1252:
1946:
1547:
5027:"king"), thereby connecting them to the Byzantine Emperor's denomination. Melkite Syriacs were mostly concentrated around Antioch and adjacent regions of northern Syria and used Syriac as their literary and liturgical language. The Melkite community also included the Aramaic-speaking Jewish converts to Christianity in Palestine and the Orthodox Christians of Transjordan. During the 5th-6th centuries, they were engaged in literary work (mainly translation) in Palestinian Christian Aramaic, a Western Aramaic dialect, using a script closely resembling the Estrangela cursive of Osrhoene.
10634:
1205:, modern scholars were left with no indications of native Aramaic adoption of Syrian/Syriac labels before the 5th century. In the same time, a growing body of later sources showed that both in Greek, and in native literature, those labels were most commonly used as designations for Aramaic language in general, including its various dialects (both eastern and western), thus challenging the conventional scholarly reduction of the term "Syriac language" to a specific designation for Edessan Aramaic. Such use, that excludes non-Edessan dialects, and particularly those of
85:
1184:
5074:
Palestinian
Melkites were mostly Jewish converts to Christianity, who had a long tradition of using Palestinian Aramaic dialects as literary languages. Closely associated with the Palestinian Melkites were the Melkites of Transjordan, who also used Palestinian Christian Aramaic. Another community of Aramaic-speaking Melkites existed in the vicinity of Antioch and parts of Syria. These Melkites used Classical Syriac as a written language, the common literary language of the overwhelming majority of Christian Arameans.
2932:
1439:
879:
10623:
1004:
1676:
1535:
4446:
4470:
10645:
11547:
10526:
4458:
1218:
1099:
1728:
11535:
953:
403:
1707:, started to gain prominence and regional significance. There are about eighty extant early inscriptions, written in Old-Edessan Aramaic, dated to the first three centuries AD, with the earliest inscription being dated to the 6th year AD, and the earliest parchment to 243 AD. All of these early examples of the language are non-Christian.
4717:
Urhay/Edessa, or "Edessene (Aramaic)". The existence of this term must indicate that Syriac, which came to be adopted as the literary and cultural language of
Aramaic-speaking Christians throughout the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire and over the border in the Sassanid Empire, started out as the local Aramaic dialect of Edessa.
1383:, which were founded by western scholars at the end of the 15th century, main terminological issues related to the name and classification of the language known as Edessan Aramaic, and also referred to by several other names combined of Syrian/Syriac labels, remain opened and unsolved. Some of those issues have special
5047:"The west Syriac tradition covers the Syriac Orthodox, Maronite, and Melkite churches, though the Melkites changed their Church's rite to that of Constantinople in the 9th-11th centuries, which required new translations of all its liturgical books.", quote from the book The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, p.917
4716:
Syriac is nothing other than a literary dialect of
Aramaic which possesses its own distinctive script. Early Syriac writers use a variety of terms to refer to the language, but besides the more general terms "Aramaya" (Aramaic) and "Suryaya" (Syriac), a third term stands out, "Urhaya," the dialect of
1263:
Inconsistent use of "Syrian/Syriac" labels in scholarly literature has led some researchers to raise additional questions, related not only to terminological issues but also to some more fundamental (methodological) problems, that were undermining the integrity of the field. Attempts to resolve those
1797:
in the Syriac-speaking world. As a result, Syriac developed distinctive western and eastern varieties. Although remaining a single language with a high level of comprehension between the varieties, the two employ distinctive variations in pronunciation and writing system, and, to a lesser degree, in
1618:. Neo-Syriac languages did not develop directly from Classical Syriac, but rather from closely related dialects belonging to the same branch of Aramaic. Those dialects have long co-existed with Classical Syriac as a liturgical and literary language, and were significantly influenced by it during the
1082:
Plurality of terms among native speakers (ārāmāyā, urhāyā, naḥrāyā, and suryāyā) was not reflected in Greek and Latin terminology, that preferred Syrian/Syriac designation, and the same preference was adopted by later scholars, with one important distinction: in western scholarly use, Syrian/Syriac
3650:
Phonetically, there is some variation in the pronunciation of Syriac in its various forms. The various Modern
Eastern Aramaic vernaculars have quite different pronunciations, and these sometimes influence how the classical language is pronounced, for example, in public prayer. Classical Syriac has
5073:
The main center of
Aramaic-speaking Melkites was Palestine. During the 5th-6th centuries, they were engaged in literary, mainly translation work in the local Western Aramaic dialect, known as "Palestinian Christian Aramaic", using a script closely resembling the cursive Estrangela of Osrhoene.
1710:
As a language of public life and administration in the region of
Osroene, Edessan Aramaic was gradually given a relatively coherent form, style and grammar that is lacking in other Aramaic dialects of the same period. Since Old-Edessan Aramaic later developed into Classical Syriac, it was
1913:
Syriac literature is by far the most prodigious of the various
Aramaic languages. Its corpus covers poetry, prose, theology, liturgy, hymnody, history, philosophy, science, medicine and natural history. Much of this wealth remains unavailable in critical editions or modern translation.
4601:
The Syriac writers of Qatar themselves produced some of the best and most sophisticated writing to be found in all Syriac literature of the seventh century, but they have not received the scholarly attention that they deserve in the last half century. This volume seeks to redress this
1836:) developed under the strong influence of local Aramaic (Syriac) dialects, sharing significant similarities in language structure, as well as having evident and stark influences from previous (ancient) languages of the region. Syriac-influenced Arabic dialects developed among
1792:
In 489, many Syriac-speaking
Christians living in the eastern reaches of the Roman Empire fled to the Sasanian Empire to escape persecution and growing animosity with Greek-speaking Christians. The Christological differences with the Church of the East led to the bitter
4688:
The fact that the Syriac language can be known as suryāyā (the adjectival form of "Syrian" in the old sense), aramāyā (formed from "Aramean"), or urhāyā (formed from the
Aramaic name Edessa, Urhay) shows the complexity of identity and self-definition within this
1571:
History of Syriac language is divided into several successive periods, defined primarily by linguistic, and also by cultural criteria. Some terminological and chronological distinctions exist between different classifications, that were proposed among scholars.
1272:" (only) remained a manner of convenience, even in titles of works, including encyclopedic entries, thus creating a large body of unspecific references, that became a base for the emergence of several new classes of terminological problems at the advent of the
1359:
from the third millennium BC, that is unrelated to the much later
Edessan Aramaic, and its early phases, that were commonly labeled as Old/Proto- or even Paleo/Palaeo-Syrian/Syriac in scholarly literature. Newest addition to the terminological mosaic occurred
3667:
pairs. In different variations of a certain lexical root, a root consonant might exist in stop form in one variation and fricative form in another. In the Syriac alphabet, a single letter is used for each pair. Sometimes a dot is placed above the letter
1600:), represents the most important period in the history of the language, marked by notable literary, liturgical and cultural development and expansion, from the third to the thirteenth century. The period is further subdivided into three stages:
1124:
600) by an unknown author, several questions had to be reexamined. In regard to the scope and usage of Syrian/Syriac labels in linguistic terminology, some modern scholars have noted that diversity of Aramaic dialects in the wider historical
1083:
label was subsequently reduced from the original Greek designation for Aramaic language in general to a more specific (narrower) designation for Edessan Aramaic language, that in its literary and liturgical form came to be known as
1047:. Among ancient Greeks, term "Syrian language" was used as a common designation for Aramaic language in general, and such usage was also reflected in Aramaic, by subsequent (acquired) use of the term "Suryaya" as the most preferred
4745:
This chapter summarizes linguistic data on Classical Syriac, one of the best attested of the literary dialects of Aramaic (alongside Jewish Aramaic and Mandaic). Classical Syriac survives in restricted ecclesiastical and literary
1120:(d. 373), who was thus believed to be proponent of various linguistic notions and tendencies expressed in the mentioned work. Since modern scholarly analyses have shown that the work in question was written much later (
1054:
Practice of interchangeable naming (Aramaya, Urhaya, Nahraya, and Suryaya) persisted for centuries, in common use and also in works of various prominent writers. One of those who used various terms was theologian
2346:
However, very quickly in the development of Classical Syriac, the emphatic state became the ordinary form of the noun, and the absolute and construct states were relegated to certain stock phrases (for example,
1347:
languages. Such differences in classification, both terminological and substantial, within systems and between systems (ISO and MARC), led to the creation of several additional problems, that remain unresolved.
7720:
Grammar of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac: As Spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, North-West Persia and the Plain of Mosul, with Notices of the Vernacular of the Jews of Azerbijan and of Zakhu near
1422:-speaking communities, thus opening additional questions related to linguistic and cultural identity of those communities. Legal and other practical (educational and informational) aspects of the linguistic
8613:
1209:
provenience, persist as an accepted convention, but in the same time stands in contradiction both with original Greek, and later native (acquired) uses of Syrian/Syriac labels as common designations for
5038:"JACOB BARCLAY, Melkite Orthodox Syro-Byzantine Manuscripts in Syriac and Palestinian Aramaic" quote from the German book Internationale Zeitschriftenschau für Bibelwissenschaft und Grenzgebiete, p. 291
2420:. In this case, both nouns continue to be in the emphatic state, but the first has the suffix that makes it literally read "her taxes" ("kingdom" is feminine), and thus is "her taxes, of the kingdom".
2089:
In August 2016, the Ourhi Centre was founded by the Assyrian community in the city of Qamishli, to educate teachers in order to make Syriac an additional language to be taught in public schools in the
2408:, where both nouns are in the emphatic state. Very closely related nouns can be drawn into a closer grammatical relationship by the addition of a pronominal suffix. Thus, the phrase can be written as
944:
level. Several compound terms like "Syriac Aramaic", "Syrian Aramaic" or "Syro-Aramaic" are also used, thus emphasizing both the Aramaic nature of the language and its Syrian/Syriac regional origin.
1576:"Old Syriac" (Old-Edessan Aramaic), represents the earliest stage in development of the language, that emerged by the beginning of the first century AD as the main Aramaic dialect in the region of
1603:
Early Classical Syriac (Pre-Classical Syriac), represents the earliest stage in development of Classical Syriac during the third and fourth century, preceding the later linguistic standardization.
1609:
Late Classical Syriac (Post-Classical Syriac), represents the later, somewhat declining stage in development of Classical Syriac, from the eighth century up to the twelfth or thirteenth century.
1307:) as a designation for the old literary and liturgical language, thus confirming the proper use of the term. In the same time, within the MARC standard, code syc was accepted as designation for
1376:", thus introducing another ambiguous term, that can be used, in its generic meaning, to any local variant of Aramaic that occurred in central regions of Syria during any period in history.
2292:(masculine or feminine), they can be either singular or plural in number (a very few can be dual) and can exist in one of three grammatical states. These states should not be confused with
2016:
has been employed since the early decades of the 20th century. Modern forms of literary Syriac have also been used not only in religious literature but also in secular genres, often with
6244:
5021:
In contrast to "Nestorians" and "Jacobites", a small group of Syriacs accepted the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon. Non-Chalcedonian Syriacs called them "Melkites" (from Aramaic
4201:
As with most Semitic languages, the vowels of Syriac are mostly subordinated to consonants. Especially in the presence of an emphatic consonant, vowels tend to become mid-centralised.
8607:
8565:
1251:
2116:, collations of three Syriac consonants. New words are built from these three consonants with variable vowel and consonant sets. For example, the following words belong to the root
2952:
1606:
Classical Syriac (in the narrower sense of the term), represents the main, standardized stage in development of Classical Syriac, from the fourth century up to the eighth century.
524:
is the academic term used to refer to the dialect's literary usage and standardization, distinguishing it from other Aramaic dialects also known as 'Syriac' or 'Syrian'. In its
2542:
such as are present in other Semitic languages. These are regular modifications of the verb's root to express other changes in meaning. The first stem is the ground state, or
1171:(Aramaya/Oromoyo) among its speakers has continued throughout the medieval period, as attested by the works of prominent writers, including the Oriental Orthodox Patriarch
2950:
1770:
began to use local Aramaic dialect as the language of worship. Early literary efforts were focused on creation of an authoritative Aramaic translation of the Bible, the
1160:), thus showing that dialect of the "Syrians" (Aramaic speakers of proper Syria) was known to be different from that of the "Osroenians" (speakers of Edessan Aramaic).
1110:
Preference of early scholars towards the use of the Syrian/Syriac label was also relied upon its notable use as an alternative designation for Aramaic language in the "
4660:, the Syriac language is in fact called mamllā Urhāyā (2a9) or leššānā Urhāyā (2b, 12-13), mamllā Nahrāyā (2b, 19-20), the Edessan or Mesopotamian tongue or language.
8623:
1248:" as a strict and clear scientific designation for the old literary and liturgical language, but the consistency of such use was never achieved within the field.
6270:
11455:
2366:
noun relationships are built using the construct state, but contrary to the genitive case, it is the head-noun which is marked by the construct state. Thus,
2951:
2531:. Such pronouns are usually omitted in the case of the third person. This use of the participle to mark the present tense is the most common of a number of
1142:
the Osroënians, the Syrians, the people of the Euphrates, the Palestinians, and the Phoenicians all speak Syriac, but with many differences in pronunciation
9876:
1821:
and surrounding regions. It existed in literary (liturgical) form, as well as in vernacular forms, as the native language of Syriac-speaking populations.
1237:
for Aramaic language in general, while other (conventional and narrower) designating only the Edessan Aramaic, also referred to more specifically as the "
716:, and by the third and fourth centuries, local Edessan Aramaic language became the vehicle of the specific Christian culture that came to be known as the
8146:"Some Preliminary Remarks on the Origins of Classical Syriac as a Standard Language: The Syriac Version of Eusebius of Caesarea's Ecclesiastical History"
7301:"Neither Syriac-speaking nor Syrian Orthodox Christians: Harput Assyrians in the United States as a Model for Ethnic Self-Categorization and Expression"
1144:". Theodoret's regional (provincial) differentiation of Aramaic dialects included an explicit distinction between the "Syrians" (as Aramaic speakers of
2094:
2040:
11582:
10563:
5772:
4355:, with some speakers distinguishing five qualities of such vowels, and others only distinguishing three. Vowel length is generally not important:
6161:
1351:
Within linguistics, mosaic of terminological ambiguities related to Syrian/Syriac labels was additionally enriched by introduction of the term "
10499:
6248:
5801:
1824:
Following the Arab conquest in the 7th century, vernacular forms of Syriac were gradually replaced during the next centuries by the advancing
1880:
2550:(this name models the shape of the root) form of the verb, which carries the usual meaning of the word. The next is the intensive stem, or
7613:
The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers
669:. It flourished from the 4th to the 8th century, and continued to have an important role during the next centuries, but by the end of the
8712:
4528:
662:
8599:
6301:
6188:
2378:, means "the taxes of the kingdom". Quickly, the construct relationship was abandoned and replaced by the use of the relative particle
1789:
was producing the most treasured collection of poetry and theology in the Edessan Aramaic language, that later became known as Syriac.
11347:
10602:
10475:
8061:(2nd ed.). John Huehnergard and Na‘ama Pat-El (eds.), The Semitic Languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 653–678.
661:
rites. Following the spread of Syriac Christianity, it also became a liturgical language of eastern Christian communities as far as
9869:
9280:
2427:
2028:
1264:
issues were unsuccessful, and in many scholarly works, related to the old literary and liturgical language, reduction of the term "
1494:
into its current form. Before Arabic became the dominant language, Syriac was a major language among Christian communities in the
11617:
10780:
10470:
10410:
9237:
9212:
8639:
8168:
2079:
7448:
11095:
11089:
10197:
9270:
9255:
7671:
851:
9265:
6799:
6735:
6046:
5492:
5365:
5235:
5149:
5127:
5002:
4905:
4523:
7863:
1402:(2003), those issues have acquired additional complexity, related to legal recognition of the language and its name. In the
917:), this specific dialect that originated in northeastern Syria became known under its regional (Syrian/Syriac) designation (
10556:
10071:
7165:
412:
11430:
9862:
9300:
9295:
8431:
8277:
Includes the Estrangela (pp. 59–113), Madnhaya (pp. 191–206), and the Western Serto (pp. 173–190) scripts.
4130:
4119:
3534:
3472:
382:
8561:
YouTube video: Associate professor Svante Lundgren explains the history and origin of the term "Syriac" (Suryoyo/Suroyo)
1999:
Revivals of literary Syriac in recent times have led to some success with the creation of newspapers in written Syriac (
1140:
466), who accepted Syrian/Syriac labels as common Greek designations for the Aramaic language in general, stating that "
11107:
8274:
1809:
in central and northeastern Mesopotamia. Religious divisions were also reflected in linguistic differences between the
1233:" has come to have two distinctive meanings, wider and narrower, with first (historical and wider) serving as a common
6924:
6278:
10146:
8537:
8514:
8491:
8468:
8420:
8397:
8374:
8338:
8315:
8294:
8218:
8157:
8134:
8100:
8077:
8017:
7993:
7970:
7944:
7773:
7729:
7704:
7571:
7547:
7524:
7501:
7478:
7437:
7403:
7382:
7312:
7289:
7268:
7219:
7140:
7114:
7090:
7064:
6992:
6958:
6910:
6866:
6785:
6761:
6697:
6645:
6621:
6549:
6509:
6486:
6463:
6442:
6373:
5066:
4827:
4800:
4738:
4709:
4681:
4649:
4594:
1872:
1868:
835:
457:
10633:
2986:
Phonologically, like the other Northwest Semitic languages, Syriac has 22 consonants. The consonantal phonemes are:
1043:(Syrian/Syriac), adopted under the influence of a long-standing Greek custom of referring to speakers of Aramaic as
11489:
10400:
10140:
10134:
9227:
6972:
4064:
3623:
2100:
In April 2023, a team of AI researchers completed the first AI translation model and website for classical Syriac.
