3056:
5012:
2262:
452:
3975:
4358:
4935:
3407:
2378:
1781:
2593:
2518:
1673:
2923:
88:
1499:
4604:
2036:
5648:
4056:
720:
593:
3875:
the Allies debated a response to Wilson's offer, the
Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of "a direct exchange of views". Learning of the German response, the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January. They sought restoration of damages, the evacuation of occupied territories, reparations for France, Russia and Romania, and a recognition of the principle of nationalities. The Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars. The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer on the grounds of honour, and noted Germany had not put forward any specific proposals.
2662:
707:
4296:
5334:
Germany and her allies." It was worded as such to lay a legal basis for reparations, and a similar clause was inserted in the treaties with
Austria and Hungary. However, neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt. In 1921, the total reparation sum was placed at 132 billion gold marks. However, "Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay" this sum. The total sum was divided into three categories, with the third being "deliberately designed to be chimerical" and its "primary function was to mislead public opinion ... into believing the 'total sum was being maintained.
640:
5906:
509:
1929:
693:
2316:
522:
4911:
624:
657:
4669:
551:
5215:
1615:
5772:
5072:
5971:
1751:. Economic reforms led to a significant post-1908 expansion of railways and transportation infrastructure, particularly in its western border regions. Since Germany and Austria-Hungary relied on faster mobilisation to compensate for their numerical inferiority compared to Russia, the threat posed by the closing of this gap was more important than competing with the Royal Navy. After Germany expanded its standing army by 170,000 troops in 1913, France extended compulsory military service from two to three years; similar measures were taken by the
496:
117:
5398:
537:
12775:
2801:
4746:" and the wish to revise the "Versailles diktat", and the belief in an international threat aimed at the elimination of the German nation persisted at the heart of German politics. Even a man of peace such as Stresemann publicly rejected German guilt. As for the Nazis, they waved the banners of domestic treason and international conspiracy in an attempt to galvanise the German nation into a spirit of revenge. Like a Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany sought to redirect the memory of the war to the benefit of its policies.
5487:
3005:
2086:
4754:
3513:
5145:
5290:
3936:—with the help of the German government—was ushered from Switzerland into Russia on 16 April 1917. Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party, led by Lenin, which demanded an immediate end to the war. The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany. At first, the Bolsheviks refused the German terms, but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed, they acceded to the
77:
3606:
3852:
4237:
4120:
2216:
467:
4082:, part of a joint Franco-British operation. Poor security meant German intelligence was well informed on tactics and timetables, but despite this, when the attack began on 16 April the French made substantial gains, before being brought to a halt by the newly built and extremely strong defences of the Hindenburg Line. Nivelle persisted with frontal assaults and, by 25 April, the French had suffered nearly 135,000 casualties, including 30,000 dead, most incurred in the first two days.
5370:, "You have assured us that you cannot get better terms. I much regret it, and hope even now that some way may be found of securing agreement for demanding reparation commensurate with the tremendous sacrifices made by the British Empire and her Allies." Australia received £5,571,720 in war reparations, but the direct cost of the war to Australia had been £376,993,052, and, by the mid-1930s, repatriation pensions, war gratuities, interest and sinking fund charges were £831,280,947.
97:
68:
1769:
578:
3345:
2954:
5851:
5866:; defining and redefining the war goals, which became harsher as the war went on; luring neutral nations (Italy, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Romania) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers, especially among Czechs, Poles, and Arabs. In addition, multiple peace proposals were coming from neutrals, or one side or the other; none of them progressed very far.
4421:
564:
4697:
734:
3211:
5031:. The use of chemical weapons had been sanctioned by the German High Command to force Allied soldiers out of their entrenched positions, complementing rather than supplanting more lethal conventional weapons. Chemical weapons were deployed by all major belligerents throughout the war, inflicting approximately 1.3 million casualties, of which about 90,000 were fatal. The use of chemical weapons in warfare was a direct violation of the
4033:, a proponent of pre-1914 "open warfare" who considered the French and British emphasis on artillery misguided and incompatible with American "offensive spirit". Much to the frustration of his Allies, who had suffered heavy losses in 1917, he insisted on retaining control of American troops, and refused to commit them to the front line until able to operate as independent units. As a result, the first significant US involvement was the
5735:
16166:
108:
2723:
4506:
611:
4925:, 7 million were permanently disabled, and 15 million were seriously injured. Germany lost 15.1% of its active male population, Austria-Hungary lost 17.1%, and France lost 10.5%. France mobilised 7.8 million men, of which 1.4 million died and 3.2 million were injured. Approximately 15,000 deployed men sustained gruesome facial injuries, causing social stigma and marginalisation; they were called the
2308:. However, Moltke grew concerned that the French might push too hard on his left flank and as the German Army increased in size from 1908 to 1914, he changed the allocation of forces between the two wings to 70:30. He also considered Dutch neutrality essential for German trade and cancelled the incursion into the Netherlands, which meant any delays in Belgium threatened the viability of the plan. Historian
2051:. Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were also organised outside Sarajevo, in other cities in Austro-Hungarian-controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia. Austro-Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs, 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison. A further 460 Serbs were sentenced to death. A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the
3669:
3641:
3655:
3627:
3711:
3613:
3683:
3697:
3725:
4931:(broken faces). In Germany, civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime, due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that had weakened disease resistance. These excess deaths are estimated as 271,000 in 1918, plus another 71,000 in the first half of 1919 when the blockade was still in effect. Starvation caused by famine killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon.
3195:, supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces, dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been previously lost to Russia. He was, however, a poor commander. He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops, insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter. He lost 86% of his force at the
3176:
2235:; over the next two weeks, Austrian attacks were repulsed with heavy losses. As a result, Austria had to keep sizeable forces on the Serbian front, weakening their efforts against Russia. Serbia's victory against Austria-Hungary in the 1914 invasion has been called one of the major upset victories of the twentieth century. In 1915, the campaign saw the first use of
5095:. The Ottomans carried out organised and systematic massacres of the Armenian population at the beginning of the war and manipulated acts of Armenian resistance by portraying them as rebellions to justify further extermination. In early 1915, several Armenians volunteered to join the Russian forces and the Ottoman government used this as a pretext to issue the
2942:. A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914. For the first 10 months of 1915, Austria-Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy. German and Austro-Hungarian diplomats scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join the attack on Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian provinces of
3573:, relieving Austro-Hungarian pressure on the Italians, and convincing Romania to enter the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August. It also fatally weakened both the Austrian and Russian armies, whose offensive capabilities were badly affected by their losses and increased disillusion with the war that ultimately led to the Russian revolutions.
2785:. This proved effective in cutting off vital supplies, though it violated accepted international law. Britain also mined international waters which closed off entire sections of the ocean, even to neutral ships. Since there was limited response to this tactic, Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare.
7027:
2688:, which suffered 57,500 casualties, including 19,200 dead. As a whole, the Somme offensive led to an estimated 420,000 British casualties, along with 200,000 French and 500,000 Germans. The diseases that emerged in the trenches were a major killer on both sides. The living conditions led to disease and infection, such as
3024:, and by 25 September British and French troops had crossed the border into Bulgaria proper as the Bulgarian army collapsed. Bulgaria capitulated four days later, on 29 September 1918. The German high command responded by despatching troops to hold the line, but these forces were too weak to re-establish a front.
4962:
spread across the world, accelerated by the movement of large numbers of soldiers, often crammed together in camps and transport ships with poor sanitation. The
Spanish flu killed at least 17 to 25 million people, including an estimated 2.64 million Europeans and as many as 675,000 Americans. Between
4736:
of
Versailles". German historian Hagen Schulze said the Treaty placed Germany "under legal sanctions, deprived of military power, economically ruined, and politically humiliated." Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasises the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty
4028:
Despite his conviction that
Germany must be defeated, Wilson went to war to ensure the US played a leading role in shaping the peace, which meant preserving the AEF as a separate military force, rather than being absorbed into British or French units as his Allies wanted. He was strongly supported by
2961:
Bulgaria declared war on Serbia on 14 October 1915 and joined in the attack by the Austro-Hungarian army under
Mackensen's army of 250,000 that was already underway. Serbia was conquered in a little more than a month, as the Central Powers, now including Bulgaria, sent in 600,000 troops in total. The
2200:
Germany promised to support
Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia, but interpretations of what this meant differed. Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914, but those had never been tested in exercises. Austro-Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank
2129:
political opposition by presenting Russia as the aggressor, German
Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg delayed the commencement of war preparations until 31 July. That afternoon, the Russian government were handed a note requiring them to "cease all war measures against Germany and Austria-Hungary" within 12
2117:
July, but accepted all the terms, except for those empowering
Austrian representatives to suppress "subversive elements" inside Serbia, and take part in the investigation and trial of Serbians linked to the assassination. Claiming this amounted to rejection, Austria broke off diplomatic relations and
1759:
and
Austria-Hungary. Absolute figures are difficult to calculate due to differences in categorising expenditure since they often omit civilian infrastructure projects like railways which had logistical importance and military use. It is known, however, that from 1908 to 1913, military spending by the
5230:
In the US, conscription began in 1917 and was generally well-received, with a few pockets of opposition in isolated rural areas. The administration decided to rely primarily on conscription, rather than voluntary enlistment, to raise military manpower after only 73,000 volunteers enlisted out of the
3989:
The United States was a major supplier of war material to the Allies but remained neutral in 1914, in large part due to domestic opposition. The most significant factor in creating the support Wilson needed was the German submarine offensive, which not only cost American lives but paralysed trade as
2639:
to the Swiss border. Since the Germans were normally able to choose where to stand, they generally held the high ground, while their trenches tended to be better built; those constructed by the French and English were initially considered "temporary", only needed until an offensive would destroy the
2564:
was larger than the British Army itself, and between 1914 and 1918 an estimated 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. In all, 140,000 soldiers served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East, with 47,746 killed and 65,126
2339:
used this freedom to disobey orders, opening a gap between the German armies as they closed on Paris. The French army, reinforced by the British expeditionary corps, seized this opportunity to counter-attack and pushed the German army 40 to 80 km back. Both armies were then so exhausted that no
2155:
asked his government for permission to cross the border and pre-empt such a move. To avoid violating Belgian neutrality, he was told any advance could come only after a German invasion. Instead, the French cabinet ordered its Army to withdraw 10 km behind the German frontier, to avoid provoking
1838:
from the Ottoman Empire, this unilateral action was denounced by the European powers, but accepted as there was no consensus on how to resolve the situation. Some historians see this as a significant escalation, ending any chance of Austria cooperating with Russia in the Balkans, while also damaging
1720:
However, it was also an emotional decision, driven by Wilhelm's simultaneous admiration for the Royal Navy and desire to surpass it. Bismarck thought that the British would not interfere in Europe, as long as its maritime supremacy remained secure, but his dismissal in 1890 led to a change in policy
4532:
With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser leading to his abdication and fleeing of the country, Germany moved towards surrender. Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge on October 3 as Chancellor of Germany. Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately,
4244:
In December 1917, the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia, thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the West. With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in, the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front. The Central Powers knew that they could not win a
3874:
War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions among the Allies. After initial outrage and much deliberation, they took Wilson's note as a separate effort, signalling that the US was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the "submarine outrages". While
3814:
where up to 1,000,000 Central Powers troops were present. The battles lasted from 22 July to 3 September and eventually, the Romanian army was victorious advancing 500 km. August von Mackensen could not plan for another offensive as he had to transfer troops to the Italian Front. Following the
5346:
caused political chaos throughout the world. In 1932 the payment of reparations was suspended by the international community, by which point Germany had paid only the equivalent of 20.598 billion gold marks. With the rise of Adolf Hitler, all bonds and loans that had been issued and taken out
5306:
lending to the Allies. After 1919, the US demanded repayment of these loans. The repayments were, in part, funded by German reparations that, in turn, were supported by American loans to Germany. This circular system collapsed in 1931 and some loans were never repaid. Britain still owed the United
5281:
Macro- and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war. Families were altered by the departure of many men. With the death or absence of the primary wage earner, women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers. At the same time, the industry needed to replace the lost labourers
3756:, which comprised an estimated 2.8 million of the 5.0 million population. With the ruling elite split into pro-German and pro-Entente factions, Romania remained neutral for two years while allowing Germany and Austria to transport military supplies and advisors across Romanian territory.
3418:
The pre-1914 Italian army was short of officers, trained men, adequate transport and modern weapons; by April 1915, some of these deficiencies had been remedied but it was still unprepared for the major offensive required by the Treaty of London. The advantage of superior numbers was offset by the
2354:
By the end of 1914, German troops held strong defensive positions inside France, controlled the bulk of France's domestic coalfields, and inflicted 230,000 more casualties than it lost itself. However, communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of a decisive
4307:
in the north and centre. German forces launched numerous counterattacks, but positions and outposts of the Line continued falling, with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September. On 24 September, the Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice
2860:
were introduced, destroyers could potentially successfully attack a submerged submarine. Convoys slowed the flow of supplies since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled; the solution was an extensive program of building new freighters. Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not
2150:
and his senior Cabinet ministers were already committed to supporting France, the Royal Navy had been mobilised, and public opinion was strongly in favour of intervention. On 31 July, Britain sent notes to Germany and France, asking them to respect Belgian neutrality; France pledged to do so, but
1897:
to Romania. The result was that even countries which benefited from the Balkan Wars, such as Serbia and Greece, felt cheated of their "rightful gains", while for Austria it demonstrated the apparent indifference with which other powers viewed their concerns, including Germany. This complex mix of
5333:
Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (the so-called "war guilt" clause) stated Germany accepted responsibility for "all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of
2093:
The assassination initiated the July Crisis, a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Britain. Believing that Serbian intelligence helped organise Franz Ferdinand's murder, Austrian officials wanted to use the opportunity to end their interference in
5668:
had staunchly opposed taking part. The war began amid the Home Rule crisis in Ireland that had resurfaced in 1912, and by July 1914 there was a serious possibility of an outbreak of civil war in Ireland. Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence, culminating in the
5171:
Around 25–31% of Russian losses (as a proportion of those captured, wounded, or killed) were to prisoner status; for Austria-Hungary 32%; for Italy 26%; for France 12%; for Germany 9%; for Britain 7%. Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million (not including Russia, which lost
3246:
lasted until 1918 and ended in failure for the Ottomans and their allies. However, the Russian withdrawal from the war in 1917 led Armenian and Assyrian forces to be cut off from supply lines, outnumbered, outgunned and isolated, forcing them to fight and flee towards British lines in northern
4463:
On 24 October, the Italians began a push that rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto. This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, marking the end of the Austro-Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force. The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the
4384:, the Serbian and French armies had success after a three-day-long battle with relatively small casualties, and subsequently made a breakthrough in the front, something which was rarely seen in World War I. After the front was broken, Allied forces started to liberate Serbia and reached
4862:
In Australia and New Zealand, the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations' "Baptism of Fire". It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought, and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians, not just subjects of the
4727:
The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for "all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by" their aggression. In the Treaty of Versailles, this statement was
2023:, in Vienna "the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever. On 28 and 29 June, the crowds listened to music and drank wine, as if nothing had happened." Nevertheless, the impact of the murder of the heir to the throne was significant, and has been described by historian
4464:
Austro-Hungarian Empire. During the last week of October, declarations of independence were made in Budapest, Prague, and Zagreb. On 29 October, the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice, but the Italians continued advancing, reaching Trento, Udine, and Trieste. On 3
5297:
In all nations, the government's share of GDP increased, surpassing 50% in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain. To pay for purchases in the US, Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily from
2607:
Pre-war military tactics that had emphasised open warfare and individual riflemen proved obsolete when confronted with conditions prevailing in 1914. Technological advances allowed the creation of strong defensive systems largely impervious to massed infantry advances, such as
3544:
was largely successful, and the invasions achieved their aim of forcing Germany to divert troops from the Western Front, the speed of mobilisation meant they did so without much of their heavy equipment and support functions. These weaknesses contributed to Russian defeats at
4764:
Austria-Hungary was partitioned into several successor states, largely but not entirely along ethnic lines. Apart from Austria and Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Poland, Romania and Yugoslavia received territories from the Dual Monarchy (the formerly separate and autonomous
2138:
envisaged using 80% of the army to defeat France, then switching to Russia. Since this required them to move quickly, mobilization orders were issued that afternoon. Once the German ultimatum to Russia expired on the morning of 1 August, the two countries were at war.
5716:, in May 1917, Bolshevik revolutionaries organised and engaged in rioting calling for an end to the war, and managed to close down factories and stop public transportation. The Italian army was forced to enter Milan with tanks and machine guns to face Bolsheviks and
5341:
This figure could be paid in cash or in-kind (coal, timber, chemical dyes, etc.). Some of the territory lost—via the Treaty of Versailles—was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain. By 1929, the
2616:, which dominated the battlefield and made crossing open ground extremely difficult. Both sides struggled to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties. In time, technology enabled the production of new offensive weapons, such as
5643:
made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed "disloyal". Publications at all critical of the government were removed from circulation by postal censors, and many served long prison sentences for statements of fact deemed
3476:
and initially met stubborn resistance, but with Austria-Hungary collapsing, Hungarian divisions in Italy demanded they be sent home. When this was granted, many others followed and the Imperial army disintegrated, the Italians taking over 300,000 prisoners. On
5536:, promoted intervention in the war on the side of the Allies and used the Dante Alighieri Society to promote Italian nationalism. Italian socialists were divided on whether to support the war or oppose it; some were militant supporters of the war, including
5226:
Conscription was common in most European countries. However, it was controversial in English-speaking countries, It was especially unpopular among minority ethnicities—especially the Irish Catholics in Ireland, Australia, and the French Catholics in Canada.
3568:
against the Austrians in eastern Galicia, shortages of supplies, heavy losses and command failures prevented the Russians from fully exploiting their victory. However, it was one of the most significant offensives of the war, diverting German resources from
2673:, lasting until December 1916. Casualties were greater for the French, but the Germans bled heavily as well, with anywhere from 700,000 to 975,000 casualties between the two combatants. Verdun became a symbol of French determination and self-sacrifice.
4687:
date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919, which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned home; by contrast, most commemorations of the war's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918.
2450:
from Tsingtao, Japan declared war on Austria-Hungary, and the ship was sunk in November 1914. Within a few months, Allied forces had seized all German territories in the Pacific, leaving only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea.
