755: 3719:Westernization 3702: 3699: 3676:against Persia 3653:annexed Crimea 3637:Yekaterinoslav 3573: 3570: 3514:Safavid Empire 3488:Table of ranks 3455:Russian Empire 3388: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3292: 3289: 3286:Russian Empire 3284:Main article: 3281: 3278: 3216:Semyon Dezhnev 3188:Cossacks state 3126: 3123: 3115:Swedish Empire 3060:Vasily Shuysky 2997:Moscow Kremlin 2985:Main article: 2982: 2979: 2960:Crimean Tatars 2952:Andrey Kurbsky 2868: 2865: 2860:Main article: 2857: 2854: 2850:Moscow Kremlin 2823:Crimean Tatars 2715:Main article: 2712: 2709: 2705:Dmitry Donskoy 2695:. In 1380, at 2652:Dmitry Donskoy 2644: 2643:Rise of Moscow 2641: 2636:Main article: 2633: 2630: 2564:Dmitry Donskoy 2486:Great Troubles 2477: 2474: 2376:Slavic variant 2359:on the Volga. 2345:Constantinople 2282:Hypatian Codex 2277:Staraya Ladoga 2194:Main article: 2191: 2188: 2174:, such as the 2129:Western Russia 2121:Pripet Marshes 2107:Rus' Khaganate 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2016:Roman Republic 1946:Pushkin Museum 1940:(Yubileynoe), 1887: 1884: 1862:was known as " 1821:Ust'-Ishim man 1786:archaeologists 1664:Paleo-Siberian 1643: 1640: 1620:European Union 1612:foreign policy 1608:Vladimir Putin 1442:, repulsed an 1428:St. Petersburg 1424:Russian Empire 1366:Ivan the Great 1240:Russian states 1214: 1213: 1211: 1210: 1203: 1196: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1171: 1170: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1105: 1069: 1068: 1057: 1048: 1047: 1036: 1033:Kherson Oblast 1027: 1026: 1015: 1006: 1005: 994: 985: 984: 973: 964: 963: 954: 947: 946: 937: 930: 929: 923: 914: 913: 790: 789: 788: 784: 783: 780: 774: 773: 771: 762: 761: 758: 751: 750: 747: 740: 739: 736: 727: 726: 633: 632: 631: 627: 626: 624: 615: 614: 611: 604: 603: 600: 594: 593: 590: 583: 582: 579: 572: 571: 568: 561: 560: 557: 551: 550: 547: 540: 539: 536: 527: 526: 490:Bolshevik Coup 446: 445: 444: 440: 439: 436: 434:Uryankhay Krai 429: 428: 425: 418: 417: 414: 407: 406: 403: 396: 395: 392: 385: 384: 381: 379:Russian Empire 375: 374: 371: 362: 361: 306:Tsarist Russia 303: 302: 301: 297: 296: 294: 285: 284: 281: 275: 274: 271: 265: 264: 261: 252: 251: 227: 226: 225: 221: 220: 218: 209: 208: 205: 199: 198: 195: 189: 188: 185: 179: 178: 175: 166: 165: 143: 142: 141: 137: 136: 134: 127: 126: 124: 117: 116: 114: 112:Rus' Khaganate 107: 106: 103: 82: 79: 78: 75: 74: 66: 65: 56: 55: 48: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17673: 17662: 17659: 17658: 17656: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17632: 17627: 17623: 17622: 17618: 17608: 17605: 17601: 17598: 17597: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17590:Seven Wonders 17588: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17555:Playing cards 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17520: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17422: 17419: 17418: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17383: 17381: 17379: 17375: 17367: 17364: 17363: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17271: 17270: 17267: 17263: 17260: 17259: 17258: 17255: 17251: 17250:Mental health 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17237: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17210:Ethnic groups 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17142: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17130: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17068: 17065: 17064: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16966: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16954: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16913:Civil defense 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16858:Media freedom 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16803: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16783: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16768: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16743:Criminal code 16741: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16723:Civil Service 16721: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16710: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16698: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16647: 16646: 16643: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16625: 16624: 16621: 16617: 16614: 16613: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16551: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16538: 16535: 16534: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16509: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16497: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16438: 16436: 16432: 16424: 16421: 16420: 16419: 16416: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16398: 16397: 16394: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16384:Russian state 16382: 16381: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16368: 16365: 16364: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16351: 16348: 16347: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16320: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16282: 16280: 16278: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16265: 16260: 16253: 16248: 16246: 16241: 16239: 16234: 16233: 16230: 16218: 16215: 16214: 16212: 16208: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16176:Faroe Islands 16174: 16172: 16169: 16168: 16166: 16160: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16148:South Ossetia 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16130: 16128: 16122: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15995:Liechtenstein 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15865: 15863: 15859: 15855: 15848: 15843: 15841: 15836: 15834: 15829: 15828: 15825: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15767:Art of Europe 15765: 15764: 15762: 15758: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15590: 15587: 15586: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15571: 15569: 15567: 15566:Modern period 15563: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15501: 15497: 15493: 15489: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15449: 15448: 15445: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15432: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15406: 15403: 15402: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15387: 15385: 15383: 15379: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15356: 15353: 15352: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15327: 15325: 15323: 15319: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15294: 15292: 15290: 15286: 15282: 15275: 15270: 15268: 15263: 15261: 15256: 15255: 15252: 15240: 15236: 15232: 15230: 15222: 15221: 15218: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15188: 15186: 15181: 15177: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15165:South Ossetia 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15147: 15145: 15143: 15137: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14887: 14885: 14883: 14879: 14875: 14868: 14863: 14861: 14856: 14854: 14849: 14848: 14845: 14838: 14834: 14831: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14791: 14746: 14743: 14740: 14736: 14733: 14729: 14725: 14724: 14714: 14710: 14706: 14702: 14698: 14694: 14689: 14686: 14682: 14680: 14676: 14672: 14669: 14665: 14661: 14657: 14653: 14649: 14645: 14641: 14638:(4): 831–50. 14637: 14633: 14628: 14624: 14620: 14616: 14612: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14596: 14595:Slavic Review 14591: 14586: 14580: 14576: 14575: 14569: 14556: 14552: 14550:9780521368322 14546: 14542: 14541: 14535: 14530: 14528:9781850430575 14524: 14520: 14515: 14512: 14508: 14504: 14502: 14498: 14494: 14490: 14486: 14479: 14474: 14471: 14467: 14463: 14459: 14455: 14451: 14448:(4): 570–86. 