1864:
839:
17:
8608:
Leshono Suryoyo – Die traditionelle Aussprache des Westsyrischen – The traditional pronunciation of Western Syriac
8575:
7959:"Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic in the Churchof the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800"
7690:
4381:. In almost all dialects, the full sets of possible diphthongs collapses into two or three actual pronunciations:
11632:
10775:
10549:
10395:
10182:
10041:
9232:
9222:
8705:
5554:
4513:
4276:
4013:
3587:
1584:, and continued to develop during the next two or three centuries, gradually gaining wider regional significance.
372:
1244:
Noting the problem, scholars have tried to resolve the issue by being more consistent in their use of the term "
11170:
11155:
11137:
11113:
11018:
10843:
10465:
10115:
9495:
7621:
7333:
6671:
4508:
4299:
4089:
3490:
2426:
always agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. Adjectives are in the absolute state if they are
1922:
1876:
843:
3793:
fricatives, another class of consonants typically found in Semitic languages. Syriac also has a rich array of
1323:". Within ISO 639 system, large body of unspecific references related to various linguistic uses of the term "
11602:
11024:
10985:
10899:
10770:
10380:
9975:
9217:
9127:
1277:
43:
5833:
5605:
1304:
329:
11622:
11612:
11592:
11509:
11484:
11420:
11184:
10109:
9290:
9275:
4285:
4041:
4020:
3561:
3420:
2082:
which had denied it permission, but was required to respect non-Muslim minority rights as specified in the
1945:
1907:
972:), another endonymic term was also used, designating more specifically the local Edessan dialect, known as
811:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4374:
4348:
4344:
4340:
3782:
3778:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3749:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3693:
1587:"Middle Syriac" (Middle-Edessan Aramaic), most commonly known as "Classical Syriac" or "Literary Syriac" (
720:. Because of theological differences, Syriac-speaking Christians diverged during the 5th century into the
409:
This article contains Syriac text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined.
11607:
11577:
11494:
11440:
11303:
11001:
10720:
10695:
10689:
10612:
10482:
10299:
10158:
10056:
10050:
10020:
9798:
9285:
8994:
8585:
7635:
4253:
4103:
4096:
3570:
3463:
1895:
1891:
1511:
1221:
Syriac "Codex Ambrosianus" (F. 128) from the 11th century (CORRECTION: here the text is in Greek cursive)
815:
799:
666:
205:
1711:
retroactively labeled by western scholars as "Old Syrian/Syriac" or "Proto-Syrian/Syriac", although the
11627:
11597:
11587:
11504:
10726:
10126:
10026:
9933:
9148:
9141:
8698:
4602:
underdevelopment by setting the standard for further research in the sub-field of Beth Qatraye studies.
4436:
4317:
4141:
4027:
3943:
3925:
3640:
3632:
3579:
3508:
1899:
803:
11149:
8853:
7364:(1st ed.). Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale, Seminario di studi asiatici. pp. 75–82.
10101:
9989:
9908:
9714:
9101:
9077:
9064:
8800:
8780:
8745:
8307:
Controlling Contested Places: Late Antique Antioch and the Spatial Politics of Religious Controversyd
7982:"From Lingua Franca to Endangered Language: The Legal Aspects of the Preservation of Aramaic in Iraq"
7954:
6384:
4324:
4075:
4048:
3638:
3630:
3621:
3612:
3603:
3594:
3585:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3525:
3523:
3515:
3506:
3497:
3488:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3444:
3435:
3427:
3418:
3410:
3401:
779:
medium of expression, Syriac had a fundamental cultural and literary influence on the development of
614:
466:
215:
200:
6973:"Jacob the Annotator: Jacob's Annotations to His Revised Translation of Severus' Cathedral Homilies"
4580:
11572:
11425:
10963:
10714:
10339:
10203:
9997:
9506:
9204:
7787:
5808:
5057:
Arman Akopian (11 December 2017). "Other branches of Syriac Christianity: Melkites and Maronites".
4262:
3984:
3605:
2501:
1903:
1860:
1630:
1206:
928:, the term "Syriac" is preferred over the alternative form "Syrian", since the latter is much more
831:
807:
794:
to this day. It is used as liturgical language of several denominations, like those who follow the
10622:
1546:
11514:
11048:
11036:
10909:
10808:
10284:
10191:
9548:
9485:
9095:
8750:
7607:
6135:
4034:
3970:
3950:
3932:
3517:
3454:
3446:
3412:
2621:
The basic G-stem or "Peal" conjugation of "to write" in the perfect and imperfect is as follows:
2479:
1829:
8663:
2113:
870:
in the 9th-11th centuries, necessitating new translations of all their Syriac liturgical books.
11269:
10881:
10683:
10677:
10585:
with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans
10324:
10309:
10167:
9941:
9922:
8926:
8763:
8740:
8735:
8618:
8593:
8243:"The Language of Creation or the Primordial Language: A Case of Cultural Polemics in Antiquity"
7079:"Scribal Tradition and the Transmission of Syriac Literature in Late Antiquity and Early Islam"
7006:
4082:
3830:
3437:
2024:
2013:
1856:
1852:
1802:
1491:
1116:", long held to be the 4th century work of an authoritative writer and revered Christian saint
827:
823:
733:
268:
195:
10785:
10405:
9186:
8681:
7864:"The Evolution of the Syrian Orthodox Church in the Pre-Islamic Period: From Greek to Syriac?"
7489:
6398:"Assyrians, Syrians and the Greek Language in the late Hellenistic and Roman Imperial Periods"
964:
terms as designations for their language. In addition to common endonym (native name) for the
10893:
10869:
9842:
9445:
9170:
8839:
8825:
8385:
4582:
4518:
4371:
4169:
4113:
3897:
3886:
3813:
3614:
3552:
3543:
1921:
as the spoken language of much of the region, excepting northern Iraq and Mount Lebanon. The
1615:
1539:
678:
185:
8672:
7257:"Syriac in a Diverse Middle East: From the Mongol Ilkhanate to Ottoman Dominance, 1286–1517"
6196:
11476:
11462:
11410:
11385:
11375:
11365:
11360:
11355:
11119:
10813:
10455:
10289:
10264:
9769:
9511:
8904:
3977:
3852:
3790:
3429:
2431:
2017:
1841:
1638:
1634:
1403:
1172:
925:
10644:
7166:"Christian Aramaism: The Birth and Growth of Aramaic Scholarship in the Sixteenth Century"
6563:
84:
8:
11551:
11435:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11380:
11298:
11060:
10969:
10887:
10875:
10823:
10818:
10658:
10638:
10597:
10530:
10504:
10359:
10344:
10304:
9885:
9783:
9452:
9395:
9323:
9309:
9180:
8975:
8936:
7936:
Memory and Identity in the Syriac Cave of Treasures: Rewriting the Bible in Sasanian Iran
7714:
4493:
4488:
4462:
4005:
3680:) to mark that the stop pronunciation is required, and a dot is placed below the letter (
3664:
3174:
2559:
1833:
1712:
1680:
1653:
1423:
791:
748:
717:
674:
658:
654:
646:
642:
167:
1817:. During the 5th and the 6th century, Syriac reached its height as the lingua franca of
517:
11637:
11450:
11370:
11291:
11264:
10981:
10607:
10415:
10319:
10249:
9963:
8369:. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 531–584.
8193:
7921:
7886:
7557:
7124:
7100:
7074:
7050:
7034:
7018:
7002:
6968:
6944:
6920:
6896:
6876:
6850:
6836:
6824:
6795:
6771:
6745:
6721:
6707:
6681:
6655:
6631:
6607:
6579:
6559:
6535:
6519:
6417:
4781:
4450:
3825:
3808:
3774:
2505:
2471:
2289:
2083:
2044:
1806:
1696:
1684:
1487:
1459:
1133:
721:
705:
9626:
9516:
8649:
8267:
Learn to Write Aramaic: A Step-by-Step Approach to the Historical & Modern Scripts
8043:
8027:
5655:
1661:
1226:
362:
11445:
11415:
11242:
11193:
11179:
11030:
10833:
10460:
10224:
9899:
9755:
9580:
9459:
9332:
9157:
9115:
8980:
8773:
8721:
8533:
8510:
8487:
8464:
8416:
8393:
8370:
8349:
8334:
8311:
8290:
8283:"Hebrew versus Aramaic as Jesus' Language: Notes on Early Opinions by Syriac Authors"
8270:
8214:
8197:
8153:
8130:
8096:
8073:
8013:
7989:
7966:
7940:
7925:
7890:
7769:
7725:
7700:
7617:
7567:
7543:
7520:
7497:
7474:
7433:
7399:
7378:
7329:
7308:
7285:
7264:
7215:
7136:
7110:
7086:
7060:
6988:
6954:
6906:
6862:
6828:
6781:
6757:
6731:
6693:
6667:
6641:
6617:
6545:
6505:
6482:
6459:
6438:
6421:
6369:
5062:
4823:
4785:
4734:
4705:
4677:
4645:
4590:
4483:
4055:
3957:
3872:
3859:
3837:
3596:
3499:
2525:
2475:
2109:
2032:
1930:
1925:
of the 13th century, and the religiously motivated massacres of Syriac Christians by
1786:
1761:
1515:
1369:
1273:
1201:
1112:
937:
913:. Since Aramaic was used by various Middle Eastern peoples, having several variants (
693:
650:
630:
483:
248:
190:
7022:
6109:
2602:
respectively. To these six cardinal stems are added a few irregular stems, like the
1929:
further contributed to the rapid decline of the language. In many places outside of
1364:
2014, when it was proposed, also by a scholar, that one of regional dialects of the
1183:
378:
11390:
10975:
10828:
10800:
10706:
10669:
10349:
10274:
10080:
9956:
9893:
9835:
9790:
9776:
9609:
9568:
9531:
9436:
9422:
9388:
9358:
9339:
9134:
9108:
9083:
9059:
9033:
9026:
8966:
8949:
8921:
8897:
8789:
8443:
8254:
8183:
8089:"Language Variation, Language Development, and the Textual History of the Peshitta"
8038:. Vol. 21 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 641–656.
7911:
7878:
7847:
7819:
7150:
6980:
6814:
6595:
6409:
4771:
4474:
3847:
3820:
3759:
3731:
3717:
3689:
2958:
2293:
1887:
1848:
1814:
1810:
1794:
1443:
1356:
1211:
1117:
1103:
965:
898:
890:
863:
819:
795:
741:
737:
725:
708:. Already from the first and second centuries AD, the inhabitants of the region of
689:
563:
525:
431:
210:
111:
101:
11328:
3684:"softening") to mark that the fricative pronunciation is required. The pairs are:
763:, and became the medium of communication and cultural dissemination for the later
11318:
11143:
10933:
10927:
10790:
10765:
10572:
10442:
10420:
10244:
10239:
9916:
9803:
9709:
9683:
9614:
9526:
9466:
9374:
9367:
9351:
9345:
9192:
8954:
8944:
8525:
8502:
8479:
8456:
8408:
8362:
8326:
8305:
8282:
8206:
8145:
8124:
8088:
8067:
8047:
8031:
8007:
7981:
7958:
7934:
7788:"Community, Religion and Language in the Middle-Euphrates Zone in Late Antiquity"
7763:
7718:
7694:
7652:"Stammbaum or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered"
7611:
7595:
7561:
7535:
7512:
7468:
7427:
7393:
7370:
7357:
7323:
7300:
7279:
7256:
7209:
7196:
7154:
7128:
7104:
7078:
7054:
6948:
6900:
6880:
6854:
6840:
6775:
6749:
6725:
6711:
6685:
6659:
6635:
6611:
6539:
6523:
6497:
6474:
6453:
6430:
6363:
4657:
4503:
4270:
4157:
3880:
3842:
3745:
3703:
3677:
1805:
in upper Mesopotamia and Syria proper, and an eastern variety used mainly by the
1715:
of the language in the region of Osroene, was never part of contemporary (Roman)
1657:
1411:
1388:
1384:
1129:
should not be overlooked by improper and unspecific use of Syrian/Syriac labels.
1092:
1056:
787:
772:
768:
729:
685:
626:
308:
177:
30:
This article is about Classical Syriac or Edessan Aramaic. For the alphabet, see
9040:
7176:
6584:"Some Observations on the Use of Classical Syriac in the Late Twentieth Century"
878:
11539:
11198:
11125:
11101:
10989:
10760:
10755:
10518:
10385:
10375:
10329:
10269:
10001:
9979:
9763:
9719:
9689:
9672:
9666:
9573:
9521:
9402:
9242:
9070:
6984:
6777:
From Ephrem to Romanos: Interactions Between Syriac and Greek in Late Antiquity
4498:
4293:
3919:
3660:
2941:
1451:
1447:
1380:
1293:
1126:
1088:
867:
701:
697:
634:
301:
263:
135:
39:
8685:
8560:
7281:
Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century
6599:
6218:
633:
of various Aramaic-speaking Christian communities in the historical region of
11566:
11042:
10649:
10627:
10492:
10178:
10037:
9699:
9694:
9618:
9380:
8960:
8447:
8258:
8188:
8003:
7916:
7859:
7831:
7803:
7783:
7759:
7631:
6842:
The Hidden Pearl: The Syrian Orthodox Church and its Ancient Aramaic Heritage
6819:
6583:
4776:
4759:
3786:
3218:
2575:
2517:
2491:
2363:
2090:
2071:
1934:
1619:
1519:
1503:
1340:
902:
760:
756:
416:
253:
151:
31:
11308:
8874:
8658:
8554:
2470:
Most Syriac verbs are built on triliteral roots as well. Finite verbs carry
1003:
11066:
10334:
10294:
10254:
10012:
9642:
7882:
7851:
7823:
7667:
6936:
3995:
3403:
3141:
3053:
3009:
2539:
2513:
2487:
1801:
The Syriac language later split into a western variety, used mainly by the
1623:
1523:
1499:
1035:), were later (starting from the 5th century) accompanied by another term,
713:
8457:"The Renaissance of Syriac Literature in the Twelfth–Thirteenth Centuries"
7038:
1098:
696:, that comprises roughly 90% of the extant Aramaic literature. Along with
346:
11313:
10951:
10945:
10582:
10354:
9199:
9019:
8229:
7835:
7807:
7739:
7395:
A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam
6756:. Vol. 13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 708–719.
5579:
4402:
4356:
4352:
4247:
4239:
4232:
4219:
3042:
2393:
1837:
1818:
1736:
1716:
1642:
1495:
1419:
1392:
1365:
1344:
1145:
1076:
1072:
997:
993:
910:
859:
670:
258:
7645:. Cambridge: The British School of Archaeology in Iraq. pp. 95–114.
7211:
Language Change in the Wake of Empire: Syriac in its Greco-Roman Context
6219:"Assyrian School Welcomes Students in Istanbul, Marking a New Beginning"
1406:(Article 4), adopted in 2005, and also in subsequent legislation, term "
846:. Classical Syriac was originally the liturgical language of the Syriac
11279:
11274:
11072:
10279:
8881:
8832:
7602:. Roma: Pontificium institutum studiorum orientalium. pp. 359–365.
7083:
Scribal Practices and the Social Construction of Knowledge in Antiquity
4360:
4311:
4224:
2978:
2535:
tenses that can be used to express varying senses of tense and aspect.
2521:
2509:
2494:
2483:
1732:
1692:
1191:, from the 2nd century CE, with inscriptions in early Edessan Aramaic (
976:, a term derived directly from the native Aramaic name for the city of
883:
776:
9854:
8676:
8592:
8331:
Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word
4351:. In eastern dialects, there is more fluidity in the pronunciation of
1675:
1438:
415:, you may see unjoined Syriac letters or other symbols instead of
402:
11499:
11333:
11213:
11054:
10995:
10234:
8846:
7986:
On the Margins of Nations: Endangered Languages and Linguistic Rights
7106:
The People and the Peoples: Syriac Dialogue Poems from Late Antiquity
6925:"Early Dated Manuscripts of the Church of the East, 7th-13th Century"
6431:"Syriac and Syrians in the Later Roman Empire: Questions of identity"
5992:
4367:
2571:
2423:
2067:
1704:
1646:
1534:
1455:
1430:, particularly in European countries (Germany, Sweden, Netherlands).
1399:
1336:
1328:
1164:
1149:
961:
941:
929:
894:
638:
355:
339:
321:
8690:
8242:
7900:"Date and Provenance of the Syriac Cave of Treasures: A Reappraisal"
7899:
7836:"Greek and Syriac in Fifth-Century Edessa: The Case of Bishop Hibas"
7765:
A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)
7743:
7651:
7582:
7414:
7344:
7243:
7230:
6692:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 149–160, 234–235.
6530:. Roma: Pontificium institutum studiorum orientalium. pp. 1–14.
5630:
5091:
4951:
2504:
tenses: perfect and imperfect. Whereas these tenses were originally
1890:, practised in modern times by the ethnic Assyrian followers of the
11284:
11257:
11230:
11218:
11203:
10957:
10904:
10487:
10390:
10229:
9429:
8888:
8860:
8269:. n.p.: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011. 220 pp.