2335:, and the French offensive in Alsace-Lorraine was a disastrous failure, with casualties exceeding 260,000. German planning provided broad strategic instructions while allowing army commanders considerable freedom in carrying them out at the front, but
2300:. Under Schlieffen, 85% of German forces in the west were assigned to the right wing, with the remainder holding along the frontier. By keeping his left-wing deliberately weak, he hoped to lure the French into an offensive into the "lost provinces" of
15440:
He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Gavro's arrest—this photograph shows the arrest of
5677:
in response to the Easter Rising, though once the immediate threat of revolution had dissipated, the authorities did try to make concessions to nationalist feeling. However, opposition to involvement in the war increased in Ireland, resulting in the
13957:
3908:
By the end of 1916, Russian casualties totalled nearly five million killed, wounded or captured, with major urban areas affected by food shortages and high prices. In March 1917, Tsar Nicholas ordered the military to forcibly suppress strikes in
3955:
with the Central Powers in May 1918. Under the terms of the treaty, Romania ceded territory to Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria and leased its oil reserves to Germany. However, the terms also included the Central Powers' recognition of the union of
3382:
When the war began in 1914, Italy argued the Triple Alliance was defensive and it was not obliged to support an Austrian attack on Serbia. Opposition to joining the Central Powers increased when Turkey became a member in September, since in
2652:
gas for the first time on the Western Front. Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides and though it never proved a decisive, battle-winning weapon, it became one of the most feared and best-remembered horrors of the war.
4842:
After 123 years, Poland re-emerged as an independent country. The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty, as a "minor Entente nation" and the country with the most casualties per capita, became the backbone of a new multinational state, the
3399:, while in return for an immediate entry into the war, the Allies agreed to their demands for Austrian territory and sovereignty over the Dodecanese. Although they remained secret, these provisions were incorporated into the April 1915
2821:
meant that attacks often came without warning, giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival. The United States launched a protest, and Germany changed its rules of engagement. After the sinking of the passenger ship
2792:
in May/June 1916 was the only full-scale clash of battleships during the war, and one of the largest in history. The clash was indecisive, though the Germans inflicted more damage than they received; thereafter the bulk of the German
5708:, and after them, the workers and soldiers of other Russian cities, led by the Bolsheviks, demonstrated under banners reading "Down with the war!" and "all power to the Soviets!". The mass demonstrations resulted in a crisis for the
3747:
Despite secretly agreeing to support the Triple Alliance in 1883, Romania increasingly found itself at odds with the Central Powers over their support for Bulgaria in the Balkan Wars and the status of ethnic Romanian communities in
2007:
at the Archduke's car and injured two of his aides. The other assassins were also unsuccessful. An hour later, as Ferdinand was returning from visiting the injured officers in hospital, his car took a wrong turn into a street where
5513:
being overborne by their patriotic support for the war. Once the war began, Austrian, British, French, German, and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries' intervention in the war.
5663:
Several nationalists opposed intervention, particularly within states that the nationalists were hostile to. Although the vast majority of Irish people consented to participate in the war in 1914 and 1915, a minority of advanced
4578:
In the aftermath of the war, the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian empires disappeared. Numerous nations regained their former independence, and new ones were created. Four dynasties fell as a result of the war: the
4257:, the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains. The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell-torn and often impassable to traffic. Germany launched
5338:" Thus, 50 billion gold marks (12.5 billion dollars) "represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay" and "therefore ... represented the total German reparations" figure that had to be paid.
19386:
16207:
3354:
Though Italy joined the Triple Alliance in 1882, a treaty with its traditional Austrian enemy was so controversial that subsequent governments denied its existence and the terms were only made public in 1915. This arose from
3427:, where trench lines had to be cut through rock and ice and keeping troops supplied was a major challenge. These issues were exacerbated by unimaginative strategies and tactics. Between 1915 and 1917, the Italian commander,
11320:
3831:
refused to sign it, hoping for an Allied victory in the west. Romania re-entered the war on 10 November 1918 on the side of the Allies and the Treaty of Bucharest was formally annulled by the Armistice of 11 November 1918.
6183:
continued to pose a danger. In France and Belgium, locals who discover caches of unexploded munitions are assisted by weapons disposal units. In some places, plant life has still not recovered from the effects of the war.
5608:
and, by 1919, there were 983 funds in New Zealand. At the start of the next world war the New Zealand funds were reformed, having been criticised as overlapping, wasteful and abused, but 11 were still functioning in 2002.
4741:
Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic. The legend of the
5861:
The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause or to undermine support for the enemy. For the most part, wartime diplomacy focused on five issues:
6955:
16156:
16146:
16136:
9450:. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Maps compiled by A.F. Becke. London: HM Stationery Office. p. 59.
10688:
2974:
on 6–7 January 1916, but ultimately the Austrians also conquered Montenegro. The surviving Serbian soldiers were evacuated to Greece. After the conquest, Serbia was divided between Austro-Hungary and Bulgaria.
5475:, said, "now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home, to restore the Empire to its ancient size." The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War
5917:
Memorials were built in thousands of villages and towns. Close to battlefields, those buried in improvised burial grounds were gradually moved to formal graveyards under the care of organisations such as the
22259:
1367:
from August 1918 caused a collapse of the German front line. By early November, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary had each signed armistices with the Allies, leaving Germany isolated. Facing
2540:
urged Afghanistan to join the war on the side of Central Powers. However, contrary to British fears of a revolt in India, the outbreak of the war saw a reduction in nationalist activity. Leaders from the
1732:
in 1906 gave the British a technological advantage. Ultimately, the race diverted huge resources into creating a German navy large enough to antagonise Britain, but not defeat it; in 1911, Chancellor
9872:
9779:
2277:
was located on the Western Front, with the remainder acting as a screening force in the East. Rather than a direct attack across their shared frontier, the German right wing would sweep through the
14397:
Humphries, Mark Osborne (2007). ""Old Wine in New Bottles": A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras". In Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.).
16329:
California State Library, California History Room. Collection: California. State Council of Defense. California War History Committee. Records of Californians who served in World War I, 1918–1922.
5520:
was stirred by the outbreak of the war and was initially strongly supported by a variety of political factions. One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was
2355:
outcome, while it had failed to achieve the primary objective of avoiding a long, two-front war. As was apparent to several German leaders, this amounted to a strategic defeat; shortly after the
1607:
when Italy joined in 1882. For Bismarck, the purpose of these agreements was to isolate France by ensuring the three Empires resolve any disputes between themselves. In 1887, Bismarck set up the
8001:
4253:. German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres (37 mi). The initial offensive was a success; after heavy fighting, however, the offensive was halted. Lacking tanks or
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Unlike the others, the successor state to the Russian Empire, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, retained similar external borders, via retaining or quickly recovering lost territories.
22279:
4732:. This article became known as the "War Guilt Clause", as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful. The Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt with by what they called the "
1660:
and Africa, British support for France or Russia in any future conflict became a possibility. This was accentuated by British and Russian support for France against Germany during the 1911
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Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction".
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Faced with Russia in the east, Austria-Hungary could spare only one-third of its army to attack Serbia. After suffering heavy losses, the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital,
1399:
to the Allies. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires redrew national boundaries and resulted in the creation of new independent states, including
10662:
5244:
17857:
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5122:, and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination. At least 250,000 Assyrian Christians, about half of the population, and 350,000–750,000
2465:
Some of the first clashes of the war involved British, French, and German colonial forces in Africa. On 6–7 August, French and British troops invaded the German protectorates of
17872:
16212:
7815:
5720:, who fought violently until May 23 when the army gained control of the city. Almost 50 people (including three Italian soldiers) were killed and over 800 people were arrested.
5689:—some socialist, some religious—who had refused to fight. In Britain, 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status. Some of them, most notably prominent peace activist
2759:, which seized or sank 15 merchantmen, a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer. Most of the squadron was returning to Germany when it sank two British armoured cruisers at the
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agreed with the French to attack Germany within fifteen days of mobilisation, ten days before the Germans had anticipated, although it meant the two Russian armies that entered
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wounded. The suffering engendered by the war, as well as the failure of the British government to grant self-government to India afterward, bred disillusionment, resulting in
9910:
9817:
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Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war. Many were able to report on events from a perspective somewhat akin to modern "
1717:
was vital for global power projection; Tirpitz had his books translated into German, while Wilhelm made them required reading for his advisors and senior military personnel.
1471:" and it was also described as "the war to end all wars" due to their perception of its unparalleled scale, devastation, and loss of life. The first recorded use of the term
11327:
7260:... arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression.
5392:
4143:, German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani. At the end of October 1917, the
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5425:, led by Trumbić, was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London. In April 1918, the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met, including
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In the summer of 1917, a Central Powers offensive began in Romania under the command of August von Mackensen to knock Romania out of the war, resulting in the battles of
6992:"South-Eastern Europe After Tito: A Powder-Keg for the 1980s? Edited by David Carlton and Carlo Schaerf. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983. xviii, 211 pp. Map. $ 22.50"
5099:(Law on Deportation), which authorised the deportation of Armenians from the Empire's eastern provinces to Syria between 1915 and 1918. The Armenians were intentionally
5019:
The German army was the first to successfully deploy chemical weapons during the Second Battle of Ypres (April–May 1915), after German scientists under the direction of
1831:
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in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French. Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military.
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began during the initial phases of the war and are still underway more than a century later. Teaching World War I has presented special challenges. When compared with
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3791:. A combined German-Bulgarian-Turkish offensive captured Dobruja and Giurgiu, although the bulk of the Romanian army managed to escape encirclement and retreated to
3521:
2833:", which demanded warning and movement of crews to "a place of safety" (a standard that lifeboats did not meet). Finally, in early 1917, Germany adopted a policy of
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Meanwhile, new nations liberated from German rule viewed the treaty as a recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by much larger aggressive neighbours.
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with Germany on 28 June 1919. The US Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it, and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the
4595:. Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged, as was France, with 1.4 million soldiers dead, not counting other casualties. Germany and Russia were similarly affected.
4540:
began at the end of October 1918. Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last, large-scale operation in a war they believed to be as good as lost. The
3553:
in August and September 1914, forcing them to withdraw from East Prussia with heavy losses. By spring 1915, they had also retreated from Galicia, and the May 1915
1479:
who stated, "There is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word."
1145:
4777:. As a result, Hungary lost 64% of its total population, decreasing from 20.9 million to 7.6 million, and losing 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnic
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Allied personnel was around 42,928,000, while Central personnel was near 25,248,000. British soldiers of the war were initially volunteers but were increasingly
3379:. In 1902, Rome secretly had agreed with France to remain neutral if the latter was attacked by Germany, effectively nullifying its role in the Triple Alliance.
3031:
and Vienna was now opened to Allied forces. Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the
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under the Treaty of Lausanne. According to various sources, several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period, which was tied in with the Greek genocide.
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5184:. Surviving veterans returning home often found they could discuss their experiences only among themselves, so formed "veterans' associations" or "Legions".
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Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply from traditional sources had become difficult. Geologists such as
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Austrian statesmen viewed the Balkans as essential for the continued existence of their Empire and saw Serbian expansion as a direct threat. The 1908–1909
2176:. Britain sent Germany an ultimatum demanding they withdraw from Belgium; when this expired at midnight, without a response, the two empires were at war.
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Several socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914. But European socialists split on national lines, with the concept of
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soared in Ottoman territories in response to the rise of Turkish nationalism during the war, with Arab nationalist leaders advocating the creation of a
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decisive move could be implemented, so they settled in trenches, with the vain hope of breaking through as soon as they could build local superiority.
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that characterizes retellings of the Second World War. Lacking recognizable heroes and villains, it is often taught thematically, invoking simplified
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The Ottoman Empire agreed to a secret alliance with Germany on 2 August 1914. It joined the war on the side of the Central Powers on 29 October 1914.
5351:
notes "Refusing to pay doesn't make an agreement null and void. The bonds, the agreement, still exist." Thus, following the Second World War, at the
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March 1918. The treaty ceded vast territories, including Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers.
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Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted to 650,000 men. Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000, with 325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded.
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884:
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2.5–3.5 million soldiers as prisoners). From the Central Powers, about 3.3 million soldiers became prisoners; most of them surrendered to Russians.
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of the Ottoman Empire's Armenian population, including mass deportations and executions, during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered
4323:, and the day after the British at St Quentin in the centre of the line. The following week, cooperating American and French units broke through in
4021:
drafted 2.8 million men, though training and equipping such numbers was a huge logistical challenge. By June 1918, over 667,000 members of the
1819:
while its clients had overlapping claims in the Balkans. These competing interests divided Russian policy-makers and added to regional instability.
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forces, together with a large number of major Iranian tribes, while the Russians and British had the support of Armenian and Assyrian forces. The
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11275:. translated by Alasdair Lean; with a preface by Jorge and a historical introduction by Hilmar. London: Taderon Press for the Gomidas Institute.
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in return for ceding control of passes in the Carpathian Mountains to Austria-Hungary and leasing its oil wells to Germany. Although approved by
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and 8% others. Between 1920 and 1924, 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.
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is viewed by many Canadians as a defining moment in creating a sense of national identity. Though Nivelle continued the offensive, on 3 May the
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with guns (as well as mortars and even machine guns) was commonplace, using new techniques for spotting and ranging, notably, aircraft and the
5752:, with the inevitably large ensuing casualties. By the end of 1917, however, the major armies had modernised and were making use of telephone,
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Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership
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in 1915, Germany promised not to target passenger liners, while Britain armed its merchant ships, placing them beyond the protection of the "
2744:. These were systematically hunted down by the Royal Navy, though not before causing considerable damage. One of the most successful was the
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from 1891 to 1906, estimated that this would take six weeks, after which the German army would transfer to the East and defeat the Russians.
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This decision was not driven by a reduction in political tensions but by German concern over Russia's quick recovery from its defeat in the
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16257:– A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas, from the UBC Library Digital Collections
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3763:, whose acquisition had widespread popular support, and Russian success against Austria led Romania to join the Entente in the August 1916
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5556:. The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members, including Mussolini. Mussolini formed the pro-interventionist
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The years before 1914 were marked by a series of crises in the Balkans, as other powers sought to benefit from the Ottoman decline. While
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These Strange Criminals: An Anthology of Prison Memoirs by Conscientious Objectors to Military Service from the Great War to the Cold War
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3074:. The Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers' preoccupation with the war and conducted large-scale ethnic cleansing of the
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Artillery also underwent a revolution. In 1914, cannons were positioned in the front line and fired directly at their targets. By 1917,
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hours. A further German demand for neutrality was refused by the French who ordered general mobilization but delayed declaring war. The
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10204:"Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan"
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3848:, Germany attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies. However, this attempt was rejected out of hand as a "duplicitous war ruse".
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while enlarging the territories of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece. However, disputes between the victors sparked the 33-day
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was to quickly defeat France, then to transfer its forces to the Russian front. However, this failed, and by the end of the year the
1273:
14686:. Contributors: Institute of Medicine; Board on Global Health; Forum on Microbial Threats. Washington DC: National Academies Press.
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in September 1914, Allied and German forces unsuccessfully tried to outflank each other, a series of manoeuvres later known as the "
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Before the war, Germany had attempted to use Indian nationalism and pan-Islamism to its advantage, a policy continued post-1914 by
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3584:. Her increasingly incompetent rule and food shortages in urban areas led to widespread protests and the murder of her favourite,
1996:, took up positions along the Archduke's motorcade route, to assassinate him. Supplied with arms by extremists within the Serbian
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Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom.
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in Greece to offer assistance and to pressure its government to declare war against the Central Powers. However, the pro-German
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Ansart, Séverine; Pelat, Camille; Boelle, Pierre-Yves; Carrat, Fabrice; Flahault, Antoine; Valleron, Alain-Jacques (May 2009).
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were called on to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies. Kitson discovered important new deposits of
4770:
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4476:, arranged with the Allied Authorities in Paris. Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the
4249:) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front. The operation commenced on 21 March 1918, with an attack on British forces near
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German defences. Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances. On 22 April 1915, at the
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of 1916, with Germany sending 20,000 rifles to Ireland to stir unrest in Britain. The British government placed Ireland under
4781:. According to the 1910 census, speakers of the Hungarian language included approximately 54% of the entire population of the
4304:
2635:". By the end of 1914, the opposing forces confronted each other along an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from the
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and, with British assistance, conquered much of Ottoman-held Arabia, resulting finally in the Ottoman surrender of Damascus.
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Land armaments in Europe, 1866–1914 in Arms Races in International Politics: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century
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Kernek, Sterling (December 1970). "The British Government's Reactions to President Wilson's 'Peace' Note of December 1916".
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3403:; Italy joined the Triple Entente and, on 23 May, declared war on Austria-Hungary, followed by Germany fifteen months later.
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in March 1917. The British were aided in Mesopotamia by local Arab and Assyrian fighters, while the Ottomans employed local
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The Macedonian front was at first mostly static. French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing
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ports. The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany. The German Army to the south then conducted
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Raudzens, George (October 1990). "War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History".
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to the present day, arguing that those who died were victims of inter-ethnic fighting, famine, or disease during World War
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before the United States could transport a large army overseas, but, after initial successes, eventually failed to do so.
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August, they declared war on France and demanded free passage across Belgium, which was refused. Early on the morning of 4
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Between April and November 1918, the Allies increased their front-line rifle strength while German strength fell by half.
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La forza numerica del contingente italiano variò con il passare dei mesi e al suo culmine raggiunse i 20–22.000 uomini.
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were more successful, though ultimately of little strategic value. Operating as a separate unit for the first time, the
3435:, which made little progress and cost many lives; by the end of the war, Italian combat deaths totalled around 548,000.
3234:. Persia, ostensibly neutral, had long been under British and Russian influence. The Ottomans and Germans were aided by
1611:, a secret agreement between Germany and Russia to remain neutral if either were attacked by France or Austria-Hungary.
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4101:, which had been involved in some of the heaviest fighting at Verdun, refused orders to go into battle, initiating the
3925:, which confirmed Russia's willingness to continue the war. However, the Petrograd Soviet refused to disband, creating
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The initial German advance in the West was very successful. By the end of August, the Allied left, which included the
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has been reinvigorated by a cultural turn in the 21st century. Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding
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October, the Hindenburg Line was pierced by British and Dominion troops of the First and Third British Armies at the
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attacked South Africa; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war. The German colonial forces in
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as a "9/11 effect, a terrorist event charged with historic meaning, transforming the political chemistry in Vienna".
