663:
645:
620:, on which the Fourteenth Amendment's Privileges or Immunities Clause had been modeled, protected Americans' broad state rights. But Miller said the Fourteenth Amendment's language was distinguishable from the Article IV clause. Miller wrote—misquoting the Fourteenth Amendment's text—that the Privileges or Immunities Clause "speaks only of privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States, and does not speak of those of citizens of the several states". He concluded that "the entire domain of the privileges and immunities of the states ... lay within the constitutional and legislative power of the states, and without that of the Federal government".
464:
company, and nowhere else. Penalties are enacted for infractions of this provision, and prices fixed for the maximum charges of the company for each steamboat and for each animal landed". The exclusivity would last for a period of 25 years. All other slaughterhouses would be closed up, forcing butchers to slaughter within the operation set up by
Crescent City. The statute forbade Crescent City from favoring one butcher over another by promising harsh penalties for refusal to sell space to any butcher. All animals on the premises would be inspected by an officer appointed by the governor of the state.
31:
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724:'s dissent criticized the Court's rejection of the notion that the Fourteenth Amendment and its Privileges or Immunities Clause had been intended to transform American government. Speaking of the Court's objection that a broad reading of the Clause would make it a "perpetual censor" on state governments, Swayne said that Congress and the states had been aware of that when they adopted the Fourteenth Amendment.
380:
800:, an American constitutional scholar and historian, argues that the Fourteenth Amendment was originally meant to protect only "specifically federal rights" and describes the later, broader interpretation of the Amendment as "the Court's the Fourteenth Amendment to claim a capacious national judicial authority". Gutzman believes that "legal academics despise the
573:
discriminating against black people as a class. Next, the Court rejected the butchers' Due
Process Clause arguments, saying that "under no construction of that we have ever seen, or any that we deem admissible", could the state's restrictions on the butchers' work constitute a "deprivation of property" under the Due Process Clause.
476:
butchers of the city—of the right to exercise their trade, the business to which they have been trained and on which they depend for the support of themselves and their families, and that the unrestricted exercise of the business of butchering is necessary to the daily subsistence of the population of the city.
728:
It is objected that the power conferred is novel and large. The answer is that the novelty was known and the measure deliberately adopted. ... It is necessary to enable the government of the nation to secure to everyone within its jurisdiction the rights and privileges enumerated, which, according to
753:
The victory of the
Crescent City Company survived for only 11 years. By 1879, the State of Louisiana had adopted a new constitution prohibiting the state's ability to grant slaughterhouse monopolies, devolving regulation of cattle slaughter to parishes and municipalities, and banning the subordinate
558:
n the most casual examination of the language of these amendments, no one can fail to be impressed with the one pervading purpose found in them all, lying at the foundation of each, and without which none of them would have been even suggested; we mean the freedom of the slave race, the security and
343:
exercised by
Louisiana because the Privileges or Immunities Clause protected only those rights guaranteed by the United States, not individual states. In effect, the clause was interpreted to convey limited protection pertinent to a small minority of rights, such as the right to seek federal office.
572:
With this view of the
Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments' purposes, the Court interpreted their protections very narrowly. First, the Court rejected the butchers' Equal Protection Clause arguments, saying that it "doubt very much" that the clause would ever prohibit anything other than state laws
716:
amendments, such as the rights to trial by jury, free exercise of religion, and freedom from unreasonable search and seizure. Bradley concluded: "These, and still others are specified in the
Constitution or in early amendments of it, as among the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United
576:
The Court then turned to the
Privileges or Immunities Clause, which it viewed just as narrowly as it had the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses. The Court held that protecting people from state government actions was not the Privileges or Immunities Clause's purpose, and that the clause was
475:
This statute is denounced not only as creating a monopoly and conferring odious and exclusive privileges upon a small number of persons at the expense of the great body of the community of New
Orleans, but it is asserted that it deprives a large and meritorious class of citizens—the whole of the
58:
Paul
Esteben, L. Ruch, J. P. Rouede, W. Maylie, S. Firmberg, B. Beaubay, William Fagan, J. D. Broderick, N. Seibel, M. Lannes, J. Gitzinger, J. P. Aycock, D. Verges, The Live-Stock Dealers' and Butchers' Association of New Orleans, and Charles Cavaroc v. The State of Louisiana, ex rel. S. Belden,
463:
The statute also granted "sole and exclusive privilege of conducting and carrying on the livestock landing and slaughterhouse business within the limits and privilege granted by the act, and that all such animals shall be landed at the stock landings and slaughtered at the slaughterhouses of the
699:
protested that Miller's narrow reading of the
Fourteenth Amendment rendered it "a vain and idle enactment, which accomplished nothing and most unnecessarily excited Congress and the people on its passage". Field accepted Campbell's reading of the amendment as not confined to protection of freed
598:
Having adopted this narrow interpretation, the Court ruled that the Privileges or Immunities Clause only protects rights that pertain to federal U.S. citizenship, not state citizenship. This interpretation meant that the Privileges or Immunities Clause did not protect Americans' broad rights as
418:
To try to control the problem, a New Orleans grand jury recommended that the slaughterhouses be moved south, but since many of the slaughterhouses were outside city limits, the grand jury's recommendations carried no weight. The city appealed to the state legislature. As a result, in 1869, the
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uch a construction followed by the reversal of the judgments of the Supreme Court of Louisiana in these cases, would constitute this court a perpetual censor upon all legislation of the States, on the civil rights of their own citizens, with authority to nullify such as it did not approve as
3018:
778:
remarked: "Unique among constitutional provisions, the privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment enjoys the distinction of having been rendered a practical nullity by a single decision of the Supreme Court rendered within five years after its ratification."
631:". Miller dispensed with any further listing of U.S. federal citizenship rights, saying that the Court was "of the opinion that the rights claimed by , if they have any existence, are not privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States within the meaning of the ".
704:
presumption in favor of an individual right to pursue a legitimate occupation. Field's reading of the due process clause of the amendment would prevail in future cases in which the court read the amendment broadly to protect personal interests against hostile state laws.
455:
The legislature chartered a private corporation, the Crescent City Live-Stock Landing and Slaughter-House Company, to run a Grand Slaughterhouse at the southern part of the city, opposite the Mississippi River. Crescent City would not slaughter beef itself but act as a
627:, the right to vote in federal elections, the right to engage in interstate travel and commerce, the right to enter federal lands, and several others such as "the right to peaceably assemble and petition for redress of grievances" and "the privilege of the writ of
423:
legislature passed "An Act to Protect the Health of the City of New Orleans, to Locate the Stock Landings and Slaughter Houses, and to incorporate the Crescent City Livestock Landing and Slaughter-House Company", which allowed the city of New Orleans to create a
6742:
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in the South, the language of Section 1 is not racially limited. Campbell used it to argue for a new, broad reading of the Fourteenth Amendment, in order to allow butchers of any race to "sustain their lives through labor".
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industry. Members of the Butchers' Benevolent Association challenged the constitutionality of the corporation, claiming that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment. The amendment had been ratified in the aftermath of the
729:
the plainest considerations of reason and justice and the fundamental principles of the social compact, all are entitled to enjoy. Without such authority, any government claiming to be national is glaringly defective.