8111:
6413:
6274:
4469:
3794:
2330:
The construct state marks a noun in relationship to another noun –
2075:
2056:
1771:
1427:
1315:", while the existing general code syr, that was until then named "
1217:
1036:
1012:
989:
952:
914:
390:
10541:
9563:
8650:
What is Syriac and what is Aramaic according to Syriac grammarians
8570:
8327:"Bilingualism and Diglossia in Late Antique Syria and Mesopotamia"
6385:"Framing the Syrian of Late Antiquity: Engagements with Hellenism"
6323:
6302:"Hassakeh: Syriac Language to Be Taught in PYD-controlled Schools"
1743:ܛܘܼܒܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܠܐܲܝܠܹܝܢ ܕܲܕ݂ܟܹܝܢ ܒܠܸܒ̇ܗܘܿܢ܄ ܕܗܸܢ݂ܘܿܢ ܢܸܚܙܘܿܢ ܠܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ܂
1027:
Original endonymic (native) designations, for Aramaic in general (
984:). Among similar endonymic names with regional connotations, term
11546:
10939:
10861:
10741:
10525:
10314:
9605:
9003:
8867:
8667:
8116:
Archaism and Innovation in the Semitic Languages: Selected papers
7808:"Greek and Syriac in Edessa: From Ephrem to Rabbula (CE 363–435)"
6637:
Studies in Syriac Christianity: History, Literature, and Theology
6397:
6166:
6110:"The Comprehensive Policy to Manage the Ethnic Languages in Iraq"
4457:
2528:
1577:
1479:
1289:
1256:
1234:
1153:
1087:. That reduction resulted in the creation of a specific field of
1048:
855:
847:
709:
618:
386:
139:
131:
8118:. Cordoba: Cordoba Near Eastern Research Unit. pp. 129–136.
1522:, with inscriptions written by Aramaic-speaking soldiers of the
11519:
11323:
11252:
11225:
11208:
10088:
9809:
8809:
7988:. Bath: Foundation for Endangered Languages. pp. 197–203.
4820:
Die neuaramäischen Dialekte der Khabur-Assyrer in Nordostsyrien
3673:
3152:
3119:
2060:
2052:
2048:
1954:
1950:
1918:
1825:
1767:
1727:
1700:
1581:
1483:
1471:
1225:
Those problems were addressed by prominent scholars, including
1188:
1157:
1016:
977:
906:
780:
622:
440:
155:
143:
127:
35:
7513:"Variety in Early Syriac: The Context in Contemporary Aramaic"
6245:"Turkey Denies Request to Open Assyrian-Language Kindergarten"
6065:
5079:
5022:
4968:
4966:
3227:
3216:
3205:
3194:
3183:
3172:
3161:
3150:
3139:
3128:
3117:
3106:
3095:
3084:
3073:
3062:
3051:
3040:
3029:
3018:
3007:
2996:
2913:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2564:
2552:
2544:
2456:
2442:
2415:
2403:
2386:
2373:
2354:
2337:
2322:
2307:
2270:
2256:
2242:
2228:
2214:
2200:
2186:
2172:
2163:: "he will take, ... let him take, ... so that he might take."
2158:
2144:
2124:
1976:
783:, which largely replaced it during the later medieval period.
673:
it was gradually reduced to liturgical use, since the role of
589:
567:
557:
551:
529:
511:
501:
491:
477:
73:
11247:
11235:
11131:
10448:
10259:
10092:
8009:
A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707
7415:"The Syriac Language in the Context of the Semitic Languages"
6800:"St. Ephrem in the Eyes of Later Syriac Liturgical Tradition"
5187:
4548:
Classical, unvocalized spelling; with Eastern Syriac vowels:
3185:
3064:
3031:
3020:
2998:
2474:, gender (except in the first person) and number, as well as
1926:
1750:Ṭūḇayhōn l-ʾaylên da-ḏḵên b-lebbhōn, d-hennōn neḥzōn l-ʾălāhā
1554:
1553:, the Syriac pronunciation of the Hebrew and Aramaic name of
1507:
1467:
1463:
1020:
933:
764:
704:, Syriac became one of the three most important languages of
147:
123:
8653:
7536:"The Pre-Christian Religions of the Syriac-Speaking Regions"
7175:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 421–436. Archived from
6616:(2nd revised ed.). Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications.
6613:
The Luminous Eye: The Spiritual World Vision of Saint Ephrem
6009:
6007:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5729:
4729:
Chatonnet, Francoise Briquel; Debie, Muriel (20 June 2023).
4672:
Chatonnet, Francoise Briquel; Debie, Muriel (20 June 2023).
4585:; Saif Shaheen Al-Murikhi; Haya Al Thani (9 December 2014).
901:
in relation to its regional origin in northeastern parts of
677:
among its native speakers was overtaken by several emerging
42:. For Syro-Palestinian or Christian Palestinian Syriac, see
8363:"The Cave of Treasures: A new Translation and Introduction"
8169:"Past and Present Perceptions of Syriac Literary Tradition"
7596:"Faut-il remplacer le terme syriaque par le terme araméen?"
6861:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 161–172.
6666:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 212–234.
6024:
6022:
5705:
5396:
4963:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4612:
4610:
4204:
Classical Syriac had the following distinguishable vowels:
3207:
3196:
3163:
3108:
3097:
3086:
3075:
2285:
2036:
1917:
From the 7th century onwards, Syriac gradually gave way to
752:
443:
119:
115:
8367:
Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures
7744:"The Origin of the Terms Syria(n) and Suryoyo: Once Again"
6034:
5717:
5353:
389:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8129:(6th revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6004:
5970:
5968:
5900:
5883:
5681:
5523:
5480:
5408:
5341:
5305:
5254:
5103:
4622:
3785:. These are consonants that have a coarticulation in the
3651:
two major streams of pronunciation: western and eastern.
3229:
3130:
2191:: "he takes, he is taking, the one (masculine) who takes"
1450:, Syriac is now limited to the towns and villages in the
446:
6902:
Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology and Liturgy
6077:
6019:
5941:
5929:
5917:
5871:
5606:"ISO 639-2 Registration Authority: Change History (syr)"
5555:"ISO 639-2 Registration Authority: Change History (syc)"
5535:
5317:
5293:
5281:
5271:
5269:
5199:
5175:
5139:
5137:
4881:
4869:
4848:
4836:
4607:
2315:
The emphatic state usually represents a definite noun –
1756:'Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.'
8526:"Historiography in the Syriac-Speaking World, 300–1000"
8454:
8152:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 70–89.
8052:(1st English ed.). London: Williams & Norgate.
6455:
The Aramaic Language: Its Distribution and Subdivisions
6271:"Syriac Christians revive ancient language despite war"
5753:
5468:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5159:
4893:
3659:
Syriac shares with Aramaic a set of lightly contrasted
1687:
between the Romans and Parthians, in the 1st century AD
1614:"Modern Syriac" (Neo-Syriac Aramaic) represents modern
1398:
Since the occurrence of major political changes in the
8659:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
8580:
8415:. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 747–755.
8354:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
8234:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
7496:. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 637–652.
7470:
Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period
7201:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
7043:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
7027:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
7011:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
6730:. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute.
6481:. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 652–659.
6053:
5980:
5965:
5859:
5456:
5444:
4941:
4939:
4555:
4549:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2780:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2654:
2449:
2435:
2409:
2397:
2379:
2367:
2348:
2331:
2316:
2301:
2264:
2250:
2236:
2222:
2208:
2194:
2180:
2166:
2152:
2138:
2117:
1970:
1418:) is used as official designation for the language of
897:(language name) designating a specific variant of the
66:
8333:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 298–331.
8213:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 365–386.
5741:
5669:
5511:
5432:
5384:
5329:
5266:
5134:
4978:
4912:
4434:
2097:, which then started with the 2016/17 academic year.
2035:
in Iraq. It is also taught in some public schools in
936:
in general. That distinction is used in English as a
458:
449:
437:
8126:
Robinson's Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar
8095:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 231–256.
8066:
Petruccione, John F.; Hill, Robert C., eds. (2007).
7965:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 335–352.
7519:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 221–229.
6713:
Syriac Studies: A Classified Bibliography, 1960-1990
5953:
5847:
5693:
5499:
5420:
5372:
5223:
5211:
5156:
5115:
2962:
2233:: "a taking, burden, recension, portion or syllable"
2006:
1844:, most of whom descend from native Syriac speakers.
1780:
1748:
1594:
1229:(d. 1930) who noted on several occasions that term "
613:
It emerged during the first century AD from a local
8455:Weltecke, Dorothea; Younansardaroud, Helen (2019).
7696:
Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar
7362:
La Lingua Di Ebla: Atti Del Convegno Internazionale
6881:"The Syriac Orient: A Third 'Lung' for the Church?"
6859:
The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature
6524:"Towards a History of Syriac Translation Technique"
4936:
4924:
2300:The absolute state is the basic form of the noun –
2023:Syriac is spoken as the liturgical language of the
1645:, another variety of Eastern Aramaic spoken by the
482:), also known natively in its spoken form in early
434:
8356:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 391–393.
8123:Robinson, Theodore H.; Coakley, James F. (2013) .
8069:Theodoret of Cyrus: The Questions on the Octateuch
7953:
7672:"Kthobonoyo Syriac: Some Observations and Remarks"
7203:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 390–391.
7029:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 389–390.
6089:
5998:
5242:
4990:
4760:"Kthobonoyo Syriac: Some Observations and Remarks"
4587:The Syriac Writers of Qatar in the Seventh Century
1276:. Those problems culminated during the process of
8588:, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
8432:"Michael the Syrian and Syriac Orthodox Identity"
7345:"La linguistique syriaque selon Jacques d'Édesse"
6950:The Holy Spirit in the Syrian Baptismal Tradition
6495:
6472:
6045:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeursen2008231–256 (
4957:
2574:in meaning. Each of these stems has its parallel
2095:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
1886:Eastern Syriac is the liturgical language of the
909:, which lay outside of the provincial borders of
617:dialect that was spoken in the ancient region of
11564:
8413:The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook
8287:The Language Environment of First Century Judaea
8236:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 28–30.
8093:Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting
7963:Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting
7517:Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting
7494:The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook
7307:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 359–369.
7231:"The Greco-Roman Context of the Syriac Language"
7045:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 30–31.
7013:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 96–97.
6479:The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook
6475:"Syriac as the Language of Eastern Christianity"
1514:to this day. It has been found as far afield as
1059:(d. 708), who was referring to the language as "
767:, and (to a lesser extent) the other peoples of
10100:
8654:History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences
8122:
8065:
7159:(1st ed.). Berlin: Reuther & Reichard.
6953:(3rd ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
6293:
5097:
5085:
4801:"About the origin of the Lebanese language (I)"
1847:Western Syriac is the official language of the
1641:. The term is usually not used in reference to
1303:" was accepted in 2007 and codified (ISO code:
1152:), and the "Osroenians" as Aramaic speakers of
960:Early native speakers and writers used several
692:. The language is preserved in a large body of
170:after the 13th century; still in liturgical use
8614:"City Youth Learn Dying Language, Preserve It"
8390:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
8211:The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies
7085:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 61–68.
6498:"Writing Syriac: Manuscripts and Inscriptions"
6040:
5364:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPetruccioneHill (
4728:
4671:
2508:in Aramaic, they have become a truly temporal
1937:, even in liturgy, it was replaced by Arabic.
1259:, in Syriac script, from the 12th–13th century
1178:
1132:Diversity of Aramaic dialects was recorded by
528:tradition, Classical Syriac is often known as
10557:
9870:
8706:
6845:. Vol. 1. Rome: Trans World Film Italia.
5782:(in Arabic). Vol. 4012. 28 December 2005
5056:
2618:, which generally have an extensive meaning.
2558:, form of the verb, which usually carries an
2288:are built from triliteral roots. Nouns carry
1985:
862:. The Syriac Melkites changed their church's
10581:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the
8571:Aramaic Dictionary (lexicon and concordance)
8503:"The Church of the East in the 'Abbasid Era"
7768:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7699:(2nd ed.). Leuven: Peeters Publishers.
7636:"Aramaic in the Medieval and Modern Periods"
7449:"The Edessan Milieu and the Birth of Syriac"
7033:
6979:. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 1–13.
6564:"Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature"
6189:"Syriac... a language struggling to survive"
5193:
3773:Like some Semitic languages, Syriac too has
2430:, but agree with the state of their noun if
2031:. Syriac has been recognised as an official
2000:
1881:Syro-Malabar Knanaya Archeparchy of Kottayam
1775:
1741:
1588:
1562:
8310:. Oakland: University of California Press.
8112:"Influences of Aramaic on dialectal Arabic"
8109:
7149:
6835:
6071:
5580:"Additions to MARC Code List for Languages"
5359:
5181:
4817:
4529:Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium
1355:" as a variant designation for the ancient
595:
573:
535:
10564:
10550:
10500:Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations
9877:
9863:
8713:
8699:
8500:
8303:
8289:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 182–205.
7017:
5347:
5059:Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies
2359:, "man, person", literally "son of man").
1433:
83:
8677:McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia
8640:"Minorities of Iraq: EU Research Service"
8477:
8187:
8012:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7915:
7724:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7556:
7284:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
6818:
6368:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5747:
5735:
5491:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrock1989b (
5148:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrock1992c (
5126:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrock1992a (
5001:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrock1992b (
4904:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrock1989a (
4822:(in German). Harrassowitz. pp. 8–9.
4775:
4751:
3781:being a historically emphatic variant of
1486:, and evolved under the influence of the
1368:language from the first centuries of the
1343:that currently includes only some of the
545:the written language or the book language
8429:
8406:
7689:
7656:Journal of the American Oriental Society
7583:"The Syriac World in the Persian Empire"
7432:. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.
7358:"Considerations on the Language of Ebla"
7321:
6686:"Greek and Syriac in Late Antique Syria"
6365:Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World
5974:
5687:
5402:
5234:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDebié2009 (
4972:
4798:
4423:, further, sometimes monophthongized to
2362:In Old and early Classical Syriac, most
1944:
1726:
1695:, a local Aramaic dialect spoken in the
1691:During the first three centuries of the
1674:
1545:
1533:
1437:
1250:
1216:
1182:
1097:
1067:, when referring to Edessan Aramaic, or
1002:
951:
877:
11583:Languages attested from the 1st century
10471:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
9884:
8532:. London: Routledge. pp. 405–421.
8509:. London: Routledge. pp. 189–201.
8486:. London: Routledge. pp. 751–769.
8463:. London: Routledge. pp. 698–717.
8086:
8042:
8026:
7713:
7355:
7298:
7277:
7263:. London: Routledge. pp. 718–730.
7254:
7163:
7135:. London: Routledge. pp. 327–338.
6690:Literacy and Power in the Ancient World
6504:. London: Routledge. pp. 243–265.
6458:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
6437:. London: Routledge. pp. 157–174.
6428:
6395:
6382:
6361:
6347:Robinson and Coakley, 2013 p.36, p. 60.
6299:
6133:
5723:
5675:
5474:
5462:
2108:Many Syriac words, like those in other
1626:period. Modern Syriac is divided into:
1335:), but its scope is defined within the
1063:" (Suryāyā awkēt Ārāmāyā), and also as
947:
383:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
11565:
10198:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
8360:
8347:
8324:
8227:
8204:
8166:
8143:
8072:. Vol. 2. Washington: COA Press.
8056:
7858:
7830:
7802:
7782:
7758:
7606:
7589:. London: Routledge. pp. 134–145.
7580:
7533:
7510:
7487:
7466:
7446:
7425:
7421:. London: Routledge. pp. 205–221.
7412:
7391:
7368:
7342:
7250:. London: Routledge. pp. 222–242.
7173:Seeking Out the Wisdom of the Ancients
6013:
5911:
5894:
5853:
5834:"Surayt-Aramaic Online Project (SAOP)"
5773:"Constitution of the Republic of Iraq"
5711:
5699:
5529:
5517:
5505:
5486:
5438:
5426:
5414:
5390:
5335:
5311:
5275:
5260:
5217:
5143:
5121:
5109:
4996:
4984:
4899:
4733:. Yale University Press. p. 638.
4704:. Brill. 4 October 2022. p. 226.
4628:
4616:
2562:. The third is the extensive stem, or
2448:, means "the taxes are evil", whereas
1426:also arose throughout Syriac-speaking
1031:), and Edessan Aramaic in particular (
852:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch
10545:
9858:
8720:
8694:
8480:"The Early Study of Syriac in Europe"
8280:
8240:
8002:
7932:
7897:
7738:
7666:
7643:Languages of Iraq: Ancient and Modern
7593:
7542:. London: Routledge. pp. 47–67.
7241:
7228:
7207:
7194:
7123:
7109:. Oxford: Journal of Jewish Studies.
7099:
7073:
7049:
7001:
6967:
6943:
6919:
6895:
6875:
6849:
6794:
6770:
6744:
6720:
6706:
6680:
6654:
6630:
6606:
6578:
6558:
6541:Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity
6534:
6518:
6496:Briquel-Chatonnet, Françoise (2019).
6473:Briquel-Chatonnet, Françoise (2012).
6451:
6159:
6083:
6028:
5959:
5947:
5935:
5923:
5877:
5541:
5450:
5378:
5323:
5299:
5287:
5248:
5229:
5205:
5169:
4945:
4930:
4918:
4887:
4875:
4863:
4842:
4757:
4524:List of loanwords in Classical Syriac
3858:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3829:
3819:
3812:
3807:
2626:
751:, Classical Syriac spread throughout
92:in written Syriac (Esṭrangelā script)
8523:
8436:Church History and Religious Culture
8392:. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 56–59.