14447: 14443: 14438: 14434: 14430: 14426: 14422: 14418: 14414: 14410: 14406: 14402: 14397: 14393: 14391:9781884964336 14387: 14383: 14382: 14376: 14373: 14369: 14368: 14359: 14355: 14352: 14348: 14345: 14341: 14338: 14334: 14331: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14318: 14314: 14311: 14307: 14304: 14300: 14297: 14293: 14290: 14287:Barnes, Ian. 14286: 14283: 14279: 14278: 14268: 14264: 14263:Stent, Angela 14261: 14258: 14254: 14251: 14247: 14243: 14240: 14236: 14232: 14230: 14229:0-231-10607-6 14226: 14222: 14218: 14206: 14202: 14196: 14192: 14191: 14186: 14182: 14179: 14175: 14173: 14172:0-393-32226-2 14169: 14165: 14161: 14159: 14155: 14151: 14147: 14146:Asmus, Ronald 14144: 14143: 14135: 14131: 14127: 14123: 14120: 14116: 14113: 14109: 14106: 14105:0-674-40348-7 14102: 14098: 14094: 14091: 14087: 14085: 14081: 14078: 14075: 14071: 14069: 14065: 14061: 14059: 14055: 14052: 14048: 14044: 14041: 14040:0-14-015774-3 14037: 14033: 14029: 14026: 14023: 14019: 14016: 14012: 14009: 14005: 14002: 13999: 13995: 13993: 13992:archive.today 13989: 13986: 13982: 13978: 13975: 13971: 13968: 13964: 13962: 13958: 13954: 13951: 13947: 13944: 13940: 13938: 13937:0-19-280204-6 13934: 13930: 13926: 13924: 13920: 13916: 13913: 13909: 13907: 13903: 13900: 13896: 13892: 13877: 13870: 13869: 13863: 13860: 13856: 13854: 13851:(2 vol 1935) 13850: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13839: 13835: 13822: 13818: 13816: 13812: 13809: 13805: 13801: 13798: 13794: 13792: 13788: 13784: 13781: 13777: 13773: 13770: 13766: 13763: 13759: 13756: 13752: 13750: 13746: 13742: 13739: 13735: 13731: 13727: 13723: 13720: 13716: 13715:Slavic Review 13712: 13711: 13709: 13705: 13702: 13698: 13696: 13692: 13688: 13686: 13682: 13679: 13675: 13671: 13668: 13664: 13661: 13660:0-631-20814-3 13657: 13653: 13649: 13645: 13643: 13639: 13635: 13633: 13629: 13626: 13622: 13618: 13617: 13615: 13602: 13598: 13596: 13592: 13589: 13586: 13582: 13580: 13576: 13573: 13569: 13565: 13563: 13559: 13555: 13553: 13549: 13546: 13542: 13538: 13536: 13532: 13528: 13526: 13522: 13518: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13506: 13502: 13498: 13495: 13494:0-534-58698-8 13491: 13487: 13483: 13481: 13477: 13473: 13470: 13466: 13464: 13460: 13456: 13454: 13450: 13446: 13443: 13442:0-19-860511-0 13439: 13435: 13431: 13428: 13424: 13422: 13418: 13415: 13411: 13407: 13405: 13401: 13398: 13397:Online review 13394: 13390: 13388: 13384: 13381: 13377: 13373: 13371: 13367: 13363: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13350: 13346: 13345: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13304: 13300: 13296: 13289: 13273: 13269: 13265: 13258: 13242: 13238: 13234: 13228: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13197: 13191: 13187: 13184: 13178: 13162: 13158: 13154: 13148: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13118: 13102: 13098: 13094: 13088: 13072: 13068: 13064: 13058: 13050: 13046: 13039: 13023: 13019: 13013: 13006: 13002: 12999: 12994: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12964: 12948: 12944: 12940: 12936: 12932: 12925: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12895: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12865: 12859: 12854: 12850: 12844: 12828: 12824: 12818: 12803:on 7 May 2012 12802: 12798: 12794: 12788: 12779: 12777: 12769: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12743: 12736: 12724: 12720: 12716: 12710: 12703: 12699: 12696: 12690: 12674: 12670: 12666: 12660: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12640: 12636: 12632: 12625: 12618: 12615:Peter Nolan, 12612: 12605: 12593: 12589: 12585: 12579: 12572: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12546: 12544: 12536: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12509: 12502: 12490: 12486: 12480: 12473: 12461: 12457: 12453: 12446: 12439: 12427: 12423: 12419: 12412: 12405: 12393: 12389: 12385: 12378: 12362: 12358: 12352: 12348: 12347: 12339: 12332: 12326: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12298: 12294: 12290: 12283: 12276: 12270: 12254: 12250: 12246: 12239: 12231: 12227: 12221: 12214: 12212: 12208: 12203: 12199: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12171: 12169: 12152: 12148: 12142: 12126: 12122: 12116: 12114: 12106: 12105:0-582-21504-8 12102: 12098: 12092: 12085: 12084:0-631-16775-7 12081: 12077: 12071: 12064: 12063:0-8014-1775-9 12060: 12056: 12050: 12043: 12042:963-7326-08-1 12039: 12035: 12031: 12026: 12019: 12018:0-19-878071-0 12015: 12011: 12007: 12002: 11995: 11994:0-8133-2328-2 11991: 11987: 11983: 11980: 11979: 11972: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11937: 11929: 11927:0-07-557258-3 11923: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11910: 11905: 11899: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11869: 11863: 11862:3-8012-5016-4 11859: 11853: 11844: 11828: 11824: 11820: 11814: 11806: 11802: 11796: 11788: 11784: 11780: 11774: 11767: 11763: 11760: 11755: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11733: 11726: 11722: 11719: 11714: 11712: 11704: 11700: 11697: 11692: 11683: 11674: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11644: 11637: 11636:0-7923-0798-4 11633: 11629: 11625: 11619: 11612: 11611:0-521-78503-0 11608: 11604: 11598: 11591: 11590:0-7146-5279-2 11587: 11583: 11577: 11572: 11565: 11564:0-14-101747-3 11561: 11557: 11553: 11548: 11541: 11540:0-7006-0717-X 11537: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11520: 11513: 11512:0-670-87095-1 11509: 11505: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11487: 11486:0-688-04268-6 11483: 11479: 11475: 11470: 11463: 11462:0-252-02600-4 11459: 11455: 11449: 11442: 11441:0-8050-1788-7 11438: 11434: 11429: 11422: 11421:5-7838-1196-3 11418: 11414: 11410: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11393: 11392:5-699-07634-4 11389: 11383: 11376: 11375:1-85065-157-4 11372: 11368: 11362: 11355: 11349: 11342: 11341:0-88033-003-1 11338: 11334: 11328: 11321: 11320:0-7146-4314-9 11317: 11313: 11307: 11301: 11300:0-333-80149-0 11297: 11293: 11287: 11279: 11273: 11269: 11262: 11254: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11230: 11223: 11222:0-87052-013-X 11219: 11215: 11209: 11202: 11201:0-691-09603-1 11198: 11194: 11188: 11181: 11180:0-275-96337-3 11177: 11173: 11167: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11138: 11130: 11123: 11122:0-8047-1835-0 11119: 11115: 11109: 11102: 11101:0-8371-9479-2 11098: 11094: 11091: 11086: 11079: 11078:0-300-08981-3 11075: 11071: 11065: 11058: 11057:0-300-10068-X 11054: 11050: 11044: 11038: 11032: 11025: 11024:0-7139-9322-7 11021: 11017: 11013: 11008: 11000: 10996: 10990: 10983: 10982:0-7656-0427-2 10979: 10975: 10969: 10962: 10961:0-8179-3942-3 10958: 10954: 10948: 10941: 10940:0-19-507132-8 10937: 10933: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10915: 10914:0-19-513104-5 10911: 10907: 10903: 10898: 10891: 10890:0-19-505180-7 10887: 10883: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10859: 10853: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10824:Soc. Sci. Med 10818: 10802: 10795: 10788: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10757: 10749: 10745: 10738: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10704: 10697: 10695: 10693: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10677: 10673: 10670: 10664: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10646: 10640: 10633: 10628: 10620: 10618:9780333963074 10614: 10610: 10603: 10596: 10592: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10572: 10565: 10560: 10551: 10542: 10526: 10522: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10507: 10499: 10491: 10485: 10481: 10474: 10458: 10454: 10453: 10445: 10439: 10435: 10429: 10422: 10416: 10414: 10405: 10399: 10395: 10394: 10386: 10379: 10376:Riasanovsky, 10373: 10365: 10363:9780307788573 10359: 10355: 10354: 10346: 10339: 10336:Riasanovsky, 10333: 10327:Encyclopedia. 