794:, who wrote "he Court's ... studied distinction between the privileges deriving from state and national citizenship should have been seriously doubted by anyone who read the Congressional debates of the 1860s".
2008:
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clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, which had been ratified by the states five years earlier. It had been passed with the intention of protecting the civil rights of the millions of newly emancipated
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Over 400 members of the Butchers' Benevolent Association joined to sue to stop Crescent City's takeover of the slaughterhouse industry. In the background of his majority opinion, Supreme Court Justice
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was low; the offal came from the city's slaughterhouses. A mile and a half upstream from the city, 1,000 butchers gutted more than 300,000 animals per year. Animal entrails (known as
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712:'s dissent disagreed with the Court's interpretation of the rights protected by the Privileges or Immunities Clause. He listed many rights found in the U.S. Constitution and the
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firm establishment of that freedom, and the protection of the newly made freeman and citizen from the oppressions of those who had formerly exercised unlimited dominion over him.
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758:(1884), with the Supreme Court holding that Crescent City Co. did not have a contract with the state and so that revocation of the monopoly privilege was not a violation of the
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citizens of their individual states, which Miller said "embrace nearly every civil right for the establishment and protection of which organized government is instituted".
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governmental units from granting monopoly rights over such activities. Having essentially lost its monopoly protection, the Crescent City Co. sued. That case ended in
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790:: "Virtually no serious modern scholar—left, right, and center—thinks that the decision is a plausible reading of the Amendment." This view was echoed by historian
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Miller wrote that the Court was not required to define all the "privileges and immunities" of federal citizenship, but listed ones such as the right to petition the
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The Fourteenth Amendment only protects the privileges and immunities pertaining to citizenship of the United States, not those that pertain to state citizenship.
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We are convinced that no such results were intended by the Congress which proposed these amendments, nor by the legislatures of the States which ratified them.
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On April 14, 1873, the Supreme Court issued a 5–4 decision in favor of the slaughterhouse company upholding the constitutionality of Louisiana's use of its
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506:, who had retired from the federal bench because of his Confederate loyalties, represented persons in a number of cases in New Orleans to obstruct
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550:. Miller framed the Court's opinion around the notion that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments were primarily meant to protect former
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had similar provisions to confine butchers' establishments to particular areas in order to keep offal from contaminating the water supply.
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339:, the Court held to a narrower interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment than the plaintiffs urged, ruling that it did not restrict the
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in the mid-nineteenth century as plagued by "intestines and portions of putrefied animal matter lodged " whenever the tide from the
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The Butchers' Benevolent Association of New Orleans v. The Crescent City Live-Stock Landing and Slaughter-House Company;
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States, or, what is still stronger for the force of the argument, the rights of all persons, whether citizens or not."
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The Butchers' Benevolent Association of New Orleans v. The Crescent City Live-Stock Landing and Slaughter-House Company
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606:, which had conferred national U.S. citizenship upon freed black slaves and superseded the Court's 1857 decision
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The Court derived this state-federal citizenship distinction from Miller's reading of the Fourteenth Amendment's
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332:, but the butchers argued that the amendment protected their right to "sustain their lives through labor".
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minimized the impact of the Privileges or Immunities Clause on state law, the Supreme Court would later
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1202:"Taking Text and Structure Seriously: Reflections on Free-Form Method in Constitutional Interpretation"
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corporation, by renting out space to other butchers in the city for a fee, under a designated maximum.
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wrote that Miller's opinion effectively rendered the Fourteenth Amendment a "vain and idle enactment".
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to strike down state laws on the basis of other clauses. In 2010, the Court rejected arguments in
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consistent with those rights, as they existed at the time of the adoption of this amendment. ...
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Four justices dissented from the Court's decision, and three of them wrote dissenting opinions.
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407:), dung, blood, and urine contaminated New Orleans's drinking water, which was implicated in
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think the federal courts should be 'a perpetual censor upon all legislation in the States
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with the primary intention of protecting civil rights of millions of newly emancipated
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Six cases were appealed to the Supreme Court. The butchers based their claims on the
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1530:
Be Saved from Its Critics? – Pamela Brandwein (University of Texas at Dallas)
956:
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6992:
6915:
The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution
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Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville
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essentially "gutted" the Privileges or Immunities Clause. The American scholar
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Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
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Five justices formed the majority and joined an opinion written by justice
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412:
274:, not those that pertain to state citizenship. Though the decision in the
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never meant to be a basis on which courts could strike down state laws.
539:
Justice Samuel Freeman Miller, the author of the majority opinion in the
484:
457:
425:
396:
312:
3099:
Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
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6882:
3189:
1275:
1250:, Legislative Reference Service, Library of Congress, p. 965, cited in
1233:
791:
701:
94:
3067:
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
2923:
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
1201:
6293:
4247:
3966:
510:. Although the Fourteenth Amendment was passed mainly to protect the
499:
in the South, who had been granted citizenship in the United States.
445:
420:
308:
289:
188:
1217:
749:
Privileges or Immunities Clause § Interpretation after adoption
7092:
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1985:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
511:
496:
480:
The lower courts had found in favor of Crescent City in all cases.
325:
1517:
1429:
408:
5878:
Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866
2191:
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
1591:
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441:
90:
30:
2245:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
4121:
United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction
1257:
404:
379:
856:
Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America, 1865–1900
6889:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
1281:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
914:"Can the Slaughter-House Cases Be Saved from Its Critics?"
315:
had established a corporation charged with regulating the
7098:
Technological and industrial history of the United States
3879:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
1783:
O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
1142:, 83 U.S. at 118–19 (Bradley, J., dissenting), quoted in
2676:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
1366:
Regulation, Reconstruction, and the Fourteenth Amendment
1077:
1033:
270:
only protects the legal rights that are associated with
239:
U.S. Const. Art. IV. sec. 2, 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
2089:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
1385:
Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure
7058:
African American founding fathers of the United States
6960:
The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
4126:
United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction
2771:
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
2835:
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
1977:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
1149:
1121:
1021:
502:
The butchers' attorney, former Supreme Court Justice
335:
In the majority opinion written by Associate Justice
7211:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Chase Court
5632:
The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women
3666:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
2731:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
2057:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
3554:
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.
1303:
The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Constitution
1114:, 83 U.S. at 96 (Field, J., dissenting), quoted in
683:(right), the authors of the dissenting opinions in
5883:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866
3214:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
3083:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
1937:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
5674:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act
2851:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
2528:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
1387:(5th ed.). Eagan, MN: West Thomson/Reuters.
7166:Water supply and sanitation in the United States
7137:
3730:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
2939:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
1556:Landmark Cases: Historic Supreme Court Decisions
1248:The Constitution of the United States of America
911:
889:
887:
885:
883:
2811:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2336:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
205:Miller, joined by Clifford, Davis, Strong, Hunt
7201:United States substantive due process case law
6018:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
5992:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
3982:
3887:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
3238:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
2995:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
2843:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
2636:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
1577:
880:
7161:History of civil rights in the United States
2105:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
2009:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
1892:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
1407:(3rd ed.). New York: Foundation Press.
1382:
1364:Lurie, Jonathan & Labbe, Ronald (2003).