1866:
resulted in partial Austrian mobilisation, starting on 21 November 1912, including units along the Russian border in
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in Europe, as well as increased economic competition between nations triggered by new waves of industrialisation and
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state. In 1916, the Arab Revolt began in Ottoman-controlled territories of the Middle East to achieve independence.
2922:
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travel the North Atlantic in convoys. The U-boats sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships, at the cost of 199 submarines.
1626:
For Bismarck, peace with Russia was the foundation of German foreign policy but in 1890, he was forced to retire by
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similarly wrote, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War." Contemporary Europeans also referred to it as "
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was defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916; in August 1916, a German and Ottoman force was defeated at the
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5701:. Even after the war, in Britain, many job advertisements were marked "No conscientious objectors need to apply".
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In September 1914, Russia acknowledged Romanian rights to Austro-Hungarian territories including Transylvania and
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German soldiers on the way to the front in 1914; at this stage, all sides expected the conflict to be a short one.
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On both sides, there was large-scale fundraising for soldiers' welfare, their dependents and those injured. The
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in August 1916, remained static until October 1917. After a combined Austro-German force won a major victory at
2285:, then swing south, encircling Paris and trapping the French army against the Swiss border. The plan's creator,
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World War I officially ended when Germany paid off the final amount of reparations imposed on it by the Allies.
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4188:
3922:
3738:
3396:
3243:
2834:
2764:
2596:
2498:
2460:
2297:
2080:
1191:
1014:
992:
420:
361:
307:
39:
19165:
15790:
15331:
Schindler, J. (2003). "Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916".
14376:
Howard, N.P. (1993). "The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany, 1918–19".
14257:
Herwig, Holger (1988). "The Failure of German Sea Power, 1914–1945: Mahan, Tirpitz, and Raeder Reconsidered".
6561:
5118:
Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and
4603:
4331:(3–27 October), forcing the Germans off the commanding heights, and closing towards the Belgian frontier. On 8
2106:
to Serbia, listing ten demands made intentionally unacceptable to provide an excuse for starting hostilities.
2035:
22570:
22505:
22495:
22485:
22480:
22475:
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20766:
20029:
19232:
19197:
18779:
18759:
18638:
18196:
18191:
18155:
18089:
17981:
17827:
17417:
17269:
16807:
16735:
16666:
16435:
16405:
16400:
14334:
Holmes, T.M. (April 2014). "Absolute Numbers: The Schlieffen Plan as a Critique of German Strategy in 1914".
8167:
7841:
6150:
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5729:
5490:
5272:
4525:
4500:
4453:
4022:
4018:
3811:
3044:
2072:
1733:
1697:
German economic and industrial strength continued to expand rapidly post-1871. Backed by Wilhelm II, Admiral
1381:
766:
202:
16242:
6252:
of the war, and Russian defeat. However, this peace treaty was nullified by an Allied Powers victory on the
4809:
2852:. This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets, which significantly lessened losses; after the
2142:
At a meeting on 29 July, the British cabinet had narrowly decided its obligations to Belgium under the 1839
22435:
21377:
21362:
21257:
20090:
19935:
19809:
19324:
18739:
18643:
18613:
18587:
18582:
18526:
18145:
17772:
17712:
17609:
17514:
17284:
17070:
16774:
16613:
16512:
13256:
11255:
8959:
6266:
5927:
5694:
5096:
4245:
protracted war, but they held high hopes for success in a final quick offensive. Ludendorff drew up plans (
4144:
4114:
3448:, but made little progress and were pushed by the Italians back to Tyrol. Although Italy occupied southern
3153:
2804:
2717:
2566:
2554:
2360:
2013:
1722:
1576:
1108:
1101:
982:
5302:. President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916 but allowed a great increase in
4319:, launched by American and French troops on 26 September. Two days later the Belgians, French and British
22380:
21523:
20783:
20294:
20206:
19965:
19896:
18769:
18689:
18383:
17820:
17805:
17663:
17615:
17387:
16938:
16812:
16725:
16720:
16489:
16477:
16472:
15553:
13209:
10554:
8685:
6253:
6249:
6193:
6118:
5935:
5744:. In April 1917, the average life expectancy of a British pilot on the Western Front was 93 flying hours.
5679:
5647:
5494:
5197:
5193:
4766:
4622:
A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months, until the signing of the
4389:
4034:
3502:
3331:
2909:
2582:
2533:
2504:
2048:
2040:
1863:
1412:
1313:
1305:
1301:
936:
919:
914:
408:
230:
19139:
16999:
11015:
10592:
6362:
was intended to end the war between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire, the Allied Powers and the
3020:, after most German and Austro-Hungarian troops had been withdrawn. The Bulgarians were defeated at the
2363:
told an American reporter "We have lost the war. It will go on for a long time but lost it is already."
20654:
20377:
19997:
19970:
19268:
19227:
18804:
18749:
18709:
18699:
18694:
18551:
18363:
18320:
17597:
17362:
17347:
17249:
17118:
16686:
16598:
16555:
15465:
13464:
8274:
8163:
6040:
visited the site of the signing of the Armistice of Compiègne and unveiled a plaque to reconciliation.
4627:
4328:
4270:
4164:
4156:
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3816:
3764:
3449:
2390:
1627:
1373:
1211:
1086:
1021:
43:
19089:
6447:
6391:
Only the Triple Alliance was a formal "alliance"; the others listed were informal patterns of support.
6090:, the First World War is often thought to be "a wrong war fought for the wrong reasons"; it lacks the
2118:
ordered partial mobilisation the next day; on 28 July, they declared war on Serbia and began shelling
22370:
22249:
22166:
21302:
21262:
20703:
19835:
19617:
19607:
19499:
19469:
19094:
18865:
18794:
18719:
18572:
18516:
18305:
18073:
17657:
17645:
17407:
17392:
17113:
17004:
16698:
16676:
16425:
16415:
16348:
16237:
16187:
11140:
7218:... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo ...
6313:
6001:
5863:
5622:
5618:
5605:
5464:
5384:
4995:
4837:
4473:
4429:
4405:
4266:
4152:
4102:
4050:
3482:
3473:
3215:
2628:
2546:
2356:
1949:
1321:
19558:
17259:
15039:
Moll, Kendall D; Luebbert, Gregory M (1980). "Arms Race and Military Expenditure Models: A Review".
14921:
13727:
11392:
Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I
4871:, commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), celebrates this defining moment.
4295:
3807:
2775:
2661:
22309:
21402:
21130:
20892:
20852:
20842:
20790:
20196:
19862:
19797:
19516:
19462:
18938:
18789:
18633:
18608:
18280:
17767:
17757:
17686:
17639:
17627:
17567:
17382:
17377:
17299:
16708:
16681:
16385:
15805:
14843:
13959:
A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East
11779:
11711:"A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers"
11214:
10450:
8134:
5501:
on 25 September 1916, merged with a Second Contingent. The two contingents suffered 75% casualties.
5276:
5108:
5066:
4573:
4561:
4336:
4258:
4254:
3784:
2542:
2474:
2417:
1985:
1969:
1898:
resentment, nationalism and insecurity helps explain why the pre-1914 Balkans became known as the "
1867:
1653:
1591:, the League was dissolved due to Austrian concerns over the expansion of Russian influence in the
1304:
consisted of a continuous line of trenches stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland. The
1203:
556:
404:
342:
13040:
10956:, 10 May 1917, 30: 581–585. Die Encephalitis lethargica. Leipzig and Vienna, Franz Deuticke, 1918.
4879:
4817:
4436:
The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly. Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice, the
2427:. Japan declared war on Germany before seizing territories in the Pacific, which later became the
2312:
argues that these changes meant the right wing was not strong enough to achieve decisive success.
2151:
Germany did not reply. Aware of German plans to attack through Belgium, French Commander-in-Chief
22550:
22294:
21180:
21088:
20387:
20382:
20259:
20249:
20191:
20131:
19977:
19804:
19787:
19479:
19417:
19202:
19170:
19119:
19034:
18992:
18817:
18813:
18729:
18531:
18351:
18343:
18285:
18045:
17740:
17503:
17337:
17332:
17264:
17123:
17108:
17103:
17083:
16964:
16841:
13480:
12520:
A Kingdom United: Popular Responses to the Outbreak of the First World War in Britain and Ireland
12447:
12417:
10715:
6241:
5910:
5601:
5596:
were a German example. Around the British Empire, there were many patriotic funds, including the
5545:
5421:
from Austria-Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia. The
5168:, and the survival rate for POWs was generally much higher than that of combatants at the front.
5103:
and a number were attacked by Ottoman brigands. While the exact number of deaths is unknown, the
4964:
4921:
Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilised from 1914 to 1918, an estimated
4448:
described the situation thus: "Disgraceful! 62,000 Serbs decided the war!". On the same day, the
4445:
4316:
4290:
4227:
4105:; within days, "collective indiscipline" had spread to 54 divisions, while over 20,000 deserted.
3937:
3400:
2983:
2967:
2963:
2482:
2320:
2173:
2143:
1911:
1878:
1858:. The League quickly overran most of the Ottomans' territory in the Balkans during the 1912–1913
1796:
1748:
1683:
1639:
1356:
1352:
569:
400:
155:
17304:
15937:
15931:
14417:
12950:
12115:
10719:
9672:
9448:
Military Operations. Part I Egypt & Palestine: Volume 2 From June 1917 to the End of the War
6942:
10.4324/9781315186405-8/balkan-clutter-american-european-handling-powder-keg-radoslava-stefanova
5931:
4299:
American soldiers firing on German entrenched positions during the Meuse-Argonne offensive, 1918
1811:
straits to be controlled by a weak Ottoman government, rather than an ambitious Slav power like
1780:
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21557:
21516:
21352:
21342:
20931:
20862:
20847:
20328:
20287:
20050:
19987:
19770:
19595:
19422:
19242:
19222:
19049:
18774:
18724:
18684:
18674:
18536:
18469:
18118:
17842:
17777:
17633:
17367:
17294:
17244:
17229:
17211:
17184:
17098:
17065:
16730:
16691:
16671:
16482:
16375:
15698:
15360:
Schindler, John R. (2002). "Disaster on the Drina: The Austro-Hungarian Army in Serbia, 1914".
13244:
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6203:
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5686:
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4922:
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and occupied substantial parts of the province before being driven back by the recently formed
3780:
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3315:
against Allied troops. The British were forced to dispatch 12,000 troops to oppose them in the
3259:
3145:
2845:
2681:
2641:
2512:
2444:
2240:
1957:
1726:
1604:
1569:
1557:
1517:
1400:
1364:
1317:
1308:
was more dynamic, but neither side could gain a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives.
1215:
924:
849:
811:
372:
365:
19212:
15757:
15207:
14292:. Guides to historic events of the twentieth century. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
12633:
12168:
11710:
11442:
10434:
10417:
10141:
9957:
9948:[Trento, Bolzano and Innsbruck: The Italian Military Occupation of Tyrol (1918–1920)]
8953:
8578:
7158:
6631:
5905:
2524:
infantry divisions in France; these troops were withdrawn in December 1915, and served in the
1940:
is now believed by historians to depict an innocent bystander, Ferdinand Behr on 28 June 1914.
22063:
21885:
21674:
21623:
21462:
21437:
21367:
21050:
20778:
20551:
20509:
20479:
20136:
19992:
19814:
19724:
19511:
19484:
19237:
19129:
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19059:
19024:
18962:
18905:
18754:
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18577:
18108:
17762:
17651:
17427:
17397:
17327:
17274:
17196:
17164:
17138:
17088:
17019:
16921:
16874:
16658:
16527:
16410:
16195:
15955:
14187:
13516:
12477:
8268:
7285:
6460:
6138:
5986:
5900:
5805:
5636:
5558:
5529:
5456:
4844:
4743:
4712:
imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war. The 1919
4673:
4584:
4449:
4437:
4415:
4401:
4320:
4140:
3824:
3803:
3577:
3517:
3432:
3348:
3106:
2987:
2525:
2286:
2236:
1851:
1631:
1488:
1416:
1395:, by which Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large
1289:
1234:
1175:
987:
669:
598:
457:
440:
376:
336:
19553:
13780:. Contributions in Military Studies. Vol. 201. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
13335:
11957:
11612:
11176:
11144:
11134:
10740:
10315:
10295:
10275:
10255:
10235:
3929:
and causing confusion and chaos, with frontline soldiers becoming increasingly demoralised.
2837:, realising the Americans would eventually enter the war. Germany sought to strangle Allied
2146:
did not require it to oppose a German invasion with military force; however, Prime Minister
1928:
1889:, when Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913; it was defeated, losing most of
22360:
22139:
22048:
21754:
21457:
21212:
21125:
21103:
21026:
21022:
20951:
20867:
20812:
20807:
20630:
20474:
20363:
20141:
20060:
20055:
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19663:
19494:
19207:
18858:
18458:
18373:
17060:
17034:
16984:
16341:
16284:
16183:
16171:
These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 24 June 2006
15835:
14464:
Jelavich, Barbara (1992). "Romania in the First World War: The Pre-War Crisis, 1912–1914".
13240:
12962:
12913:
10335:
9985:
8232:
7233:
Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics
5698:
5640:
5577:
5157:
5149:
5080:
4910:
4713:
4623:
4608:
4381:
4352:
4324:
4250:
4192:
4160:
4136:
4094:
4079:
4063:
4025:(AEF) were transported to France, a figure which reached 2 million by the end of November.
4017:
units, compared to British and French armies of 4.1 and 8.3 million respectively. The
3788:
3546:
3196:
3180:
3021:
2621:
2290:
2131:
1977:
1899:
1702:
1600:
1392:
1360:
215:
31:
22197:
17009:
16218:
The Heritage of the Great War / First World War. Graphic colour photos, pictures and music
14897:. American Heritage Pub. Co. : Bonanza Books : Distributed by Crown Publishers.
9674:
Shock Army of the British Empire: The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War
9499:
8410:
6013:
4668:
3525:
3453:
3218:
inspecting Turkish troops of the 15th Corps in East Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Poland).
1423:
was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability during the
176:
8:
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22269:
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18957:
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17402:
17279:
17239:
17234:
17179:
16862:
16856:
16757:
16264:
15125:
Phillimore, George Grenville; Bellot, Hugh H.L. (1919). "Treatment of Prisoners of War".
13187:
12688:
9138:
6450:
to use chemical weapons on the Russian front in January 1915 failed to cause casualties.
6172:
6110:
6025:
6005:
5855:
5793:
5652:
5525:
5517:
5468:
5327:
5250:
5214:
4808:
The Russian Empire lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of
4409:
4176:
4128:
4014:
3899:
3857:
3796:
3457:
3356:
3227:
2677:
2561:
2521:
2336:
2169:
1997:
1812:
1710:
1553:
1060:
19632:
18393:
14964:
The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908–1923
14592:. Daily Life Through History Series. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 5.
12966:
12917:
6359:
6133:. Among the major subjects that historians have long debated regarding the war include:
5771:
5576:
in 1919, the origin of fascism. Mussolini's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from
4677:
4361:
Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube regiment near
4074:
replaced Pétain as commander of French armies on the Western Front and began planning a
3533:
3109:(1914). In Gallipoli, the Ottoman Empire successfully repelled the British, French, and
2962:
Serbian army, fighting on two fronts and facing certain defeat, retreated into northern
2315:
1614:
245:
22229:
22151:
21925:
21895:
21870:
21862:
21847:
21697:
21202:
21118:
21108:
20941:
20904:
20834:
20773:
20756:
20710:
20620:
20534:
20348:
20254:
20221:
20186:
20065:
19982:
19960:
19940:
19906:
19600:
19590:
19585:
19568:
19489:
19474:
19114:
19099:
19084:
19044:
19039:
18922:
18400:
18315:
17674:
17538:
17520:
17485:
17449:
17289:
17254:
17206:
17191:
17078:
17029:
16868:
16827:
16507:
16299:
15517:
15490:
15377:
15348:
15302:
15194:
15076:
15064:
15056:
15006:
14998:
14860:
14800:
14640:
14632:
14481:
14274:
14024:
13756:
13154:
12980:
12931:
12796:
11858:
11545:
11423:
11272:
A German officer during the Armenian genocide: a biography of Max von Scheubner-Richter
11110:
11081:
10997:
10930:
10899:
10683:
10600:
10562:
10320:
10300:
10280:
10260:
10240:
10208:
7019:
6425:; following the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, it became the independent Republic of
6363:
6245:
6180:
6099:
5970:
5959:
as a salute to those who perished in the war. It is still recited today, especially on
5955:
5548:
decided to oppose the war after anti-militarist protestors were killed, resulting in a
5438:
5422:
5367:
5071:
4848:
4782:
4457:
4203:
4184:
4055:
4010:
3998:
3903:
3895:
3871:
3749:
3565:
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who retreated more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) before holding positions along the
3203:, the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916, drove the Turks out of most of the southern
3161:
3102:
3060:
2998:
2971:
2768:
2752:
2740:
were scattered across the globe, some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied
2478:
2428:
2244:
2232:
2160:
and exchanged fire with French units when German patrols entered French territory; on 3
1890:
1744:
1698:
1608:
1545:
1533:
1468:
1461:
wrote "This is the Great War. It names itself". In October 1914, the Canadian magazine
1340:
977:
542:
277:
162:
19674:
19391:
10451:"The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University"
6028:, for French and German soldiers killed in the war. As part of commemorations for the
4958:
killed 200,000 in Serbia. Starting in early 1918, a major influenza epidemic known as
4927:
4905:
4517:
4221:
3870:
attempted to intervene as a peacemaker, asking for both sides to state their demands.
2000:
intelligence organisation, they hoped his death would free Bosnia from Austrian rule.
1961:
1740:
or 'armaments turning point', when he switched expenditure from the navy to the army.
22146:
22134:
22085:
21957:
21890:
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15452:
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15148:
Aircraft versus Submarine: the Evolution of the Anti-submarine Aircraft, 1912 to 1980
15134:
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11276:
11186:
11148:
11115:
10989:
10935:
10921:
10913:
10522:
10433:
Ypersele, Laurence Van (2012). "Mourning and Memory, 1919–45". In Horne, John (ed.).