8383:
7979:
7630:
7351:. Paris: Geuthner. pp. 167–187.
7305:Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context
7237:. Paris: Geuthner. pp. 137–165.
7235:Les auteurs syriaques et leur langue
6929:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
6839:; Taylor, David G. K., eds. (2001).
6727:A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature
6095:
6059:
5759:
4799:Iskandar, Amine (27 February 2022).
4676:. Yale University Press. p. 1.
4556:
4550:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2856:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2691:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2482:. The non-finite verb forms are the
2450:
2436:
2410:
2398:
2380:
2368:
2349:
2332:
2317:
2302:
2265:
2251:
2237:
2223:
2209:
2195:
2181:
2167:
2153:
2139:
2118:
2001:
1971:
1776:
1742:
1589:
1462:plains, in and around the cities of
470:
67:
10571:
8557:Freie Universität Berlin Repository
8110:Río Sánchez, Francisco del (2013).
7649:
7473:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6664:Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism
5986:
5865:
5631:"639 Identifier Documentation: syr"
4212:Vowel phonemes in Classical Syriac
3789:or slightly higher. There are two
2570:, form of the verb, which is often
2078:after waging a lawsuit against the
1563:
1415:
1327:" remained related to the original
1255:A bilingual Syriac and Neo-Persian
988:was also used. It was derived from
684:Classical Syriac is written in the
649:, it gained a prominent role among
24:
9841:Languages between parentheses are
7871:Journal of Early Christian Studies
7377:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 71–107.
6660:"Eusebius and Syriac Christianity"
6223:Assyrian International News Agency
6195:. 28 December 2007. Archived from
6107:
4702:Eusebius, Christianity and Judaism
2930:
1722:
1379:After more than five centuries of
940:and does not exist on the ancient
25:
11649:
10476:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
10147:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
8581:The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon
8548:
8409:"Aramaic-Arabic Language Contact"
8207:"The East: Syria and Mesopotamia"
8176:Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies
7904:Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies
7679:Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies
7456:Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies
7349:Lesauteurs syriaques etleurlangue
7059:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
7056:An Introduction to Syriac Studies
6807:Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies
6300:al-Wasl, Zaman (3 October 2016).
5656:"Language and Script Identifiers"
5019:. Gorgias Handbooks. p. 14.
4764:Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies
4758:Kiraz, George A. (4 March 2020).
4323:
4316:
4298:
4284:
4275:
4261:
4252:
4168:
4140:
4129:
4118:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4063:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
3994:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3931:
3924:
3896:
3885:
3672:"strengthening"; equivalent to a
1940:
1873:Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church
1869:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
893:, the term "Syriac" is used as a
836:Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church
34:. For Neo-Aramaic languages, see
11545:
11533:
11490:Assyrian Democratic Organisation
10643:
10632:
10621:
10524:
10141:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
10135:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
8586:Syriac Studies Reference Library
8566:Syriac traditional pronunciation
8555:A Coursebook of Classical Syriac
7322:Drijvers, Hendrik J. W. (1980).
6855:"The Earliest Syriac Literature"
6341:
6316:
6277:. 17 August 2016. Archived from
6263:
6237:
6211:
6181:
6153:
6134:Farhoud, Amira (28 March 2017).
4468:
4456:
4444:
2977:Problems playing this file? See
2948:
1865:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
1766:In the 3rd century, churches in
840:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
818:, and also those who follow the
430:
401:
7244:"The Classical Syriac Language"
7007:"Christian Palestinian Aramaic"
6885:Orientalia Christiana Periodica
6402:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
6127:
6101:
5826:
5794:
5765:
5648:
5623:
5598:
5572:
5547:
5050:
5041:
5032:
5009:
4811:
4792:
4514:Bible translations into Aramaic
2130:), to which a basic meaning of
1832:, the regional Arabic dialect (
1739:) from an East Syriac Peshitta.
1391:significance for the remaining
1199:Since the proper dating of the
1071:when pointing to the region of
11618:Christian liturgical languages
11156:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
11019:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
10466:Assyrian independence movement
10116:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
9845:of the language on their left.
8304:Shepardson, Christine (2019).
7375:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
6429:Andrade, Nathanael J. (2019).
6396:Andrade, Nathanael J. (2014).
6383:Andrade, Nathanael J. (2011).
6362:Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013).
5061:. Gorgias Press. p. 573.
4722:
4694:
4665:
4634:
4589:. Gorgias Press. p. 298.
4574:
4554:; with Western Syriac vowels:
4542:
4509:Bible translations into Syriac
4392:, but the western dialect has
4343:has become , and the original
2177:: "take! (masculine singular)"
2080:Ministry of National Education
1923:Mongol invasions and conquests
1877:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
844:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
166:1st century AD; declined as a
13:
1:
10900:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
8478:Wilkinson, Robert J. (2019).
6754:The Cambridge Ancient History
6716:. Kaslik: Parole de l'Orient.
6544:. London: Variorum Reprints.
6160:Dorit, Shilo (1 April 2010).
6136:"Syriacs: Still Going Strong"
4642:Religious Origins of Nations?
4567:
3654:
1828:. Having an Aramaic (Syriac)
1542:, including Neo-Syriac groups
1442:Once a major language in the
1361:
1278:international standardization
1156:(eastern region, centered in
1137:
1121:
1007:Late Syriac text, written in
44:Christian Palestinian Aramaic
11510:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)
11485:Assyrian Democratic Movement
8686:Department of Syriac Studies
8622:. 9 May 2016. Archived from
8348:Taylor, David G. K. (2011).
8325:Taylor, David G. K. (2002).
8150:Semitic and Cushitic studies
8036:The Encyclopaedia Britannica
7214:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
7164:Burnett, Stephen G. (2005).
7037:; Coakley, James F. (2011).
6162:"The Ben Yehudas of Aramaic"
5023:
4644:. BRILL. 2010. p. 106.
4155:
4111:
4003:
3917:
3878:
3777:, and it has three of them,
3228:
3217:
3206:
3195:
3184:
3173:
3162:
3151:
3140:
3129:
3118:
3107:
3096:
3085:
3074:
3063:
3052:
3041:
3030:
3019:
3008:
2997:
2963:
2923:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2878:
2861:
2849:
2837:
2825:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2565:
2553:
2545:
2457:
2443:
2416:
2404:
2387:
2374:
2355:
2338:
2323:
2308:
2271:
2257:
2243:
2229:
2215:
2201:
2187:
2173:
2159:
2145:
2125:
2007:
1977:
1908:Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
1781:
1749:
1595:
812:Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
747:As a liturgical language of
590:
568:
558:
552:
530:
512:
502:
492:
478:
74:
7:
11495:Assyrian Universal Alliance
10721:Assyrian Church of the East
10696:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
10690:Assyrian Evangelical Church
10613:Terms for Syriac Christians
10483:Terms for Syriac Christians
10300:Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa
10159:Assyrian Church of the East
10057:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
10051:Assyrian Evangelical Church
10021:Assyrian Church of the East
8430:Weltecke, Dorothea (2009).
7566:. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
7343:Farina, Margherita (2018).
7325:Cults and Beliefs at Edessa
7299:Donabed, Sargon G. (2017).
7278:Donabed, Sargon G. (2015).
7255:Carlson, Thomas A. (2019).
6528:III Symposium Syriacum 1980
6389:Journal of Modern Hellenism
6041:Peursen, 2008 & 231–256
5098:Robinson & Coakley 2013
5086:Robinson & Coakley 2013
4430:
3801:Table of Syriac consonants
2520:is usually marked with the
2247:: "takings, profits, taxes"
2070:could finally be opened in
1896:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
1892:Assyrian Church of the East
1538:The modern distribution of
1510:, and remains so among the
1179:Wider and narrower meanings
816:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
800:Assyrian Church of the East
755:as far as the South Indian
653:communities that used both
629:period, it became the main
10:
11654:
11505:Syriac Union Party (Syria)
10727:Ancient Church of the East
10027:Ancient Church of the East
8576:Syriac at ScriptSource.com
8501:Wilmshurst, David (2019).
8361:Toepel, Alexander (2013).
8228:Rompay, Lucas van (2011).
8205:Rompay, Lucas van (2008).
8167:Rompay, Lucas van (2000).
8144:Rompay, Lucas van (1994).
8087:Peursen, Wido van (2008).
8049:Compendious Syriac Grammar
7955:Murre van den Berg, Heleen
7792:Scripta Classica Israelica
7356:Garbini, Giovanni (1981).
7021:; Butts, Aaron M. (2011).
6985:10.31826/9781463216634-002
6977:Studies on Jacob of Edessa
6588:Journal of Semitic Studies
6354:
2103:
1991:'Please! Let's be quiet!'
1900:Ancient Church of the East
1759:
1670:
1529:
804:Ancient Church of the East
621:, centered in the city of
566:tradition, it is known as
29:
11528:
11475:
11346:
11178:
11169:
11082:
11011:
10918:
10859:
10842:
10799:
10740:
10705:
10668:
10657:
10619:
10590:
10579:
10513:
10435:
10368:
10217:
10177:
10156:
10125:
10085:(active 1st century–1601)
10070:
10036:
10011:
9988:
9955:
9932:
9907:
9892:
9827:
9754:
9655:
9596:
9589:
9556:
9547:
9540:
9493:
9484:
9414:
9322:
9169:
9050:
9011:
9002:
8993:
8935:
8914:
8817:
8808:
8799:
8761:
8728:
8407:Weninger, Stefan (2012).
8247:Journal of Jewish Studies
7581:Herman, Geoffrey (2019).
6935:(2): 8–34. Archived from
6750:"Syriac Culture, 337–425"
4223:
4218:
4216:
4196:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4117:
4080:
4073:
4071:
4009:
3991:
3966:
3964:
3939:
3937:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3884:
3870:
3865:
3824:
3805:
2812:
2703:
2650:
2631:
2628:
2516:tenses respectively. The
2500:Syriac has only two true
1879:and some Parishes in the
1051:for "Aramaya" (Aramaic).
369:
353:
337:
319:
314:
298:
283:
241:
174:
162:
107:
97:
82:
65:
58:
53:
27:Dialect of Middle Aramaic
11025:Muslim conquest of Syria
10715:Chaldean Catholic Church
10340:Dionysius of Vattasseril
10204:Believers Eastern Church
9998:Chaldean Catholic Church
9838:or historical languages.
8448:10.1163/187124109X408023
8189:10.31826/hug-2010-030105
7939:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
7917:10.31826/hug-2018-200105
7534:Healey, John F. (2019).
7511:Healey, John F. (2008).
7488:Healey, John F. (2012).
7467:Healey, John F. (2009).
7447:Healey, John F. (2007).
7426:Healey, John F. (1980).
7398:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
7242:Butts, Aaron M. (2019).
7229:Butts, Aaron M. (2018).
7208:Butts, Aaron M. (2016).
7195:Butts, Aaron M. (2011).
6820:10.31826/hug-2010-020103
6324:"Syriac.IO – Translator"
5780:Official Gazette of Iraq
5194:Brock & Coakley 2011
4777:10.31826/hug-2011-100113
4535:
4339:In the western dialect,
2465:
2279:
2205:: "he has lifted/raised"
2027:, as well as by some of
2012:) similar to the use of
1904:Chaldean Catholic Church
1861:Maronite Catholic Church
1683:of Edessan Aramaic: the
1631:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
932:and commonly relates to
832:Maronite Catholic Church
808:Chaldean Catholic Church
11552:Christianity portal
11515:Syriac Military Council
11114:Massacres of Diyarbekir
11049:Principality of Antioch
11002:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
10809:Assyrian folk/pop music
10531:Christianity portal
10285:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
10192:Mar Thoma Syrian Church
10072:Saint Thomas Christians
8600:Encyclopædia Britannica
8594:"Syriac Language"
8057:Pat-El, Na‘ama (2019).
7600:Symposium Syriacum 1976
7429:First Studies in Syriac
7413:Gzella, Holger (2019).
7392:Gzella, Holger (2015).
7369:Gzella, Holger (2014).
6640:. Aldershot: Variorum.
6600:10.1093/jss/XXXIV.2.363
6391:. 28 (2010-2011): 1–46.
6140:Bethlehem Bible College
5999:Murre van den Berg 2008
5182:Brock & Taylor 2001
4359:tend to be longer than
2805:
2793:
2781:
2769:
2752:
2740:
2728:
2716:
1652:Modern Western Syriac (
1633:), including primarily
1629:Modern Eastern Syriac (
1434:Geographic distribution
1416:السريانية / al-suriania
1187:An ancient mosaic from
882:An 11th-century Syriac
873:
11633:Languages of Kurdistan
11270:Al-Hasakah Governorate
11108:Massacres of Badr Khan
10882:Middle Assyrian Empire
10684:Syriac Catholic Church
10678:Syriac Orthodox Church
10325:Ignatius Andrew Akijan
10310:Gregorios Abdal Jaleel
10168:Chaldean Syrian Church
9942:Syriac Orthodox Church
9923:Syriac Catholic Church
8619:The New Indian Express
8603:(11th ed.). 1911.
8384:Watt, John W. (2009).
8259:10.18647/2120/JJS-1998
7933:Minov, Sergey (2020).
7898:Minov, Sergey (2017).
7883:10.1353/earl.2013.0002
7852:10.1484/J.SEC.1.103053
7824:10.1484/J.SEC.1.102508
7563:Studies in Neo-Aramaic
6905:. Aldershot: Ashgate.
6780:. Aldershot: Ashgate.
5360:Petruccione & Hill
4958:Briquel-Chatonnet 2012
2969:sung in Western Syriac
2935:
2462:, means "evil taxes".
2025:Syriac Orthodox Church
2018:Assyrian nationalistic
2014:Modern Standard Arabic
1996:
1987:Lütfen! Sessiz olalım!
1986:
1857:Syriac Catholic Church
1853:Syriac Orthodox Church
1803:Syriac Orthodox Church
1757:
1688:
1568:
1543:
1492:Syriac Orthodox Church
1475:
1395:speaking communities.
1374:Central Syrian Aramaic
1353:Palaeo-Syrian language
1311:, but under the name "
1260:
1222:
1196:
1107:
1024:
996:, an Aramaic name for
957:
886:
828:Syriac Catholic Church
824:Syriac Orthodox Church
734:Syriac Orthodox Church
688:, a derivation of the
518:Eastern Middle Aramaic
371:This article contains
269:Eastern Middle Aramaic
11138:Independence movement
10894:Post-imperial Assyria
10870:Early Assyrian period
9128:Christian Palestinian
8840:Ancient North Arabian
8668:Encyclopaedia Iranica
8524:Wood, Philip (2019).
8350:"Syriac Lexicography"
8281:Ruzer, Serge (2014).
8241:Rubin, Milka (1998).
7594:Ishow, Habib (1978).
7371:"Language and Script"
7129:"Later Syriac Poetry"
6452:Beyer, Klaus (1986).
6304:. The Syrian Observer
4731:The Semitic Languages
4583:Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn
4519:Neo-Aramaic languages
4401:, further, sometimes
4366:The open vowels form
2934:
2261:: "a beast of burden"
2066:In 2014, an Assyrian
1948:
1785:). At the same time,
1760:Further information:
1730:
1678:
1616:Neo-Aramaic languages
1549:
1540:Neo-Aramaic languages
1537:
1478:Syriac was the local
1441:
1254:
1220:
1186:
1101:
1039:(foreign) in origin:
1006:
955:
881:
775:empires. Primarily a
679:Neo-Aramaic languages
498:Mesopotamian language
102:lɛʃˈʃɑːnɑː surˈjɑːjɑː
11603:Languages of Lebanon
10814:Music of Mesopotamia
10761:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
10756:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
10456:Assyrian nationalism
10401:Koy Sanjaq Christian
10386:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
10376:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
10290:Dionysius bar Salibi
10265:Philoxenus of Mabbug
10118:(West Syriac) (1932)
10112:(East Syriac) (1665)
9228:Koy Sanjaq Christian
8905:Pre-classical Arabic
8386:"Aramaic and Syriac"
7840:Semitica et Classica
7812:Semitica et Classica
7650:Kim, Ronald (2008).
7023:"Syriac Conferences"
5802:"Iraqi Constitution"
5714:, p. 11, 67–87.
5100:, p. 1, note 1.
4818:Shabo Talay (2008).
2538:Syriac also employs
2296:in other languages.
2114:triconsonantal roots
1639:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
1635:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
1404:Constitution of Iraq
948:Endonyms and exonyms
926:scholarly literature
11623:Syriac Christianity
11613:Languages of Turkey
11593:Classical languages
11120:Rise of nationalism
11061:Jalayirid Sultanate
10888:Neo-Assyrian Empire
10876:Old Assyrian period
10819:Syriac sacral music
10639:Aramean-Syriac flag
10598:Assyrian continuity
10505:Syriac sacral music
10360:Baselios Paulose II
10345:Geevarghese Ivanios
10305:Abraham of Angamaly
10110:Syro-Malabar Church
9886:Syriac Christianity
9071:Ashurian and Hatran
8032:"Semitic Languages"
7980:Naby, Eden (2004).
7558:Heinrichs, Wolfhart
7125:Brock, Sebastian P.
7101:Brock, Sebastian P.
7075:Brock, Sebastian P.
7051:Brock, Sebastian P.
7035:Brock, Sebastian P.
7019:Brock, Sebastian P.
7003:Brock, Sebastian P.
6969:Brock, Sebastian P.
6945:Brock, Sebastian P.