999:
307:Seeking to improve sanitary conditions, the
7206:United States Thirteenth Amendment case law
3690:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
3602:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
2591:
2229:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
1383:Nowak, John E.; Rotunda, Ronald D. (2012).
1343:Constitutional Law: Principles and Policies
1340:
1251:
987:
974:
962:
950:
937:
347:In a dissenting opinion, Associate Justice
3989:
3975:
2955:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education
2488:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
1584:
1570:
1363:
742:
737:, 83 U.S. at 129 (Swayne, J., dissenting).
6550:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
3714:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
3246:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
2261:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
471:reiterated the concerns of the butchers:
7073:History of the United States (1865–1917)
2947:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
1284:pp.528-529. New York: Harper Perennial.
859:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 135.
848:
846:
844:
842:
756:Butchers' Union Co. v. Crescent City Co.
534:
388:, the lawyer who argued for the butchers
7196:United States equal protection case law
3658:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
3527:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward
2392:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
1993:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1860:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1368:. Wichita: University Press of Kansas.
1326:"Substance and Method in the Year 2000"
1300:
530:
296:and decided instead to incorporate the
213:Field, joined by Chase, Swayne, Bradley
111:Error to the Supreme Court of Louisiana
7138:
6732:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era
5778:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
3996:
3801:
2899:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
1694:
1605:
1477:) 36 (1873) is available from:
852:
251:, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 36 (1873), was a
7017:Women's suffrage in the United States
5706:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction
3970:
3929:
3800:
2590:
2253:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
1693:
1604:
1565:
1399:
1199:
1168:
1155:
1143:
1127:
1115:
1099:
1083:
1071:
1055:
1039:
1027:
1015:
839:
432:operations in the city. At the time,
373:, the lawyer who argued for Louisiana
18:1873 United States Supreme Court case
7216:Meat processing in the United States
6124:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
5812:Confederates surrender at Appomattox
5624:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
2979:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
2120:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes
1323:
1263:
782:In 2001, the American legal scholar
6980:United Daughters of the Confederacy
6111:American Woman Suffrage Association
6106:National Woman Suffrage Association
6033:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
4332:Women during the Reconstruction era
3746:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
3562:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth
2987:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
2097:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
2073:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
1884:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
614:Article IV of the U.S. Constitution
13:
7022:Labor history of the United States
6058:South Carolina readmitted to Union
6055:North Carolina readmitted to Union
6038:Impeachment managers investigation
5977:Constitutional conventions of 1867
5653:National Women's Rights Convention
3519:Arlington County Board v. Richards
3444:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
3222:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.
2708:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
1593:United States Fourteenth Amendment
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
7232:
7221:United States Supreme Court cases
7191:Privileges or Immunities case law
6263:United States expedition to Korea
5970:Reconstruction military districts
3863:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
3404:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n
1422:
5817:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
4111:African-American representatives
3682:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
3091:Fisher v. University of Texas II
2552:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
1428:
661:
652:
643:
618:Privileges and Immunities Clause
415:outbreaks among the population.
378:
363:
29:
6819:Black Reconstruction in America
6692:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
6602:1876 State of the Union Address
6529:1875 State of the Union Address
6456:1874 State of the Union Address
6380:1873 State of the Union Address
6319:1872 State of the Union Address
6268:1871 State of the Union Address
6207:1870 State of the Union Address
6156:1869 State of the Union Address
6151:First transcontinental railroad
6090:1868 State of the Union Address
5997:1867 State of the Union Address
5832:1865 State of the Union Address
5757:1864 State of the Union Address
5731:1863 State of the Union Address
5640:Woman in the Nineteenth Century
3396:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach
3075:Fisher v. University of Texas I
2432:Moore v. City of East Cleveland
2277:Los Angeles County v. Humphries
1791:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
1294:
1269:
1240:
1193:
1174:
1161:
1133:
1105:
1089:
1061:
1045:
1005:
260:Privileges or Immunities Clause
7151:1873 in United States case law
5892:Petition for Universal Freedom
5873:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
3262:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.
1543:"Supreme Court Landmark Case,
1246:Edward S. Corwin, ed., (1953)
980:
943:
905:
280:incorporate the Bill of Rights
258:decision which ruled that the
1:
6939:A Visit from the Old Mistress
6638:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
6504:Specie Payment Resumption Act
6129:Board of Indian Commissioners
6061:Louisiana readmitted to Union
6023:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
5887:Tennessee readmitted to Union
5721:Women's Loyal National League
4424:Straight-Out Democratic Party
4195:Confederate States of America
2931:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman
2136:McNeese v. Board of Education
1643:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
1301:Gutzman, Kevin R. C. (2007).
912:Pamela Brandwein (May 2004).
827:
354:
304:of the Fourteenth Amendment.
6565:Battle of the Little Bighorn
6049:Arkansas readmitted to Union
5955:Knights of the White Camelia
5917:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866
5863:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
5837:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan
5795:Special Field Orders No. 15
5618:Slavery in the United States
2660:Hirabayashi v. United States
2512:DeShaney v. Winnebago County
2464:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
2205:Owen v. City of Independence
1820:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
311:legislature and the city of
288:to overrule the established
7:
7186:19th century in New Orleans
7083:Race (human categorization)
6473:United States v. Cruikshank
6064:Alabama readmitted to Union
6052:Florida readmitted to Union
3546:United States v. Cruikshank
2716:Brown v. Board of Education
2017:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1868:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1441:, text of 83 U.S. 36 (1873)
1405:American Constitutional Law
1341:Chemerinsky, Erwin (2019).
1200:Tribe, Laurence H. (1995).
1098:, 83 U.S. at 80, quoted in
1070:, 83 U.S. at 77, quoted in
1054:, 83 U.S. at 74, quoted in
1014:, 83 U.S. at 76, quoted in
965:, § 6.3.2, pp. 541–42.
815:
765:
634:
518:
45:Reargued February 3–5, 1873
10:
7237:
7176:Legal history of Louisiana
6284:General Mining Act of 1872
6253:New York custom house ring
6243:Meridian race riot of 1871
6187:Naturalization Act of 1870
2668:Korematsu v. United States
1345:(6th ed.). New York:
1000:Nowak & Rotunda (2012)
746:
7120:
7050:
7009:
6925:
6876:Been in the Storm So Long
6796:William Archibald Dunning
6756:The American Commonwealth
6724:
6717:
6646:
6610:
6537:
6464:
6426:Election Massacre of 1874
6388:
6327:
6276:
6215:
6164:
6134:Public Credit Act of 1869
6098:
6073:Fourth Reconstruction Act
6005:
5982:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
5932:
5845:
5765:
5739:
5726:New York City draft riots
5696:Emancipation Proclamation
5688:
5605:
5598:
5548:
4570:
4524:
4478:
4371:National Union Convention
4351:
4344:
4203:
4180:
4116:Reconstruction Amendments
4106:African-American senators
4011:
4004:
3936:
3930:
3925:
3871:United States v. Morrison
3809:
3796:
3537:
3502:
3323:
3288:
3278:United States v. Skrmetti
3270:United States v. Virginia
3109:
2883:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
2603:
2599:
2586:
2304:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
2295:
2237:Gonzaga University v. Doe
2115:
1902:
1801:
1706:
1702:
1689:
1613:
1600:
700:slaves but embracing the
238:
233:
225:
217:
209:
201:
196:
130:
125:
120:
115:
107:
102:
66:
51:
42:
28:
23:
7146:1870s in the environment
6592:Safe burglary conspiracy
6479:Civil Rights Act of 1875
6258:Civil service commission
5858:Memphis massacre of 1866
5853:Civil Rights Act of 1866
5669:Confiscation Act of 1862
5664:Confiscation Act of 1861
4419:Liberal Republican Party
4101:Conservative Republicans
3903:United States v. Georgia
3847:City of Boerne v. Flores
3011:United States v. Fordice
2568:Williams v. Pennsylvania
2536:Washington v. Glucksberg
1266:, p. 631, note 178.