10396:
10183:
10158:
10050:
9946:"Trento, Bolzano e Innsbruck: l'occupazione militare italiana del Tirolo (1918–1920)"
9724:
9689:
9679:
9526:
9477:
9451:
9428:
9238:
8963:
8693:
8544:
8517:
8490:
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7011:
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5943:
5801:
5665:
5541:
5348:
5048:
4774:
4721:
4635:
4588:
4477:
4246:
4075:
4046:
3771:, the Romanian army planned an offensive into Transylvania, while defending Southern
3541:
3384:
3364:
3312:
3188:
3087:
3009:
2818:
2789:
2760:
2741:
2486:
2440:
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2024:
1886:
1855:
1843:
1800:
1549:
1529:
1420:
1281:
1223:
1081:
1033:
972:
929:
238:
21477:
19563:
11780:"The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918"
11427:
11001:
9546:
3035:
and, a day after the Bulgarian collapse, insisted on an immediate peace settlement.
22073:
22029:
21975:
21965:
21910:
21820:
21798:
21766:
21093:
21083:
20909:
20857:
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19792:
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17491:
17461:
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17169:
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16898:
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15512:
15504:
15369:
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15048:
14990:
14852:
14687:
14624:
14473:
14385:
14266:
13941:
13163:
12984:
12970:
12935:
12921:
12827:
Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918
12400:
11842:
11791:
11730:
11722:
11537:
11444:
The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide
11415:
11105:
11095:
10979:
10925:
10917:
10521:. Geographical Research Institute, Research Centre and Earth Sciences. p. 19.
9425:
The Mounted Riflemen in Sinai & Palestine: The Story of New Zealand's Crusaders
8480:
8264:
8048:
7003:
6937:
6889:
6317:
6233:
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5809:
5749:
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5537:
5480:
5460:
5445:
5397:
5343:
5123:
5088:
4778:
4580:
4491:
On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated, and signed the Armistice of Mudros.
4369:
4348:
4030:
3914:
3910:
3841:
3815:
Russian revolution, Romania found itself alone on the Eastern Front and signed the
3585:
3570:
3444:
3316:
3267:
3200:
3141:
3017:
2917:
2913:
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2865:
2817:
attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain. The nature of
2670:
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campaign and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice took effect in Europe.
2424:
2210:
1894:
1859:
1644:
1065:
1053:
1038:
1026:
951:
946:
629:
416:
133:
116:
19627:
19526:
16294:
14477:
14270:
13622:
The Essentials of European History: 1914 to 1935, World War I and Europe in crisis
13184:
Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present
11795:
11655:
10178:
Murrin, John; Johnson, Paul; McPherson, James; Gerstle, Gary; Fahs, Alice (2010).
4954:
Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions. In 1914 alone, louse-borne
2800:
2323:; by the end of August, French casualties exceeded 260,000, including 75,000 dead.
1973:
22156:
22112:
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19879:
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17014:
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16318:
16306:
16249:
15879:
15753:
15411:
15390:
13694:
13620:
13485:
13367:
13194:
13150:"As the centenary approaches: the regeneration of First World War historiography"
13092:
11831:"Military Diplomats in the Prussian and German Service: The Attachés, 1816- 1914"
11567:
11390:
11270:
11045:
10965:
10747:
10666:
10118:
10012:
8631:
8538:
8511:
8484:
8324:
7808:"India and WWI: Piecing together the impact of the Great War on the subcontinent"
7231:
7199:
6637:
6122:
6033:
5787:
5738:
5486:
5426:
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4856:
4769:
was incorporated into Yugoslavia). The details were contained in the treaties of
4753:
4717:
4612:
4592:
4312:
4303:
By September, the Germans had fallen back to the Hindenburg Line. The Allies had
4262:
3558:
3512:
3293:
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2947:
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2012:
was standing. He fired two pistol shots, fatally wounding Ferdinand and his wife
2009:
1965:
1933:
1862:, much to the surprise of outside observers. The Serbian capture of ports on the
1714:
1635:
1580:
1541:
1424:
1396:
1297:
1296:
were drawn into the war, with the Ottomans joining in November of the same year.
1277:
1270:
1250:
1115:
956:
941:
712:
662:
380:
180:
22192:
16289:
10968:"Experimenting on the Past: The Enigma of von Economo's Encephalitis Lethargica"
10111:
10073:(2006). "Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918". In Fleischhauer; Turowski (eds.).
8270:
A world at total war: global conflict and the politics of destruction, 1937–1945
7930:
5414:
5144:
2020:
22289:
22180:
22090:
21905:
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19109:
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18133:
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17497:
17342:
17133:
17024:
16880:
16784:
16767:
16311:
15052:
14652:
14336:
13932:
Fornassin, Alessio (2017). "The Italian Army's Losses in the First World War".
13864:
12825:
12600:
10679:"'ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey"
10482:
8233:
Nova Scotia House of Assembly Committee on Veterans Affairs (9 November 2006).
7863:
6146:
6126:
6114:
6106:
6083:
5797:
5775:
5628:
5627:
Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict. These included
5549:
5506:
5289:
5119:
5056:
4509:
4090:
4071:
4059:
3978:
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out of the war, Romania found itself alone on the Eastern Front and signed the
3948:
3933:
3867:
3776:
3165:
3091:
3032:
3016:
Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough in September 1918 in the
2957:
Bulgarian soldiers in a trench, preparing to fire against an incoming aeroplane
2570:
2103:
1827:
1823:
1785:
1773:
1756:
1649:
1584:
1568:
this defeat, but by the early 1890s, this had switched to the expansion of the
1508:
1498:
1285:
1199:
1179:
747:
725:
681:
615:
527:
484:
151:
16270:
15373:
15344:
14981:
Medlicott, W.N. (1945). "Bismarck and the Three Emperors' Alliance, 1881–87".
14912:
14856:
14628:
14287:
13168:
13149:
11726:
11541:
11419:
11246:
9455:
8442:
6366:, the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne.
4638:. For the British Empire, the state of war ceased under the provisions of the
4236:
3851:
3121:
by the Ottomans (1915–1916), British Imperial forces reorganised and captured
3012:
lost about 850,000 people during the war, a quarter of its pre-war population.
2227:
Beginning on 12 August, the Austrians and Serbs clashed at the battles of the
22354:
22009:
21825:
21783:
21727:
21613:
21572:
21539:
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20561:
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19649:
19447:
18997:
18244:
17532:
17526:
16969:
16886:
16797:
15981:
15714:
15456:
15323:
14674:
14349:
14315:
Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984). "The Campaign in Armenia". In Young, Peter (ed.).
13953:
13833:
13825:
13460:
12824:
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1921). Scott, James Brown (ed.).
11854:
11803:
11744:
11574:
11528:
Ward, Alan J. (1974). "Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis".
10070:
9572:
9432:
8898:
8060:
7160:
Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević
7015:
6418:
6130:
6095:
6091:
6037:
6017:
5960:
5829:
5816:
were created, principally by the Germans and British, though the former used
5783:
5765:
5741:
5670:
5656:
5533:
5430:
5319:
5308:
5127:
4971:
4616:
4545:
4119:
3428:
3388:
3308:
3304:
3130:
2876:
2823:
2550:
2332:
2256:
2228:
2215:
2152:
2147:
1847:
1676:
1661:
1561:
1524:
For much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous
1476:
1408:
1238:
698:
645:
21508:
20279:
16213:
Records on the outbreak of World War I from the UK Parliamentary Collections
16044:
16008:
15870:
15670:
15602:
15575:
15165:
15138:
15098:
14744:
14709:
14607:
14512:
14307:
14179:
14063:
13996:
13896:
The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West
13886:
13795:
13611:
11100:
10984:
10967:
9693:
9481:
7122:
6893:
6024:
by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand, known in German as
5015:
French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders
3536:, Russian plans at the start of the war were to simultaneously advance into
2844:
The U-boat threat lessened in 1917, when merchant ships began travelling in
2220:
76:
22284:
22254:
22161:
22129:
22058:
21935:
21930:
21744:
21737:
21650:
21582:
21487:
21287:
21192:
21038:
21012:
20921:
20603:
20591:
20539:
20499:
20494:
20358:
20353:
19432:
19427:
18943:
17694:
17128:
15648:
15526:
14717:
14539:
13945:
13258:
And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930
13218:
11752:
11119:
10993:
10939:
8052:
6213:
6166:
6087:
6070:
5975:
5964:
5528:
and helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war. The
5434:
5363:
5181:
4943:
4684:
4124:
3768:
3753:
3490:
3461:
3271:
3239:
3118:
2979:
2950:
provided troops for Austria-Hungary. Montenegro allied itself with Serbia.
2884:
2857:
2701:
2685:
2432:
2348:
2110:
1993:
1463:
1440:
1428:
1266:
384:
14571:
The Fateful Alliance: France, Russia and the Coming of the First World War
14389:
13337:
Evidence, History, and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914–18
12823:
12288:
11363:
9981:
9954:
Trento e Trieste. Percorsi degli Italiani d'Austria dal '48 all'annessione
9873:"The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1"
9842:
9780:"The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1"
6881:
4521:
3344:
2970:. Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat toward the Adriatic coast in the
2953:
2545:
and other groups believed support for the British war effort would hasten
1630:. The latter was persuaded not to renew the Reinsurance Treaty by his new
1391:
of 1919–1920 imposed settlements on the defeated powers, most notably the
862:
96:
67:
22234:
22117:
22014:
21749:
21655:
21427:
21175:
21170:
21162:
21147:
20972:
20877:
20688:
20489:
20469:
20449:
20427:
20392:
20231:
20201:
20165:
20096:
20081:
19925:
19573:
19543:
19437:
18910:
18881:
17905:
17810:
17508:
16943:
15508:
15171:
14547:
14216:
13803:
13389:
10764:
8036:
5950:
5850:
5748:
World War I began as a clash of 20th-century technology and 19th-century
5674:
5570:
for International Action") in October 1914 that later developed into the
5510:
5472:
5449:
5410:
5299:
5283:
5100:
5020:
4986:
died, three-quarters of them from the extreme conditions they worked in.
4959:
4939:
4901:
4852:
4851:
with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary, became a new nation. Romania would
4541:
4420:
4377:
4009:
to join the Grand Fleet, and provided convoy escorts. In April 1917, the
3913:
but the troops refused to fire on the crowds. Revolutionaries set up the
3411:
3251:
3192:
3114:
2830:
2705:
2689:
2669:
In February 1916, the Germans attacked French defensive positions at the
2609:
2402:
2278:
2066:
2053:
1792:
1768:
1532:. After 1848, this was challenged by Britain's withdrawal into so-called
1262:
1254:
1227:
997:
583:
15491:"Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
14772:
14485:
14278:
8580:
New Zealand's Great War: New Zealand, the Allies and the First World War
5437:, and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national
22122:
21567:
20958:
20946:
20916:
20882:
20822:
20504:
19901:
19867:
19548:
18982:
15198:
15002:
14636:
14128:
Green, John Frederick Norman (1938). "Obituary: Albert Ernest Kitson".
11862:
11830:
9496:"Text of the Decree of the Surrender of Jerusalem into British Control"
7023:
6417:
Bessarabia remained part of Romania until 1940, when it was annexed by
6237:
6162:
5939:
4828:
were carved from it. Romania took control of Bessarabia in April 1918.
4798:
4469:
4441:
4373:
4183:
was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army's commander, replaced by
4006:
3957:
3926:
3918:
3820:
3395:
islands. To secure Italian neutrality, the Central Powers offered them
3392:
3137:
3071:
2853:
2122:. Russia ordered general mobilization in support of Serbia on 30 July.
1706:
1657:
1565:
1336:
15060:
6530:
6265:
The United States did not ratify any of the treaties agreed to at the
1874:
decided not to mobilise in response, unprepared to precipitate a war.
21997:
21987:
21603:
21562:
21392:
21229:
20964:
20926:
20519:
20333:
19916:
18541:
17700:
17467:
13413:
The Canadians at Cambrai and the Canal du Nord, August–September 1918
12975:
12926:
12901:
12601:"Winchester Whisperer: The secret newspaper made by jailed pacifists"
11955:
11735:
11639:
9472:(1968) . "The Palestine Campaigns". In Sheppard, Eric William (ed.).
9131:
6991:
6405:
6208:
5717:
5418:
5401:
Poster urging women to join the British war effort, published by the
5355:
in 1953, Germany agreed to resume payment on the money borrowed. On 3
5323:
5219:
4868:
4864:
4786:
4785:. Within the country, numerous ethnic minorities were present: 16.1%
4696:
4481:
4172:
3792:
3424:
3335:
3300:
3210:
3075:
2849:
2745:
2613:
2410:
2305:
1226:). The movement of large numbers of people was a major factor in the
1171:
501:
388:
22187:
15933:
Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina
15190:
14994:
13778:
Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War
11846:
10879:
10519:
Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin
8422:
7520:
7007:
5833:
5734:
5479:
I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu's overthrow at the
5107:
estimates around 1.5 million. The government of Turkey continues to
4342:
3819:
with the Central Powers, which recognised Romanian sovereignty over
3779:
against a possible Bulgarian counterattack. On 27 August 1916, they
3452:
in May 1916, their main focus was the Isonzo front which, after the
22095:
22078:
22024:
22019:
22004:
21992:
21970:
21793:
21761:
21692:
21667:
21382:
21078:
20899:
20727:
20642:
20581:
20544:
19538:
17960:
15878:
Tucker, Spencer C.; Wood, Laura Matysek; Murphy, Justin D. (1999).
15791:"Romania's Entry into the First World War: The Problem of Strategy"
14691:
12605:
10867:
10767:(1998). "The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective".
8342:
8273:. Publications of the German Historical Institute. Washington, DC:
5817:
5753:
5593:
5092:
5028:
4867:, and independent national identities for these nations took hold.
4362:
4269:, pushing broadly towards Paris. Germany launched Operation Marne (
4222:
German offensive and Allied counter-offensive (March–November 1918)
3485:
ended hostilities between Austria-Hungary and Italy which occupied
3372:
3360:
3204:
3067:
3028:
2943:
2939:
2927:
2880:
2838:
2649:
2600:
2466:
2436:
2119:
2094:
Bosnia and saw war as the best way of achieving this. However, the
1989:
1953:
1816:
1808:
140:
14682:
Knobler, S. L.; Mack, A.; Mahmoud, A.; Lemon, S. M., eds. (2005).
12561:
12556:
The Decline of the Union: British Government in Ireland, 1892–1920
11252:"Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan"
11178:
Cornerstones of Security: Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era
7838:"Participants from the Indian subcontinent in the First World War"
7837:
5989:, is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War
2722:
2684:
on 1 July 1916 was the bloodiest single day in the history of the
2030:
371:
Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East, such as
22175:
22041:
22036:
21297:
21152:
21064:
13279:
Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania
11473:
9206:
7472:
6426:
5934:. Many of these graveyards also have monuments to the missing or
5778:, pilot of the French 2nd Bombardment, Group GB 2, in August 1915
4915:
4794:
4790:
4505:
3772:
3486:
3122:
3027:
The disappearance of the Macedonian front meant that the road to
2756:
2737:
2470:
2282:
2004:
1882:
1752:
1596:
1592:
1404:
1288:
mobilised in Serbia's defence, and by 4 August, Germany, Russia,
1258:
107:
18499:
16222:
14684:
The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary
13696:
Pyrrhic victory: French strategy and operations in the Great War
10966:
Reid, A.H.; McCall, S.; Henry, J.M.; Taubenberger, J.K. (2001).
10900:"Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe"
10093:
9081:
Keith Hitchins, Clarendon Press, 1994, Rumania 1866–1947, p. 269
7703:
6930:"Balkan Clutter: American and European Handling of a Powder Keg"
6082:
The first efforts to comprehend the meaning and consequences of
6062:... "Strange, friend," I said, "Here is no cause to mourn."
5075:
Armenians killed during the Armenian genocide. Image taken from
3438:
In the spring of 1916, the Austro-Hungarians counterattacked in
3222:
The Ottoman Empire, with German support, invaded Persia (modern
3117:, by contrast, after the defeat of the British defenders in the
2089:
Cheering crowds in London and Paris on the day war was declared.
1784:
Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
22068:
22053:
21712:
21317:
15170:
Deals with technical developments, including the first dipping
14495:
Crucible of Power: A History of US Foreign Relations Since 1897
14143:
The AEF Way of War: The American Army and Combat in World War I
12739:
Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century
9523:
The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War
9308:
9284:
8790:
6729:
6176:
5584:
to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war.
5567:
5315:
I debt in 1934; the last installment was finally paid in 2015.
5245:
List of military attachés and war correspondents in World War I
4979:
4947:
4733:
4425:
4385:
3439:
3419:
difficult terrain; much of the fighting took place high in the
3368:
3275:
3079:
2994:
2931:
2814:
2809:
exhibited near Tower Bridge in London, after the 1918 Armistice
2697:
2381:
Japanese soldiers occupy an abandoned German trench during the
2344:
1760:
six major European powers increased by over 50% in real terms.
412:
396:
18850:
16333:
14419:
Vimy Ridge: 1917–1992, A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years
13394:
The Trigger: Hunting the Assassin Who Brought the World to War
12307:
12203:
11497:
10828:
Sévillia, Jean, Histoire Passionnée de la France, 2013, p. 395
9476:(4th ed.). London: Constable & Co. pp. 153–155.
8543:. New York: Continuum Publishing Corporation. pp. 80–81.
8516:. Minneapolis, Minn.: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 14.
7287:
Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad
7042:
6349:
was considered one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary.
5493:
First Contingent in Bermuda, winter 1914–1915, before joining
4855:
all Romanian-speaking people under a single state, leading to
2781:
Soon after the outbreak of hostilities, Britain began a naval
2680:
was an Anglo-French offensive from July to November 1916. The
1877:
The Great Powers sought to re-assert control through the 1913
1846:
demonstrated Ottoman weakness and led to the formation of the
22239:
22204:
22107:
21830:
21717:
21702:
21282:
21272:
21267:
20739:
20734:
18128:
15736:
The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915–1919
14006:
The Failure to Prevent World War I: The Unexpected Armageddon
12842:"Memorials to the Missing of the First and Second World Wars"
12536:
12382:
12355:
12343:
12331:
12319:
12230:
10177:
9248:
8886:
7994:"Verdun: myths and memories of the 'lost villages' of France"
6584:
5713:
5393:
Propaganda and censorship in Italy during the First World War
5359:
October 2010, Germany made the final payment on these bonds.