10326: 10322: 10317: 10315: 10307: 10304:Riasanovsky, 10301: 10285: 10281: 10279:9780521841559 10275: 10271: 10270: 10262: 10246: 10242: 10240:9780195345872 10236: 10232: 10231: 10223: 10207: 10203: 10197: 10190: 10184: 10177: 10171: 10164: 10158: 10151: 10147: 10141: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10106: 10099: 10093: 10086: 10080: 10073: 10072:0-16-061212-8 10069: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10054: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10029: 10023: 10016: 10010: 10003: 9997: 9990: 9984: 9977: 9973: 9970: 9964: 9948: 9944: 9943: 9938: 9932: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9897: 9890: 9889:0-16-061212-8 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9871: 9866: 9864: 9847: 9843: 9841:9789401032285 9837: 9833: 9832: 9824: 9816: 9812: 9811: 9803: 9794: 9788: 9784: 9781: 9777: 9771: 9762: 9753: 9745: 9738: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9715: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9703:Evgeny Finkel 9699: 9692: 9686: 9678: 9676:9780030773600 9672: 9668: 9661: 9654: 9651:published at 9650: 9646: 9643: 9638: 9631: 9625: 9617: 9615:9781429997249 9611: 9607: 9600: 9593: 9587: 9579: 9577:9781438108292 9573: 9569: 9568: 9560: 9553: 9552:History Today 9547: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9512: 9506: 9502: 9499: 9495: 9489: 9483: 9479: 9476: 9472: 9466: 9459: 9455: 9452: 9448: 9442: 9434: 9428: 9424: 9417: 9410: 9406: 9403: 9399: 9398:Slavic Review 9393: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9370: 9367: 9363: 9357: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9327: 9321: 9314: 9308: 9301: 9295: 9286: 9280:(2014) p. 729 9279: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9264: 9248: 9244: 9242:9781135259792 9238: 9234: 9233: 9225: 9216: 9209: 9205: 9199: 9192: 9186: 9180:(1998) p. 187 9179: 9173: 9165: 9159: 9155: 9148: 9140: 9138:9780571305872 9134: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9110: 9104:(1994) p. 419 9103: 9097: 9091:(2007) p. 438 9090: 9084: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9055: 9048: 9042: 9034: 9028: 9024: 9019: 9018: 9009: 9002: 8996: 8989: 8983: 8977: 8973: 8970: 8967: 8963: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8945: 8936: 8927: 8918: 8909: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8879: 8863: 8859: 8857:9781317452300 8853: 8849: 8848: 8840: 8832: 8830:9781842125113 8826: 8822: 8815: 8809: 8805: 8799: 8791: 8789:9780300097221 8785: 8781: 8774: 8766: 8764:9780199878857 8760: 8755: 8754: 8745: 8729: 8725: 8723:9781136453250 8719: 8715: 8714: 8706: 8698: 8696:9780300082661 8692: 8688: 8681: 8674: 8668: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8618: 8611: 8605: 8599:(1974) p. 25. 8598: 8592: 8585: 8581: 8575: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8546: 8539: 8538:0-415-30751-1 8535: 8531: 8525: 8523: 8515: 8513: 8508: 8502: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8480: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8457: 8451: 8450:0-271-02074-1 8447: 8443: 8439: 8436: 8432: 8426: 8417: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8381: 8376: 8369: 8363: 8356: 8352: 8347: 8338: 8331: 8330:5-244-00212-0 8327: 8321: 8312: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8290: 8283: 8280: 8275: 8266: 8259: 8254: 8247: 8242: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8211: 8202: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8164: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8134: 8126: 8122: 8120:0-313-32355-0 8116: 8112: 8111: 8103: 8095: 8093:0-691-03147-9 8089: 8085: 8084: 8076: 8070:(1961) p. 354 8069: 8063: 8047: 8043: 8037: 8030: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8007: 8000: 7999:0-521-81227-5 7996: 7992: 7986: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7961: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7940: 7935: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7897: 7896:Halperin 1987 7892: 7885: 7884:Halperin 1987 7880: 7873: 7869: 7866: 7861: 7859: 7851: 7850:92-3-102814-6 7847: 7843: 7837: 7830: 7829:0-16-061212-8 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7763: 7755: 7751: 7745: 7738: 7733: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7713: 7706: 7705:1-84176-233-4 7702: 7698: 7694: 7693:David Nicolle 7688: 7682: 7681:0-691-02585-1 7678: 7674: 7668: 7666: 7658: 7652: 7645: 7644:0-7656-0976-2 7641: 7637: 7631: 7624: 7618: 7611: 7610:0-521-45669-X 7607: 7603: 7597: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7573: 7566: 7565:0-521-86403-8 7562: 7558: 7552: 7545: 7544:0-88141-008-X 7541: 7537: 7531: 7524: 7523:World History 7518: 7509: 7502: 7496: 7489: 7488:0-16-061212-8 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7443: 7438: 7431: 7426: 7419: 7418:0-88141-008-X 7415: 7411: 7405: 7398: 7393: 7391: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7367: 7366:0-521-36447-7 7363: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7342: 7336: 7327: 7325: 7317: 7316:0-8014-3977-9 7313: 7309: 7303: 7296: 7295:0-415-08064-9 7292: 7288: 7282: 7280: 7272: 7271:963-9116-48-3 7268: 7264: 7258: 7251: 7250:90-04-09249-8 7247: 7243: 7237: 7230: 7229:0-89356-077-4 7226: 7222: 7216: 7209: 7208:0-631-20814-3 7205: 7201: 7195: 7193: 7185: 7184:0-691-11669-5 7181: 7177: 7171: 7164: 7163:90-04-09856-9 7160: 7156: 7150: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7131: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7111: 7103: 7101:0-415-32624-9 7097: 7093: 7089: 7088:Drews, Robert 7083: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7048: 7046: 7029: 7025: 7018: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6987: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6934: 6927: 6921: 6914: 6910: 6907: 6902: 6895: 6883: 6879: 6872: 6852: 6848: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6790: 6782: 6776: 6772: 6765: 6757: 6755:9781612309019 6751: 6747: 6740: 6732: 6730:9781349265329 6726: 6722: 6715: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6685: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6441:United Russia 6438: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6398: 6394: 6392: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6375: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6359: 6357: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6320: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6287:Andrei Volgin 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6267:privatization 6264: 6260: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6225: 6224:Boris Yeltsin 6221: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6199:shock therapy 6196: 6185: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6114:Boris Yeltsin 6107: 6103: 6102:Ronald Reagan 6099: 6095: 6093: 6092:price control 6089: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6075:Moldavian SSR 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6041:Yuri Andropov 6035: 6031: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5998:Alexei Leonov 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5964:, founded by 5963: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5897:Soviet leader 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5752:Prague Spring 5749: 5745: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5729:a Soviet bomb 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5642:The Holocaust 5639: 5635: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5526:Eastern Front 5523: 5518: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5477:and cede the 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5310:Moscow trials 5306: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5222: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5177:Joseph Stalin 5172: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5155:Cyrillization 5152: 5151:Russification 5148: 5147:Korenizatsiya 5144: 5140: 5135: 5132: 5126: 5118: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5085:war communism 5080: 5070: 5069:from Moscow. 