6921:Brock, Sebastian P.
6897:Brock, Sebastian P.
6877:Brock, Sebastian P.
6851:Brock, Sebastian P.
6837:Brock, Sebastian P.
6796:Brock, Sebastian P.
6772:Brock, Sebastian P.
6746:Brock, Sebastian P.
6722:Brock, Sebastian P.
6708:Brock, Sebastian P.
6682:Brock, Sebastian P.
6656:Brock, Sebastian P.
6632:Brock, Sebastian P.
6608:Brock, Sebastian P.
6580:Brock, Sebastian P.
6560:Brock, Sebastian P.
6536:Brock, Sebastian P.
6520:Brock, Sebastian P.
6225:. 10 September 2014
6001:, pp. 335–352.
5610:Library of Congress
5584:Library of Congress
5559:Library of Congress
4631:, p. 637, 649.
4494:Syriac Christianity
4489:Syriac sacral music
4213:
3802:
3775:emphatic consonants
2560:intensified meaning
1982:'Silence, please')
1851:, practiced by the
1834:Mesopotamian Arabic
1815:Eastern Syriac Rite
1811:Western Syriac Rite
1713:linguistic homeland
1681:Linguistic homeland
1654:Central Neo-Aramaic
1424:self-identification
1319:", was renamed to "
1148:proper, western of
956:The Syriac alphabet
792:Syriac Christianity
786:Syriac remains the
749:Syriac Christianity
718:Syriac Christianity
675:vernacular language
647:Syriac Christianity
643:liturgical language
637:and throughout the
605:scribal or literary
168:vernacular language
11608:Languages of Syria
11578:Standard languages
11540:History portal
10982:Church of the East
10771:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
10608:Chaldean Catholics
10381:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
10320:Abraham Koorilos I
10250:Severus of Antioch
10183:Eastern Protestant
10042:Eastern Protestant
9970:"Nestorian Church"
9964:Church of the East
9142:Jewish Palestinian
7748:Parole de l'Orient
7715:Maclean, Arthur J.
6939:on 6 October 2008.
6251:on 4 November 2014
6086:, p. 129-142.
6074:, p. 129-136.
6031:, p. 225-247.
6016:, p. 641-642.
5989:, p. 505-531.
5950:, p. 230-231.
5938:, p. 227-230.
5926:, p. 225-227.
5914:, p. 221-229.
5897:, p. 115–127.
5880:, p. 225-231.
5868:, p. 506-509.
5762:, p. 197-203.
5738:, p. 751-769.
5726:, p. 421-436.
5544:, p. 359-365.
5532:, p. 205-207.
5489:, p. 363–375.
5417:, p. 531-539.
5405:, p. 115-125.
5326:, p. 129-229.
5314:, p. 531-584.
5302:, p. 322-323.
5290:, p. 196-197.
5263:, p. 182-183.
5208:, p. 256-257.
5112:, p. 107-109.
4975:, p. 747–755.
4960:, p. 652–659.
4890:, p. 222-242.
4878:, p. 137-165.
4866:, p. 390-391.
4845:, p. 708-719.
4656:In the grammar of
4619:, p. 637-652.
4557:ܠܶܫܳ݁ܢܳܐ ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܳܐ
4211:
3800:
2936:
2540:derived verb stems
2290:grammatical gender
2219:: "he has set out"
2084:Treaty of Lausanne
1997:
1949:A warning sign in
1807:Church of the East
1758:
1697:Kingdom of Osroene
1689:
1685:Kingdom of Osroene
1569:
1544:
1488:Church of the East
1476:
1372:should be called "
1261:
1223:
1197:
1173:Michael of Antioch
1167:) use of the term
1134:Theodoret of Cyrus
1108:
1106:in Syriac language
1075:(Aramaic term for
1025:
958:
887:
736:that followed the
724:that followed the
722:Church of the East
706:Early Christianity
11628:Semitic languages
11598:Languages of Iraq
11588:Aramaic languages
11560:
11559:
11471:
11470:
11187:
11165:
11164:
11132:Assyrian genocide
11031:Abbasid Caliphate
10853:
10736:
10735:
10603:Assyrian diaspora
10539:
10538:
10461:Assyrian homeland
10449:Assyrian genocide
10225:Ephrem the Syrian
10213:
10212:
10127:Oriental Orthodox
10066:
10065:
9951:
9950:
9934:Oriental Orthodox
9900:Church of Antioch
9852:
9851:
9823:
9822:
9819:
9818:
9750:
9749:
9746:
9745:
9480:
9479:
9476:
9475:
9318:
9317:
9281:Koy Sanjaq Jewish
9078:Jewish Babylonian
8989:
8988:
8722:Semitic languages
8265:Rudder, Joshua.
7616:. Leiden: Brill.
7328:. Leiden: Brill.
7197:"Syriac Language"
7182:on 27 August 2021
7151:Brockelmann, Carl
6737:978-1-61143-563-4
6281:on 17 August 2016
6062:, p. 95-114.
5586:. 22 October 2007
4551:ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܣܘܼܪܝܵܝܵܐ
4484:Syriac literature
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4190:
4189:
3875:
3868:
3648:
3647:
2953:
2921:
2920:
2578:conjugation: the
2392:. Thus, the same
2294:grammatical cases
2134:can be assigned:
2110:Semitic languages
2033:minority language
1995:
1994:
1931:Upper Mesopotamia
1906:, as well as the
1787:Ephrem the Syrian
1762:Syriac literature
1512:Syriac Christians
1370:1st millennium BC
1274:informational era
1202:Cave of Treasures
1113:Cave of Treasures
1061:Syrian or Aramaic
712:began to embrace
694:Syriac literature
651:Eastern Christian
631:literary language
531:leššōnō kṯoḇonōyō
484:Syriac literature
476:
413:rendering support
397:
396:
379:rendering support
375:phonetic symbols.
249:Proto-Afroasiatic
206:Northwest Semitic
16:(Redirected from
11645:
11550:
11549:
11538:
11537:
11536:
11183:
11176:
11175:
11150:Post-Saddam Iraq
10976:Nestorian schism
10970:Christianization
10942:(132 BCE–244 CE)
10936:(247 BCE–224 CE)
10896:(609 BCE–240 CE)
10857:
10856:
10847:
10707:East Syriac Rite
10670:West Syriac Rite
10666:
10665:
10647:
10636:
10625:
10566:
10559:
10552:
10543:
10542:
10529:
10528:
10416:Syriac Malayalam
10350:Coorilos Paulose
10275:Isaac the Syrian
10102:Eastern Catholic
10098:
10097:
10081:Malankara Church
9990:Eastern Catholic
9986:
9985:
9909:Eastern Catholic
9905:
9904:
9879:
9872:
9865:
9856:
9855:
9594:
9593:
9554:
9553:
9545:
9544:
9491:
9490:
9359:northern dialect
9034:Biblical Aramaic
9027:Imperial Aramaic
9009:
9008:
9000:
8999:
8898:Nabataean Arabic
8815:
8814:
8806:
8805:
8781:Canaano-Akkadian
8715:
8708:
8701:
8692:
8691:
8646:
8644:
8635:
8633:
8631:
8604:
8596:
8543:
8530:The Syriac World
8520:
8507:The Syriac World
8497:
8484:The Syriac World
8474:
8461:The Syriac World
8451:
8442:(1–3): 115–125.
8426:
8403:
8380:
8357:
8344:
8321:
8300:
8262:
8237:
8224:
8201:
8191:
8173:
8163:
8140:
8119:
8106:
8083:
8062:
8053:
8044:Nöldeke, Theodor
8039:
8028:Nöldeke, Theodor
8023:
7999:
7976:
7950:
7929:
7919:
7894:
7868:
7855:
7827:
7799:
7779:
7755:
7735:
7710:
7691:Lipiński, Edward
7686:
7676:
7668:Kiraz, George A.
7663:
7646:
7640:
7627:
7603:
7590:
7587:The Syriac World
7577:
7553:
7540:The Syriac World
7530:
7507:
7484:
7463:
7453:
7443:
7422:
7419:The Syriac World
7409:
7388:
7365:
7352:
7339:
7318:
7295:
7274:
7261:The Syriac World
7251:
7248:The Syriac World
7238:
7225:
7204:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7181:
7170:
7160:
7156:Lexicon Syriacum
7146:
7133:The Syriac World
7120:
7096:
7070:
7046:
7030:
7014:
6998:
6964:
6940:
6916:
6892:
6872:
6846:
6832:
6822:
6804:
6791:
6767:
6741:
6717:
6703:
6677:
6651:
6627:
6603:
6575:
6555:
6531:
6515:
6502:The Syriac World
6492:
6469:
6448:
6435:The Syriac World
6425:
6392:
6379:
6348:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6247:. Archived from
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6199:on 30 March 2012
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6114:
6105:
6099:
6093:
6087:
6081:
6075:
6072:Río Sánchez 2013
6069:
6063:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6038:
6032:
6026:
6017:
6011:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5963:
5957:
5951:
5945:
5939:
5933:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5909:
5898:
5892:
5881:
5875:
5869:
5863:
5857:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5813:
5807:. Archived from
5806:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5777:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5690:, p. 51-52.
5685:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5551:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5484:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5453:, p. 96-97.
5448:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5196:, p. 30-31.
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5154:
5153:
5141:
5132:
5131:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5017:CLASSICAL SYRIAC
5013:
5007:
5006:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4902:, p. 11–23.
4897:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4779:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4674:The Syriac World
4669:
4663:
4662:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4605:
4604:
4578:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4546:
4473:
4472:
4461:
4460:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4440:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4414:usually becomes
4413:
4408:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4388:usually becomes
4387:
4380:
4376:
4350:
4347:has merged with
4346:
4342:
4327:
4320:
4302:
4288:
4279:
4265:
4256:
4242:
4235:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4172:
4144:
4133:
4122:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4067:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
3998:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3935:
3928:
3900:
3889:
3871:
3866:
3803:
3799:
3784:
3780:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3695:
3644:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3609:
3600:
3591:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3450:
3441:
3433:
3424:
3416:
3407:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3233:
3222:
3211:
3200:
3189:
3178:
3167:
3156:
3145:
3134:
3123:
3112:
3101:
3090:
3079:
3068:
3057:
3046:
3035:
3024:
3013:
3002:
2992:transliteration
2989:
2988:
2968:
2965:ʾAḇōn daḇašmayyā
2955:
2954:
2943:ʾAḇôn daḇašmayyā
2933:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2568:
2556:
2548:
2524:followed by the
2460:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2439:
2438:
2419:
2417:šeqlêh d-malkuṯā
2413:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2342:, "taxes of...".
2341:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2149:: "he has taken"
2148:
2142:
2141:
2128:
2121:
2120:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1959:
1958:
1888:East Syriac Rite
1849:West Syriac Rite
1842:Iraqi Christians
1795:Nestorian Schism
1784:
1779:
1778:
1752:
1745:
1744:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1566:
1565:
1444:Fertile Crescent
1417:
1363:
1357:Eblaite language
1309:Classical Syriac
1301:Classical Syriac
1286:Classical Syriac
1266:Classical Syriac
1246:Classical Syriac
1239:Classical Syriac
1212:Aramaic language
1169:Aramaic language
1139:
1123:
1118:Ephrem of Edessa
1085:Classical Syriac
992:(regional name)
966:Aramaic language
899:Aramaic language
891:English language
864:West Syriac Rite
820:West Syriac Rite
798:, including the
796:East Syriac Rite
738:West Syriac Rite
726:East Syriac Rite
690:Aramaic alphabet
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
593:
587:
584:
583:the old language
581:
578:
575:
571:
561:
555:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
533:
522:Classical Syriac
515:
505:
495:
481:
475:romanized:
474:
472:
467:Classical Syriac
461:
456:
455:
452:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
405:
365:
349:
342:
333:
332:
324:
304:
180:
112:Fertile Crescent
87:
77:
70:
69:
59:Classical Syriac
51:
50:
21:
18:Syriac languages
11653:
11652:
11648:
11647:
11646:
11644:
11643:
11642:
11573:Syriac language
11563:
11562:
11561:
11556:
11544:
11534:
11532:
11524:
11467:
11342:
11319:Mardin Province
11182:
11161:
11144:Simele massacre
11078:
11007:
10972:(1st to 3rd c.)
10954:(64 BCE–637 CE)
10948:(66 BCE–217 CE)
10934:Parthian Empire
10928:Seleucid Empire
10920:
10914:
10910:Assyrian tribes
10878:(2025–1364 BCE)
10872:(2600–2025 BCE)
10851:
10849:
10846:
10838:
10795:
10748:
10732:
10701:
10660:
10653:
10652:
10648:
10642:
10641:
10637:
10631:
10630:
10626:
10617:
10586:
10575:
10573:Assyrian people
10570:
10540:
10535:
10523:
10517:* Defunct with
10509:
10443:Assyrian people
10431:
10364:
10245:Jacob of Serugh
10240:Jacob Baradaeus
10209:
10173:
10152:
10121:
10086:
10084:
10077:
10075:
10062:
10032:
10007:
9973:
9967:
9960:
9947:
9928:
9917:Maronite Church
9897:
9888:
9883:
9853:
9848:
9815:
9742:
9651:
9598:
9585:
9536:
9497:
9472:
9410:
9314:
9256:Urmia Christian
9172:
9165:
9052:
9046:
8985:
8945:Egyptian Arabic
8931:
8927:Modern Standard
8910:
8795:
8757:
8724:
8719:
8682:Syriac Language
8673:Syriac Language
8664:Syriac Language
8642:
8638:
8629:
8627:
8612:
8591:
8551:
8546:
8540:
8517:
8494:
8471:
8423:
8400:
8377:
8341:
8318:
8297:
8221:
8171:
8160:
8137:
8103:
8080:
8020:
7996:
7973:
7947:
7866:
7776:
7732:
7707:
7674:
7638:
7624:
7608:Joseph, John B.
7574:
7550:
7527:
7504:
7481:
7451:
7440:
7406:
7385:
7336:
7315:
7292:
7271:
7222:
7185:
7183:
7179:
7168:
7143:
7117:
7093:
7067:
6995:
6961:
6913:
6869:
6802:
6788:
6764:
6738:
6700:
6674:
6648:
6624:
6568:ARAM Periodical
6552:
6512:
6489:
6466:
6445:
6376:
6357:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6342:
6332:
6330:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6307:
6305:
6298:
6294:
6284:
6282:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6254:
6252:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6202:
6200:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6172:
6170:
6158:
6154:
6144:
6142:
6132:
6128:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6108:Anbori, Abbas.
6106:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6082:
6078:
6070:
6066:
6058:
6054:
6044:
6039:
6035:
6027:
6020:
6012:
6005:
5997:
5993:
5985:
5981:
5973:
5966:
5958:
5954:
5946:
5942:
5934:
5930:
5922:
5918:
5910:
5901:
5893:
5884:
5876:
5872:
5864:
5860:
5852:
5848:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5817:
5815:
5814:on 4 March 2011
5811:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5785:
5783:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5758:
5754:
5746:
5742:
5734:
5730:
5722:
5718:
5710:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5686:
5682:
5674:
5670:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5639:
5637:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5614:
5612:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5589:
5587:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5563:
5561:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5540:
5536:
5528:
5524:
5516:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5477:, p. XXXI.
5473:
5469:
5461:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5437:
5433:
5425:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5401:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5348:Shepardson 2019
5346:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5322:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5286:
5282:
5274:
5267:
5259:
5255:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5216:
5212:
5204:
5200:
5192:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5168:
5157:
5147:
5142:
5135:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5108:
5104:
5096:
5092:
5084:
5080:
5069:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4983:
4979:
4971:
4964:
4956:
4952:
4944:
4937:
4929:
4925:
4921:, p. 5-20.