5052:
4975:
4802:
4552:, spread across the whole country within days and led to the
4485:
4274:
3760:
3235:
3126:
3095:
2888:
2693:
2394:
1804:
1725:
began. Despite the vast sums spent by Tirpitz, the launch of
1595:, an area they considered to be of vital strategic interest.
1218:, plus up to 8 million civilian deaths from causes including
16092:
America's Great War: World War I and the American experience
14754:
Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia
13732:
Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University, Bucharest
13093:"Armistice Day: Macron and Merkel mark end of World War One"
13059:
11890:
Women in the British Army: War and the Gentle Sex, 1907–1948
11485:
9132:
Alexander Lanoszka; Michael A. Hunzeker (11 November 2018).
8988:
7570:. RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia.
7544:
7532:
4167:. Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the
3226:) in December 1914 to cut off British and Russian access to
3070:
territories and Britain's communications with India via the
3059:
Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench during the
2351:
on 17 August did so without many of their support elements.
21707:
21412:
16201:
16073:
France, 1848–1945: Volume II: Intellect, Taste, and Anxiety
15881:
The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia
11345:
11046:"History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare"
10372:
10360:
8802:
8366:
8202:
7886:
6002:
the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018
5761:
5402:
5234:
4983:
4549:
4460:, that the military situation facing Germany was hopeless.
4108:
3420:
3231:
3223:
3008:
Austro-Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians, 1917.
2057:
was established, and carried out the persecution of Serbs.
1826:
began when Austria annexed the former Ottoman territory of
16217:
14317:
Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I
11509:
11082:"Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I"
10180:
Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People
9615:
9194:
9170:
9108:
9084:
9032:
9030:
9005:
9003:
8754:
8654:
7655:
7621:
7619:
7364:
7078:
6654:
4847:, later renamed Yugoslavia. Czechoslovakia, combining the
4218:
attacks by British Empire forces in March and April 1918.
4175:
had been captured following another Ottoman defeat at the
3862:, a phrase typically associated with the defence of Verdun
3742:
Romania key locations 1916–1918 (note; using 2022 borders)
3175:
2763:
in November 1914, before being virtually destroyed at the
1475:
was in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher
12719:
11366:"Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire"
10081:
9992:
9320:
9296:
9260:
9054:
8718:
8489:(4th ed.). New York: Grove Press. pp. 119–120.
8330:
7739:
7265:
6777:
6707:
6705:
6064:"None," said the other, "Save the undone years"...
6000:
The British government budgeted substantial resources to
4691:
3580:
remained at the front, with the home front controlled by
2250:
13979:
Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914?
13067:"French, German Presidents Mark World War I Anniversary"
11956:
Anton Kaes; Martin Jay; Edward Dimendberg, eds. (1994).
11301:
9591:
9404:
9380:
9356:
8862:
8814:
8263:
8079:
8037:"Trench Conflict with Combatants and Infectious Disease"
7910:
7787:
7775:
7508:
7448:
7400:
7376:
7340:
7316:
6886:
British Foreign Policy during the Curzon Period, 1919–24
6837:
6801:
6753:
6596:
5231:
initial 1 million target in the first six weeks of war.
4284:
4281:
on 8 August, led to a marked collapse in German morale.
3375:, considered vital to secure the borders established in
21397:
19704:
15993:. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. pp. 192pp.
15021:
A World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918
14681:
14447:
A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle
12763:
12707:
11937:
10897:
10885:
9925:
9344:
9332:
9272:
9224:
Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918
9182:
9027:
9015:
9000:
8921:
8874:
8850:
8838:
8826:
8778:
8766:
8742:
8730:
8706:
8587:
8461:
8354:
8190:
8103:
7874:
7667:
7643:
7616:
7328:
7204:. American Universities Field Staff. 1964. p. 44.
6861:
6765:
6741:
6717:
6626:
Bertrand Joly, "La France et la Revanche (1871–1914)",
6022:
the centenary of Germany's declaration of war on France
5704:
On 1–4 May 1917, about 100,000 workers and soldiers of
5253:" positions within the opposing land and naval forces.
3101:
The British and French opened overseas fronts with the
1709:. This policy was based on the work of US naval author
15083:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
14221:
The War of Invention; Scientific Developments, 1914–18
14026:
Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat
13044:
12407:. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 284.
12191:
11136:
The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir
10831:
10810:
9760:
9158:
9072:
România în anii primului război mondial, vol.2, p. 831
9042:
8933:
8678:
8016:
7961:
7763:
7751:
7496:
7352:
7114:
7102:
7066:
6825:
6813:
6702:
6690:
6678:
6278:
Bulgaria joined the Central Powers on 14 October 1915.
5417:, strongly supported the war, desiring the freedom of
5156:
About 8 million soldiers surrendered and were held in
5148:
British prisoners guarded by Ottoman forces after the
3311:, incited and armed by the Turks, waged a small-scale
2296:
The plan was substantially modified by his successor,
1443:, the events of 1914–1918 were generally known as the
14729:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
13728:"Preliminaries of Romania's entering the World War I"
12583:, p. 14, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004,
12138:"World War I to finally end for Germany this weekend"
10632:"The Minor Powers During World War One – Serbia"
9627:
9603:
9392:
8115:
7973:
7898:
7691:
7679:
7460:
7436:
7424:
7412:
7388:
7090:
6608:
5483:
due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy.
5373:
4884:
massive population exchange between the two countries
4392:
signed an armistice with the Allies on 30 September.
4040:
3540:
and East Prussia as soon as possible. Although their
2195:
2134:
had long assumed they faced a war on two fronts; the
1755:
and Italy, which led to increased expenditure by the
1564:. Post-1871, the primary aim of French policy was to
1331:
on the Allied side following Germany's resumption of
1166:(28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the
16269:
Who is at fault for World War I? (YouTube Premium):
15851:
Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005).
15108:
The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946
14727:
Nation and religion: perspectives on Europe and Asia
14725:
Lehmann, Hartmut; van der Veer, Peter, eds. (1999).
13182:
see Christoph Cornelissen, and Arndt Weinrich, eds.
12289:"How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans"
10133:
10131:
9837:
9835:
9700:
9651:
9368:
9096:
8666:
8214:
7715:
7484:
7143:
6849:
6666:
6642:
6484:
5210:
Conscription in the United States § World War I
5033:
1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases
4641:
Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act 1918
3889:
3840:
On 12 December 1916, after ten brutal months of the
1689:
battleship, Germany's first response to the British
1380:
abdicated on 9 November, and the war ended with the
15585:
Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy
14724:
12690:
The First Air Campaign: August 1914 – November 1918
12567:
11958:"The Treaty of Versailles: The Reparations Clauses"
11657:
To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America
10891:
10709:
9748:
9639:
9427:. Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs. p. 67.
8091:
7727:
7631:
6789:
6496:
5764:(especially with the advent of the prototype tank,
4480:. In the following days, the Italian Army occupied
3319:. Their rebellion was finally crushed in mid-1916.
2047:Austro-Hungarian authorities encouraged subsequent
1493:
16261:Personal accounts of American World War I veterans
15959:
15558:Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904–1914
15301:
15237:"The Ludendorff Offensives, 21 March–18 July 1918"
13484:
13255:
13111:
12795:
12372:
12370:
12220:
12218:
12074:
11654:
11587:"Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I"
11268:
11215:"XXV: Talaat Tells Why He "Deports" the Armenians"
10843:
10535:
9671:
8387:Balkan Breakthrough: The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918
6529:
5580:(an armaments firm) and other companies to create
5497:in France in June 1915. The dozen remaining after
5206:Recruitment to the British Army during World War I
5160:during the war. All nations pledged to follow the
5042:
4277:. The resulting counter-attack, which started the
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
16208:International Encyclopedia of the First World War
14841:Marks, Sally (1978). "The Myths of Reparations".
10128:
10049:. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag. p. 91.
9943:
9832:
8951:
7054:
6888:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 41–59,
6882:"Eastern Europe: Cordon Sanitaire or Powder-Keg?"
5441:for the peoples residing within Austria-Hungary.
5347:during the 1920s and early 1930s were cancelled.
5115:I; these claims are rejected by most historians.
4343:Breakthrough of Macedonian front (September 1918)
3835:
2656:
2399:Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force
22601:Wars involving the states and peoples of Oceania
22352:
15877:
15831:Typhus fever on the Eastern front in World War I
15629:Stevenson, David (2016). Mahnken, Thomas (ed.).
15449:Lion & Kangaroo: the initiation of Australia
15124:
13487:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914
13452:Bessarabia, Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea
13374:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
11479:
11405:
11364:International Association of Genocide Scholars.
11321:"International Association of Genocide Scholars"
11212:
10855:
10517:Kocsis, Károly; Hodosi, Eszter Kocsisné (1998).
8692:. Princeton University Press. pp. 180–181.
8576:
8428:
7949:
7868:British administration and the Amritsar massacre
7149:
5913:, which contains the remains of 100,187 soldiers
5509:held by radical socialists such as Marxists and
3921:forced Nicholas to abdicate and established the
2492:
2098:had no solid proof of Serbian involvement. On 23
1335:against Atlantic shipping. Later that year, the
463:
17310:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
16255:World War I British press photograph collection
16015:
14923:The United States Marine Corps in the World War
14890:
14111:Kaiserschlacht 1918: the final German offensive
13912:
13372:Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy
12367:
12215:
10501:
10182:. Vol. II. Cengage Learning. p. 622.
9903:"The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight"
9810:"The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight"
9212:
8796:
8620:The Encyclopedia Americana, 1920, v. 28, p. 403
8479:
7594:"How was the first military airplane shot down"
7048:
6248:, resulting in a Central Powers victory on the
5564:Fasci Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista
4967:affected nearly five million people worldwide.
4494:
4395:
3963:
3472:in June 1918. On 24 October, Diaz launched the
3414:, one of the most challenging fronts of the war
3410:Austro-Hungarian trench at 3,850 metres in the
2990:before the Allied expeditionary force arrived.
2978:In late 1915, a Franco-British force landed at
2778:, these too were either destroyed or interned.
2612:, machine guns and above all far more powerful
2549:, a promise allegedly made explicit in 1917 by
2443:. After Vienna refused to withdraw its cruiser
2031:Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1839:diplomatic relations between Serbia and Italy.
1807:states, they preferred the strategically vital
1772:Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910.
636:
206:(4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks)
15954:
15536:The First World War and International Politics
15388:
15262:East-Central Europe between the Two World Wars
14891:Marshall, S. L. A.; Josephy, Alvin M. (1982).
14401:. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
14319:. Vol. ii. New York: Marshall Cavendish.
13913:Finestone, Jeffrey; Massie, Robert K. (1981).
13003:
12848:. Commonwealth of Australia. 10 October 2023.
12675:Italy from Liberalism to Fascism: 1870 to 1925
12500:
11564:Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970
11269:Vartparonian, Paul Leverkuehn; Kaiser (2008).
11248:International Association of Genocide Scholars
11242:
11240:
10788:"A Few Words in Greek Tell of a Homeland Lost"
10659:Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe
8208:
6590:
6145:; how soldiers endured the poor conditions of
5105:International Association of Genocide Scholars
5000:
4187:, and a few months later the commander of the
3266:. The Sharif declared the independence of the
2774:escaped with a few auxiliaries, but after the
2039:Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the
1216:9 million military dead and 23 million wounded
589:
21538:
21524:
20309:
20295:
19690:
18866:
18485:
16349:
16056:(2016 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
15850:
15612:1914–1918: The History of the First World War
15488:
14242:(4th ed.). University of Chicago Press.
14140:
13758:The Harper's Encyclopedia of Military History
12631:
12542:
12388:
12376:
12361:
12349:
12337:
12325:
12313:
12236:
12224:
12209:
11964:. University of California Press. p. 8.
11503:
10873:
10703:
10137:
9314:
9290:
8892:
8348:
8320:
8158:
8156:
8154:
8152:
7709:
7538:
7277:
6880:Bennett, G. H. (1995), Bennett, G. H. (ed.),
6102:that obscure the complexity of the conflict.
5944:Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme
5832:in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at
3433:a series of frontal assaults along the Isonzo
2576:
1642:in 1894, which was then followed by the 1904
878:
16054:The Cambridge History of the First World War
15038:
14983:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
14894:The American heritage history of World War I
14240:Britain in transition: the twentieth century
13262:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
13128:
13126:
12686:
12007:
12005:
11915:"UK finally finishes paying for World War I"
11892:. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 48.
11174:
10516:
9127:
9125:
9123:
8133:
6975:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
6934:Revival: The New Transatlantic Agenda (2001)
6735:
6628:Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine
6244:with the Central Powers shortly after their
3997:as an "Associated Power" of the Allies. The
3340:Military history of Italy during World War I
3187:Russian armies generally had success in the
3001:, which brought stabilisation of the front.
2304:, which was the strategy envisaged by their
1932:Traditionally thought to show the arrest of
1355:in March 1918. That month, Germany launched
17793:
15759:War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941–1945
15304:The emergence of the Middle East, 1914–1924
14874:The Month that Changed the World: July 1914
13761:(4th ed.). Harper Collins Publishers.
13246:The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary
12752:
12669:
12667:
11237:
10555:"Appeals to Americans to Pray for Serbians"
9678:. St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell. p. 50.
8137:(June 2016). "Jutland's Place in History".
6199:List of military engagements of World War I
6141:won; whether generals were responsible for
6056:Historiography of the causes of World War I
5876:List of last surviving World War I veterans
5697:. Many suffered years of prison, including
4737:in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s:
3668:
3640:
3532:As previously agreed with French president
2239:after an Austrian plane was shot down with
1763:
1638:. This gave France an opening to agree the
1359:, which despite initial successes left the
892:
21531:
21517:
20302:
20288:
19697:
19683:
18873:
18859:
18492:
18478:
16356:
16342:
15936:. Texas A&M University Press. p.
15834:. Montana State University. Archived from
15752:
15677:
15389:Shapiro, Fred R.; Epstein, Joseph (2006).
15259:
14821:
14805:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914
14314:
14237:
14044:Gray, Randal; Argyle, Christopher (1990).
14043:
13575:Studies in the Russian Economy before 1914
13515:. Montana State University. Archived from
12448:"Chapter 4 – Response from the Home Front"
11515:
11175:Graham, Thomas; Lavera, Damien J. (2003).
11079:
10959:
10366:
9743:
9737:
9114:
8690:A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire
8608:
8530:
8303:
8149:
7271:
5820:as well. Towards the end of the conflict,
4544:, which then ensued in the naval ports of
3799:to the Central Powers on 6 December 1916.
3654:
3387:Italy had occupied Ottoman possessions in
2269:Upon mobilisation, in accordance with the
1799:Russia considered itself the protector of
1656:. While not formal alliances, by settling
1284:responsible, and declared war on 28 July.
885:
871:
730:
15929:
15703:The Quarterly Journal of Military History
15628:
15609:
15582:
15552:
15533:
15516:
15359:
15330:
15105:
14980:
14799:
14396:
14189:Hammond's Frontier Atlas of the World War
14089:
13931:
13432:Paths of Glory; the French Army 1914–1918
13167:
13123:
12974:
12925:
12798:Diplomatic History of the First World War
12781:
12482:Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand
12166:
12002:
11777:
11734:
11637:Chelmsford, J.E. "Clergy and Man-Power",
11440:
11262:
11109:
11099:
10983:
10929:
10378:
10099:
10087:
10044:
9998:
9669:
9386:
9326:
9302:
9266:
9254:
9120:
8927:
8808:
8629:
8604:
8602:
8565:The Neglected War: Mesopotamia, 1914–1918
8536:
8434:
7991:
7916:
7673:
7649:
7625:
7550:
7478:
7382:
7346:
7334:
7322:
7283:
7223:
7163:. East European Monographs. p. 313.
6927:
6771:
6747:
6660:
5953:, a Canadian army doctor, wrote the poem
5282:sent to war. This aided the struggle for
4560:November 1918, shortly thereafter to the
4181:Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein
3878:
3626:
3591:
3359:designs on Austro-Hungarian territory in
2997:on 19 November 1916 following the costly
1924:Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
1917:
1599:and Austria-Hungary then formed the 1879
689:
168:Ottoman Arab camel corps leaving for the
22546:Wars involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922)
19264:Provisional Government of Western Thrace
17592:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
16165:
16024:
15988:
15733:
15647:
15466:"War and Revolution in Russia 1914–1921"
15216:Military History Encyclopedia on the Web
15176:
15081:Fighting the Great War: A Global History
14961:
14942:
14773:"The Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915"
14463:
13893:
13863:
13775:
13553:
13509:The historical impact of epidemic typhus
13410:
12664:
12167:MacMillan, Margaret (25 December 2010).
11912:
11708:
11652:
11491:
11395:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press.
11307:
11075:
11073:
11071:
10432:
10314:
10294:
10274:
10254:
10234:
9766:
9633:
9597:
9410:
9362:
9090:
8994:
8868:
8820:
8784:
8760:
8748:
8724:
8712:
8684:
8513:Genocide: modern crimes against humanity
8486:The Middle East and Islamic world reader
8389:. Indiana University Press. p. 11.
8267:; Förster, Stig; Greiner, Bernd (2005).
7892:
7880:
7862:
7526:
7502:
7358:
7201:Reports Service: Southeast Europe series
7108:
6843:
6831:
6819:
6783:
6711:
6684:
6105:Historian Heather Jones argues that the
5983:National World War I Museum and Memorial
5969:
5904:
5849:
5770:
5733:
5646:
5485:
5467:who were at war with the British in the
5396:
5288:
5241:List of military attachés in World War I
5235:Military attachés and war correspondents
5213:
5175:
5143:
5070:
5010:
4933:
4909:
4874:In the aftermath of World War I, Greece
4752:
4695:
4667:
4602:
4598:
4504:
4419:
4356:
4294:
4273:) on 15 July, in an attempt to encircle
4235:
4118:
4109:Sinai and Palestine campaign (1917–1918)
4054:
3973:
3850:
3511:
3405:
3343:
3209:
3174:
3054:
3003:
2952:
2921:
2799:
2721:
2660:
2591:
2587:
2516:
2376:
2373:Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I
2314:
2260:
2214:
2084:
2034:
1927:
1779:
1767:
1671:
1613:
1497:
518:
448:
17969:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
16198:, worldwide links from Brigham Young U.