489:privileges or immunities
272:federal U.S. citizenship
7088:Reconstruction Treaties
6907:A Nation Under Our Feet
6855:From Slavery to Freedom
6685:Williams v. Mississippi
6669:United States v. Harris
6560:Great Sioux War of 1876
6499:Yazoo City Riot of 1875
6401:Battle of Liberty Place
6289:Crédit Mobilier scandal
6238:Alcorn State University
6177:Enforcement Act of 1870
6043:Articles of impeachment
5950:Indian Peace Commission
5868:Swing Around the Circle
5805:Freedmen's Bureau bills
5647:Seneca Falls Convention
4376:Radical Democracy Party
4327:Freedman's Savings Bank
3911:Shelby County v. Holder
3476:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
3332:Patsone v. Pennsylvania
2593:Equal Protection Clause
2520:Michael H. v. Gerald D.
1913:United States v. Vuitch
1828:Griswold v. Connecticut
990:, § 6.3.2, p. 542.
977:, § 6.3.2, p. 542.
953:, § 6.3.2, p. 541.
940:, § 6.3.2, p. 541.
743:Subsequent developments
612:. Miller accepted that
504:John Archibald Campbell
386:John Archibald Campbell
43:Argued January 11, 1872
7181:Economy of New Orleans
7063:Forty acres and a mule
6786:Walter Lynwood Fleming
6571:United States v. Reese
6228:Second Enforcement Act
4458:Prohibition Convention
4190:Southern United States
3778:Armour v. Indianapolis
3142:Moritz v. Commissioner
2198:Procunier v. Navarette
2116:Civil rights liability
1904:Abortion jurisprudence
1452:Encyclopedia Americana
895:"Slaughterhouse Cases"
804:decision because they
740:
609:Dred Scott v. Sandford
596:
570:
543:
527:to regulate butchers.
508:Radical Reconstruction
478:
330:Southern United States
47:Decided April 14, 1873
7037:Civil rights movement
6973:The Birth of a Nation
6582:Centennial Exposition
6436:Black Hills Gold Rush
6351:Slaughter-House Cases
6223:Ku Klux Klan hearings
5701:General Order No. 143
4320:James Mitchell Ashley
3831:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
3674:Richardson v. Ramirez
3642:Boddie v. Connecticut
3230:Kirchberg v. Feenstra
3059:Johnson v. California
2779:McLaughlin v. Florida
2167:O'Connor v. Donaldson
1727:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
1619:Slaughter-House Cases
1528:Slaughter-House Cases
1463:Slaughter-House Cases
1447:Slaughter-House Cases
1438:Slaughter-House Cases
1433:Texts on Wikisource:
1330:Pepperdine Law Review
1254:, § 6.3.2, pp. 542–43
1140:Slaughter-House Cases
1112:Slaughter-House Cases
1096:Slaughter-House Cases
1068:Slaughter-House Cases
1052:Slaughter-House Cases
1012:Slaughter-House Cases
853:Beatty, Jack (2008).
788:Slaughter-House Cases
772:Slaughter-House Cases
735:Slaughter-House Cases
726:
591:Slaughter-House Cases
579:
565:Slaughter-House Cases
556:
548:Samuel Freeman Miller
541:Slaughter-House Cases
538:
473:
469:Samuel Freeman Miller
428:that centralized all
395:One writer described
337:Samuel Freeman Miller
276:Slaughter-House Cases
248:Slaughter-House Cases
24:Slaughter-House Cases
6618:Electoral Commission
6494:Clifton Riot of 1875
6248:Treaty of Washington
5940:Tenure of Office Act
5898:National Labor Union
5613:American Indian Wars
4463:Electoral Commission
4453:Greenback Convention
4216:Free people of color
4156:Federal bureaucracy
4096:Moderate Republicans
3823:Katzenbach v. Morgan
3570:Breedlove v. Suttles
3420:Graham v. Richardson
3313:Obergefell v. Hodges
3118:Breedlove v. Suttles
3051:Grutter v. Bollinger
2891:Jefferson v. Hackney
2560:Obergefell v. Hodges
2496:Edwards v. Aguillard
2376:Epperson v. Arkansas
2213:Harlow v. Fitzgerald
2148:Jenkins v. McKeithen
2041:Mazurek v. Armstrong
2001:Hodgson v. Minnesota
1961:Bellotti v. Baird II
1953:Colautti v. Franklin
1708:Economic substantive
1545:Slaughterhouse Cases
1536:Slaughterhouse Cases
1324:Amar, Akhil (2001).
1305:. Washington, D.C.:
776:Edward Samuel Corwin
531:Opinion of the Court
371:Matthew H. Carpenter
264:Fourteenth Amendment
7171:Health in Louisiana
6967:D. W. Griffith
6952:The Leopard's Spots
6842:The American Crisis
6776:Columbia University
6743:The Prostrate State
6737:James Shepherd Pike
6654:Posse Comitatus Act
6577:Trader post scandal
6365:Coinage Act of 1873
6139:Black Friday (1869)
5987:Peonage Act of 1867
5965:Reconstruction Acts
5945:Command of Army Act
5680:Militia Act of 1862
4091:Radical Republicans
4039:Rutherford B. Hayes
3754:Gregory v. Ashcroft
3722:Mills v. Habluetzel
3706:Zablocki v. Redhail
3650:Eisenstadt v. Baird
3586:Oyama v. California
3578:Skinner v. Oklahoma
3511:Shapiro v. Thompson
3428:Sugarman v. Dougall
3372:Porterfield v. Webb
3364:Terrace v. Thompson
3027:Missouri v. Jenkins
2971:Hunter v. Underwood
2915:Milliken v. Bradley
2907:Norwood v. Harrison
2859:McDaniel v. Barresi
2544:Troxel v. Granville
2424:Mathews v. Eldridge
2408:Taylor v. Louisiana
2285:Connick v. Thompson
2065:Gonzales v. Carhart
2049:Stenberg v. Carhart
2033:Lambert v. Wicklund
1945:Bellotti v. Baird I
1743:Lochner v. New York
1627:Minor v. Happersett
1509:Library of Congress
1309:. pp. 134–137.
1086:, pp. 1306–07.
1042:, pp. 1304–05.