4917:
4913:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4886:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4862:
4849:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4816:
4812:
4805:syriacpress.com
4797:
4793:
4756:
4752:
4741:
4727:
4723:
4712:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4684:
4670:
4666:
4658:Jacob of Edessa
4652:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4627:
4623:
4615:
4608:
4597:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4504:Aramaic studies
4479:
4467:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4435:
4433:
4403:monophthongized
4238:
4231:
4199:
3854:
3832:
3815:
3657:
2984:
2983:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2937:
2931:
2926:
2468:
2405:šeqlē d-malkuṯā
2282:
2106:
1990:
1981:
1975:
1943:
1826:Arabic language
1764:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1725:
1723:Literary Syriac
1673:
1532:
1436:
1389:ethnolinguistic
1385:sociolinguistic
1231:Syriac language
1227:Theodor Nöldeke
1207:Western Aramaic
1181:
1127:region of Syria
1093:Aramaic studies
1057:Jacob of Edessa
950:
876:
788:sacred language
686:Syriac alphabet
627:Early Christian
615:Eastern Aramaic
607:
604:
601:
598:
585:
582:
579:
576:
562:, while in its
547:
544:
541:
538:
479:Leššānā Suryāyā
459:
433:
429:
426:Syriac language
422:
421:
420:
411:Without proper
406:
377:Without proper
361:
345:
338:
328:
327:
320:
305:
300:
279:
244:
237:
216:Eastern Aramaic
201:Central Semitic
181:
178:Language family
176:
126:, southeastern
118:, northwestern
93:
90:Leššānā Suryāyā
75:Leššānā Suryāyā
61:Edessan Aramaic
60:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11651:
11641:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11558:
11557:
11555:
11554:
11542:
11529:
11526:
11525:
11523:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11481:
11479:
11473:
11472:
11469:
11468:
11466:
11465:
11460:
11459:
11458:
11448:
11446:United Kingdom
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11352:
11350:
11344:
11343:
11341:
11340:
11339:
11338:
11337:
11336:
11331:
11326:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11296:
11295:
11294:
11289:
11288:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11262:
11261:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11240:
11239:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11222:
11221:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11199:Nineveh Plains
11190:
11188:
11173:
11167:
11166:
11163:
11162:
11160:
11159:
11153:
11147:
11141:
11135:
11129:
11126:Adana massacre
11123:
11117:
11111:
11105:
11102:Schism of 1552
11099:
11096:Ottoman Empire
11093:
11090:Safavid Empire
11086:
11084:
11080:
11079:
11077:
11076:
11070:
11064:
11058:
11052:
11046:
11040:
11037:Emirs of Mosul
11034:
11028:
11022:
11015:
11013:
11009:
11008:
11006:
11005:
10999:
10993:
10979:
10973:
10967:
10961:
10955:
10949:
10943:
10937:
10931:
10924:
10922:
10916:
10915:
10913:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10891:
10885:
10884:(1363–912 BCE)
10879:
10873:
10866:
10864:
10854:
10840:
10839:
10837:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10811:
10805:
10803:
10797:
10796:
10794:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10752:
10750:
10738:
10737:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10730:
10724:
10718:
10711:
10709:
10703:
10702:
10700:
10699:
10693:
10687:
10681:
10674:
10672:
10663:
10655:
10654:
10620:
10618:
10616:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10594:
10592:
10588:
10587:
10580:
10577:
10576:
10569:
10568:
10561:
10554:
10546:
10537:
10536:
10534:
10533:
10521:
10519:schism of 1552
10514:
10511:
10510:
10508:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10496:
10495:
10490:
10480:
10479:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10458:
10453:
10452:
10451:
10439:
10437:
10433:
10432:
10430:
10429:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10372:
10370:
10366:
10365:
10363:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10330:Cyril VI Tanas
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10270:Thomas of Cana
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10221:
10219:
10215:
10214:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10207:
10201:
10195:
10188:
10186:
10175:
10174:
10172:
10171:
10164:
10162:
10154:
10153:
10151:
10150:
10144:
10138:
10131:
10129:
10123:
10122:
10120:
10119:
10113:
10106:
10104:
10095:
10068:
10067:
10064:
10063:
10061:
10060:
10054:
10047:
10045:
10034:
10033:
10031:
10030:
10024:
10017:
10015:
10009:
10008:
10006:
10005:
9994:
9992:
9983:
9953:
9952:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9945:
9938:
9936:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9926:
9920:
9913:
9911:
9902:
9890:
9889:
9882:
9881:
9874:
9867:
9859:
9850:
9849:
9847:
9846:
9839:
9828:
9825:
9824:
9821:
9820:
9817:
9816:
9814:
9813:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9795:
9794:
9780:
9773:
9766:
9760:
9758:
9752:
9751:
9748:
9747:
9744:
9743:
9741:
9740:
9739:
9738:
9737:
9736:
9735:
9734:
9731:
9728:
9725:
9722:
9712:
9707:
9706:
9705:
9692:
9687:
9677:
9676:
9675:
9670:
9659:
9657:
9653:
9652:
9650:
9649:
9648:
9647:
9646:
9645:
9640:
9639:
9638:
9635:
9632:
9612:
9602:
9600:
9591:
9587:
9586:
9584:
9583:
9578:
9577:
9576:
9571:
9560:
9558:
9551:
9542:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9503:
9501:
9488:
9482:
9481:
9478:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9470:
9463:
9456:
9449:
9442:
9441:
9440:
9433:
9418:
9416:
9412:
9411:
9409:
9408:
9407:
9406:
9392:
9385:
9384:
9383:
9378:
9371:
9364:
9363:
9362:
9343:
9336:
9328:
9326:
9320:
9319:
9316:
9315:
9313:
9312:
9307:
9306:
9305:
9304:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9260:
9259:
9258:
9253:
9252:
9251:
9248:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9202:
9197:
9196:
9195:
9190:
9177:
9175:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9163:
9162:
9161:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9145:
9138:
9131:
9119:
9112:
9098:
9093:
9092:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9074:
9062:
9056:
9054:
9048:
9047:
9045:
9044:
9041:Middle Aramaic
9037:
9030:
9023:
9015:
9013:
9006:
8997:
8991:
8990:
8987:
8986:
8984:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8970:
8969:
8952:
8947:
8941:
8939:
8937:Dialect groups
8933:
8932:
8930:
8929:
8924:
8918:
8916:
8912:
8911:
8909:
8908:
8901:
8894:
8893:
8892:
8885:
8878:
8871:
8864:
8857:
8850:
8836:
8829:
8821:
8819:
8812:
8803:
8797:
8796:
8794:
8793:
8786:
8785:
8784:
8769:
8767:
8759:
8758:
8756:
8755:
8754:
8753:
8748:
8738:
8732:
8730:
8726:
8725:
8718:
8717:
8710:
8703:
8695:
8689:
8688:
8679:
8670:
8661:
8656:
8647:
8636:
8610:
8605:
8589:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8550:
8549:External links
8547:
8545:
8544:
8538:
8521:
8515:
8498:
8492:
8475:
8469:
8452:
8427:
8421:
8404:
8398:
8381:
8375:
8358:
8345:
8339:
8322:
8316:
8301:
8295:
8278:
8275:978-1461021421
8263:
8253:(2): 306–333.
8238:
8225:
8219:
8202:
8164:
8158:
8141:
8135:
8120:
8107:
8101:
8084:
8078:
8063:
8054:
8040:
8024:
8018:
8004:Neill, Stephen
8000:
7994:
7977:
7971:
7951:
7945:
7930:
7910:(1): 129–229.
7895:
7860:Millar, Fergus
7856:
7832:Millar, Fergus
7828:
7804:Millar, Fergus
7800:
7784:Millar, Fergus
7780:
7774:
7760:Millar, Fergus
7756:
7736:
7730:
7711:
7705:
7687:
7664:
7647:
7632:Khan, Geoffrey
7628:
7622:
7604:
7591:
7578:
7572:
7560:, ed. (1990).
7554:
7548:
7531:
7525:
7508:
7502:
7485:
7479:
7464:
7444:
7438:
7423:
7410:
7404:
7389:
7383:
7366:
7353:
7340:
7334:
7319:
7313:
7296:
7290:
7275:
7269:
7252:
7239:
7226:
7220:
7205:
7192:
7161:
7147:
7141:
7121:
7115:
7097:
7091:
7071:
7065:
7047:
7031:
7015:
6999:
6993:
6965:
6959:
6941:
6917:
6911:
6893:
6873:
6867:
6847:
6833:
6792:
6786:
6768:
6762:
6742:
6736:
6718:
6704:
6698:
6678:
6672:
6652:
6646:
6628:
6622:
6604:
6594:(2): 363–375.
6576:
6556:
6550:
6532:
6516:
6510:
6493:
6487:
6470:
6464:
6449:
6443:
6426:
6414:10.1086/677249
6408:(2): 299–317.
6393:
6380:
6374:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6340:
6315:
6292:
6262:
6236:
6210:
6193:Voices of Iraq
6180:
6152:
6126:
6115:. pp. 4–5
6100:
6088:
6076:
6064:
6052:
6033:
6018:
6003:
5991:
5979:
5964:
5962:, p. 231.
5952:
5940:
5928:
5916:
5899:
5882:
5870:
5858:
5846:
5825:
5793:
5764:
5752:
5748:Heinrichs 1990
5740:
5736:Wilkinson 2019
5728:
5716:
5704:
5692:
5680:
5668:
5647:
5622:
5597:
5571:
5546:
5534:
5522:
5520:, p. 367.
5510:
5498:
5479:
5467:
5465:, p. 649.
5455:
5443:
5441:, p. 366.
5431:
5419:
5407:
5395:
5393:, p. 302.
5383:
5381:, p. 149.
5371:
5362:, p. 343.
5352:
5350:, p. 140.
5340:
5338:, p. 303.
5328:
5316:
5304:
5292:
5280:
5278:, p. 638.
5265:
5253:
5241:
5232:, p. 106.
5222:
5210:
5198:
5186:
5174:
5172:, p. 222.
5155:
5146:, p. 226.
5133:
5114:
5102:
5090:
5088:, p. 1-2.
5078:
5067:
5049:
5040:
5031:
5008:
4989:
4987:, p. 643.
4977:
4962:
4950:
4935:
4923:
4911:
4892:
4880:
4868:
4847:
4835:
4828:
4810:
4807:. Syriacpress.
4791:
4770:(1): 113–124.
4750:
4739:
4721:
4710:
4693:
4682:
4664:
4650:
4633:
4621:
4606:
4595:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4499:Syriac studies
4496:
4491:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4465:
4453:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4418:
4409:
4396:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4280:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4259:
4257:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4061:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3771:
3770:
3756:
3742:
3728:
3714:
3700:
3656:
3653:
3646:
3645:
3628:
3619:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3530:
3513:
3504:
3495:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3442:
3425:
3408:
3399:
3398:pronunciation
3395:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3224:
3213:
3202:
3191:
3180:
3169:
3158:
3147:
3136:
3125:
3114:
3103:
3092:
3081:
3070:
3059:
3048:
3037:
3026:
3015:
3004:
2993:
2974:
2957:
2947:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2906:
2894:
2882:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2853:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2467:
2464:
2411:ܫܩ̈ܠܝܗ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ
2375:šeqlay malkuṯā
2344:
2343:
2328:
2327:, "the taxes".
2313:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2262:
2248:
2234:
2220:
2206:
2192:
2178:
2164:
2150:
2105:
2102:
2068:nursery school
2059:(Germany) and
1993:
1992:
1983:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1942:
1941:Current status
1939:
1724:
1721:
1699:, centered in
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1656:), including (
1650:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1585:
1580:, centered in
1531:
1528:
1516:Hadrian's Wall
1482:of Aramaic in
1452:Nineveh Plains
1448:Eastern Arabia
1435:
1432:
1381:Syriac studies
1339:standard as a
1321:Syriac, Modern
1280:of the terms "
1180:
1177:
1089:Syriac studies
949:
946:
875:
872:
868:Constantinople
732:rule, and the
659:Western Syriac
655:Eastern Syriac
569:leššānā ʔatīqā
407:
400:
399:
398:
395:
394:
381:, you may see
367:
366:
359:
351:
350:
343:
335:
334:
325:
317:
316:
315:Language codes
312:
311:
306:
302:Writing system
299:
296:
295:
294:
293:
290:
285:
281:
280:
278:
277:
276:
275:
274:
273:
272:
271:
264:Middle Aramaic
247:
245:
242:
239:
238:
236:
235:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
184:
182:
175:
172:
171:
164:
160:
159:
136:eastern Arabia
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
88:
80:
79:
63:
62:
56:
55:
40:Suret language
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11650:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11570:
11568:
11553:
11548:
11543:
11541:
11531:
11530:
11527:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11482:
11480:
11478:
11474:
11464:
11461:
11457:
11454:
11453:
11452:
11451:United States
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11353:
11351:
11349:
11345:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11321:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11301:
11300:
11297:
11293:
11290:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11271:
11268:
11267:
11266:
11263:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11245:
11244:
11241:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11201:
11200:
11197:
11196:
11195:
11192:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11181:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11168:
11157:
11154:
11151:
11148:
11145:
11142:
11139:
11136:
11133:
11130:
11127:
11124:
11121:
11118:
11115:
11112:
11109:
11106:
11103:
11100:
11097:
11094:
11091:
11088:
11087:
11085:
11081:
11074:
11071:
11068:
11065:
11062:
11059:
11056:
11053:
11050:
11047:
11044:
11043:Buyid amirate
11041:
11038:
11035:
11032:
11029:
11026:
11023:
11020:
11017:
11016:
11014:
11010:
11003:
11000:
10997:
10994:
10991:
10987:
10983:
10980:
10977:
10974:
10971:
10968:
10965:
10964:Roman Assyria
10962:
10959:
10956:
10953:
10950:
10947:
10944:
10941:
10938:
10935:
10932:
10929:
10926:
10925:
10923:
10917:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10895:
10892:
10890:(911–609 BCE)
10889:
10886:
10883:
10880:
10877:
10874:
10871:
10868:
10867:
10865:
10863:
10858:
10855:
10845:
10841:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10806:
10804:
10802:
10798:
10792:
10791:Syriac script
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10753:
10751:
10747:
10743:
10739:
10728:
10725:
10722:
10719:
10716:
10713:
10712:
10710:
10708:
10704:
10697:
10694:
10691:
10688:
10685:
10682:
10679:
10676:
10675:
10673:
10671:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10656:
10651:
10650:Chaldean flag
10646:
10640:
10635:
10629:
10628:Assyrian flag
10624:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10595:
10593:
10589:
10584:
10578:
10574:
10567:
10562:
10560:
10555:
10553:
10548:
10547:
10544:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10520:
10516:
10515:
10512:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10494:
10493:Phoenicianism
10491:
10489:
10486:
10485:
10484:
10481:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10463:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10450:
10447:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10440:
10438:
10434:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10373:
10371:
10367:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
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10014:
10010:
10003:
9999:
9996:
9995:
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9987:
9984:
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9977:
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9966:
9965:
9958:
9954:
9943:
9940:
9939:
9937:
9935:
9931:
9924:
9921:
9918:
9915:
9914:
9912:
9910:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9895:
9891:
9887:
9880:
9875:
9873:
9868:
9866:
9861:
9860:
9857:
9844:
9840:
9837:
9833:
9830:
9829:
9826:
9812:
9811:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9793:
9792:
9788:
9787:
9786:
9785:
9781:
9779:
9778:
9774:
9772:
9771:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9761:
9759:
9757:
9753:
9732:
9729:
9726:
9723:
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9718:
9717:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9703:
9702:
9701:
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9696:
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9688:
9686:
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9678:
9674:
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9664:
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9661:
9660:
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9644:
9641:
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9630:
9629:
9628:
9625:
9624:
9622:
9621:
9620:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9607:
9604:
9603:
9601:
9595:
9592:
9588:
9582:
9579:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9566:
9565:
9562:
9561:
9559:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9549:Ethio-Semitic
9546:
9543:
9539:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9483:
9469:
9468:
9464:
9462:
9461:
9457:
9455:
9454:
9450:
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9443:
9439:
9438:
9434:
9432:
9431:
9427:
9426:
9425:
9424:
9420:
9419:
9417:
9413:
9405:
9404:
9400:
9399:
9398:
9397:
9393:
9391:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9376:
9372:
9370:
9369:
9365:
9361:
9360:
9356:
9355:
9354:
9353:
9349:
9348:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9341:
9337:
9335:
9334:
9330:
9329:
9327:
9325:
9321:
9311:
9308:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
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9264:
9263:
9261:
9257:
9254:
9249:
9246:
9245:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
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9224:
9221:
9219:
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9214:
9211:
9210:
9208:
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9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
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9146:
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9136:
9132:
9130:
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9125:
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9123:
9120:
9118:
9117:
9113:
9111:
9110:
9106:
9105:
9104:
9103:
9099:
9097:
9096:Judeo-Aramaic
9094:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9079:
9075:
9073:
9072:
9068:
9067:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9057:
9055:
9049:
9043:
9042:
9038:
9036:
9035:
9031:
9029:
9028:
9024:
9022:
9021:
9017:
9016:
9014:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8992:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8968:
8965:
8964:
8963:
8962:
8961:Siculo-Arabic
8958:
8957:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8938:
8934:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8919:
8917:
8913:
8907:
8906:
8902:
8900:
8899:
8895:
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8828:
8827:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8787:
8783:
8782:
8778:
8777:
8776:
8775:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8766:
8765:
8760:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
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8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8733:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8716:
8711:
8709:
8704:
8702:
8697:
8696:
8693:
8687:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8651:
8648:
8641:
8637:
8626:on 9 May 2016
8625:
8621:
8620:
8615:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8602:
8601:
8595:
8590:
8587:
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8574:
8572:
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8562:
8559:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8541:
8539:9781138899018
8535:
8531:
8527:
8522:
8518:
8516:9781138899018
8512:
8508:
8504:
8499:
8495:
8493:9781138899018
8489:
8485:
8481:
8476:
8472:
8470:9781138899018
8466:
8462:
8458:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8428:
8424:
8422:9783110251586
8418:
8414:
8410:
8405:
8401:
8399:9780080877754
8395:
8391:
8387:
8382:
8378:
8376:9780802827395
8372:
8368:
8364:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8346:
8342:
8340:9789004264410
8336:
8332:
8328:
8323:
8319:
8317:9780520303379
8313:
8309:
8308:
8302:
8298:
8296:9789004264410
8292:
8288:
8284:
8279:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8226:
8222:
8220:9780199271566
8216:
8212:
8208:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8182:(1): 71–103.
8181:
8177:
8170:
8165:
8161:
8159:9783447034470
8155:
8151:
8147:
8142:
8138:
8136:9780199687176
8132:
8128:
8127:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8108:
8104:
8102:9783447057875
8098:
8094:
8090:
8085:
8081:
8079:9780813214993
8075:
8071:
8070:
8064:
8060:
8055:
8051:
8050:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8019:9780521548854
8015:
8011:
8010:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7995:9780953824861
7991:
7987:
7983:
7978:
7974:
7972:9783447057875
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7946:9789004445512
7942:
7938:
7937:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7775:9780520253919
7771:
7767:
7766:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7731:9781107648128
7727:
7723:
7722:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7706:9789042908154
7702:
7698:
7697:
7692:
7688:
7685:(2): 129–142.