15234:
15205:
15075:
14651:
14444:
14215:
14159:
14070:
14003:
13976:
13952:
13832:
13755:Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. (1993).
13725:
13689:
13651:
13556:Eastern Europe in the twentieth century
13429:
13388:
13333:
13295:
13276:
13217:
13132:
12725:
12713:
12677:. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. p. 471
12517:
12418:"No Immediate Need. Te Awamutu Courier"
12248:
12105:
11685:A People's History of the United States
11589:. Parliament of Australia. 4 May 2015.
11351:
10905:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
10816:
10629:
10415:
10155:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy
10152:
9931:
9706:
9657:
9350:
9338:
9278:
9235:Eastern Europe in the twentieth century
9188:
9060:
9036:
9021:
9009:
8907:, pp. 152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182.
8880:
8856:
8844:
8832:
8772:
8736:
8672:
8593:
8509:
8467:
8372:
8360:
8336:
8196:
8109:
7904:
7769:
7685:
7466:
7442:
7430:
7370:
7096:
7084:
7072:
6879:
6490:
5824:were used for the first time, with HMS
5366:, wrote to the British prime minister,
5326:, used in munitions production, in the
4938:Emergency military hospital during the
3985:to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917
3172:and Ottoman Palestine in January 1917.
2986:dismissed the pro-Allied government of
2366:
2077:Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I
1992:community), from the movement known as
1842:Tensions increased after the 1911–1912
1834:since 1878. Timed to coincide with the
1815:. Russia had ambitions in northeastern
1658:long-standing colonial disputes in Asia
1324:and others joined in from 1915 onward.
653:
620:
574:
533:
14:
22353:
16238:WWI Films on the European Film Gateway
16179:, and do not reflect subsequent edits.
16089:
16070:
16051:
15910:
15788:
15696:
15653:The First World War: Volume I: To Arms
15587:. New York: Basic Books. p. 560.
15446:
15299:
15279:Saadi, Abdul-Ilah (12 February 2009).
14930:from the original on 16 September 2018
14871:
14787:from the original on 16 September 2018
14751:
14614:
14568:
14546:
14432:from the original on 16 September 2018
14415:
14375:
14333:
14285:
14256:
14196:
13857:The Origins of the World War; Volume I
13656:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger.
13654:Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915
13625:. Research and Education Association.
13534:
13208:For a comprehensive bibliography, see
12197:
11887:
11715:Journal of Scottish Historical Studies
11132:
10837:
10785:
10763:
10611:from the original on 16 September 2018
10573:from the original on 16 September 2018
10390:
9621:
9468:
9374:
9200:
9176:
9164:
9048:
8939:
8910:
8660:
8599:
8583:. Exisle Publishing. pp. 219–220.
8577:Crawford, John; McGibbon, Ian (2007).
8121:
8085:
8034:
8022:
7818:from the original on 28 September 2022
7745:
7697:
7661:
7418:
7394:
6989:
6867:
6723:
6672:
6648:
6614:
6156:
6153:accepted and endorsed the war effort.
4882:, a war that eventually resulted in a
4831:
4692:Peace treaties and national boundaries
4315:on the Hindenburg Line began with the
4013:had fewer than 300,000 men, including
3917:and fearing a left-wing takeover, the
2864:World War I also saw the first use of
2251:German offensive in Belgium and France
2190:
2179:
1956:, the capital of the recently annexed
1705:, that could compete with the British
1701:sought to use this growth to build an
21512:
20283:
19678:
18854:
18473:
17922:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
17265:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
16337:
15560:. New York: Oxford University Press.
15409:
15278:
15145:
15017:
14840:
14587:
14492:
14356:
14127:
14022:
13802:
13754:
13713:from the original on 17 February 2024
13670:
13639:from the original on 17 February 2024
13618:
13591:
13572:
13479:
13448:
13366:
13354:from the original on 17 February 2024
13239:
13147:
13099:from the original on 10 December 2020
12948:
12793:
12769:
12758:
12060:
12035:
12023:
12011:
11996:
11943:
11828:
11778:Trumpener, Ulrich (4 November 1987).
11593:from the original on 15 December 2018
11579:
11388:
11068:
10849:
10798:from the original on 25 November 2018
10541:
10324:. 12 August 1924. pp. 6030–6031.
10304:. 12 August 1921. pp. 6371–6372.
10069:
9956:(in Italian): 436–437. Archived from
9913:from the original on 23 December 2019
9820:from the original on 23 December 2019
9718:
9609:
9579:from the original on 27 December 2007
9553:from the original on 20 November 2015
9520:
9498:. First World War.com. Archived from
9445:
9422:
9398:
8904:
8642:from the original on 9 September 2021
8540:The Holocaust and Genocides in Europe
8309:
8291:from the original on 17 February 2024
8245:from the original on 23 November 2011
8220:
8162:
8097:
7979:
7967:
7928:
7793:
7781:
7757:
7733:
7721:
7637:
7514:
7490:
7454:
7406:
7304:from the original on 17 February 2024
7250:from the original on 17 February 2024
7229:
7208:from the original on 6 September 2023
7177:from the original on 17 February 2024
7120:
7060:
6855:
6807:
6795:
6759:
6602:
5389:British propaganda during World War I
5202:World War I conscription in Australia
5037:1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare
4845:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
4440:on 29 September 1918. German Emperor
4285:Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line
3557:allowed the Central Powers to invade
3296:before surrendering in January 1919.
3160:, pushing Ottoman forces back in the
3111:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
3051:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
2899:
1836:Bulgarian Declaration of Independence
1365:A successful Allied counter-offensive
1274:assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand
1198:, and in Europe was characterised by
866:
22596:Wars involving the Republic of China
22586:Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy
21609:Post-classical history (Middle Ages)
18326:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
15476:from the original on 23 October 2011
15430:from the original on 7 December 2023
15247:from the original on 10 October 2017
15222:from the original on 10 January 2008
14919:
14822:Magliveras, Konstantinos D. (1999).
14770:
14519:
14425:. Burnaby: Simon Fraser University.
14199:Douglas Haig and the First World War
14192:. C. S. Hammond & Company. 1916.
14130:Geological Society Quarterly Journal
14108:
13726:Dumitru, Laurentiu-Cristian (2012).
13673:A Brief History of the Austrian Navy
13314:
13253:
13197:; full coverage for major countries.
12882:from the original on 14 October 2023
12613:from the original on 7 February 2022
12506:
12478:"5.2: Provincial patriotic councils"
12087:from the original on 10 January 2022
12072:
11978:from the original on 15 January 2016
11681:
11527:
10463:from the original on 29 October 2013
10348:from the original on 12 January 2021
10216:from the original on 4 December 2013
10157:. Infobase Publishing. p. 483.
9754:
9645:
9573:"Who's Who – Otto Liman von Sanders"
9547:"Who's Who – Kress von Kressenstein"
9525:. London: John Murray. p. 162.
9102:
8384:
8004:from the original on 22 October 2017
7992:Lichfield, John (21 February 2006).
7955:
7805:
5924:American Battle Monuments Commission
5884:American Battle Monuments Commission
5869:
4914:Men transporting wounded Ottoman at
4878:against Turkish nationalists led by
4716:dealt with Germany and, building on
3990:ships were reluctant to put to sea.
3846:successful offensive against Romania
3767:. Under the strategic plan known as
3576:Meanwhile, unrest grew in Russia as
2894:
2665:German casualties at the Somme, 1916
2454:
2409:. On 28 October, the German cruiser
1736:acknowledged defeat, leading to the
36:The First World War (disambiguation)
19706:International relations (1814–1919)
19392:Initial phase of the Greek genocide
19295:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
18255:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
17056:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
16223:A multimedia history of World War I
15827:
15815:from the original on 10 August 2019
15776:from the original on 4 January 2014
15721:from the original on 14 August 2021
15127:Transactions of the Grotius Society
14399:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment
14094:. New York: Random House; Bonanza.
13854:
12802:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
12687:Lawson, Eric; Lawson, Jane (2002).
12522:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12144:. 30 September 2010. Archived from
11026:from the original on 8 January 2024
10861:
10786:Hedges, Chris (17 September 2000).
10489:from the original on 3 January 2022
10264:. 23 July 1920. pp. 7765–7766.
10010:
9879:. 21 September 2017. Archived from
9474:A Short History of the British Army
8976:from the original on 20 August 2023
8443:"The Balkan Front of the World War"
8416:Library of Congress Country Studies
7937:from the original on 21 August 2007
7604:from the original on 31 August 2015
7121:Clark, Christopher (25 June 2014).
6696:
6423:Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
5403:Young Women's Christian Association
5256:
5133:
5130:were killed between 1915 and 1922.
4615:, Versailles, 28 June 1919, by Sir
4452:informed Kaiser Wilhelm II and the
4372:on 15 September at two key points:
3885:Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)
3168:on the border between the Egyptian
2966:. The Serbs suffered defeat in the
2204:
2125:Anxious to ensure backing from the
1946:Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
1881:, which had created an independent
1850:, an alliance of Serbia, Bulgaria,
1502:Rival military coalitions in 1914:
132:French attack from a trench at the
24:
21578:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
16995:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
16243:The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive
16202:The World War One Document Archive
16075:(1986 ed.). Clarendon Press.
15898:from the original on 1 August 2020
15264:. University of Washington Press.
15041:The Journal of Conflict Resolution
14141:Grotelueschen, Mark Ethan (2006).
13838:The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918
13742:from the original on 19 March 2022
13505:
12912:(2521). Historica: 487–488. 1918.
12876:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
12830:. Washington, D.C., The Endowment.
12652:from the original on 1 August 2020
12458:from the original on 6 August 2022
12295:from the original on 13 April 2020
12269:from the original on 13 April 2021
12179:from the original on 16 March 2017
12106:Suddath, Claire (4 October 2010).
11925:from the original on 20 March 2023
11461:from the original on 1 August 2020
11289:from the original on 26 March 2017
10638:from the original on 27 April 2010
10395:. London: Routledge. p. 290.
10393:The Great War: An Imperial History
10112:"France's oldest WWI veteran dies"
10026:from the original on 12 April 2019
9146:from the original on 12 April 2022
9134:"Why the First War lasted so long"
8449:from the original on 9 August 2013
8440:
8168:"The First Battle of the Atlantic"
7870:. Mittal Publications. p. 45.
7806:Kant, Vedica (24 September 2014).
7131:from the original on 20 April 2017
6149:; and to what extent the civilian
5997:was dedicated on 1 November 1921.
5940:Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing
5920:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
5880:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
5587:
5471:. Von Syburg, the German envoy in
5374:Support and opposition for the war
5293:Poster showing women workers, 1915
4202:In early 1918, the front line was
4041:Nivelle Offensive (April–May 1917)
3507:
2567:the campaign for full independence
2196:Confusion among the Central Powers
1713:, who argued that possession of a
1210:(gas). World War I was one of the
368:and territories to other countries
270:United States–Hungary Peace Treaty
262:United States–Germany Peace Treaty
254:United States–Austria Peace Treaty
25:
22627:
22606:Wars involving the United Kingdom
22591:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
22541:Wars involving the Russian Empire
21493:Western European and Others Group
18896:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
16278:
16110:
16018:Brest-Litovsk:The forgotten peace
16016:Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1938).
15678:Taliaferro, William Hay (1972) .
15463:
15212:], 1865–1937, German General"
13073:from the original on 3 April 2017
12991:from the original on 4 March 2016
12852:from the original on 1 March 2024
12737:Sterling, Christopher H. (2008).
12673:Seton-Watson, Christopher. 1967.
12428:from the original on 16 June 2022
12405:Modern Italy: A Political History
12076:"First World War officially ends"
12073:Hall, Allan (28 September 2010).
11913:Cosgrave, Jenny (10 March 2015).
11759:from the original on 10 June 2024
11653:Chambers, John Whiteclay (1987).
11619:from the original on 13 July 2014
11225:from the original on 12 June 2012
11087:American Journal of Public Health
11080:Fitzgerald, Gerard (April 2008).
11056:from the original on 1 March 2024
10691:from the original on 15 July 2016
10244:. 10 February 1920. p. 1671.
8916:
8632:"Saving Forty Thousand Armenians"
8067:from the original on 10 June 2024
8035:Chorba, Terence (November 2018).
7929:Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009).
7574:from the original on 10 July 2017
7030:from the original on 10 June 2024
6958:from the original on 10 June 2024
6910:from the original on 10 June 2024
6572:from the original on 19 June 2015
6232:Russian Empire during 1914–1917,
6043:
5978:to soldiers killed in World War I
5854:1917 political cartoon about the
5846:Diplomatic history of World War I
5218:U.S. Army recruiting poster with
4468:November, Austria-Hungary sent a
3932:Following the Tsar's abdication,
3890:Russian Revolution and withdrawal
3710:
3612:
3564:Despite the successful June 1916
3066:The Ottomans threatened Russia's
3038:
2926:Refugee transport from Serbia in
2879:in a successful raid against the
2473:. On 10 August, German forces in
2319:French bayonet charge during the
2186:Diplomatic history of World War I
2168:August, the Germans invaded, and
1587:and Germany. After the 1877–1878
1575:In 1873, Bismarck negotiated the
1230:pandemic, which killed millions.
126:From top to bottom, left to right
22611:Wars involving the United States
17358:Second Battle of the Piave River
16980:Russian invasion of East Prussia
16290:State Library of New South Wales
16164:
16152:
16142:
16132:
15496:American Journal of Epidemiology
15287:from the original on 13 May 2011
15110:. New York: Holmes & Meier.
14466:The International History Review
14259:The International History Review
14223:. Brassey's Defence Publishers.
14090:Goodspeed, Donald James (1985).
14046:Chronicle of the First World War
13176:
13141:
13085:
13033:
13021:from the original on 29 May 2015
12942:
12894:
12872:"Thiepval Anglo-French Cemetery"
12864:
12834:
12816:
12787:
12731:
12680:
12638:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 407.
12625:
12593:
12573:
12548:
12511:
12488:from the original on 19 May 2022
12470:
12440:
12410:
12394:
12281:
12255:. Scarecrow Press. p. 126.
12252:Historical Dictionary of Somalia
12242:
12169:"Ending the War to End All Wars"
12160:
12130:
12099:
12066:
12054:
12029:
12017:
11990:
11949:
11906:
11881:
11869:from the original on 1 July 2022
11822:
11810:from the original on 1 July 2022
11784:The International History Review
11771:
11702:
11675:
11646:
11631:
11605:
11556:
11521:
11434:
11399:
11382:
11357:
11313:
11206:
11168:
11126:
11038:
11008:
10946:
10922:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x
10822:
10779:
10757:
10741:"The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope"
10734:
10671:
10650:
10630:Simpson, Matt (22 August 2009).
10623:
10585:
10547:
10510:
10475:
10443:
10426:
10409:
10384:
10328:
10308:
10288:
10268:
10248:
10228:
10196:
10171:
10146:
10105:
10063:
10038:
10004:
9970:
9937:
9895:
9865:
9802:
9772:
9712:
9663:
9565:
9539:
9514:
9488:
9462:
9439:
9416:
9227:
9218:
9075:
9066:
8945:
8623:
8614:
8570:
8557:
8503:
8473:
8403:
8378:
8257:
8226:
8178:from the original on 3 June 2019
8127:
8028:
7985:
7844:from the original on 1 July 2019
6542:from the original on 14 May 2019
6465:
6453:
6440:
6431:
6411:
6394:
5598:Royal Patriotic Fund Corporation
5027:developed a method to weaponize
4135:In March and April 1917, at the
3723:
3709:
3695:
3682:
3681:
3667:
3653:
3639:
3625:
3611:
3604:
3496:
3325:
3258:, started in June 1916 with the
3150:52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division
3086:Christian populations—the
2736:At the start of the war, German
2172:called for assistance under the
1494:Political and military alliances
1182:. Fighting took place mainly in
732:
718:
705:
691:
655:
638:
622:
609:
591:
576:
562:
549:
535:
520:
507:
494:
465:
450:
139:German machine gun crew wearing
115:
106:
95:
86:
75:
66:
18880:
18422:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
17622:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
16363:
16285:National Library of New Zealand
15699:"Audacious Cruise of the Emden"
15697:Taylor, John M. (Summer 2007).
15208:"Erich von Ludendorff [
15179:The Journal of Military History
14826:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
14573:. Manchester University Press.
13962:. New York: Henry Holt and Co.
13203:
13120:, 1917, (Faber and Faber, 2004)
12846:Department of Veterans' Affairs
12568:Lehmann & van der Veer 1999
12291:. BBC News. 25 September 2016.
12108:"Why Did World War I Just End?"
11688:. Harper Collins. p. 134.
10284:. 27 August 1920. p. 1924.
9853:from the original on 5 May 2016
9847:League of Nations Photo Archive
8483:; Schaar, Stuart, eds. (2003).
8445:(in Russian). militera.lib.ru.
8411:The Balkan Wars and World War I
7922:
7856:
7830:
7799:
7586:
7556:
7192:
6983:
6921:
6873:
6630:. 1999, vol. 46-2, pp. 325–347
6620:
6554:
6522:
6385:
6369:
6298:declared war on Austria-Hungary
6030:centenary of the 1918 Armistice
5573:Fasci Italiani di Combattimento
5362:The Australian prime minister,
5263:Economic history of World War I
5187:
5140:Prisoners of war in World War I
5043:Genocides by the Ottoman Empire
5007:Chemical weapons in World War I
4562:abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II
4305:advanced to the Hindenburg Line
3970:American entry into World War I
3787:, led by former Chief of Staff
3696:
3528:, the longest siege of the war.
2389:On 30 August 1914, New Zealand
1910:For a chronological guide, see
1455:. In August 1914, the magazine
1427:contributed to the outbreak of
1253:. Growing tensions between the
358:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
224:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
19382:Bulgarians deportation program
18953:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
18245:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
18104:Deportations from East Prussia
17901:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
16300:Indiana University Bloomington
15798:Emporia State Research Studies
15451:. Melbourne: Text Publishing.