5068: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5051:Ukrainian SSR 5048: 5044: 5040: 5032: 5027: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4977:White émigrés 4973: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4876: 4871: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4704: 4693: 4689: 4679: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4591:Winter Palace 4588: 4584: 4583:Bloody Sunday 4579: 4577: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4467:Russification 4464: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4448:Alexander III 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4390: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4365:Ivan Turgenev 4362: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4334:Ivan Turgenev 4331: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4213: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4169:Orlando Figes 4165: 4163: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4139: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4085: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4048: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3998:Pontic Greeks 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3924:Senate Square 3920: 3911: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3900:Holy Alliance 3897: 3893: 3888: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3805:Caucasian War 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3754: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3641:Yelisavetgrad 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3415:Ottoman Turks 3412: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3393: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3027:. During the 3026: 3022: 3021:Boris Godunov 3018: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2748:in the upper 2747: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616:, managed to 2615: 2610: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2584:Crimean Khans 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2506:The invading 2501: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310:Dnieper River 2307: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172:Baltic tribes 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2151:(present-day 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2135:(present-day 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2117:Slavic tribes 2114: 2108: 2104: 2092:Early history 2089: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2039: 2037: 2036:Turkish Avars 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860:Pontic Steppe 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1794:Denisova Cave 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1766:Denisova Cave 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1648:Steppe nomads 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1598:but lost its 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1561:United States 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1541:collaborators 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501:Ukrainian SSR 1498: 1497:Soviet Russia 1494: 1490: 1487:in 1917. The 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1116: 1115: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1007: 1004: 999: 995: 993: 992: 987: 986: 983: 978: 974: 972: 971: 966: 965: 958: 955: 953: 949: 948: 941: 938: 936: 932: 931: 924: 922: 919: 918: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 878:War in Donbas 875: 871: 867: 861: 860:Five-Days War 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 832:Privatization 829: 825: 819: 815: 811: 805: 801: 798: 797: 794: 793:Modern Russia 781: 779: 776: 775: 772: 770: 769: 764: 763: 759: 757: 753: 752: 748: 746: 742: 741: 737: 735: 732: 731: 724: 720: 716: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 641: 640: 637: 625: 623: 622: 617: 616: 612: 610: 606: 605: 601: 599: 598:Russian State 596: 595: 591: 589: 585: 584: 580: 578: 574: 573: 569: 567: 566:Ukrainian SSR 563: 562: 558: 556: 553: 552: 548: 546: 542: 541: 537: 535: 532: 531: 525: 521: 517: 516:War Communism 513: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 466: 465:Dvoyevlastiye 461: 457: 454: 453: 450: 437: 435: 431: 430: 426: 424: 420: 419: 415: 413: 409: 408: 404: 402: 398: 397: 393: 391: 387: 386: 382: 380: 377: 376: 372: 370: 367: 366: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 314: 311: 310: 307: 295: 293: 292: 287: 286: 282: 280: 277: 276: 272: 270: 267: 266: 262: 260: 257: 256: 250: 246: 242: 238: 235: 234: 231: 219: 217: 216: 211: 210: 206: 204: 203:Rostov-Suzdal 201: 200: 196: 194: 191: 190: 186: 184: 181: 180: 176: 174: 173:Novgorod Land 171: 170: 164: 163: 158: 154: 151: 150: 147: 135: 133: 129: 128: 125: 123: 119: 118: 115: 113: 109: 108: 104: 102: 99: 98: 94: 90: 86: 77: 76: 72: 68: 67: 64: 58: 57: 52: 47: 46: 43: 39: 32: 27: 19: 17528:Coat of arms 17488:Martial arts 17396:Army culture 17386:Architecture 17356:Witch trials 17311:Prostitution 17257:Human rights 17190:Demographics 17104:Trade unions 17074:Shipbuilding 17034:Homelessness 16994:Central Bank 16989:Car industry 16828:Conservatism 16738:Constitution 16733:Conscription 16406:Eastern Bloc 16396:Soviet Union 16389:Russian SFSR 16319:Feudal Rus' 16267: 16153:Transnistria 16115:Vatican City 16059: 15726:World War II 15579:Early modern 15556:Kalmar Union 15427:Papal States 15345:Roman Empire 15180:Dependencies 15110:Turkmenistan 15075:Saudi Arabia 15069: 14741:(3 vol 1972) 14738: 14727: 14696: 14692: 14684: 14674: 14667: 14635: 14631: 14598: 14594: 14573: 14559:. Retrieved 14539: 14518: 14506: 14496: 14488: 14484: 14469: 14445: 14441: 14408: 14404: 14380: 14371: 14357: 14350: 14343: 14336: 14329: 14316: 14309: 14302: 14295: 14288: 14281: 14266: 14245: 14238: 14234: 14220: 14209:. Retrieved 14189: 14177: 14163: 14149: 14129: 14125: 14118: 14111: 14096: 14089: 14073: 14063: 14046: 14031: 14021: 14014: 14007: 14004:Lewin, Moshe 13997: 13980: 13973: 13966: 13956: 13949: 13942: 13928: 13918: 13911: 13894: 13883:. Retrieved 13867: 13858: 13848: 13820: 13803: 13796: 13786: 13779: 13775: 13768: 13761: 13754: 13744: 13733: 13714: 13707: 13700: 13690: 13673: 13666: 13651: 13647: 13637: 13620: 13600: 13584: 13567: 13557: 13540: 13530: 13520: 13510: 13500: 13485: 13475: 13468: 13458: 13448: 13433: 13426: 13409: 13392: 13375: 13365: 13355: 13348: 13307:. Retrieved 13298: 13288: 13276:. Retrieved 13267: 13257: 13245:. Retrieved 13236: 13227: 13215:. Retrieved 13206: 13196: 13177: 13165:. Retrieved 13156: 13147: 13135:. Retrieved 13126: 13117: 13105:. Retrieved 13097:The Guardian 13096: 13087: 13075:. Retrieved 13071:the original 13066: 13057: 13049:the original 13038: 13026:. Retrieved 13012: 12993: 12981:. Retrieved 12972: 12963: 12951:. Retrieved 12934: 12924: 12912:. Retrieved 12903: 12894: 12882:. Retrieved 12873: 12864: 12857: 12853:the original 12843: 12831:. Retrieved 12817: 12805:. Retrieved 12801:the original 12796: 12787: 12767: 12760:. Retrieved 12751: 12742: 12734: 12727:. Retrieved 12718: 12709: 12689: 12677:. Retrieved 12673:the original 12668: 12659: 12637:(2): 47–53. 12634: 12630: 12624: 12616: 12611: 12603: 12596:. Retrieved 12592:the original 12587: 12578: 12570: 12563:. Retrieved 12554: 12533: 12526:. Retrieved 12517: 12514:"Government" 12508: 12500: 12493:. Retrieved 12489:the original 12479: 12471: 12464:. Retrieved 12460:the original 12455: 12445: 12437: 12430:. Retrieved 12422:The Guardian 12421: 12411: 12403: 12396:. Retrieved 12387: 12377: 12365:. Retrieved 12345: 12338: 12333:(2011) p. 23 12330: 12325: 12292: 12288: 12282: 12274: 12269: 12257:. Retrieved 12248: 12238: 12230:the original 12220: 12198:West Germany 12195: 12188:. Retrieved 12179: 12155:. Retrieved 12151:the original 12141: 12129:. Retrieved 12125:the original 12096: 12091: 12075: 12070: 12054: 12049: 12033: 12025: 12009: 12001: 11977: 11971: 11946: 11942: 11936: 11908: 11898: 11886:. Retrieved 11882:the original 11877: 11868: 11852: 11843: 11831:. Retrieved 11822: 11813: 11805:the original 11795: 11787:the original 11782: 11773: 11754: 11746:the original 11741: 11732: 11691: 11682: 11673: 11661:. Retrieved 11652: 11643: 11627: 11618: 11602: 11597: 11578: 11571: 11555: 11547: 11531: 11519: 11501: 11493: 11477: 11469: 11453: 11448: 11428: 11412: 11406: 11398: 11382: 11366: 11361: 11353: 11348: 11332: 11327: 11311: 11306: 11291: 11286: 11267: 11261: 11242: 11238: 11229: 11213: 11208: 11192: 11187: 11171: 11166: 11144:(1): 57–78. 