7684:
7680:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7662:(3): 505–531.
7661:
7657:
7653:
7648:
7644:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7619:
7615:
7614:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7579:
7575:
7573:9781555404307
7569:
7565:
7564:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7549:9781138899018
7545:
7541:
7537:
7532:
7528:
7526:9783447057875
7522:
7518:
7514:
7509:
7505:
7503:9783110251586
7499:
7495:
7491:
7486:
7482:
7480:9780199252565
7476:
7472:
7471:
7465:
7462:(2): 115–127.
7461:
7457:
7450:
7445:
7441:
7439:9780704403901
7435:
7431:
7430:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7411:
7407:
7405:9789004285101
7401:
7397:
7396:
7390:
7386:
7384:9789004229433
7380:
7376:
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7367:
7363:
7359:
7354:
7350:
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7337:
7331:
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7326:
7320:
7316:
7314:9789042931640
7310:
7306:
7302:
7297:
7293:
7291:9780748686056
7287:
7283:
7282:
7276:
7272:
7270:9781138899018
7266:
7262:
7258:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7227:
7223:
7221:9781575064215
7217:
7213:
7212:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7193:
7178:
7174:
7167:
7162:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7142:9781138899018
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7116:9780957522817
7112:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7092:9789042933149
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7066:9781463207137
7062:
7058:
7057:
7052:
7048:
7044:
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7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6994:9781463216634
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6960:9781593338442
6956:
6952:
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6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6912:9780754659082
6908:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6868:9780521460835
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6787:9780860788003
6783:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6763:9780521302005
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6733:
6729:
6728:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6699:9780521587365
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6647:9780860783053
6643:
6639:
6638:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6623:9780879075248
6619:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6551:9780860781479
6547:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6511:9781138899018
6507:
6503:
6499:
6494:
6490:
6488:9783110251586
6484:
6480:
6476:
6471:
6467:
6465:9783525535738
6461:
6457:
6456:
6450:
6446:
6444:9781138899018
6440:
6436:
6432:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6381:
6377:
6375:9781107244566
6371:
6367:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6344:
6329:
6328:www.syriac.io
6325:
6319:
6303:
6296:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6266:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6224:
6220:
6214:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6184:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6156:
6141:
6137:
6130:
6111:
6104:
6098:, p. 58.
6097:
6092:
6085:
6080:
6073:
6068:
6061:
6056:
6048:
6042:
6037:
6030:
6025:
6023:
6015:
6010:
6008:
6000:
5995:
5988:
5983:
5977:, p. 70.
5976:
5975:Lipiński 2001
5971:
5969:
5961:
5956:
5949:
5944:
5937:
5932:
5925:
5920:
5913:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5896:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5879:
5874:
5867:
5862:
5856:, p. 13.
5855:
5850:
5835:
5829:
5810:
5803:
5797:
5781:
5774:
5768:
5761:
5756:
5749:
5744:
5737:
5732:
5725:
5720:
5713:
5708:
5702:, p. 73.
5701:
5696:
5689:
5688:Lipiński 2001
5684:
5678:, p. 81.
5677:
5672:
5657:
5651:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5585:
5581:
5575:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5543:
5538:
5531:
5526:
5519:
5514:
5508:, p. 72.
5507:
5502:
5494:
5488:
5483:
5476:
5471:
5464:
5459:
5452:
5447:
5440:
5435:
5429:, p. 49.
5428:
5423:
5416:
5411:
5404:
5403:Weltecke 2009
5399:
5392:
5387:
5380:
5375:
5367:
5361:
5356:
5349:
5344:
5337:
5332:
5325:
5320:
5313:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5289:
5284:
5277:
5272:
5270:
5262:
5257:
5250:
5245:
5237:
5231:
5226:
5220:, p. 78.
5219:
5214:
5207:
5202:
5195:
5190:
5183:
5178:
5171:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5151:
5145:
5140:
5138:
5129:
5124:, p. 16.
5123:
5118:
5111:
5106:
5099:
5094:
5087:
5082:
5075:
5070:
5068:9781463238933
5064:
5060:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5028:
5025:
5018:
5012:
5004:
4998:
4993:
4986:
4981:
4974:
4973:Weninger 2012
4969:
4967:
4959:
4954:
4948:, p. 38.
4947:
4942:
4940:
4933:, p. 44.
4932:
4927:
4920:
4915:
4907:
4901:
4896:
4889:
4884:
4877:
4872:
4865:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4844:
4839:
4831:
4829:9783447057028
4825:
4821:
4814:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4740:9780300271256
4736:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4713:
4711:9789004509139
4707:
4703:
4697:
4690:
4685:
4683:9780300271256
4679:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4659:
4653:
4651:9789004173750
4647:
4643:
4637:
4630:
4625:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4603:
4598:
4596:9781463236649
4592:
4588:
4584:
4581:Mario Kozah;
4577:
4573:
4545:
4541:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4452:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4419:
4410:
4404:
4397:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4192:
4191:
4171:
4159:
4156:
4143:
4132:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4077:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3899:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3776:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3642:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3005:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2967:
2966:
2960:
2959:Lord's Prayer
2945:
2944:
2916:
2907:
2904:
2895:
2892:
2883:
2880:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2851:
2842:
2839:
2830:
2827:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2798:
2795:
2786:
2783:
2774:
2771:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2745:
2742:
2733:
2730:
2721:
2718:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2689:
2686:
2677:
2674:
2665:
2662:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:present tense
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:morphological
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2447:
2445:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2406:
2399:ܫܩ̈ܠܐ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ
2395:
2391:
2389:
2376:
2365:
2360:
2357:
2350:ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ/ܒܪܢܫܐ
2340:
2329:
2325:
2314:
2310:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2275:: "arrogance"
2273:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:Jazira Region
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:its adherents
2026:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2009:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1978:šeṯqā, b-ḇāʿū
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1938:
1936:
1935:Mount Lebanon
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1840:, as well as
1839:
1838:Iraqi Muslims
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1754:
1751:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1703:, eastern of
1702:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:late medieval
1617:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1520:Great Britain
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:Malabar Coast
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:macrolanguage
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1288:" within the
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1104:Lord's Prayer
1100:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1079:in general).
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:script, from
1010:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
954:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:Ancient Syria
900:
896:
892:
885:
880:
871:
869:
865:
861:
860:ancient Syria
858:and parts of
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
822:, including:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:Eastern China
758:
757:Malabar Coast
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:Ancient Syria
632:
628:
625:. During the
624:
620:
616:
611:
592:
570:
565:
560:
554:
532:
527:
523:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
485:
480:
468:
464:
463:
454:
427:
418:
417:Syriac script
414:
410:
404:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
374:
368:
364:
360:
358:
357:
352:
348:
344:
341:
336:
331:
326:
323:
318:
313:
310:
307:
303:
297:
291:
288:
287:
286:
282:
270:
267:
266:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
256:
255:
254:Proto-Semitic
252:
251:
250:
246:
240:
222:
219:
218:
217:
214:
213:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:
198:
197:
194:
193:
192:
189:
188:
187:
183:
179:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:Malabar Coast
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:Pronunciation
96:
91:
86:
81:
78:
76:
64:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:Syriac script
19:
11067:Qara Qoyunlu
10930:(312–63 BCE)
10745:
10661:Christianity
10428:(Liturgical)
10425:
10335:Elias Mellus
10295:Bar Hebraeus
10255:Paul the Jew
10079:
9969:
9962:
9896:, legacy of
9831:
9808:
9789:
9782:
9775:
9768:
9682:
9665:
9623:East Gurage
9465:
9458:
9451:
9444:
9435:
9428:
9421:
9401:
9394:
9387:
9373:
9366:
9357:
9350:
9338:
9331:
9296:Urmia Jewish
9205:Northeastern
9185:
9156:
9147:
9140:
9133:
9126:
9121:
9114:
9107:
9100:
9088:
9076:
9069:
9039:
9032:
9025:
9018:
8976:Mesopotamian
8959:
8903:
8896:
8887:
8880:
8873:
8866:
8859:
8852:
8845:
8838:
8831:
8826:Proto-Arabic
8824:
8788:
8779:
8772:
8762:
8628:. Retrieved
8624:the original
8617:
8598:
8529:
8506:
8483:
8460:
8439:
8435:
8412:
8389:
8366:
8353:
8330:
8306:
8286:
8266:
8250:
8246:
8233:
8210:
8179:
8175:
8149:
8125:
8115:
8092:
8068:
8058:
8048:
8035:
8008:
7985:
7962:
7935:
7907:
7903:
7877:(1): 43–92.
7874:
7870:
7843:
7839:
7815:
7811:
7795:
7791:
7764:
7751:
7747:
7740:Messo, Johny
7719:
7695:
7682:
7678:
7659:
7655:
7642:
7612:
7599:
7586:
7562:
7539:
7516:
7493:
7469:
7459:
7455:
7428:
7418:
7394:
7374:
7361:
7348:
7324:
7304:
7280:
7260:
7247:
7234:
7210:
7200:
7184:. Retrieved
7177:the original
7172:
7155:
7132:
7105:
7082:
7055:
7042:
7026:
7010:
6976:
6949:
6937:the original
6932:
6928:
6901:
6888:
6884:
6858:
6841:
6810:
6806:
6776:
6753:
6726:
6712:
6689:
6663:
6636:
6612:
6591:
6587:
6571:
6567:
6540:
6527:
6501:
6478:
6454:
6434:
6405:
6401:
6388:
6364:
6343:
6331:. Retrieved
6327:
6318:
6306:. Retrieved
6295:
6283:. Retrieved
6279:the original
6265:
6253:. Retrieved
6249:the original
6239:
6227:. Retrieved
6222:
6213:
6201:. Retrieved
6197:the original
6192:
6183:
6171:. Retrieved
6165:
6155:
6143:. Retrieved
6139:
6129:
6117:. Retrieved
6103:
6091:
6079:
6067:
6055:
6036:
5994:
5982:
5955:
5943:
5931:
5919:
5873:
5861:
5849:
5837:. Retrieved
5828:
5816:. Retrieved
5809:the original
5796:
5784:. Retrieved
5779:
5767:
5755:
5743:
5731:
5724:Burnett 2005
5719:
5707:
5695:
5683:
5676:Garbini 1981
5671:
5659:. Retrieved
5650:
5638:. Retrieved
5634:
5625:
5613:. Retrieved
5609:
5600:
5588:. Retrieved
5583:
5574:
5562:. Retrieved
5558:
5549:
5537:
5525:
5513:
5501:
5482:
5475:Nöldeke 1904
5470:
5463:Nöldeke 1886
5458:
5446:
5434:
5422:
5410:
5398:
5386:
5374:
5355:
5343:
5331:
5319:
5307:
5295:
5283:
5256:
5251:, p. 7.
5244:
5225:
5213:
5201:
5189:
5184:, p. 8.
5177:
5117:
5105:
5093:
5081:
5072:
5058:
5052:
5043:
5034:
5020:
5016:
5011:
4992:
4980:
4953:
4926:
4914:
4895:
4883:
4871:
4838:
4819:
4813:
4804:
4794:
4767:
4763:
4753:
4744:
4730:
4724:
4715:
4701:
4696:
4687:
4673:
4667:
4655:
4641:
4636:
4624:
4600:
4586:
4576:
4544:
4463:Christianity
4372:approximants
4365:
4357:close vowels
4353:front vowels
4338:
4203:
4200:
3772:
3681:
3669:
3658:
3649:
3226:
3215:
3204:
3193:
3182:
3171:
3160:
3149:
3138:
3127:
3116:
3105:
3094:
3083:
3072:
3061:
3050:
3039:
3028:
3017:
3006:
2995:
2985:
2976:
2964:
2942:
2620:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2563:
2551:
2543:
2537:
2532:
2499:
2469:
2455:
2441:
2437:ܒܝܫܝ̈ܢ ܫܩ̈ܠܐ
2422:
2385:
2369:ܫܩ̈ܠܝ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ
2361:
2345:
2284:Most Syriac
2283:
2131:
2123:
2112:, belong to
2107:
2099:
2088:
2065:
2022:
2005:
1998:
1916:
1912:
1885:
1846:
1823:
1800:
1798:vocabulary.
1791:
1765:
1747:
1709:
1690:
1624:early modern
1593:
1570:
1558:
1550:
1524:Roman Empire
1500:Central Asia
1477:
1407:
1397:
1378:
1373:
1352:
1350:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1285:
1281:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1214:in general.
1200:
1198:
1192:
1168:
1162:
1141:
1131:
1111:
1109:
1084:
1081:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1008:
1000:in general.
985:
981:
973:
969:
968:in general (
959:
923:
918:
888:
785:
746:
714:Christianity
683:
612:
550:) or simply
521:
507:
497:
487:
425:
423:
408:
370:
354:
309:Syriac abjad
220:
196:West Semitic
186:Afro-Asiatic
89:
72:
48:
11426:New Zealand
11421:Netherlands
11185:Settlements
11098:(1555–1917)
11075:(1453–1501)
11069:(1375–1468)
11063:(1335–1432)
11057:(1258–1335)
11051:(1098–1268)
11012:Middle ages
10952:Roman Syria
10946:Syrian Wars
10583:Middle East
10355:Thoma Darmo
10218:Key figures
10157:Nestorian (
9959:, legacy of
9957:East Syriac
9894:West Syriac
9770:Hadramautic
9756:Old Arabian
9695:West Gurage
9619:East Gurage
9498:ern Arabian
9200:Neo-Mandaic
9122:Palestinian
9020:Old Aramaic
7846:: 151–165.
7186:28 November
6813:(1): 5–25.
6574:(1): 11–23.
6308:21 February
6285:21 February
6255:21 February
6229:21 February
6203:21 February
6173:21 February
6145:21 February
6119:21 February
6014:Healey 2012
5912:Healey 2008
5895:Healey 2007
5854:Healey 2009
5839:21 February
5818:21 February
5786:21 February
5712:Gzella 2015
5700:Gzella 2014
5661:21 February
5640:21 February
5615:21 February
5590:21 February
5564:21 February
5530:Gzella 2019
5518:Gzella 2015
5506:Rompay 1994
5487:Brock 1989b
5439:Rompay 2008
5427:Millar 2013
5415:Toepel 2013
5391:Taylor 2002
5336:Taylor 2002
5312:Toepel 2013
5276:Healey 2012
5261:Farina 2018
5218:Rompay 2000
5144:Brock 1992c
5122:Brock 1992a
5110:Millar 2006
4997:Brock 1992b
4985:Healey 2012
4900:Brock 1989a
4629:Healey 2012
4617:Healey 2012
4451:Middle East
4361:open vowels
4114:Approximant
2813:3rd person
2704:2nd person
2651:1st person
2495:participles
2480:conjugation
2451:ܫܩ̈ܠܐ ܒܝ̈ܫܐ
2444:bišin šeqlē
2432:attributive
2428:predicative
2394:noun phrase
1819:Mesopotamia
1737:Matthew 5:8
1643:Neo-Mandaic
1496:Middle East
1420:Neo-Aramaic
1393:Neo-Aramaic
1366:Old Aramaic
1345:Neo-Aramaic
1175:(d. 1199).
1077:Mesopotamia
1073:Bet-Nahrain
998:Mesopotamia
994:Bet-Nahrain
924:In English
911:Roman Syria
866:to that of
850:within the
671:Middle Ages
564:East-Syriac
526:West-Syriac
471:ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ
385:instead of
292:East-Syriac
289:West-Syriac
259:Old Aramaic
243:Early forms
68:ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ
11567:Categories
11309:Diyarbakır
11280:Tell Tamer
11275:Al-Hasakah
11171:By country
11083:Modern era
11073:Aq Qoyunlu
11045:(945–1055)
11039:(905–1383)
11033:(750–1258)
10848:(including
10824:Folk dance
10280:John Maron
10179:Protestant
10038:Protestant
9799:Rijal Alma
9784:Qatabanian
9453:Himyaritic
9396:Phoenician
9209:Christian
9012:Historical
8981:Peninsular
8882:Taymanitic
8833:Old Arabic
8818:Historical
7818:: 99–114.
7754:: 111–125.
7623:9004116419
7335:9004060502
7039:"Arameans"
6673:0814323618
6084:Kiraz 2007
6029:Butts 2019
5960:Butts 2019
5948:Butts 2019
5936:Butts 2019
5924:Butts 2019
5878:Butts 2019
5542:Ishow 1978
5451:Brock 2011
5379:Brock 1994
5324:Minov 2017
5300:Rubin 1998
5288:Ruzer 2014
5249:Brock 2010
5230:Debié 2009
5206:Minov 2020
5170:Butts 2019
4946:Neill 2004
4931:Beyer 1986
4919:Brock 2005
4888:Butts 2019
4876:Butts 2018
4864:Butts 2011
4843:Brock 1998
4568:References
4368:diphthongs
3791:pharyngeal
3758:Voiceless
3744:Voiceless
3730:Voiceless
3655:Consonants
2979:media help
2632:Imperfect
2614:ʾEštap̄ʿal
2598:ʾEttap̄ʿal
2522:participle
2484:infinitive
2458:šeqlē ḇišē
2424:Adjectives
2312:, "taxes".
1910:in India.
1830:substratum
1731:The sixth
1693:Common Era
1331:code syr (
1299:The term "
1193:Old Syriac
938:convention
884:manuscript
814:, and the
740:under the
728:under the
114:(northern
11638:Diglossia
11500:Dawronoye
11431:Palestine
11361:Australia
11334:Tur Abdin
11214:Tel Keppe
11134:(1914–20)
11122:(19th c.)