15300:Sachar, Howard Morley (1970).
15235:Rickard, J. (27 August 2007).
14238:Havighurst, Alfred F. (1985).
14162:A Naval History of World War I
14145:. Cambridge University Press.
13095:. BBC News. 10 November 2018.
12693:. Da Capo Press. p. 123.
12038:World War One: A Short History
11962:The Weimar Republic Sourcebook
11709:Pedersen, Sarah (1 May 2002).
11447:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 83, 218.
11183:University of Washington Press
10954:Wiener klinische Wochenschrift
8429:Tucker, Wood & Murphy 1999
7290:. Zenith Imprint. p. 29.
6459:10 in this context – see
6352:
6340:
6323:
6307:
6290:
6281:
6272:
6259:
6226:
6012:August 2014, French President
5890:World War I in popular culture
5804:. To shoot down enemy planes,
5710:Russian Provisional Government
5039:, which prohibited their use.
4963:1915 and 1926, an epidemic of
4758:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary
4704:after World War I (as of 1923)
4538:German Revolution of 1918–1919
4085:Concurrent British attacks at
3923:Russian Provisional Government
3836:Central Powers peace overtures
2835:unrestricted submarine warfare
2765:Battle of the Falkland Islands
2657:Continuation of trench warfare
2534:instigating uprisings in India
2499:Indian Army during World War I
2461:African theatre of World War I
2298:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
2081:Russian entry into World War I
2060:
1948:, heir presumptive to Emperor
1774:Bosnia-Herzegovina was annexed
1333:unrestricted submarine warfare
1212:deadliest conflicts in history
362:dissolution of Austria-Hungary
40:World War One (disambiguation)
13:
1:
20076:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits
20030:1917 Franco-Russian agreement
20020:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
19233:Romanian landings in Bulgaria
18156:Ukrainian Canadian internment
16227:European Newspapers from the
15762:. Stanford University Press.
15682:. Books for Libraries Press.
15150:. London: Jane's Publishing.
14497:. Scholarly Resources Books.
14478:10.1080/07075332.1992.9640619
14271:10.1080/07075332.1988.9640469
13449:Clark, Charles Upson (1927).
13340:. Berghahn Books. p. 8.
13249:. Government Printing Office.
11796:10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462
11164:– via Internet Archive.
10769:Idea Journal of Social Issues
10015:[The Kiel 14 points]
9670:Schreiber, Shane B. (2004) .
8960:Jones & Bartlett Learning
8630:Northcote, Dudley S. (1922).
7236:. Studienverlag. p. 55.
6928:Stefanova, Radoslava (2001),
6510:. 17 August 1914. p. 228
6478:
6050:Historiography of World War I
5730:Technology during World War I
5723:
5612:
5491:Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps
5273:Home front during World War I
5077:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story
4989:
4889:
4702:territorial changes in Europe
4501:Armistice of 11 November 1918
4488:, with over 20,000 soldiers.
4388:at 29 September, after which
4123:British artillery battery on
4023:American Expeditionary Forces
4019:Selective Service Act of 1917
3724:
3179:Russian forest trench at the
3152:. Following this victory, an
3045:Ottoman Empire in World War I
2644:, the Germans (violating the
2538:Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition
2509:Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition
2493:Indian support for the Allies
2073:German entry into World War I
1734:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
1619:
1538:decline of the Ottoman Empire
1482:
1382:Armistice of 11 November 1918
1329:United States entered the war
1280:throne. Austria-Hungary held
1243:decline of the Ottoman Empire
144:
22416:Wars involving British India
22376:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
19936:Second Industrial Revolution
19810:League of the Three Emperors
19325:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914
18311:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
17610:Estonian War of Independence
17285:Southern Palestine offensive
16263:, Veterans History Project,
16229:start of the First World War
16094:. Rowman & Littlefield.
15206:Rickard, J. (5 March 2001).
13776:Erickson, Edward J. (2001).
13699:. Harvard University Press.
13281:. Indiana University Press.
13225:. Rowman & Littlefield.
11661:. New York: The Free Press.
11480:Phillimore & Bellot 1919
11408:Journal of Genocide Research
11221:. Brigham Young University.
11219:Ambassador Mogenthau's story
11020:Alberta Animal Health Source
11016:"War Horse – The True Story"
9723:. London: Pan. p. 190.
8537:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013).
8041:Emerging Infectious Diseases
7931:"Weapons of War: Poison Gas"
7529:, pp. 292–296, 343–354.
6219:
5928:German War Graves Commission
5894:
5839:
5693:, refused both military and
4567:
4495:German government surrenders
4396:Armistices and capitulations
4267:Operations Blücher and Yorck
4210:was occupied, following the
4145:Sinai and Palestine campaign
4115:Sinai and Palestine campaign
3964:United States enters the war
3254:, instigated by the British
3154:Egyptian Expeditionary Force
2718:Naval warfare of World War I
2711:
2555:Secretary of State for India
1723:Anglo-German naval arms race
1667:
1577:League of the Three Emperors
1339:seized power in the Russian
1214:, resulting in an estimated
1174:between two coalitions: the
161:Bulgarian troops during the
7:
22561:Wars involving South Africa
19966:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
19320:Autonomy of Northern Epirus
18265:USA against Austria-Hungary
17664:Turkish War of Independence
17616:Latvian War of Independence
17348:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
16939:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
15962:German Navy in World War II
15855:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio.
15853:Encyclopedia of World War I
15633:. Oxford University Press.
15538:. Oxford University Press.
15410:Smith, David James (2010).
15392:The Yale Book of Quotations
15281:"Dreaming of Greater Syria"
15260:Rothschild, Joseph (1975).
14945:July 1914: Countdown to War
14048:. New York: Facts on File.
13898:. New York: Penguin Press.
13596:. New York: Paragon Press.
13537:Ireland in the 20th Century
13277:Barrett, Michael B (2013).
13223:How America Won World War I
13210:Bibliography of World War I
12741:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
11835:Political Science Quarterly
10972:J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol
10422:. Harvard U.P. p. 204.
8797:Marshall & Josephy 1982
7284:Schindler, John R. (2007).
7049:Finestone & Massie 1981
6194:Lists of World War I topics
6187:
5685:Other opposition came from
5680:Conscription Crisis of 1918
5635:in Britain. In the US, the
5198:Conscription Crisis of 1918
5194:Conscription Crisis of 1917
5001:Chemical weapons in warfare
4767:Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
4650:Germany on 10 January 1920.
4450:German Supreme Army Command
3503:Eastern Front (World War I)
3349:Isonzo Offensives 1915–1917
3332:Italian front (World War I)
3303:tribe, along the border of
3274:, the Ottoman commander of
2910:Bulgaria during World War I
2583:Western Front (World War I)
2329:British Expeditionary Force
2243:fire, as well as the first
2158:Germany occupied Luxembourg
2102:July, Austria delivered an
2049:anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
2041:anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
1786:Austrian annexation in 1908
1618:World empires and colonies
1552:. Victory in the 1870–1871
1363:exhausted and demoralised.
231:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
10:
22632:
22511:Wars involving New Zealand
22245:Asia and the Pacific Group
20015:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
19339:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
18348:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
17896:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
17363:Second Battle of the Marne
17250:Second battle of the Aisne
17119:Second Battle of Champagne
16960:German invasion of Belgium
16090:Zieger, Robert H. (2001).
15966:. New York: T.Y. Crowell.
15053:10.1177/002200278002400107
14966:(2016 ed.). Penguin.
14588:Keene, Jennifer D (2006).
14361:(1993 ed.). Penguin.
13396:(2015 ed.). Vintage.
13207:
13043:. 1914.org. Archived from
12518:Pennell, Catriona (2012).
12249:Mukhtar, Mohammed (2003).
10436:A Companion to World War I
10153:Hastedt, Glenn P. (2009).
9978:"Clairière de l'Armistice"
9944:Andrea di Michele (2014).
9423:Moore, A. Briscoe (1920).
8952:Lawrence Goodrich (2011).
8275:Cambridge University Press
6990:Nelson, Daniel N. (1984).
6591:Shapiro & Epstein 2006
6531:"great, adj., adv., and n"
6316:was considered one of the
6175:at battlefield sites like
6160:
6053:
6047:
5898:
5887:
5873:
5843:
5727:
5616:
5532:, under the leadership of
5382:
5378:
5270:
5267:Post–World War I recession
5260:
5238:
5191:
5137:
5060:
5046:
5004:
4993:
4899:
4893:
4835:
4656:Bulgaria on 9 August 1920.
4571:
4554:proclamation of a republic
4498:
4446:Bulgarian Tsar Ferdinand I
4413:
4399:
4368:Allied forces started the
4346:
4329:Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge
4288:
4271:Second Battle of the Marne
4225:
4112:
4044:
3993:On 6 April 1917, Congress
3967:
3893:
3882:
3595:
3500:
3460:, Cadorna was replaced by
3329:
3048:
3042:
2903:
2891:for antisubmarine patrol.
2715:
2580:
2577:Western Front 1914 to 1916
2502:
2496:
2458:
2370:
2254:
2208:
2183:
2070:
2064:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1893:to Serbia and Greece, and
1652:was completed by the 1907
1486:
1298:Germany's strategy in 1914
323:Mediterranean and Adriatic
44:Great War (disambiguation)
29:
22501:Wars involving Montenegro
22431:Wars involving Costa Rica
22396:Wars involving Azerbaijan
22250:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
22215:
21981:Southern/Eastern/Northern
21956:
21861:
21683:
21634:Asian and Pacific Theatre
21591:
21550:
21263:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
21243:
21161:
20998:
20833:
20704:Standard Average European
20572:
20401:
20321:
20174:
20038:
19951:
19836:European balance of power
19828:
19763:
19712:
19659:
19500:Konstantinos Sapountzakis
19405:
19364:
19312:
19303:
19287:
19251:
19190:
19179:
19148:
19017:
19006:
18939:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
18888:
18827:
18667:
18596:
18565:
18509:
18454:
18413:
18334:
18273:
18235:
18179:
18168:
18129:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
18072:
18044:
17992:
17914:
17888:
17840:
17733:
17726:
17658:Irish War of Independence
17554:
17436:
17408:Armistice of Villa Giusti
17393:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
17318:
17220:
17147:
17048:
17005:First Battle of the Marne
16952:
16914:
16849:
16840:
16783:
16657:
16646:
16612:
16584:
16546:
16498:
16451:
16444:
16371:
16071:Zeldin, Theodore (1977).
16052:Winter, Jay, ed. (2014).
15956:von der Porten, Edward P.
15930:Velikonja, Mitja (2003).
15789:Torrie, Glenn E. (1978).
15610:Stevenson, David (2012).
15583:Stevenson, David (2004).
15534:Stevenson, David (1988).
15489:Spreeuwenberg, P (2018).
15395:. Yale University Press.
15374:10.1191/0968344502wh250oa
15345:10.1191/0968344503wh260oa
14857:10.1017/S0008938900018707
14629:10.1017/S0018246X00009481
14160:Halpern, Paul G. (1995).
14092:The German Wars 1914–1945
13915:The last courts of Europe
13871:. New York: Basic Books.
13652:DiNardo, Richard (2015).
13592:Cross, Wilbur L. (1991).
13430:Clayton, Anthony (2003).
13411:Christie, Norm M (1997).
13169:10.1017/S0018246X13000216
13133:Neiberg, Michael (2007).
12543:Tucker & Roberts 2005
12422:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
12389:Tucker & Roberts 2005
12377:Tucker & Roberts 2005
12362:Tucker & Roberts 2005
12350:Tucker & Roberts 2005
12338:Tucker & Roberts 2005
12326:Tucker & Roberts 2005
12314:Tucker & Roberts 2005
12237:Tucker & Roberts 2005
12225:Tucker & Roberts 2005
12210:Tucker & Roberts 2005
11829:Craig, Gordon A. (1949).
11727:10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50
11613:"The Conscription Crisis"
11542:10.1017/S0018246X00005689
11504:Tucker & Roberts 2005
11420:10.1080/14623520801950820
11213:Henry Morgenthau (1918).
11141:Little, Brown and Company
10754:Online. 28 November 2006.
10712:"The ANZAC Day tradition"
10710:Australian War Memorial.
10138:Tucker & Roberts 2005
8893:Tucker & Roberts 2005
8510:January, Brendan (2007).
8349:Tucker & Roberts 2005
8321:Tucker & Roberts 2005
7710:Tucker & Roberts 2005
7539:Tucker & Roberts 2005
6944:(inactive 11 June 2024),
6562:"The war to end all wars"
6536:Oxford English Dictionary
6256:, and the end of the war.
5623:1917 French Army mutinies
5619:Opposition to World War I
5606:Queensland Patriotic Fund
5385:Propaganda in World War I
4996:War crimes in World War I
4528:that ended the war there.
4474:Armistice of Villa Giusti
4430:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
4406:Armistice of Villa Giusti
4051:1917 French Army mutinies
3483:Armistice of Villa Giusti
3474:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
3278:, resisted for more than
3216:Prince Leopold of Bavaria
2887:in July 1918, as well as
2629:First Battle of the Marne
2357:First Battle of the Marne
1950:Franz Joseph I of Austria
1190:, as well as in parts of
903:
778:
759:
433:
227:Signed 10 September 1919
190:
175:Aftermath of the Russian
60:
55:
27:1914–1918 global conflict
22566:Wars involving Sri Lanka
22516:Wars involving Nicaragua
22456:Wars involving Guatemala
22391:Wars involving Australia
21403:Lancaster House Treaties
20893:Christian existentialism
20853:Ancient Roman philosophy
20843:Ancient Greek philosophy
20127:Venezuela Naval Blockade
19798:Anglo-Russian Convention
19274:Treaty of Constantinople
19166:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
18281:Constantinople Agreement
17574:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
17437:Co-belligerent conflicts
17413:Second Romanian campaign
17383:Third Transjordan attack
17094:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
17000:Battle of Grand Couronné
16196:Links to other WWI Sites
15913:The Great War, 1914–1918
15911:Tucker, Spencer (2002).
15884:. Taylor & Francis.
15806:Emporia State University
15106:Northedge, F.S. (1986).
15018:Meyer, Gerald J (2006).
14844:Central European History
14752:Lieven, Dominic (2016).
14445:Jackson, Julian (2018).
14357:Horne, Alistair (1964).
14286:Heyman, Neil M. (1997).
14071:Gilbert, Martin (1994).
13894:Ferguson, Niall (2006).
13594:Zeppelins of World War I
13554:Crampton, R. J. (1994).
13455:. New York: Dodd, Mead.
13193:29 November 2020 at the
13011:"Monumental Undertaking"
12794:Zeman, Z. A. B. (1971).
11441:Whitehorn, Alan (2015).
11133:Taylor, Telford (1993).
10391:Morrow, John H. (2005).
10336:"Dates on war memorials"
9719:Brown, Malcolm (1999) .
7840:. Memorial Gates Trust.
7564:"Veliki rat – Avijacija"
7481:, pp. 579–580, 585.
6736:Moll & Luebbert 1980
5796:were initially used for
5277:Financial crisis of 1914
5067:Armenian genocide denial
5025:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
4662:Turkey on 6 August 1924.
4659:Hungary on 26 July 1921.
4653:Austria on 16 July 1920.
4574:Aftermath of World War I
4564:, and German surrender.
4337:Second Battle of Cambrai
4171:and, early in December,
4037:in late September 1918.
3555:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
2543:Indian National Congress
2401:landed on the island of
2397:). On 11 September, the
1764:Conflicts in the Balkans
1654:Anglo-Russian Convention
1434:
1357:an offensive in the west
1265:on 28 June 1914, when a
1146:Indian and Pacific Ocean
343:Aftermath of World War I
22616:Wars involving Slovenia
22581:Wars involving Thailand
22531:Wars involving Rhodesia
22526:Wars involving Portugal
22466:Wars involving Honduras
22421:Wars involving Bulgaria
21181:Equality before the law
20388:Romano-Germanic culture
20132:Alaska boundary dispute
19805:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
19788:Franco-Russian Alliance
19344:Balkans campaign of WWI
18993:Albanian revolt of 1912
18344:Modus vivendi of Acroma
18296:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
17604:Greater Poland Uprising
17504:National Protection War
17388:Meuse–Argonne offensive
17338:German spring offensive
17333:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
17109:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
17084:Second Battle of Artois
16965:Battle of the Frontiers
16204:, from Brigham Young U.
16025:Willmott, H.P. (2003).
15734:Thompson, Mark (2009).
15413:One Morning in Sarajevo
14962:McMeekin, Sean (2015).
14943:McMeekin, Sean (2014).
14872:Martel, Gordon (2014).
14771:Love, Dave (May 1996).
14657:Europe Between the Wars
14569:Keenan, George (1986).
14164:. New York: Routledge.
14075:. Stoddart Publishing.
13977:Fromkin, David (2004).
13671:Donko, Wilhelm (2012).
13317:History of Transylvania
13148:Jones, Heather (2013).
13041:"Commemoration website"
11101:10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930
10716:Australian War Memorial
10416:Schulze, Hagen (1998).
10341:. War Memorials Trust.
10117:28 October 2016 at the
9575:. First World War.com.
9549:. First World War.com.
9521:Bruce, Anthony (2002).
7230:Kröll, Herbert (2008).
6894:10.1057/9780230377356_3
6636:27 January 2024 at the
6331:declared war on Germany
6004:. The lead body is the
5911:Redipuglia War Memorial
5687:conscientious objectors
5602:Canadian Patriotic Fund
5546:Italian Socialist Party
5495:1 Lincolnshire Regiment
5284:voting rights for women
4965:encephalitis lethargica
4634:July 1921 by President
4516:) pictured outside the
4317:Meuse-Argonne offensive
4308:talks were inevitable.
4291:Meuse-Argonne offensive
4228:German spring offensive
4035:Meuse–Argonne offensive
3995:declared war on Germany
3938:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3927:competing power centres
3559:Russian-occupied Poland
3493:awarded to it in 1915.