11141: 11135: 11129: 11113: 11108: 11092: 11085: 11069: 11064: 11048: 11043: 11031: 11015: 11007: 10999:the original 10989: 10973: 10968: 10952: 10947: 10929: 10921: 10905: 10902:Viola, Lynne 10897: 10878: 10857: 10852: 10827: 10823: 10817: 10805:. Retrieved 10787: 10775:. Retrieved 10771:the original 10766: 10756: 10747: 10743: 10737: 10725:. Retrieved 10716:(1): 89–97. 10713: 10709: 10663: 10655: 10639: 10627: 10608: 10602: 10594: 10580: 10571: 10566:, p. 2. 10559: 10550: 10541: 10531:10 September 10529:. Retrieved 10505: 10498: 10479: 10473: 10461:. Retrieved 10451: 10444: 10437: 10433: 10428: 10420: 10392: 10385: 10377: 10372: 10352: 10345: 10337: 10332: 10305: 10300: 10288:. Retrieved 10268: 10261: 10249:. Retrieved 10229: 10222: 10210:. Retrieved 10196: 10188: 10183: 10175: 10170: 10162: 10157: 10140: 10115: 10111: 10105: 10097: 10092: 10084: 10079: 10063: 10027: 10022: 10014: 10009: 10001: 9996: 9988: 9983: 9963: 9951:. Retrieved 9940: 9931: 9919:. Retrieved 9910: 9906: 9896: 9880: 9852:19 September 9850:. Retrieved 9830: 9823: 9809: 9802: 9793: 9775: 9770: 9761: 9752: 9743: 9737: 9729: 9724: 9706: 9698: 9690: 9689:David Moon, 9685: 9666: 9660: 9652: 9637: 9629: 9624: 9605: 9599: 9591: 9586: 9566: 9559: 9551: 9546: 9524:(3): 40–57. 9521: 9517: 9511: 9493: 9488: 9470: 9465: 9446: 9441: 9422: 9416: 9397: 9392: 9384: 9379: 9361: 9356: 9338: 9333: 9325: 9320: 9312: 9307: 9299: 9294: 9285: 9269: 9263: 9251:. Retrieved 9231: 9224: 9215: 9207: 9203: 9202:Riasonovsky 9198: 9190: 9185: 9177: 9172: 9153: 9147: 9128: 9122: 9114: 9109: 9101: 9096: 9088: 9083: 9060: 9054: 9046: 9041: 9016: 9008: 9000: 8995: 8987: 8982: 8944: 8935: 8926: 8917: 8908: 8896:. Retrieved 8892:the original 8887: 8878: 8866:. Retrieved 8846: 8839: 8820: 8814: 8803: 8798: 8779: 8773: 8752: 8744: 8732:. Retrieved 8712: 8705: 8686: 8680: 8672: 8667: 8655:. Retrieved 8651:the original 8641: 8622: 8617: 8609: 8604: 8596: 8591: 8583: 8579: 8574: 8563: 8550:(in Russian) 8545: 8529: 8510: 8501: 8479: 8456: 8430: 8425: 8416: 8397: 8375: 8367: 8362: 8354: 8346: 8337: 8320: 8311: 8303:the original 8298: 8289: 8281: 8274: 8265: 8253: 8241: 8229:. Retrieved 8225:the original 8220: 8210: 8201: 8176: 8172: 8163: 8151:. Retrieved 8147:the original 8142: 8133: 8109: 8102: 8082: 8075: 8067: 8062: 8050:. Retrieved 8046:the original 8036: 8028: 8022: 8006: 7990: 7985: 7975: 7934: 7922:. Retrieved 7891: 7879: 7841: 7836: 7820: 7762: 7754:the original 7744: 7732: 7712: 7696: 7687: 7672: 7656: 7651: 7635: 7630: 7622: 7617: 7601: 7596: 7588: 7572: 7556: 7551: 7535: 7530: 7517: 7508: 7500: 7495: 7479: 7437: 7432:, p. 3. 7430:Martin 2009b 7425: 7409: 7404: 7397:Magocsi 2010 7381: 7373: 7357: 7348: 7340: 7335: 7307: 7302: 7286: 7262: 7257: 7241: 7240:André Wink, 7236: 7220: 7215: 7199: 7175: 7170: 7154: 7149: 7130: 7110: 7091: 7082: 7070:. Retrieved 7066:the original 7061: 7057: 7032:. Retrieved 7028:the original 7017: 7005:. Retrieved 6996: 6986: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6925: 6920: 6901: 6893: 6886:. Retrieved 6882:the original 6871: 6858:. Retrieved 6846: 6835: 6831: 6812: 6808: 6789: 6770: 6764: 6745: 6739: 6720: 6714: 6702:. Retrieved 6688: 6658:Soviet Union 6509:Wagner Group 6506: 6463: 6460: 6453: 6434: 6411: 6400:A street in 6387: 6380: 6371: 6360: 6352: 6313:Era of Putin 6299: 6295: 6271:nationalized 6256: 6229: 6202: 6195:Yegor Gaidar 6192: 6135:Soviet Union 6111: 6071:Georgian SSR 6062: 6056: 6051:implemented 6037: 5992:; the first 5978:Yuri Gagarin 5959: 5954:Yuri Gagarin 5938: 5933:Yegor Gaidar 5925: 5921: 5870: 5861:Jimmy Carter 5844: 5811:, a staunch 5802: 5781:nuclear race 5774: 5772: 5741: 5735:takeover in 5705:Harry Truman 5702: 5687: 5645: 5630: 5623: 5599: 5531: 5445: 5438:World War II 5432:World War II 5405: 5371:to power in 5363: 5337: 5322: 5307: 5303:Great Purges 5292: 5253:Great Purges 5225: 5219: 5217: 5202: 5182:Leon Trotsky 5174: 5143:urbanization 5136: 5127: 5123: 5097: 5089:nationalized 5082: 5063: 5047:Russian SFSR 5039:Soviet Union 5036: 4993:Soviet Union 4964: 4956: 4945: 4881: 4851: 4836: 4823: 4816: 4774:, headed by 4769: 4758: 4742:Leon Trotsky 4723:Soviet Union 4672: 4661: 4641: 4608: 4587:Father Gapon 4580: 4573: 4532: 4517: 4508: 4500: 4492: 4482: 4460: 4445: 4436:Soviet Union 4405: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4378: 4368: 4358: 4281: 4249: 4229: 4222: 4209: 4193:Alexander II 4190: 4166: 4158: 4134: 4115: 4101: 4098:collectivism 4090:Westernizers 4088: 4081: 4042:Finally the 4041: 4034: 4016:Russian Army 4002: 3947: 3932: 3928: 3908: 3889: 3868: 3849: 3843:. He fought 3825: 3807:against the 3786: 3771: 3751: 3712: 3688: 3669: 3618: 3603: 3586:Catherine II 3583: 3558:heir to Anna 3539: 3511: 3492:patriarchate 3481: 3465: 3459: 3443: 3421:the town of 3411:Russian navy 3407:Russian army 3404: 3398: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3294: 3269:Stenka Razin 3250: 3243: 3239: 3173: 3162: 3143: 3103: 3084: 3056:Seven Boyars 3006: 2976: 2971: 2945: 2943: 2907:Livonian War 2904: 2896:Zemsky Sobor 2885: 2846:Golden Horde 2843: 2831: 2815:Golden Horde 2811: 2788: 2778: 2758: 2735: 2690: 2682:Metropolitan 2674: 2660: 2611: 2607: 2592: 2560:Golden Horde 2544: 2505: 2462:Golden Horde 2444: 2404: 2373: 2353:Svyatoslav I 2326: 2303: 2294: 2280: 2258: 2252: 2251:such as the 2241:Caspian Seas 2217:Scandinavian 2215: 2204: 2165: 2110: 2061:between the 2048: 2040: 2020:Roman Empire 1997: 1950: 1845: 1817:Homo sapiens 1816: 1814: 1774:Neanderthals 1759: 1744: 1714:Homo erectus 1712: 1702: 1676:Kama culture 1660:Proto-Uralic 1569: 1537:Nazi Germany 1529:World War II 1521:Soviet Union 1455:Alexander II 1452: 1448:great powers 1412:Stenka Razin 1370: 1301: 1299: 1296:in 1956–1991 1294:Soviet Union 1290:Russian SFSR 1226:monument in 1100: 1094: 1086: 1080: 1075:full list... 1073: 1059: 1052: 1038: 1031: 1017: 1010: 996: 989: 975: 968: 906:Mobilization 898:Debt default 840:Chechen wars 791:since 1991: 768:full list... 766: 745:Russian SFSR 734:Soviet Union 651:Korenization 621:full list... 619: 555:Russian SFSR 464: 323:Zemsky Sobor 291:full list... 289: 215:full list... 213: 160: 146:Ancient Rus' 59: 42: 26: 17580:tea culture 17433:Fairy tales 17296:Open access 17269:Immigration 17230:Gun control 16969:Agriculture 16938:Term limits 16848:Martial law 16843:Nationalism 16838:Irredentism 16833:Imperialism 16616:Caspian Sea 16532:Environment 16527:Earthquakes 16423:Union State 16411:Dissolution 16310:Kievan Rus' 16300:Early Slavs 16191:Isle of Man 16126:recognition 16095:Switzerland 16030:Netherlands 15711:World War I 15701:Nationalism 15589:Reformation 15574:Renaissance 15546:Black Death 15479:Kievan Rus' 15382:Middle Ages 15239:Asia portal 15140:States with 15060:Philippines 15000:South Korea 14995:North Korea 14890:Afghanistan 14411:(2): 7–33. 13853:online free 13309:3 September 13028:18 December 12973:NATO Review 12207:bureaucracy 12202:Warsaw Pact 11914:McGraw-Hill 11474:Clark, Alan 10564:Ryan (2012) 8888:Parallel 60 8823:. Phoenix. 8351:Lev Gumilev 8246:Martin 2004 7737:Martin 2004 7144:Transcript. 