285:McDonald v. Chicago
6986:Gone with the Wind
6849:John Hope Franklin
6705:Disenfranchisement
6677:Plessy v. Ferguson
6661:Civil Rights Cases
6623:Compromise of 1877
6514:Wheeler Compromise
6431:Vicksburg massacre
6416:Timber Culture Act
6406:Coushatta massacre
6345:Timber Culture Act
6299:Star Route scandal
6182:Justice Department
6079:Georgia v. Stanton
6068:Opelousas massacre
5659:American Civil War
4468:Compromise of 1877
4170:Justice Department
4134:Federal judiciary
4013:Federal government
3998:Reconstruction era
3815:Civil Rights Cases
3803:Enforcement Clause
3634:Oregon v. Mitchell
3626:Williams v. Rhodes
3452:Nyquist v. Mauclet
3412:Hernandez v. Texas
3297:Bowers v. Hardwick
3289:Sexual orientation
3166:Stanton v. Stanton
3158:Geduldig v. Aiello
3126:Goesaert v. Cleary
3043:Gratz v. Bollinger
2867:Palmer v. Thompson
2819:Hunter v. Erickson
2795:Loving v. Virginia
2763:Anderson v. Martin
2684:Shelley v. Kraemer
2628:Plessy v. Ferguson
2620:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
2472:Kolender v. Lawson
2368:Loving v. Virginia
2183:Imbler v. Pachtman
2160:Wood v. Strickland
2025:Leavitt v. Jane L.
1852:Bowers v. Hardwick
1767:Buchanan v. Warley
1696:Due Process Clause
1607:Citizenship Clause
1401:Tribe, Laurence H.
1307:Regnery Publishing
1252:Chemerinsky (2019)
1206:Harvard Law Review
1167:Quoted in part in
988:Chemerinsky (2019)
986:Quoted in part in
975:Chemerinsky (2019)
963:Chemerinsky (2019)
951:Chemerinsky (2019)
949:Quoted in part in
938:Chemerinsky (2019)
604:Citizenship Clause
544:
322:American Civil War
302:Due Process Clause
256:U.S. Supreme Court
141:Associate Justices
7156:1873 in Louisiana
7133:
7132:
7116:
7115:
7042:American frontier
6896:Kenneth M. Stampp
6713:
6712:
6555:Ellenton massacre
6396:Brooks–Baxter War
6145:Ex parte McCardle
5911:Ex parte Milligan
5800:Freedmen's Bureau
5716:National Bank Act
5594:
5593:
4429:Victoria Woodhull
4340:
4339:
4211:African Americans
4182:State governments
4165:Freedmen's Bureau
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3950:Trump v. Anderson
3942:Gold Clause Cases
3921:
3920:
3895:Tennessee v. Lane
3792:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3698:Trimble v. Gordon
3618:Levy v. Louisiana
3610:Rinaldi v. Yeager
3492:Bernal v. Fainter
3468:Ambach v. Norwick
3460:Foley v. Connelie
3356:Crane v. New York
3254:Lehr v. Robertson
3206:Caban v. Mohammed
2963:Palmore v. Sidoti
2803:Lee v. Washington
2787:Reitman v. Mulkey
2738:Gebhart v. Belton
2724:Briggs v. Elliott
2700:Sweatt v. Painter
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2456:Parratt v. Taylor
2440:Duren v. Missouri
2400:Arnett v. Kennedy
2328:Powell v. Alabama
2269:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
2154:Scheuer v. Rhodes
1969:H. L. v. Matheson
1876:Lawrence v. Texas
1812:Meyer v. Nebraska
1759:Coppage v. Kansas
1685:
1684:
1651:Perez v. Brownell
1414:978-1-56662-714-6
1356:978-1-4548-9574-9
1290:978-0-06-235451-8
1002:, § 14.3(b).
710:Joseph P. Bradley
677:Joseph P. Bradley
401:Mississippi River
268:U.S. Constitution
243:
242:
181:Joseph P. Bradley
59:Attorney-General;
7228:
6999:Race and Reunion
6946:Thomas Dixon Jr.
6836:William R. Brock
6826:C. Vann Woodward
6813:W. E. B. Du Bois
6803:Charles A. Beard
6763:Claude G. Bowers
6722:
6721:
6545:Hamburg massacre
6524:Pratt & Boyd
6489:Mississippi Plan
6446:Anti-Moiety Acts
6441:Sanborn incident
6233:Ku Klux Klan Act
5904:Ex parte Garland
5711:Ten percent plan
5603:
5602:
4349:
4348:
4300:Thaddeus Stevens
4285:Republican Party
4278:Samuel J. Tilden
4268:Bourbon Democrat
4263:Democratic Party
4034:Ulysses S. Grant
4009:
4008:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3927:
3926:
3839:Dellmuth v. Muth
3798:
3797:
3198:Parham v. Hughes
3174:Edwards v. Healy
3003:Freeman v. Pitts
2758:(M.D. Ala. 1956)
2755:Browder v. Gayle
2601:
2600:
2588:
2587:
2504:Turner v. Safley
2480:Hudson v. Palmer
2344:NAACP v. Alabama
1803:Right to privacy
1751:Muller v. Oregon
1719:Mugler v. Kansas
1704:
1703:
1691:
1690:
1667:Rogers v. Bellei
1602:
1601:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1456:
1432:
1418:
1396:
1379:
1360:
1337:
1311:
1310:
1298:
1292:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1212:(6): 1221–1303.
1197:
1191:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1109:
1103:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1065:
1059:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
947:
941:
935:
922:
921:
909:
903:
902:
891:
878:
877:
875:
873:
850:
811:
738:
697:Stephen J. Field
673:Stephen J. Field
665:
656:
647:
594:
593:, 83 U.S. at 78.
568:
567:, 83 U.S. at 71.
493:equal protection
382:
367:
349:Stephen J. Field
298:Second Amendment
169:Stephen J. Field
157:Samuel F. Miller
126:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
20:
7236:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7225:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7112:
7103:White supremacy
7046:
7005:
6993:David W. Blight
6921:
6831:Joel Williamson
6808:Howard K. Beale
6709:
6698:Giles v. Harris
6642:
6633:Desert Land Act
6606:
6533:
6460:
6384:
6370:Long Depression
6340:Colfax massacre
6323:
6304:Salary Grab Act
6272:
6211:
6192:Kirk–Holden war
6160:
6094:
6001:
5928:
5841:
5822:Shaw University
5761:
5747:Wade–Davis Bill
5735:
5684:
5590:
5544:
4566:
4520:
4474:
4354:
4336:
4273:Horatio Seymour
4199:
4183:
4176:
4024:Abraham Lincoln
4014:
4000:
3995:
3965:
3956:
3932:
3917:
3805:
3784:
3533:
3498:
3436:In re Griffiths
3380:Webb v. O'Brien
3319:
3284:
3105:
3035:Texas v. Lesage
2827:Hadnott v. Amos
2612:Pace v. Alabama
2595:
2574:
2352:Hoyt v. Florida
2291:
2221:Felder v. Casey
2117:
2111:
1898:
1797:
1775:Adams v. Tanner
1735:Holden v. Hardy
1709:
1698:
1681:
1659:Afroyim v. Rusk
1609:
1596:
1590:
1538: – PBS.com
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1444:
1425:
1415:
1376:
1357:
1315:
1314:
1299:
1295:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1245:
1241:
1218:10.2307/1341856
1198:
1194:
1179:
1175:
1171:, p. 1310.
1166:
1162:
1158:, p. 1310.
1154:
1150:
1146:, p. 1308.