11104:(16th c.)
11092:(1508–55)
11055:Ilkhanate
11004:(502–628)
10998:(226–651)
10996:Asoristan
10966:(116–118)
10921:antiquity
10919:Classical
10852:contexts)
10749:languages
10369:Languages
10235:Nestorius
10076:legacy of
10013:Nestorian
9843:varieties
9834:indicate
9715:Sebat Bet
9679:Tt-group
9494:Eastern (
9446:Deir Alla
9324:Canaanite
9291:Trans-Zab
9276:Inter-Zab
9158:Palmyrene
9149:Samaritan
9116:Nabataean
8995:Northwest
8950:Levantine
8922:Classical
8847:Dadanitic
8230:"Aramaic"
8198:212688244
8006:(2004) .
7926:212688445
7891:170436440
7693:(2001) .
6947:(2008) .
6829:212688898
6610:(1992) .
6422:163755644
6096:Watt 2009
6060:Khan 2007
5760:Naby 2004
4786:188192926
4475:Languages
4370:with the
4271:Close-mid
4233:unrounded
4006:Fricative
3795:sibilants
3665:fricative
2924:Phonology
2590:ʾEṯpaʿʿal
2572:causative
2506:aspectual
2063:(India).
2045:Palestine
2008:Kṯāḇānāyā
1972:ܫܬܩܐ ܒܒܥܘ
1733:beatitude
1705:Euphrates
1647:Mandaeans
1596:Kṯāḇānāyā
1456:Tur Abdin
1400:Near East
1337:ISO 639-3
1329:ISO 639-2
1296:systems.
1165:endonymic
1150:Euphrates
1091:, within
962:endonymic
942:endonymic
930:polysemic
905:, around
895:linguonym
777:Christian
742:Byzantine
639:Near East
559:kṯowonōyō
553:kṯoḇonōyō
520:dialect.
516:), is an
356:Glottolog
340:ISO 639-3
322:ISO 639-2
11477:Politics
11348:Diaspora
11329:Mazıdağı
11285:Qamishli
11258:Sanandaj
11231:Shaqlawa
11219:Bartella
11204:Qaraqosh
11180:Homeland
10978:(5th c.)
10960:(15–116)
10958:Adiabene
10905:Arameans
10860:Ancient
10834:Clothing
10776:Hertevin
10591:Identity
10488:Arameans
10445:/Syriac
10436:See also
10396:Hertevin
10391:Garshuni
10230:Aphrahat
9791:Awsanian
9662:N-group
9581:Tigrinya
9460:Samalian
9437:Galilean
9430:Ugaritic
9375:Medieval
9368:Mishnaic
9352:Biblical
9333:Ammonite
9286:Sanandaj
9271:Betanure
9250:Chaldean
9247:Assyrian
9233:Qaraqosh
9223:Hértevin
9135:Galilean
9109:Lebanese
8955:Maghrebi
8915:Literary
8889:Thamudic
8875:Safaitic
8861:Hasaitic
8854:Dumaitic
8774:Akkadian
8729:Branches
8046:(1904).
8030:(1886).
7957:(2008).
7862:(2013).
7834:(2012).
7806:(2011).
7798:: 67–93.
7786:(2008).
7762:(2006).
7742:(2011).
7717:(1895).
7670:(2007).
7634:(2007).
7610:(2000).
7490:"Syriac"
7153:(1895).
7127:(2019).
7103:(2019).
7077:(2017).
7053:(2017).
7005:(2011).
6971:(2010).
6923:(2007).
6899:(2006).
6879:(2005).
6853:(2004).
6798:(1999).
6774:(1999).
6748:(1998).
6724:(1997).
6710:(1996).
6684:(1994).
6658:(1992).
6634:(1992).
6582:(1989).
6562:(1989).
6538:(1984).
6522:(1983).
6275:ARA News
5987:Kim 2008
5866:Kim 2008
4689:culture.
4431:See also
4294:Open-mid
3873:emphatic
3833:alveolar
3826:Alveolar
3809:Bilabial
2915:neḵtəḇān
2862:neḵtəḇûn
2806:teḵtəḇān
2794:teḵtəḇîn
2782:kəṯaḇtên
2753:teḵtəḇûn
2729:kəṯaḇtûn
2643:singular
2637:singular
2629:Perfect
2582:ʾEṯpəʿel
2533:compound
2486:and the
2434:. Thus,
2396:becomes
2364:genitive
2356:bar nāšā
2076:Istanbul
2072:Yeşilköy
2057:Augsburg
2020:themes.
1965:Turkish
1813:and the
1772:Peshitta
1502:and the
1490:and the
1428:diaspora
1163:Native (
1037:exonymic
1013:Thrissur
1009:Madnhāyā
990:choronym
915:dialects
848:Melkites
842:and the
773:Sasanian
769:Parthian
391:Help:IPA
363:clas1252
284:Dialects
11463:Uruguay
11456:Detroit
11411:Lebanon
11391:Germany
11386:Georgia
11376:Finland
11366:Belgium
11356:Armenia
11304:Hakkari
11158:(2014–)
11152:(2003–)
11140:(1919–)
11110:(1840s)
10940:Osroene
10862:Assyria
10850:related
10844:History
10829:Cuisine
10801:Culture
10742:Aramaic
10729:(1968–)
10723:(1692–)
10717:(1552–)
10698:(1940–)
10692:(1870–)
10686:(1662–)
10315:Thoma I
9836:extinct
9832:Italics
9777:Minaean
9704:Endegen
9631:Inneqor
9610:Argobba
9606:Amharic
9569:Dahalik
9541:Western
9532:Soqotri
9512:Ḥarsusi
9507:Baṭḥari
9423:Amorite
9389:Moabite
9340:Edomite
9310:Western
9266:Barzani
9262:Jewish
9181:Central
9173:Aramaic
9102:Western
9084:Mandaic
9065:Eastern
9060:Armazic
9051:Dialect
9004:Aramaic
8967:Maltese
8868:Hismaic
8801:Central
8790:Eblaite
8746:Central
8684:at the
8675:in the
6891:: 5–20.
6355:Sources
6167:Haaretz
5635:SIL.org
4437:Portals
4240:rounded
3860:Glottal
3853:Pharyn-
3838:Palatal
3787:pharynx
3762:pair –
3748:pair –
3734:pair –
3720:pair –
3716:Voiced
3706:pair –
3702:Voiced
3692:pair –
3688:Voiced
3682:rukkāḵā
3670:quššāyā
3239:letter
2777:ܟܬܒ̈ܬܝܢ
2646:plural
2640:plural
2606:Šap̄ʿel
2576:passive
2566:ʾAp̄ʿel
2529:pronoun
2526:subject
2492:passive
2388:d-, da-
2272:šuqqālā
2258:šaqluṯā
2104:Grammar
2093:of the
1962:Syriac
1671:Origins
1578:Osroene
1530:History
1480:dialect
1290:ISO 639
1284:" and "
1257:psalter
1235:synonym
1154:Osroene
1069:Naḥrāyā
1049:synonym
1045:Syrians
1041:Suryaya
1029:Aramaya
986:Nahraya
970:Aramaya
919:Suryaya
889:In the
856:Antioch
730:Persian
710:Osroene
641:. As a
619:Osroene
599:
591:saprāyā
577:
539:
513:Aramāyā
508:Aramaic
503:Nahrāyā
496:), the
488:Edessan
462:-ree-ak
387:Unicode
211:Aramaic
191:Semitic
140:Bahrain
132:Lebanon
11520:Sutoro
11441:Sweden
11436:Russia
11416:Mexico
11406:Jordan
11401:Israel
11396:Greece
11381:France
11371:Canada
11324:Mardin
11314:Elazığ
11299:Turkey
11292:Khabur
11253:Salmas
11226:Ankawa
11209:Alqosh
11146:(1933)
11128:(1909)
11116:(1895)
11027:(630s)
11021:(630s)
10786:Mlaḥsô
10781:Senaya
10766:Turoyo
10746:Syriac
10680:(518–)
10659:Syriac
10426:Syriac
10421:Turoyo
10411:Senaya
10406:Mlaḥsô
10206:(2017)
10200:(1961)
10194:(1852)
10170:(1701)
10149:(1772)
10143:(1912)
10137:(1665)
10089:Kerala
10059:(1940)
10053:(1870)
10029:(1968)
10023:(1552)
9925:(1662)
9810:Sabaic
9804:Razihi
9710:Mesqan
9684:Mesmes
9637:Wolane
9634:Ulbare
9627:Siltʼe
9615:Harari
9599:versal
9597:Trans-
9527:Shehri
9517:Hobyot
9467:Sutean
9415:Others
9381:Modern
9346:Hebrew
9238:Senaya
9218:Bohtan
9213:Barwar
9193:Turoyo
9187:Mlaḥsô
9089:Syriac
9053:groups
8810:Arabic
8536:
8513:
8490:
8467:
8419:
8396:
8373:
8337:
8314:
8293:
8273:
8217:
8196:
8156:
8133:
8099:
8076:
8059:Syriac
8016:
7992:
7969:
7943:
7924:
7889:
7772:
7728:
7703:
7620:
7570:
7546:
7523:
7500:
7477:
7436:
7402:
7381:
7332:
7311:
7288:
7267:
7218:
7139:
7113:
7089:
7063:
6991:
6957:
6909:
6865:
6827:
6784:
6760:
6734:
6696:
6670:
6644:
6620:
6548:
6508:
6485:
6462:
6441:
6420:
6372:
5065:
4826:
4784:
4737:
4708:
4680:
4648:
4593:
4197:Vowels
3848:Uvular
3821:Dental
3816:dental
3814:Labio-
3760:dental
3732:labial
3718:dental
3690:labial
3678:Hebrew
3674:dagesh
2910:ܢܟܬܒ̈ܢ
2903:teḵtoḇ
2879:keṯbaṯ
2857:ܢܟܬܒܘܢ
2850:neḵtoḇ
2801:ܬܟܬܒ̈ܢ
2789:ܬܟܬܒܝܢ
2770:kəṯaḇt
2748:ܬܟܬܒܘܢ
2741:teḵtoḇ
2724:ܟܬܒܬܘܢ
2717:kəṯaḇt
2697:neḵtoḇ
2673:kəṯaḇn
2661:keṯḇeṯ
2554:Paʿʿel
2514:future
2488:active
2472:person
2339:šeqlay
2309:šeqlin
2303:ܫܩ̈ܠܝܢ
2252:ܫܩܠܘܬܐ
2216:ʾašqel
2202:šaqqel
2160:nešqol
2132:taking
2061:Kerala
2053:Sweden
2049:Israel
2002:ܟܬܒܢܝܐ
1955:Turkey
1951:Mardin
1919:Arabic
1902:, the
1898:, the
1894:, the
1875:, the
1871:, the
1867:, the
1863:, the
1859:, the
1855:, the
1782:Pšīṭtā
1777:ܦܫܝܛܬܐ
1768:Edessa
1701:Edessa
1662:Mlahsô
1658:Turoyo
1590:ܟܬܒܢܝܐ
1582:Edessa
1559:Yeshuʿ
1484:Edessa
1472:Kirkuk
1460:Khabur
1458:, the
1412:Arabic
1408:Syriac
1333:Syriac
1325:Syriac
1317:Syriac
1313:Syriac
1282:Syriac
1270:Syriac
1268:" to "
1189:Edessa
1158:Edessa
1065:Urhāyā
1033:Urhaya
1023:, 1799
1017:Kerala
978:Edessa
974:Urhaya
907:Edessa
838:, the
834:, the
830:, the
826:, the
810:, the
806:, the
802:, the
781:Arabic
759:, and
744:rule.
623:Edessa
506:) and
493:Urhāyā
221:Syriac
156:Kerala
144:Kuwait
128:Turkey
108:Region
54:Syriac
36:Turoyo
11265:Syria
11248:Urmia
11236:Zakho
10260:Maron
10093:India
9968:(the
9944:(512)
9919:(685)
9764:Faifi
9733:Gyeto
9727:Gumer
9720:Chaha
9690:Muher
9673:Soddo
9667:Gafat
9656:Outer
9590:South
9574:Tigre
9564:Geʽez
9557:North
9522:Mehri
9486:South
9403:Punic
9301:Zakho
9243:Suret
8751:South
8643:(PDF)
8630:9 May
8194:S2CID
8172:(PDF)
7922:S2CID
7887:S2CID
7867:(PDF)
7721:Mosul
7675:(PDF)
7639:(PDF)
7452:(PDF)
7180:(PDF)
7169:(PDF)
6825:S2CID
6803:(PDF)
6418:S2CID
6333:8 May
6113:(PDF)
5812:(PDF)
5805:(PDF)
5776:(PDF)
5024:malka
4782:S2CID
4536:Notes
4248:Close
4220:Front
4158:Trill
3881:Nasal
3867:plain
3843:Velar
3831:Post-
3746:velar
3704:velar
3643:]
3639:[
3635:]
3631:[
3626:]
3622:[
3617:]
3613:[
3608:]
3604:[
3599:]
3595:[
3590:]
3586:[
3582:]
3578:[
3573:]
3569:[
3564:]
3560:[
3555:]
3551:[
3546:]
3542:[
3537:]
3533:[
3528:]
3524:[
3520:]
3516:[
3511:]
3507:[
3502:]
3498:[
3493:]
3489:[
3484:]
3480:[
3475:]
3471:[
3466:]
3462:[
3457:]
3453:[
3449:]
3445:[
3440:]
3436:[
3432:]
3428:[
3423:]
3419:[
3415:]
3411:[
3406:]
3402:[
2898:ܬܟܬܘܒ
2891:kəṯaḇ
2845:ܢܟܬܘܒ
2838:kəṯaḇ
2826:kəṯaḇ
2765:ܟܬܒܬܝ
2736:ܬܟܬܘܒ
2692:ܢܟܬܘܒ
2685:eḵtoḇ
2680:ܐܟܬܘܒ
2546:Pəʿal
2476:tense
2466:Verbs
2333:ܫܩ̈ܠܝ
2324:šeqlē
2318:ܫܩ̈ܠܐ
2286:nouns
2280:Nouns
2266:ܫܘܩܠܐ
2244:šeqlē
2238:ܫܩ̈ܠܐ
2230:šqālā
2188:šāqel
2154:ܢܫܩܘܠ
2041:Syria
1927:Timur
1717:Syria
1555:Jesus
1508:India
1468:Erbil
1464:Mosul
1146:Syria
1021:India
982:Urhay
934:Syria
765:Arabs
702:Latin
698:Greek
667:China
663:India
588:) or
556:, or
148:Qatar
124:Syria
11243:Iran
11194:Iraq
10990:1552
10078:the
10002:1552
9980:1552
9961:the
9898:the
9730:Gura
9724:Ezha
9700:Inor
9496:Mod-
9171:Neo-
8764:East
8741:West
8736:East
8632:2016
8534:ISBN
8511:ISBN
8488:ISBN
8465:ISBN
8417:ISBN
8394:ISBN
8371:ISBN
8335:ISBN
8312:ISBN
8291:ISBN
8271:ISBN
8215:ISBN
8154:ISBN
8131:ISBN
8097:ISBN
8074:ISBN
8014:ISBN
7990:ISBN
7967:ISBN
7941:ISBN
7770:ISBN
7726:ISBN
7701:ISBN
7618:ISBN
7568:ISBN
7544:ISBN
7521:ISBN
7498:ISBN
7475:ISBN
7434:ISBN
7400:ISBN
7379:ISBN
7330:ISBN
7309:ISBN
7286:ISBN
7265:ISBN
7216:ISBN
7188:2020
7137:ISBN
7111:ISBN
7087:ISBN
7061:ISBN
6989:ISBN
6955:ISBN
6907:ISBN
6863:ISBN
6782:ISBN
6758:ISBN
6732:ISBN
6694:ISBN
6668:ISBN
6642:ISBN
6618:ISBN
6546:ISBN
6506:ISBN
6483:ISBN
6460:ISBN
6439:ISBN
6370:ISBN
6335:2023
6310:2023
6287:2023
6257:2023
6231:2023
6205:2023
6175:2023
6147:2023
6121:2023
6047:help
5841:2023
5820:2023
5788:2023
5663:2023
5642:2023
5617:2023
5592:2023
5566:2023
5493:help
5366:help
5236:help
5150:help
5128:help
5063:ISBN
5003:help
4906:help
4824:ISBN
4746:use.
4735:ISBN
4706:ISBN
4678:ISBN
4646:ISBN
4591:ISBN
4421:/ɑw/
4416:/ɑw/
4412:/aw/
4399:/aj/
4394:/oj/
4390:/aj/
4386:/ɑj/
4377:and
4312:Open
4225:Back
3920:Stop
3855:geal
3766:and
3752:and
3738:and
3724:and
3710:and
3696:and
3661:stop
2874:ܟܬܒܬ
2833:ܟܬܒܘ
2712:ܟܬܒܬ
2668:ܟܬܒܢ
2656:ܟܬܒܬ
2610:and
2594:and
2512:and
2510:past
2490:and
2478:and
2224:ܫܩܠܐ
2210:ܐܫܩܠ
2174:šqol
2168:ܫܩܘܠ
2146:šqal
2037:Iraq
1933:and
1679:The
1660:and
1637:and
1622:and
1564:ישוע
1551:Īšoˁ
1470:and
1446:and
1387:and
1294:MARC
1292:and
1136:(d.
1102:The
874:Name
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