7072:26 December 7007:27 February 6888:18 December 6860:17 December 6289:engaged in 6139:trade union 6053:perestroika 5786:superpowers 5768:Vietnam War 5725:Warsaw Pact 5634:slave labor 5542:German army 5534:Axis forces 5455:Curzon line 5325:labor camps 5299:deportation 5287:Great Purge 5186:Trotskyists 4968:1921 famine 4941:Curzon Line 4919:), Latvia ( 4776:Prince Lvov 4653:July crisis 4617:World War I 4485:Nicholas II 4353:1897 census 4322:Leo Tolstoy 4232:sold Alaska 4162:Crimean War 4131:Crimean War 4094:Slavophiles 4063:» writers: 4044:Crimean War 3864:Alexander I 3774:Alexander I 3717:. However, 3542:Catherine I 3451:Silent Sejm 3257:Copper Riot 3119:Ingrian War 3093:and prince 3091:Kuzma Minin 2927:multiethnic 2693:Mongol yoke 2516:Kalka River 2196:Kievan Rus' 2097:Early Slavs 2004:Sea of Azov 1790:Novosibirsk 1760:Fossils of 1737: [ 1722: [ 1525:the victors 1523:was one of 1511:signed the 1495:. In 1922, 1440:Alexander I 1342:Kievan Rus' 1292:within the 800:August Coup 723:War of Laws 705:Perestroika 683:Warsaw Pact 671:Great Purge 634:1923–1991: 498:White Guard 478:Directorate 447:1917–1923: 304:1480–1917: 230:Feudal Rus' 228:1240–1480: 101:Rus' people 93:Early Slavs 60:History of 17585:Television 17560:Philosophy 17493:Mass media 17483:Literature 17478:Inventions 17240:Healthcare 17175:Corruption 17165:Censorship 17056:(currency) 16933:Separatism 16878:Opposition 16863:Neo-Nazism 16853:Monarchism 16823:Liberalism 16818:Propaganda 16778:Government 16645:North Asia 16446:Journalism 16305:East Slavs 16295:Sarmatians 16065:San Marino 16025:Montenegro 16005:Luxembourg 15985:Kazakhstan 15888:Azerbaijan 15474:Viking Age 15289:Prehistory 15120:Uzbekistan 15095:Tajikistan 15010:Kyrgyzstan 14990:Kazakhstan 14910:Bangladesh 14900:Azerbaijan 14805:Audio help 14796:2012-03-18 14561:11 October 14239:Since 1855 14237:. Vol. 2: 14028:Nove, Alec 13885:26 January 13832:See also: 13828:Soviet era 13778:. Vol. 1: 13650:. Vol. 1: 12367:25 October 11949:(2): 226. 11916:. p. 11037:Mein Kampf 11035:See, e.g. 10590:0671631667 10509:. London: 10290:25 October 10251:25 October 9253:30 October 9077:1598849484 8868:25 October 8734:25 October 7058:Archeology 6680:References 6531:See also: 6502:war crimes 6414:referendum 6404:following 6393:in Sochi. 6354:system of 6317:See also: 6261:, and the 6259:World Bank 6151:lustration 6141:councils, 6010:Lunokhod 2 6006:Lunokhod 1 5911:, and the 5909:in Obninsk 5859:President 5796:, and the 5764:Korean War 5756:Solidarity 5652:its allies 5570:Stalingrad 5491:Bessarabia 5467:Winter War 5381:Lebensraum 5240:Kazakhstan 5077:See also: 5057:, and the 4959:Red Terror 4939:) east to 4569:parliament 4528:Mensheviks 4520:Bolsheviks 4310:See also: 4265:Montenegro 4167:Historian 4153:Sevastopol 4037:Nicholas I 3970:Azerbaijan 3962:Nakhchivan 3935:Nicholas I 3817:Qajar Iran 3797:Azerbaijan 3778:Bessarabia 3680:year prior 3527:Nader Shah 3496:Holy Synod 3462:absolutist 3291:Population 3220:Qing China 2972:oprichnina 2947:oprichnina 2777:Moscow as 2769:Third Rome 2576:Tokhtamysh 2320:along the 2225:Varangians 2182:, and the 2155:) towards 2103:East Slavs 2086:Caliphates 2067:Black Seas 1961:Phanagoria 1762:Denisovans 1642:Prehistory 1600:superpower 1557:superpower 1473:State Duma 1471:, and the 1458:abolishing 1314:Varangians 1306:East Slavs 866:amendments 778:Tannu Tuva 701:Afghan War 636:Soviet Era 144:879–1240: 85:Prehistory 17443:Festivals 17336:Sociology 17286:Languages 17205:Education 17109:Transport 16943:Terrorism 16788:Judiciary 16782:Apparatus 16748:Elections 16713:Anarchism 16687:Far North 16638:Volcanoes 16623:Mountains 16500:Geography 16379:Civil war 16290:Scythians 16181:Gibraltar 16000:Lithuania 15521:Feudalism 15492:Catalonia 15206:Hong Kong 15160:Palestine 15085:Sri Lanka 15080:Singapore 14960:Indonesia 14713:145335289 14660:144848873 14623:164486882 14533:(e-book). 14433:145645042 14346:by (2000) 13247:4 October 13217:4 October 13107:4 October 13077:4 October 12983:4 October 12953:4 October 12943:0362-4331 12914:4 October 12884:4 October 12833:26 August 12807:12 August 12651:155013709 12331:The Quest 12317:154809517 12259:4 October 11270:. Brill. 10727:3 October 10511:Routledge 10152:. p. 509. 10132:157837365 10030:. (1982). 9538:145712584 9113:Esdaile, 8884:"History" 8010:See e.g. 6374:socialist 6156:rationing 5994:spacewalk 5970:satellite 5873:impeached 5733:Communist 5614:Manchuria 5578:World War 5548:, laid a 5511:Lithuania 5463:Leningrad 5221:kolkhozes 5067:Politburo 4852:When the 4811:Lashevich 4761:Petrograd 4563:granting 4522:, led by 4403:demands. 4073:Zhukovsky 3990:Gümüşhane 3813:Circassia 3625:1787–1792 3621:1768–1774 3562:Elizabeth 3477:provinces 3457:in 1721. 3431:White Sea 3427:Archangel 3253:Salt Riot 2935:Stroganov 2915:Astrakhan 2905:His long 2754:Oka River 2701:Don River 2500:Batu Khan 2435:Pechenegs 2337:campaigns 2287:Beloozero 2184:Meshchera 2180:Muromians 2115:were the 1989:Black Sea 1969:Herodotus 1886:Antiquity 1872:Sintashta 1833:Don River 1831:near the 1652:Scythians 1628:sanctions 1330:Byzantine 1274:Expansion 1238:Medieval 1159:1982–1991 1155:1964–1982 1151:1953–1964 1147:1927–1953 1143:1917–1927 1139:1894–1917 1135:1855–1894 1131:1796–1855 1127:1721–1796 902:Sanctions 852:Oligarchy 782:1921–1944 760:1940–1956 749:1922–1991 738:1922–1991 655:Stalinism 613:1921–1923 602:1918–1920 592:1922–1922 581:1920–1922 570:1919–1922 559:1917–1922 549:1917–1918 538:1917–1918 524:Emigrants 510:Priamurye 494:Civil War 470:July Days 438:1914–1921 427:1900–1905 416:1867–1915 405:1809–1917 394:1799–1867 383:1721–1917 373:1547–1721 283:1263–1547 273:1157–1331 263:1136–1478 207:1093–1157 132:Garðaríki 89:Antiquity 17655:Category 17635:Category 17513:Nobility 17473:Internet 17468:Heraldry 17463:Graffiti 17448:Folklore 17391:Armorial 17321:Religion 17306:Polygamy 17245:HIV/AIDS 17225:Funerals 17215:Feminism 17185:Deafness 17170:Citizens 17160:Cannabis 17145:Abortion 17089:Taxation 17029:Gambling 17019:Forestry 16868:Military 16701:Politics 16682:Wildlife 16628:Caucasus 16591:Glaciers 16471:Military 16456:Internet 16434:By topic 16328:Vladimir 16323:Novgorod 16277:Timeline 16201:Svalbard 16186:Guernsey 16133:Abkhazia 16080:Slovenia 16075:Slovakia 16050:Portugal 15908:Bulgaria 15760:See also 15731:Cold War 15526:Crusades 15496:Valencia 15229:Category 15150:Abkhazia 15100:Thailand 15055:Pakistan 15035:Mongolia 15030:Maldives 15025:Malaysia 14925:Cambodia 14807: · 14615:25677105 14555:Archived 14253:Archived 14205:Archived 14187:(2010). 14128:(1973); 14080:Archived 14054:Archived 13988:Archived 13902:Archived 13876:Archived 13811:Archived 13722:Archived 13681:Archived 13678:excerpts 13628:Archived 13591:Archived 13588:excerpts 13575:Archived 13548:Archived 13417:Archived 13412:(2002). 13400:Archived 13383:Archived 13303:Archived 13272:Archived 13241:Archived 13211:Archived 13186:Archived 13161:Archived 13131:Archived 13101:Archived 13022:Archived 13001:Archived 12977:Archived 12947:Archived 12908:Archived 12904:BBC News 12878:Archived 12827:Archived 12756:Archived 12723:Archived 12698:Archived 12559:Archived 12522:Archived 12426:Archived 12392:Archived 12361:Archived 12329:Yergin, 12309:30036313 12253:Archived 12200:and the 12184:Archived 11982:Archived 11906:(1990). 11827:Archived 11762:Archived 11721:Archived 11699:Archived 11663:18 April 11657:Archived 11237:(2008). 11158:00385859 10801:Archived 10718:Archived 10672:Archived 10648:Archived 10579:(1989). 10525:Archived 10457:Archived 10284:Archived 10245:Archived 10212:18 April 10206:Archived 10056:Archived 9972:Archived 9947:Archived 9915:Archived 9873:Archived 9846:Archived 9783:Archived 9714:Archived 9645:Archived 9501:Archived 9478:Archived 9454:Archived 9405:Archived 9369:Archived 9346:Archived 9274:Archived 9247:Archived 9065:Archived 8972:Archived 8962:Archived 8952:Archived 8862:Archived 8728:Archived 8657:6 August 8630:Archived 8556:Archived 8487:Archived 8464:Archived 8438:Archived 8406:Archived 8387:Archived 8353:(1992), 8332:, p. 190 8125:Archived 8027:. 2007. 8015:Archived 7968:Archived 7965:Ivan III 7942:Archived 7939:Ivan III 7918:Archived 7868:Archived 7813:Archived 7771:Archived 7721:Archived 7581:Archived 7472:Archived 7138:Archived 7119:Archived 7090:(2004). 7001:Archived 6970:10761915 6909:Archived 6851:Archived 6820:Archived 6798:Archived 6698:Archived 6546:See also 6517:rebelled 6484:and the 6472:and the 6449:castling 6382:Siloviki 6349:in 2014. 6285:such as 6244:Chechnya 6063:Glasnost 6058:glasnost 5982:Vostok 1 5731:and the 5698:Cold War 5678:face off 5668:Cold War 5662:Cold War 5566:Caucasus 5564:and the 5471:Red Army 5448:Red Army 4921:Pytalovo 4807:Zinoviev 4803:Sverdlov 4746:Red Army 4395:Narodnik 4361:Nihilism 4269:Bulgaria 3982:Anatolia 3875:Borodino 3801:Dagestan 3766:Napoleon 3684:Caucasus 3647:(1778), 3639:(1776), 3546:Peter II 3522:Caucasus 3484:Collegia 3272:another 3265:Cossacks 3255:(1648), 3208:Smolensk 3148:elected 3087:invasion 2939:Cossacks 2900:Streltsy 2878:was the 2819:Khanates 2795:Sudebnik 2779:New Rome 2756:basins. 