1138:
1134:
1130:, p. 1308.
1126:
1122:
1118:, p. 1309.
1110:
1106:
1102:, p. 1307.
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1074:, p. 1306.
1066:
1062:
1058:, p. 1304.
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:, p. 1304.
1026:
1022:
1018:, p. 1305.
1010:
1006:
998:
994:
985:
981:
973:
969:
961:
957:
948:
944:
936:
925:
910:
906:
893:
892:
881:
871:
869:
867:
851:
840:
830:
818:
809:
784:Akhil Reed Amar
768:
760:Contract Clause
751:
745:
739:
733:
690:
689:
688:
687:
685:Slaughter-House
668:
667:
666:
658:
657:
649:
648:
637:
595:
589:
569:
563:
533:
521:
393:
392:
391:
390:
389:
383:
375:
374:
368:
357:
179:
167:
155:
145:Nathan Clifford
137:Salmon P. Chase
98:
60:
57:
46:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
7234:
7224:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7013:
7011:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6995:
6990:
6982:
6977:
6969:
6964:
6956:
6948:
6943:
6935:
6929:
6927:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6911:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6885:
6880:
6872:
6867:
6859:
6851:
6846:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6791:Dunning School
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6769:The Tragic Era
6765:
6760:
6752:
6747:
6739:
6734:
6728:
6726:
6725:Historiography
6719:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6694:
6689:
6681:
6673:
6665:
6657:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6599:
6597:1876 elections
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6451:1874 elections
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6354:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6314:1872 elections
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6219:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6202:1870 elections
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6172:15th Amendment
6168:
6166:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6113:
6108:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6085:1868 elections
6082:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6020:
6015:
6013:14th Amendment
6009:
6007:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5924:1866 elections
5920:
5919:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5895:
5888:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5775:
5773:13th Amendment
5769:
5767:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5752:1864 elections
5749:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5650:
5644:
5636:
5628:
5620:
5615:
5609:
5607:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5549:U.S. elections
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5462:
5454:
5449:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4305:Lyman Trumbull
4302:
4297:
4295:Charles Sumner
4292:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4029:Andrew Johnson
4026:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3946:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3762:Vacco v. Quill
3758:
3750:
3742:
3738:Clark v. Jeter
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3594:Oyler v. Boles
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3523:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3348:Heim v. McCall
3344:
3340:Truax v. Raich
3336:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3309:
3305:Romer v. Evans
3301:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3182:Craig v. Boren
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3150:Kahn v. Shevin
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2692:Perez v. Sharp
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2652:Smith v. Texas
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2596:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2448:Parham v. J.R.
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2360:Oyler v. Boles
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2142:Pierson v. Ray
2139:
2133:
2129:Monroe v. Pape
2124:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1700:
1699:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1635:Elk v. Wilkins
1631:
1623:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1540:
1532:
1523:
1491:Google Scholar
1459:
1458:
1457:
1442:
1424:
1423:External links
1421:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1397:
1380:
1374:
1361:
1355:
1347:Wolters Kluwer
1338:
1313:
1312:
1293:
1268:
1256:
1239:
1192:
1173:
1160:
1148:
1132:
1120:
1104:
1088:
1076:
1060:
1044:
1032:
1020:
1004:
992:
979:
967:
955:
942:
923:
904:
879:
866:978-1400032426
865:
837:
836:
829:
826:
825:
824:
817:
814:
802:Slaughterhouse
767:
764:
744:
741:
731:
722:Noah H. Swayne
714:Bill of Rights
681:Noah H. Swayne
679:(center), and
670:
669:
660:
659:
651:
650:
642:
641:
640:
639:
638:
636:
633:
587:
561:
532:
529:
520:
517:
430:slaughterhouse
384:
377:
376:
369:
362:
361:
360:
359:
358:
356:
353:
317:slaughterhouse
294:Slaughterhouse
241:
240:
236:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
211:
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
194:
193:
192:
191:
177:William Strong
153:Noah H. Swayne
142:
139:
134:
128:
127:
123:
122:
118:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
100:
99:
84:
68:
64:
63:
53:
52:Full case name
49:
48:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7233:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
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7194:
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7141:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7119:
7109:
7106:
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7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7068:Habeas corpus
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
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7000:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6936:
6934:
6933:Winslow Homer
6931:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6917:
6916:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6863:After Slavery
6860:
6857:
6856:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6628:Nez Perce War
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6519:Delano affair
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6411:Red River War
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6375:Comstock laws
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6335:Panic of 1873
6333:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
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6246:
6244:
6241:
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6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
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6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6157:
6154:
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6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6088:
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6083:
6081:
6080:
6076:
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6071:
6069:
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6060:
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6048:
6044:
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6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6019:
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6010:
6008:
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5998:
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5993:
5990:
5988:
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5980:
5978:
5975:
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5968:
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5958:
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5931:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5913:
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5908:
5906:
5905:
5901:
5899:
5896:
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5893:
5889:
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5884:
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5876:
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5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5827:New Departure
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
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5744:
5742:
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5732:
5729:
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5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
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5687:
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5678:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
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5660:
5657:
5654:
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5637:
5634:
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5626:
5625:
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5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5604:
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5597:
5587:
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5577:
5574:
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5569:
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5547:
5539:
5536:
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5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
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5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
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5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
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5484:
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5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5444:
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5441:
5436:
5433:
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5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
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5403:
5401:
5398:
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5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
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5349:
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5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5088:
5086:
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5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
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4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
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4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
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4743:
4741:
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4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
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4718:
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4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
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4684:
4681:
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4674:
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4669:
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4654:
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4648:
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4637:
4634:
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4627:
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4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
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4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:Gubernatorial
4569:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
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4517:
4514:
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4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
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4489:
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4481:
4477:
4469:
4466:
4464:
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4459:
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4427:
4425:
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4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4310:Benjamin Wade
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4233:Carpetbaggers
4231:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4179:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:Edwin Stanton
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3928:
3924:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3724:
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3719:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3551:
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3542:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:Plyler v. Doe
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:Frick v. Webb
3385:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
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2416:Goss v. Lopez
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2384:In re Winship
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2175:Paul v. Davis
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2081:Azar v. Garza
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133:Chief Justice
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16:
7108:Whitecapping
7078:Paramilitary
7051:Other topics
7032:Jim Crow era
6997:
6984:
6971:
6958:
6950:
6937:
6913:
6905:
6887:
6874:
6870:Leon Litwack
6861:
6853:
6840:
6817:
6781:John Burgess
6767:
6754:
6741:
6696:
6683:
6675:
6667:
6659:
6569:
6509:Whiskey Ring
6471:
6421:White League
6357:
6350:
6349:
6197:Shoffner Act
6143:
6116:
6077:
5960:Pulaski riot
5909:
5902:
5890:
5638:
5630:
5622:
5466:
5458:
4353:Presidential
4315:John Bingham
4253:White League
4238:Ku Klux Klan
4005:Participants
3948:
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3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
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3829:
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3813:
3776:
3770:Bush v. Gore
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3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3134:Reed v. Reed
3132:
3124:
3116:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:
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2985:
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2897:
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2722:
2714:
2706:
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2674:
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2642:
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2618:
2610:
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2550:
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2510:
2502:
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2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2320:Buck v. Bell
2318:
2310:
2302:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2127:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1675:Saenz v. Roe
1673:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1618:
1617:
1554:
1544:
1535:
1527:
1462:
1450:
1437:
1404:
1384:
1365:
1342:
1336:(3): 601–32.