2738:Ivan III 2686:Vladimir 2626:Novgorod 2624:against 2572:Kulikovo 2520:Vladimir 2496:Vladimir 2451:Novgorod 2431:Kipchaks 2351:leader, 2349:druzhina 2341:Tsargrad 2339:to loot 2273:Novgorod 2157:Novgorod 2113:Russians 1985:Darius I 1916:Khazaria 1755:Dagestan 1694:urheimat 1565:Cold War 1539:and its 1382:without 1380:Feodor I 1244:Novgorod 1123:860–1721 1119:Timeline 856:Putinism 810:Protocol 808:Alma-Ata 713:Karabakh 693:transfer 679:Cold War 502:Red Army 486:election 319:Troubles 197:988–1402 187:987–1397 177:882–1136 122:Arthania 51:a series 49:Part of 17626:Outline 17438:Fashion 17428:Fashion 17416:Cuisine 17378:Culture 17366:in army 17351:Wedding 17346:Suicide 17341:Smoking 17326:Slavery 17301:Orphans 17274:Illegal 17150:Alcohol 17133:Society 17099:Tourism 16979:Banking 16957:Economy 16802:Prisons 16650:Siberia 16606:Islands 16586:Geology 16522:Climate 16512:Borders 16476:Outline 16451:Judaism 16441:Economy 16268:History 16105:Ukraine 16055:Romania 16015:Moldova 15973:Ireland 15968:Iceland 15963:Hungary 15953:Germany 15948:Georgia 15938:Finland 15933:Estonia 15928:Denmark 15913:Croatia 15898:Belgium 15893:Belarus 15883:Austria 15878:Armenia 15873:Andorra 15868:Albania 15601:Baroque 15500:Majorca 15412:Francia 15125:Vietnam 15040:Myanmar 15020:Lebanon 14950:Georgia 14905:Bahrain 14895:Armenia 14794: ( 14765:minutes 14670:(1999). 14652:1881065 14491:: 1–25. 14450:Bibcode 14339:(1994). 14250:excerpt 14248:(2014) 14211:27 June 14066:(1995) 13959:(1961) 13921:(1997) 13899:excerpt 13897:(1998) 13780:To 1917 13747:(1990) 13736:(1983) 13710:(1989) 13676:(1998) 13642:online 13640:(1966) 13572:excerpt 13533:(1983) 13523:(1993) 13478:(2008) 13471:(1974). 13461:(2011) 13429:(1961). 13414:excerpt 13378:(2011) 13358:(2005) 13342:Surveys 13278:29 June 13237:UN News 13167:3 April 13157:Reuters 13137:3 April 13127:Reuters 12762:22 July 12729:22 July 12679:20 July 12598:22 July 12565:22 July 12528:22 July 12495:22 July 12466:22 July 12432:22 July 12398:22 July 12190:22 July 12157:22 July 12131:22 July 11963:2147826 11888:22 July 11833:22 July 10844:1948176 10807:23 July 10463:22 July 10323:in the 10096:Figes, 9953:23 June 9921:23 July 9732:(1990). 9366:excerpt 9364:(1990) 8898:23 July 8562:in the 8231:16 July 8153:23 July 8052:12 July 7924:26 July 7810:Muscovy 6978:3101375 6950:Bibcode 6915:, 2017. 6704:14 July 6490:Kherson 5974:Sputnik 5883:led by 5794:SALT II 5776:Détente 5503:Estonia 5459:Finland 5395:in the 5391:in the 5373:Germany 5333:Siberia 5327:of the 5131:Divorce 5019:Kamenev 5015:Trotsky 4948:Denikin 4937:Galicia 4897:Romania 4799:Trotsky 4604:Soviets 4513:Marxism 4416:Acmeism 4389:Narodnk 4292:Bukhara 4257:Romania 4197:serfdom 4077:Gnedich 4065:Pushkin 3986:Erzurum 3958:Armenia 3789:Georgia 3723:serfdom 3661:Prussia 3657:Austria 3645:Kherson 3429:on the 3246:serfdom 3158:Romanov 3117:in the 3046:at the 3003:in 1612 2919:Siberia 2888:Ivan IV 2876:Ivan IV 2839:Ivan IV 2765:Filofei 2750:Dnieper 2728:at the 2699:on the 2654:in the 2620:of the 2532:Hungary 2508:Mongols 2440:Zalesye 2427:liturgy 2388:baptism 2378:of the 2370:in 1097 2357:Khazars 2322:Volkhov 2291:Izborsk 2235:to the 2221:Vikings 2153:Belarus 2149:Polotsk 2137:Ukraine 2075:Baghdad 2071:Abbasid 2063:Caspian 2059:steppes 2051:Khazars 2000:Miletus 1965:Gelonus 1936:; from 1932:of the 1892:Scythia 1880:Pazyryk 1868:Ipatovo 1864:Scythia 1848:steppes 1806:hominin 1802:Siberia 1796:in the 1751:Oldowan 1728:on the 1705:Oldowan 1656:Scythia 1418:, Tsar 1410:leader 1408:Cossack 1320:seized 1165:present 1065:present 1044:present 1023:present 1002:present 981:present 961:present 944:present 927:present 890:Prelude 687:Comecon 317:Time of 80:Periods 17640:Portal 17595:Sports 17523:Anthem 17411:Cinema 17406:Ballet 17316:Racism 17279:Labour 17235:Health 17200:Doping 17054:Ruble 17039:Mining 17009:Energy 16672:Rivers 16581:Fjords 16481:Postal 16333:Moscow 16259:Russia 16196:Jersey 16138:Kosovo 16100:Turkey 16090:Sweden 16070:Serbia 16060:Russia 16045:Poland 16040:Norway 16020:Monaco 15990:Latvia 15958:Greece 15943:France 15918:Cyprus 15488:Aragon 15467:Amalfi 15452:Venice 15440:Second 15170:Taiwan 15105:Turkey 15070:Russia 15005:Kuwait 14985:Jordan 14975:Israel 14935:Cyprus 14920:Brunei 14915:Bhutan 14835:1905, 14711: 14679:online 14658: 14650: 14621: 14613: 14581: 14547: 14525: 14511:online 14431: 14423: 14388: 14332:(2010) 14324:online 14269:(2014) 14227: 14197: 14170: 14156: 14103: 14068:online 14051:online 14038: 14000:(1986) 13985:online 13961:online 13935: 13923:online 13914:(1994) 13840:, and 13791:online 13749:online 13738:online 13719:online 13703:(1985) 13695:online 13658: 13625:online 13535:online 13525:online 13515:Online 13505:online 13492: 13480:online 13463:online 13453:online 13440: 13370:online 13360:online 13334:, and 12941: 12649: 12424:. UK. 12353: 12315: 12307: 12103: 12082: 12061: 12040: 12016: 11992: 11961: 11924: 11860: 11653:DW.COM 11634: 11609: 11588: 11562: 11538: 11526:& 11510: 11484: 11460: 11439: 11419: 11390: 11373: 11339: 11318: 11298: 11274: 11249: 11220: 11199: 11178: 11156: 11120: 11099: 11076: 11055: 11022: 10980: 10959: 10938: 10912: 10888: 10842: 10797:(.doc) 10777:11 May 10654:," in 10615: 10587: 10517: 10486: 10438:passim 10423:(1999) 10400: 10360: 10276: 10237: 10165:(1986) 10148: 10130: 10070: 9913:: 40. 9887: 9838: 9780:online 9711:online 9673: 9612: 9574: 9536: 9498:online 9475:online 9451:online 9429: 9402:online 9343:online 9239: 9160: 9135: 9075: 9029: 8854: 8827: 8808:online 8786: 8761: 8720: 8693: 8627:online 8612:(2003) 8536: 8474:. 2006 8448: 8435:p. 434 8328: 8193:125748 8191: 8117: 8090: 7997: 7980:. 2007 7848: 7827: 7703: 7679: 7642: 7608: 7563: 7542: 7486: 7416: 7364: 7314: 7293: 7269: 7248: 7227: 7206: 7182: 7161: 7098: 7034:18 May 6976: 6968: 6941:Nature 6926:Nature 6815:и др. 6777: 6752: 6727: 6539:, and 6162:, the 6014:Salyut 5839:, and 5790:SALT I 5692:and a 5638:famine 5552:, and 5507:Latvia 5369:Hitler 5281:, and 5227:kulaks 5139:Likbez 5100:kulaks 5053:, the 5049:, the 5033:(1922) 4972:typhus 4493:Kadets 4418:, and 4340:, and 4294:, and 4288:Kokand 4261:Serbia 4075:, and 4069:Krylov 3972:, and 3672:treaty 3649:Odessa 3556:. The 3554:Ivan V 3473:Senate 3419:taking 3210:. The 3169:Sweden 3041:hetman 3009:Feodor 2917:, and 2837:" was 2793:. The 2791:Prikaz 2771:. The 2670:vassal 2599:Tatars 2528:Poland 2459:Mongol 2289:; and 2233:Baltic 2229:piracy 2178:, the 2168:Finnic 2161:Rostov 2141:Suzdal 2123:. The 2057:basin 2044:Khanty 1977:Budini 1957:Tanais 1918:, and 1878:, and 1876:Arkaim 1852:tribes 1837:Sungir 1782:Adygea 1732:). At 1719:Kermek 1678:, and 1507:, and 1350:Moscow 1334:Slavic 1264:Moscow 1260:Rostov 1256:Ryazan 824:abroad 691:Crimea 62:Russia 53:on the 17545:Opera 17498:Music 17361:Women 17262:LGBTQ 17180:Crime 17114:Waste 16633:Urals 16611:Lakes 16171:Åland 16085:Spain 16010:Malta 15980:Italy 15457:Genoa 15435:First 15211:Macau 15130:Yemen 15090:Syria 15065:Qatar 15045:Nepal 14980:Japan 14955:India 14945:Egypt 14930:China 14709:S2CID 14656:S2CID 14648:JSTOR 14619:S2CID 14611:JSTOR 14481:(PDF) 14429:S2CID 14421:JSTOR 13879:(PDF) 13872:(PDF) 12647:S2CID 12313:S2CID 12305:JSTOR 11959:JSTOR 11581:' 11241:[ 11154:JSTOR 10721:(PDF) 10706:(PDF) 10128:S2CID 9534:S2CID 8189:JSTOR 6974:S2CID 6854:(PDF) 6843:(PDF) 6248:First 5990:Venus 5737:China 5713:Yalta 5574:Kursk 5562:Volga 5329:Gulag 5031:Gorki 5011:Lenin 4509:RSDLP 4501:Esers 4296:Khiva 4201:serfs 4191:When 4149:siege 4106:, or 4035:Tsar 3974:Iğdır 3860:Paris 3466:boyar 3377:170.0 3324:Notes 2923:Urals 2595:Sarai 2568:Mamai 2419:Latin 2415:Greek 2343:, or 2333:Greek 2329:Norse 2265:Rurik 2237:Black 2176:Merya 2145:Murom 2055:Volga 1904:Goths 1741:] 1726:] 1384:issue 1252:Pskov 1163:1991– 1099: 1085: 925:1991– 667:GULAG 512:Govt. 153:Rurik 17533:Flag 17421:Wine 17401:Arts 16466:LGBT 16350:Army 15462:Pisa 15050:Oman 15015:Laos 14970:Iraq 14965:Iran 14579:ISBN 14563:2015 14545:ISBN 14523:ISBN 14386:ISBN 14225:ISBN 14213:2023 14195:ISBN 14168:ISBN 14154:ISBN 14101:ISBN 14036:ISBN 13933:ISBN 13887:2023 13656:ISBN 13490:ISBN 13438:ISBN 13311:2023 13280:2023 13249:2022 13219:2022 13169:2022 13139:2022 13109:2022 13079:2022 13030:2019 12985:2022 12955:2022 12939:ISSN 12916:2022 12886:2022 12835:2020 12809:2013 12764:2007 12731:2007 12693:CNN 12681:2007 12600:2007 12567:2007 12530:2007 12497:2007 12468:2007 12434:2007 12400:2007 12388:NASA 12369:2015 12351:ISBN 12261:2022 12192:2007 12159:2007 12133:2007 12101:ISBN 12080:ISBN 12059:ISBN 12038:ISBN 12014:ISBN 11990:ISBN 11922:ISBN 11890:2007 11858:ISBN 11835:2007 11665:2020 11632:ISBN 11607:ISBN 11586:ISBN 11560:ISBN 11536:ISBN 11508:ISBN 11482:ISBN 11458:ISBN 11437:ISBN 11417:ISBN 11388:ISBN 11371:ISBN 11337:ISBN 11316:ISBN 11296:ISBN 11272:ISBN 11247:ISBN 11218:ISBN 11197:ISBN 11176:ISBN 11118:ISBN 11097:ISBN 11074:ISBN 11053:ISBN 11020:ISBN 10978:ISBN 10957:ISBN 10936:ISBN 10910:ISBN 10886:ISBN 10840:PMID 10809:2007 10779:2020 10729:2014 10613:ISBN 10585:ISBN 10533:2019 10515:ISBN 10484:ISBN 10465:2009 10398:ISBN 10358:ISBN 10292:2015 10274:ISBN 10253:2015 10235:ISBN 10214:2017 10146:ISBN 10068:ISBN 9955:2022 9923:2019 9885:ISBN 9854:2019 9836:ISBN 9671:ISBN 9610:ISBN 9572:ISBN 9427:ISBN 9255:2016 9237:ISBN 9158:ISBN 9133:ISBN 9073:ISBN 9027:ISBN 8900:2007 8870:2015 8852:ISBN 8825:ISBN 8784:ISBN 8759:ISBN 8736:2015 8718:ISBN 8691:ISBN 8659:2007 8534:ISBN 8446:ISBN 8326:ISBN 8233:2023 8155:2007 8115:ISBN 8088:ISBN 8054:2009 7995:ISBN 7926:2007 7846:ISBN 7825:ISBN 7701:ISBN 7691:See 7677:ISBN 7640:ISBN 7606:ISBN 7576:See 7561:ISBN 7540:ISBN 7484:ISBN 7414:ISBN 7362:ISBN 7352:Ed. 7312:ISBN 7291:ISBN 7267:ISBN 7246:ISBN 7225:ISBN 7204:ISBN 7180:ISBN 7159:ISBN 7096:ISBN 7074:2007 7036:2016 7009:2017 6966:PMID 6890:2013 6862:2019 6775:ISBN 6750:ISBN 6725:ISBN 6706:2016 6492:and 6470:NATO 6402:Kyiv 6321:and 6250:and 6197:'s " 6104:and 6073:and 6043:and 6032:and 6008:and 5960:The 5891:and 5766:and 5572:and 5544:had 5509:and 5493:and 5481:and 5440:and 5358:and 5295:NKVD 5293:The 5195:The 5169:and 5037:The 5017:and 4995:and 4931:and 4925:Kars 4915:and 4845:and 4809:and 4690:and 4625:and 4559:The 4434:and 4123:and 3988:and 3869:The 3811:and 3799:and 3729:and 3659:and 3550:Anna 3533:and 3469:Duma 3423:Azov 3374:1914 3366:73.0 3363:1816 3355:42.8 3352:1812 3344:37.6 3341:1795 3333:15.5 3330:1720 3314:Year 3206:and 3204:Kiev 3167:and 3099:O.S. 3080:O.S. 3072:O.S. 3064:O.S. 3052:O.S. 2929:and 2835:Tsar 2752:and 2550:and 2548:Tver 2530:and 2484:and 2417:and 2306:Rus' 2299:Kiev 2257:and 2239:and 2170:and 2159:and 2143:and 2133:Kiev 2105:and 2083:Arab 2065:and 2034:and 2032:Huns 2028:Huns 2024:Oium 1973:grad 1959:and 1908:Huns 1688:The 1578:and 1332:and 1322:Kiev 1310:Rus' 1300:The 1276:and 1262:and 1248:Tver 1222:The 1061:2022 1040:2022 1019:2022 998:2022 977:2014 957:2000 940:1994 850:) • 836:CSTO 826:" • 822:Near 520:USSR 488:) • 16793:Law 15182:and 14701:doi 14640:doi 14603:doi 14458:doi 14413:doi 13268:CNN 13207:NPR 12752:BBC 12719:BBC 12639:doi 12555:BBC 12297:doi 11951:doi 11918:176 11146:doi 10832:doi 10120:doi 9815:147 9526:doi 9023:284 8566:of 8493:", 8470:." 8181:doi 6958:doi 6946:404 6203:see 6018:Mir 5996:by 5513:). 4593:in 4507:or 4499:or 4491:or 4210:mir 4103:mir 4027:on 3945:". 3190:in 3109:in 2999:to 2570:at 2512:Rus 2498:by 2285:); 2209:by 1995:). 1993:Don 1854:of 1800:of 1780:in 1696:of 1535:by 1527:in 848:2nd 844:1st 820:• " 818:CIS 715:War 643:NEP 17657:: 15498:, 15494:, 15490:, 14707:. 14697:13 14695:. 14654:. 14646:. 14636:62 14634:. 14617:. 14609:. 14599:69 14597:. 14553:. 14489:25 14487:. 14483:. 14456:. 14444:. 14427:. 14419:. 14409:21 14407:. 14403:. 14265:. 14203:. 14148:. 14030:. 14006:. 13836:, 13330:, 13301:. 13297:. 13270:. 13266:. 13235:. 13209:. 13205:. 13155:. 13125:. 13095:. 13065:. 12971:. 12945:. 12937:. 12933:. 12902:. 12876:. 12872:. 12825:. 12795:. 12775:^ 12766:. 12750:. 12733:. 12717:. 12667:. 12645:. 12635:10 12633:. 12602:. 12586:. 12569:. 12553:. 12542:^ 12532:. 12520:. 12516:. 12499:. 12470:. 12454:. 12436:. 12420:. 12402:. 12390:. 12386:. 12359:. 12311:. 12303:. 12293:40 12291:. 12251:. 12247:. 12194:. 12182:. 12178:. 12167:^ 12112:^ 12008:. 11957:. 11947:87 11945:. 11920:. 11912:. 11876:. 11825:. 11821:. 11781:. 11740:. 11710:^ 11655:. 11651:. 11554:. 11530:. 11500:. 11476:. 11405:, 11152:. 11142:44 11140:. 11014:. 10928:. 10904:. 10877:. 10865:^ 10838:. 10828:33 10826:. 10765:. 10748:01 10746:. 10712:. 10708:. 10683:^ 10593:. 10523:. 10412:^ 10313:^ 10282:. 10243:. 10204:. 10126:. 10116:40 10114:. 10035:^ 9939:. 9909:. 9905:. 9862:^ 9844:. 9532:. 9522:51 9520:. 9245:. 9025:. 8886:. 8860:. 8726:. 8521:^ 8509:. 8433:, 8297:. 8219:. 8187:. 8177:16 8175:. 8141:. 8123:. 8021:, 7974:, 7957:^ 7948:, 7903:^ 7857:^ 7782:^ 7695:, 7664:^ 7449:^ 7389:^ 7380:, 7356:, 7323:^ 7278:^ 7191:^ 7062:52 7060:. 7056:. 7044:^ 6999:. 6995:. 6972:. 6964:. 6956:. 6944:. 6892:. 6845:. 6535:, 6515:, 6428:, 6369:. 6309:. 6254:. 6069:, 6047:, 5972:, 5919:. 5887:, 5835:, 5831:, 5800:. 5792:, 5770:. 5739:. 5690:UN 5505:, 5277:, 5273:, 5269:, 5238:, 5234:, 5157:. 5061:. 5013:, 4954:. 4943:. 4841:, 4834:. 4805:, 4801:, 4670:. 4659:. 4602:. 4414:, 4383:. 4336:, 4332:, 4328:, 4324:, 4290:, 4263:, 4259:, 4071:, 4067:, 3968:, 3964:, 3960:, 3847:. 3784:. 3749:. 3697:. 3686:. 3643:, 3623:, 3568:. 3441:. 3121:. 2974:. 2913:, 2902:. 2841:. 2801:. 2786:. 2542:. 2442:. 2267:, 2186:. 2163:. 2038:. 1983:, 1963:. 1914:, 1910:, 1906:, 1902:, 1898:, 1894:, 1882:. 1874:, 1870:, 1812:. 1739:ru 1724:ru 1674:, 1670:, 1666:, 1662:, 1658:, 1654:, 1650:, 1567:. 1503:, 1450:. 1368:. 1258:, 1254:, 1250:, 1246:, 1161:• 1153:• 1149:• 1141:• 1137:• 1129:• 1125:• 1096:^B 1082:^A 908:• 904:• 900:• 896:• 892:• 884:• 880:• 876:• 872:• 868:• 862:• 858:• 854:• 846:• 838:• 834:• 830:• 816:• 812:• 806:• 802:• 717:• 711:• 707:• 703:• 699:• 695:• 689:• 685:• 681:• 677:• 673:• 669:• 665:• 661:• 657:• 653:• 649:• 645:• 522:• 518:• 514:• 508:• 504:• 500:• 496:• 492:• 480:• 476:• 472:• 468:• 462:• 458:• 357:• 353:• 349:• 345:• 341:• 337:• 333:• 329:• 325:• 321:• 315:• 247:• 243:• 239:• 159:• 155:• 16804:) 16800:( 16784:) 16780:( 16769:) 16765:( 16251:e 16244:t 16237:v 15846:e 15839:t 15832:v 15502:) 15486:( 15273:e 15266:t 15259:v 14866:e 14859:t 14852:v 14811:) 14803:( 14798:) 14767:) 14763:7 14760:( 14715:. 14703:: 14662:. 14642:: 14625:. 14605:: 14587:. 14565:. 14531:. 14464:. 14460:: 14452:: 14446:2 14415:: 14394:. 14215:. 14107:. 14042:. 13889:. 13662:. 13496:. 13444:. 13313:. 13282:. 13251:. 13221:. 13171:. 13141:. 13111:. 13081:. 13032:. 12987:. 12957:. 12918:. 12888:. 12837:. 12811:. 12683:. 12653:. 12641:: 12371:. 12319:. 12299:: 12263:. 12161:. 12135:. 12107:. 12086:. 12065:. 12044:. 12020:. 11996:. 11965:. 11953:: 11930:. 11892:. 11837:. 11667:. 11638:. 11592:. 11566:. 11542:. 11514:. 11488:. 11464:. 11443:. 11377:. 11343:. 11322:. 11280:. 11255:. 11224:. 11203:. 11182:. 11160:. 11148:: 11124:. 11103:. 11080:. 11059:. 11026:. 10984:. 10963:. 10942:. 10916:. 10892:. 10846:. 10834:: 10811:. 10781:. 10731:. 10714:5 10643:" 10621:. 10535:. 10492:. 10467:. 10406:. 10366:. 10294:. 10255:. 10216:. 10134:. 10122:: 10074:. 9957:. 9911:1 9891:. 9856:. 9817:. 9746:. 9679:. 9618:. 9580:. 9540:. 9528:: 9460:. 9435:. 9411:. 9257:. 9166:. 9141:. 9035:. 8902:. 8872:. 8833:. 8792:. 8767:. 8738:. 8699:. 8661:. 8636:. 8540:. 8235:. 8195:. 8183:: 8157:. 8096:. 8056:. 8031:. 8001:. 7928:. 7852:. 7831:. 7707:. 7646:. 7612:. 7591:. 7567:. 7546:. 7490:. 7420:. 7368:. 7318:. 7297:. 7273:. 7252:. 7231:. 7210:. 7186:. 7165:. 7104:. 7076:. 7038:. 7011:. 6980:. 6960:: 6952:: 6864:. 6783:. 6758:. 6733:. 6708:. 5501:( 5289:. 4813:. 4752:. 4729:. 4059:« 2279:( 1207:e 1200:t 1193:v 1063:– 1042:– 1021:– 1000:– 979:– 959:– 942:– 912:) 888:( 842:( 725:) 721:( 484:( 40:. 33:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index