1333:
1329:
1318:Bibliography
1317:
1316:
1302:
1296:
1279:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1242:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1176:
1169:Tribe (2000)
1163:
1156:Tribe (2000)
1151:
1144:Tribe (2000)
1139:
1135:
1128:Tribe (2000)
1123:
1116:Tribe (2000)
1111:
1107:
1100:Tribe (2000)
1095:
1091:
1084:Tribe (2000)
1079:
1072:Tribe (2000)
1067:
1063:
1056:Tribe (2000)
1051:
1047:
1040:Tribe (2000)
1035:
1028:Tribe (2000)
1023:
1016:Tribe (2000)
1011:
1007:
995:
982:
970:
958:
945:
917:
907:
898:
870:. Retrieved
855:
832:
831:
805:
801:
796:
787:
781:
771:
769:
755:
752:
734:
727:
719:
707:
694:
691:
684:
628:
622:
616:'s original
607:
601:
597:
590:
584:
580:
575:
571:
564:
557:
552:black slaves
545:
540:
522:
501:
482:
479:
474:
466:
462:
454:
450:Philadelphia
417:
413:yellow fever
394:
346:
334:
306:
293:
283:
275:
247:
246:
244:
234:Laws applied
184:
172:
160:
148:
103:Case history
78:
55:
15:
6901:Steven Hahn
6750:James Bryce
6309:Amnesty Act
5790:Black Codes
4479:U.S. Senate
4226:Politicians
4148:Waite Court
4143:Chase Court
4138:Taney Court
4020:Presidents
2695:(Cal. 1948)
2644:Lum v. Rice
1921:Roe v. Wade
1836:Roe v. Wade
1710:due process
1276:Foner, Eric
1264:Amar (2001)
1190: (1884)
899:cornell.edu
822:Chase Court
485:due process
426:corporation
397:New Orleans
313:New Orleans
165:David Davis
7140:Categories
7027:Gilded Age
6883:Eric Foner
6587:Cattellism
6484:Red Shirts
5599:Key events
4525:U.S. House
4258:Red Shirts
3190:Orr v. Orr
1518:OpenJurist
828:References
792:Eric Foner
747:See also:
702:common law
355:Background
95:U.S. LEXIS
93:394; 1872
6647:Aftermath
6358:Virginius
6294:Modoc War
4345:Elections
4290:Stalwarts
4248:Redeemers
4047:Congress
3503:Residency
1393:798148265
1226:0017-811X
671:Justices
458:franchise
446:Milwaukee
421:Louisiana
309:Louisiana
290:precedent
189:Ward Hunt
67:Citations
7125:Category
7093:Suffrage
6028:Timeline
4243:Scalawag
4221:Freedman
3324:Alienage
1595:case law
1526:Can the
1461:Text of
1403:(2000).
1278:(2014)
872:July 19,
816:See also
766:Analysis
732:—
720:Justice
708:Justice
695:Justice
675:(left),
635:Dissents
588:—
562:—
519:Decision
512:freedmen
497:freedmen
326:freedmen
300:via the
253:landmark
202:Majority
6718:Aspects
6117:Alabama
5783:Address
5606:Prelude
4562:1876–77
4557:1874–75
4552:1872–73
4547:1870–71
4542:1868–69
4537:1866–67
4532:1864–65
4516:1876–77
4511:1874–75
4506:1872–73
4501:1870–71
4496:1868–69
4491:1866–67
4486:1864–65
2719:(1954)
1482:Findlaw
1455:. 1920.
1234:1341856
409:cholera
328:in the
266:to the
262:of the
229:Bradley
226:Dissent
218:Dissent
210:Dissent
116:Holding
89:36; 21
7010:Legacy
7002:(2001)
6989:(1939)
6976:(1915)
6963:(1905)
6955:(1902)
6942:(1876)
6926:Memory
6918:(2019)
6910:(2003)
6892:(1988)
6879:(1979)
6866:(1965)
6858:(1947)
6845:(1963)
6822:(1935)
6772:(1929)
6759:(1888)
6746:(1874)
6701:(1903)
6688:(1898)
6680:(1896)
6672:(1883)
6664:(1883)
6656:(1878)
6360:Affair
6119:Claims
5676:(1862)
5655:(1850)
5649:(1848)
5643:(1839)
5635:(1838)
5627:(1792)
4204:Others
3953:(2024)
3945:(1935)
3914:(2013)
3906:(2006)
3898:(2004)
3890:(2003)
3882:(2001)
3874:(2000)
3866:(2000)
3858:(1999)
3850:(1997)
3842:(1989)
3834:(1976)
3826:(1966)
3818:(1883)
3781:(2012)
3773:(2000)
3765:(1997)
3757:(1991)
3749:(1988)
3741:(1988)
3733:(1985)
3725:(1982)
3717:(1979)
3709:(1978)
3701:(1977)
3693:(1976)
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3677:(1974)
3669:(1973)
3661:(1973)
3653:(1972)
3645:(1971)
3637:(1970)
3629:(1968)
3621:(1968)
3613:(1966)
3605:(1966)
3597:(1962)
3589:(1948)
3581:(1942)
3573:(1937)
3565:(1928)
3557:(1886)
3549:(1876)
3530:(1985)
3522:(1977)
3514:(1969)
3495:(1984)
3487:(1982)
3479:(1982)
3471:(1979)
3463:(1978)
3455:(1977)
3447:(1976)
3439:(1973)
3431:(1973)
3423:(1971)
3415:(1954)
3407:(1948)
3399:(1927)
3391:(1923)
3383:(1923)
3375:(1923)
3367:(1923)
3359:(1915)
3351:(1915)
3343:(1915)
3335:(1914)
3316:(2015)
3308:(1996)
3300:(1986)
3281:(2024)
3273:(1996)
3265:(1994)
3257:(1983)
3249:(1982)
3241:(1981)
3233:(1981)
3225:(1980)
3217:(1979)
3209:(1979)
3201:(1979)
3193:(1979)
3185:(1976)
3177:(1975)
3169:(1975)
3161:(1974)
3153:(1974)
3145:(1972)
3137:(1971)
3129:(1948)
3121:(1937)
3102:(2023)
3094:(2016)
3086:(2014)
3078:(2013)
3070:(2007)
3062:(2005)
3054:(2003)
3046:(2003)
3038:(1999)
3030:(1995)
3022:(1993)
3014:(1992)
3006:(1992)
2998:(1991)
2990:(1989)
2982:(1986)
2974:(1985)
2966:(1984)
2958:(1982)
2950:(1982)
2942:(1978)
2934:(1977)
2926:(1977)
2918:(1974)
2910:(1973)
2902:(1973)
2894:(1972)
2886:(1971)
2878:(1971)
2870:(1971)
2862:(1971)
2854:(1971)
2846:(1969)
2838:(1969)
2830:(1969)
2822:(1969)
2814:(1968)
2806:(1968)
2798:(1967)
2790:(1967)
2782:(1964)
2774:(1964)
2766:(1964)
2750:(1955)
2711:(1950)
2703:(1950)
2687:(1948)
2679:(1948)
2671:(1944)
2663:(1943)
2655:(1940)
2647:(1927)
2639:(1899)
2631:(1896)
2623:(1886)
2615:(1883)
2571:(2016)
2563:(2015)
2555:(2009)
2547:(2000)
2539:(1997)
2531:(1990)
2523:(1989)
2515:(1989)
2507:(1987)
2499:(1987)
2491:(1985)
2483:(1984)
2475:(1983)
2467:(1982)
2459:(1981)
2451:(1979)
2443:(1979)
2435:(1977)
2427:(1976)
2419:(1975)
2411:(1975)
2403:(1974)
2395:(1974)
2387:(1971)
2379:(1968)
2371:(1967)
2363:(1962)
2355:(1961)
2347:(1958)
2339:(1950)
2331:(1932)
2323:(1927)
2315:(1922)
2307:(1905)
2288:(2011)
2280:(2010)
2272:(2009)
2264:(2009)
2256:(2005)
2248:(2003)
2240:(2002)
2232:(1989)
2224:(1988)
2216:(1982)
2208:(1980)
2200:(1978)
2194:(1978)
2186:(1976)
2178:(1976)
2170:(1975)
2162:(1975)
2156:(1974)
2150:(1969)
2144:(1967)
2138:(1963)
2132:(1961)
2118:under
2108:(2022)
2100:(2020)
2092:(2019)
2084:(2018)
2076:(2016)
2068:(2007)
2060:(2006)
2052:(2000)
2044:(1997)
2036:(1997)
2028:(1996)
2020:(1992)
2012:(1990)
2004:(1990)
1996:(1989)
1988:(1986)
1980:(1983)
1972:(1981)
1964:(1979)
1956:(1979)
1948:(1976)
1940:(1976)
1932:(1973)
1924:(1973)
1916:(1971)
1895:(2022)
1887:(2016)
1879:(2003)
1871:(1992)
1863:(1989)
1855:(1986)
1847:(1973)
1839:(1973)
1831:(1965)
1823:(1925)
1815:(1923)
1794:(1937)
1786:(1931)
1778:(1917)
1770:(1917)
1762:(1915)
1754:(1908)
1746:(1905)
1738:(1898)
1730:(1897)
1722:(1887)
1678:(1999)
1670:(1971)
1662:(1967)
1654:(1958)
1646:(1898)
1638:(1884)
1630:(1875)
1622:(1873)
1551:C-SPAN
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1500:Justia
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1411:
1391:
1372:
1353:
1288:
1232:
1224:
863:
491:, and
448:, and
442:Boston
221:Swayne
187:
185:·
183:
175:
173:·
171:
163:
161:·
159:
151:
149:·
147:
91:L. Ed.
5443:1876
5381:1875
5309:1874
5252:1873
5165:1872
5098:1871
5031:1870
4964:1869
4882:1868
4830:1867
4768:1866
4711:1865
4649:1864
4577:1863
3931:Other
3538:Other
2296:Other
1549:from
1475:Wall.
1469:
1230:JSTOR
1183:
833:Notes
405:offal
108:Prior
87:Wall.
6611:1877
6538:1876
6465:1875
6389:1874
6328:1873
6277:1872
6216:1871
6165:1870
6099:1869
6006:1868
5933:1867
5846:1866
5766:1865
5740:1864
5689:1863
5586:1876
5581:1874
5576:1872
5571:1870
5566:1868
5561:1866
5556:1864
5467:Nov.
5459:Apr.
4438:1876
4404:1872
4385:1868
4361:1864
2604:Race
1473:(16
1471:U.S.
1409:ISBN
1389:OCLC
1370:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1222:ISSN
1185:U.S.
874:2013
861:ISBN
770:The
411:and
245:The
97:1139
80:more
72:U.S.
5465:CT
5457:CT
4448:RNC
4443:DNC
4414:RNC
4409:DNC
4395:RNC
4390:DNC
4366:DNC
3110:Sex
1553:'s
1449:".
1214:doi
1210:108
1188:746
1181:111
812:".
292:of
85:16
70:83
7142::
5538:WV
5533:VT
5528:SC
5523:RI
5518:NC
5513:MO
5508:MI
5503:ME
5498:MA
5493:LA
5488:KS
5483:IN
5478:IL
5473:FL
5452:CO
5447:AL
5435:WI
5430:OH
5425:OH
5420:MN
5415:ME
5410:MD
5405:MA
5400:KY
5395:IA
5390:CT
5385:CA
5373:VT
5368:SC
5363:OR
5358:NV
5353:NJ
5348:MO
5343:MI
5338:ME
5333:MA
5328:KS
5323:DE
5318:CT
5313:AL
5301:WI
5296:VA
5291:TX
5286:OH
5281:MS
5276:MN
5271:ME
5266:MA
5261:IA
5256:CT
5244:WV
5239:VT
5234:SC
5229:RI
5224:PA
5219:NC
5214:MO
5209:MI
5204:ME
5199:MA
5194:LA
5189:IN
5184:IL
5179:FL
5174:CT
5169:AL
5157:WI
5152:RI
5147:OH
5142:NJ
5137:MN
5132:ME
5127:MD
5122:MA
5117:KY
5112:IA
5107:CT
5102:CA
5090:WV
5085:VT
5080:SC
5075:RI
5070:OR
5065:MO
5060:MI
5055:ME
5050:MA
5045:DE
5040:CT
5035:AL
5023:WI
5018:VT
5013:VA
5008:RI
5003:PA
4998:OH
4993:MS
4988:MN
4983:ME
4978:MA
4973:IA
4968:CT
4956:WV
4951:VT
4946:SC
4941:NJ
4936:NC
4931:MO
4926:MI
4921:ME
4916:MA
4911:LA
4906:IN
4901:IL
4896:FL
4891:CT
4886:AL
4874:WI
4869:VT
4864:OH
4859:MN
4854:ME
4849:MD
4844:MA
4839:CT
4834:CA
4822:WV
4817:VT
4812:TX
4807:PA
4802:OR
4797:NC
4792:MI
4787:ME
4782:MA
4777:DE
4772:CT
4760:WI
4755:VT
4750:SC
4745:OH
4740:NJ
4735:MN
4730:MA
4725:LA
4720:FL
4715:CT
4703:WV
4698:VT
4693:NH
4688:MO
4683:MI
4678:MA
4673:MD
4668:LA
4663:IN
4658:IL
4653:CT
4641:WV
4636:WI
4631:VT
4626:VA
4621:PA
4616:OH
4611:NH
4606:MN
4601:MA
4596:KY
4591:CT
4586:CA
4581:AL
4086:45
4081:44
4076:43
4071:42
4066:41
4061:40
4056:39
4051:38
1467:83
1465:,
1349:.
1334:28
1332:.
1328:.
1228:.
1220:.
1208:.
1204:.
926:^
916:.
897:.
882:^
841:^
806:do
762:.
554:.
487:,
444:,
440:,
436:,
75:36
3990:e
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3976:v
1585:e
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1571:v
1547:"
1445:"
1417:.
1395:.
1378:.
1359:.
1236:.
1216::
920:.
901:.
876:.
810:'
83:)
77:(
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