2597:British Indian soldiers
2505:Hindu–German Conspiracy
2483:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
2321:Battle of the Frontiers
2109:Serbia ordered general
2019:According to historian
1912:Timeline of World War I
1749:1905 Russian Revolution
1640:Franco-Russian Alliance
234:Signed 27 November 1919
156:German spring offensive
22536:Wars involving Romania
22491:Wars involving Liberia
22471:Wars involving Ireland
22446:Wars involving Germany
22406:Wars involving Bolivia
22401:Wars involving Belgium
22386:Wars involving Armenia
21661:Middle Eastern Theatre
21639:Middle Eastern Theatre
21558:Cradle of civilization
21343:Eastern European Group
20932:Continental philosophy
20863:Judeo-Christian ethics
20848:Hellenistic philosophy
20329:Cradle of civilization
20051:Unification of Germany
19998:Taft–Katsura agreement
19618:Crown Prince Alexander
19596:Crown Prince Ferdinand
19559:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha
19387:Massacres of Civilians
19377:Massacres of Albanians
19330:Sarajevo Assassination
19259:Greek–Serbian Alliance
19252:Diplomacy and politics
19149:Diplomacy and politics
18973:Bulgarian Independence
18369:Paris Peace Conference
18357:Ukraine–Central Powers
18151:Massacres of Albanians
18119:Late Ottoman genocides
17926:Bulgarian occupations
17634:Third Anglo-Afghan War
17598:Hungarian–Romanian War
17423:Naval Victory Bulletin
17418:Armistice with Germany
17368:Hundred Days Offensive
17295:Battle of La Malmaison
17245:Second battle of Arras
17212:Battle of Transylvania
17066:Second Battle of Ypres
16934:Sarajevo assassination
16823:South African Republic
16295:US Library of Congress
16117:Listen to this article
16029:. Dorling Kindersley.
15991:World War I Day by Day
15989:Westwell, Ian (2004).
15447:Souter, Gavin (2000).
15146:Price, Alfred (1980).
14617:The Historical Journal
14493:Jones, Howard (2001).
14416:Inglis, David (1995).
14201:(2009 ed.). CUP.
14004:Gardner, Hall (2015).
13946:10.3917/popu.1701.0039
13917:. JM Dent & Sons.
13855:Fay, Sidney B (1930).
13577:. Palgrave Macmillan.
13334:Braybon, Gail (2004).
13315:Béla, Köpeczi (1998).
13254:Ball, Alan M. (1994).
13135:The World War I Reader
12635:The Russian Revolution
12632:Richard Pipes (1990).
12036:Stone, Norman (2008).
10419:Germany: A New History
10075:Kieler Erinnerungsorte
10045:Dähnhardt, D. (1978).
10013:"Die 14 Kieler Punkte"
9980:(in French). Ville de
9877:Militaryhistorynow.com
9784:Militaryhistorynow.com
9744:Gray & Argyle 1990
8385:Hall, Richard (2010).
8053:10.3201/eid2411.ac2411
8047:(11). CDC: 2136–2137.
7864:Horniman, Benjamin Guy
6267:Paris Peace Conference
6246:armed seizure of power
6204:Outline of World War I
6080:
6036:and German Chancellor
5979:
5914:
5858:
5779:
5776:Captain Marcel Courmes
5754:wireless communication
5745:
5660:
5651:Sackville Street (now
5502:
5406:
5294:
5223:
5153:
5084:
5083:and published in 1918.
5063:Late Ottoman genocides
5016:
4951:
4918:
4896:World War I casualties
4761:
4748:
4710:Paris Peace Conference
4705:
4680:
4628:Knox–Porter Resolution
4619:
4529:
4524:after agreeing to the
4433:
4365:
4300:
4279:Hundred Days Offensive
4241:
4232:Hundred Days Offensive
4197:Otto Liman von Sanders
4169:Battle of Mughar Ridge
4147:resumed, when General
4141:Second Battles of Gaza
4132:
4067:
4029:AEF commander General
3986:
3879:Final years of the war
3863:
3598:Romania in World War I
3592:Romanian participation
3588:, at the end of 1916.
3529:
3524:following the Russian
3522:Grand Duke Nikolaevich
3470:offensive was repulsed
3415:
3351:
3219:
3214:Kaiser Wilhelm II and
3184:
3146:ANZAC Mounted Division
3107:Mesopotamian campaigns
3063:
3013:
2958:
2935:
2810:
2797:was confined to port.
2776:Battle of Más a Tierra
2733:
2666:
2642:Second Battle of Ypres
2604:
2529:
2513:Third Anglo-Afghan War
2386:
2324:
2266:
2224:
2090:
2044:
1958:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1941:
1918:Sarajevo assassination
1828:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1788:
1777:
1694:
1623:
1570:French colonial empire
1521:
1389:Paris Peace Conference
1245:, which disturbed the
760:Commanders and leaders
22576:Wars involving Taiwan
22556:Wars involving Serbia
22521:Wars involving Panama
22451:Wars involving Greece
22441:Wars involving France
22426:Wars involving Canada
22411:Wars involving Brazil
21886:Vietnamese philosophy
21624:Industrial Revolution
21463:Three Seas Initiative
21438:Pacific Islands Forum
21303:British–Irish Council
21051:Greek Orthodox Church
20510:Industrial Revolution
20480:Scientific Revolution
20137:First Moroccan Crisis
19851:Spread of nationalism
19815:Eight-Nation Alliance
19644:Other Balkan states:
19485:Eleftherios Venizelos
19161:Albanian Independence
18963:Young Turk Revolution
18504:by region and country
18379:Treaty of St. Germain
18352:Russia–Central Powers
18306:Sykes–Picot Agreement
18134:Pontic Greek genocide
18109:Destruction of Kalisz
18085:Eastern Mediterranean
17646:Polish–Lithuanian War
17428:Armistice of Belgrade
17398:Armistice of Salonica
17328:Operation Faustschlag
17275:Third Battle of Oituz
17197:Baranovichi offensive
17165:Lake Naroch offensive
17139:Battle of Robat Karim
17114:Vistula–Bug offensive
17089:Battles of the Isonzo
17020:First Battle of Ypres
16324:University of Alberta
16248:24 March 2019 at the
15738:. Faber & Faber.
14659:. New York: Longman.
14520:Karp, Walter (1979).
14197:Harris, J.P. (2008).
14109:Gray, Randal (1991).
13619:Crowe, David (2001).
13296:Beckett, Ian (2007).
13241:Ayers, Leonard Porter
13017:. 21 September 2015.
12949:David, Evans (1918).
12424:. 22 September 1939.
11888:Noakes, Lucy (2006).
11682:Zinn, Howard (2003).
11389:Gaunt, David (2006).
10985:10.1093/jnen/60.7.663
10876:, pp. 2561–2567.
10634:. firstworldwar.com.
10439:. Wiley. p. 584.
9907:historycollection.com
9721:1918: Year of Victory
9446:Falls, Cyril (1930).
8638:. New York Times Co.
8567:(London: Faber, 1967)
8351:, pp. 1075–1076.
7933:. Firstworldwar.com.
7151:Djordjević, Dimitrije
6461:Long and short scales
6375:Often abbreviated as
6161:Further information:
6059:
6054:Further information:
6016:and German President
5987:Kansas City, Missouri
5973:
5908:
5901:World War I memorials
5888:Further information:
5853:
5774:
5737:
5650:
5637:Espionage Act of 1917
5530:Italian Liberal Party
5489:
5411:Yugoslav nationalists
5400:
5383:Further information:
5292:
5271:Further information:
5217:
5192:Further information:
5176:Soldiers' experiences
5164:on fair treatment of
5147:
5074:
5014:
4937:
4923:8 million were killed
4913:
4900:Further information:
4838:Sykes–Picot Agreement
4836:Further information:
4771:Saint-Germain-en-Laye
4756:
4739:
4699:
4674:Eleftherios Venizelos
4672:Greek prime minister
4671:
4606:
4599:Formal end of the war
4508:
4438:Armistice of Salonica
4424:Italian troops reach
4423:
4416:Armistice of Belgrade
4414:Further information:
4402:Armistice of Salonica
4360:
4321:attacked around Ypres
4298:
4261:against the northern
4239:
4122:
4058:
4045:Further information:
3977:
3854:
3781:attacked Transylvania
3515:
3409:
3347:
3213:
3178:
3058:
3007:
2988:Eleftherios Venizelos
2956:
2925:
2803:
2751:, part of the German
2725:
2664:
2595:
2588:Trench warfare begins
2526:Mesopotamian campaign
2520:
2503:Further information:
2391:occupied German Samoa
2380:
2343:In 1911, the Russian
2318:
2287:Alfred von Schlieffen
2264:
2247:by the Serbian army.
2237:anti-aircraft warfare
2218:
2184:Further information:
2088:
2038:
1931:
1783:
1771:
1675:
1617:
1501:
1489:Causes of World War I
1237:included the rise of
1235:causes of World War I
1178:(or Entente) and the
983:Sinai & Palestine
779:Casualties and losses
273:Signed 29 August 1921
265:Signed 25 August 1921
257:Signed 24 August 1921
249:Signed 10 August 1920
22571:Wars involving Sudan
22506:Wars involving Nepal
22496:Wars involving Malta
22486:Wars involving Korea
22481:Wars involving Japan
22476:Wars involving Italy
22461:Wars involving Haiti
21458:Special Relationship
20868:Christian philosophy
20813:Western Christianity
20475:Age of Enlightenment
20349:Hellenistic Kingdoms
20142:Algeciras Conference
20122:Annexation of Hawaii
20061:Great Eastern Crisis
20056:Unification of Italy
20046:Formation of Romania
19863:French–German enmity
19495:Pavlos Kountouriotis
18374:Treaty of Versailles
18090:Mount Lebanon famine
18005:in the United States
17973:Russian occupations
17687:Turkish–Armenian War
17628:Polish–Ukrainian War
17568:Ukrainian–Soviet War
17515:Central Asian Revolt
17305:Armistice of Focșani
17035:Battle of Sarikamish
16985:Battle of Tannenberg
16381:Military engagements
16317:5 April 2015 at the
16188:More spoken articles
15680:Medicine and the War
15655:. New York: Viking.
14524:. Harper & Row.
14023:Grant, R.G. (2005).
13810:. London: Longmans.
13804:Falls, Cyril Bentham
13573:Crisp, Olga (1976).
13535:Coogan, Tim (2009).
12609:. 24 February 2014.
12452:nzetc.victoria.ac.nz
11643:15 April 1918, p. 12
11022:. 10 November 2020.
9909:. 22 February 2017.
9883:on 23 September 2017
9816:. 22 February 2017.
9814:historycollection.co
9790:on 23 September 2017
9213:Wheeler-Bennett 1938
7664:, pp. 194, 211.
6568:. 10 November 1998.
6404:, or "Battle of the
6240:government signed a
5932:Le Souvenir français
5864:propaganda campaigns
5699:solitary confinement
5641:Sedition Act of 1918
5444:In the Middle East,
5413:such as the leader,
5150:First Battle of Gaza
5081:Henry Morgenthau Sr.
4714:Treaty of Versailles
4624:Treaty of Versailles
4609:Treaty of Versailles
4382:Battle of Dobro Pole
4353:Battle of Dobro Pole
4193:Erich von Falkenhayn
4161:Desert Mounted Corps
4103:French Army mutinies
4064:Battle of Vimy Ridge
3789:Erich von Falkenhayn
3739:class=notpageimage|
3489:and areas along the
3468:. A second Austrian
3228:petroleum reservoirs
3197:Battle of Sarikamish
3181:Battle of Sarikamish
3164:in December and the
3156:advanced across the
3022:Battle of Dobro Pole
2599:digging trenches in
2431:, as well as German
2367:Asia and the Pacific
2361:Crown Prince Wilhelm
2291:German General Staff
2132:German General Staff
1900:powder keg of Europe
1703:Imperial German Navy
1556:allowed Bismarck to
1393:Treaty of Versailles
1370:a revolution at home
1206:, machine guns, and
773:Main Central leaders
216:Treaty of Versailles
170:Middle Eastern front
32:WWI (disambiguation)
22436:Wars involving Cuba
21916:Buddhist philosophy
21876:Japanese philosophy
21619:Early modern period
21483:West Nordic Council
21348:Eastern Partnership
20937:Analytic philosophy
20638:Classical tradition
20460:Early modern period
20416:Classical antiquity
20411:European Bronze Age
20207:Philippine–American
20192:First Sino-Japanese
20025:Racconigi agreement
19971:Treaty of Frankfurt
19931:Great Rapprochement
19885:Scramble for Africa
19522:Crown Prince Danilo
19372:Carnegie Commission
19269:Treaty of Bucharest
18958:Macedonian Struggle
18934:Serbo-Bulgarian War
18441:They shall not pass
18364:Treaty of Bucharest
18321:Treaty of Bucharest
18260:USA against Germany
18237:Declarations of war
17941:German occupations
17854:British casualties
17713:Soviet–Georgian War
17640:Egyptian Revolution
17580:Armeno-Georgian War
17444:Somaliland campaign
17403:Armistice of Mudros
17280:Battle of Caporetto
17270:Battle of Mărășești
17240:Zimmermann telegram
17235:February Revolution
17180:Battle of the Somme
17104:Bug-Narew Offensive
17079:Battle of Gallipoli
17071:Sinking of the RMS
16863:Scramble for Africa
16857:Franco-Prussian War
16513:Sinai and Palestine
16312:New York University
16305:5 June 2015 at the
16265:Library of Congress
15470:World Wars in-depth
15077:Neiberg, Michael S.
14920:McLellan, Edwin N.
14801:MacMillan, Margaret
14552:The First World War
14522:The Politics of War
14390:10.1093/gh/11.2.161
13981:. Alfred A. Knopf.
13808:The First World War
13319:. Akadémiai Kiadó.
13118:Wilfred Owen: poems
13069:. France News.Net.
12967:1918Natur.100..487.
12918:1918Natur.100..487.
12040:. London: Penguin.
11494:, pp. 368–369.
11354:, pp. 212–215.
10886:Knobler et al. 2005
10746:4 June 2012 at the
10665:15 May 2016 at the
10604:. 5 November 1918.
10483:"Open-Site:Hungary"
9963:on 2 October 2018.
9624:, pp. 146–147.
9257:, pp. 315–316.
9237:, Routledge, 1994,
9203:, pp. 110–132.
9179:, pp. 721–766.
9139:The Washington Post
8997:, pp. 441–442.
8663:, pp. 122–138.
8431:, pp. 150–152.
8375:, pp. 108–110.
8235:"Committee Hansard"
8209:von der Porten 1969
8172:World Wars in Depth
7895:, pp. 421–423.
7796:, pp. 201–203.
7784:, pp. 197–198.
7748:, pp. 224–232.
7712:, pp. 376–378.
7598:National Geographic
7553:, pp. 159–195.
7517:, pp. 550–551.
7457:, pp. 539–541.
7409:, pp. 526–527.
7373:, pp. 196–197.
7087:, pp. 188–189.
6810:, pp. 251–252.
6762:, pp. 174–196.
6738:, pp. 153–185.
6699:, pp. 290–293.
6605:, pp. 121–152.
6320:to Austria-Hungary.
6173:unexploded ordnance
6157:Unexploded ordnance
6143:high casualty rates
6111:military occupation
6032:, French President
6026:Hartmannswillerkopf
6006:Imperial War Museum
5856:Zimmermann Telegram
5794:Fixed-wing aircraft
5695:alternative service
5526:Italian irredentism
5522:Gabriele D'Annunzio
5518:Italian nationalism
5469:Somaliland campaign
5463:was supporting the
4832:National identities
4718:Wilson's 14th point
4607:The signing of the
4454:Imperial Chancellor
4410:Armistice of Mudros
4259:Operation Georgette
4255:motorised artillery
4179:. About this time,
4177:Battle of Jerusalem
4165:Battle of Beersheba
4129:Battle of Jerusalem
3953:Treaty of Bucharest
3900:February Revolution
3858:They shall not pass
3817:Treaty of Bucharest
3765:Treaty of Bucharest
3675:Constanța (Dobruja)
3647:Cluj (Transylvania)
3526:capture of Przemyśl
2783:blockade of Germany
2726:Battleships of the
2678:Battle of the Somme
2562:British Indian Army
2522:British Indian Army
2191:Opening hostilities
2180:Progress of the war
2170:Albert I of Belgium
2003:Čabrinović threw a
1986:Muhamed Mehmedbašić
1970:Nedeljko Čabrinović
1711:Alfred Thayer Mahan
1603:, which became the
1554:Franco-Prussian War
1327:In April 1917, the
1097:North-West Frontier
767:Main Allied leaders
281:Signed 24 July 1923
242:Signed 4 June 1920
219:Signed 28 June 1919
18:The First World War
22381:Russo-Turkish wars
22300:EAEU Customs Union
22230:Arab Customs Union
22152:Oriental Orthodoxy
21926:Islamic philosophy
21896:Iranian philosophy
21871:Chinese philosophy
20942:Post-structuralism
20905:Christian humanism
20535:Universal suffrage
20066:Congress of Berlin
19983:Reinsurance Treaty
19961:Congress of Vienna
19941:Industrial warfare
19907:Scramble for China
19601:Alexandru Averescu
19569:Hasan Tahsin Pasha
19490:Panagiotis Danglis
19397:Places burned down
18923:Congress of Berlin
18401:Treaty of Lausanne
18316:Paris Economy Pact
18250:UK against Germany
18180:Entry into the war
18146:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
17865:Ottoman casualties
17675:Franco-Turkish War
17555:Post-War conflicts
17539:Russian Revolution
17521:Invasion of Darfur
17486:Kelantan rebellion
17474:Kurdish rebellions
17450:Mexican Revolution
17290:October Revolution
17255:Kerensky offensive
17230:Capture of Baghdad
17207:Monastir offensive
17192:Brusilov offensive
17030:Battle of Kolubara
16869:Russo-Japanese War
15828:Tschanz, David W.
15509:10.1093/aje/kwy191
14359:The Price of Glory
13691:Doughty, Robert A.
13506:Conlon, Joseph M.
13481:Clark, Christopher
13155:Historical Journal
13047:on 8 February 2014
12173:The New York Times
12026:, pp. 223–234
11999:, pp. 231–232
11530:Historical Journal
11333:on 10 October 2017
11258:on 6 October 2007.
10874:Spreeuwenberg 2018
10792:The New York Times
10684:The New York Times
10601:The New York Times
10563:The New York Times
10321:The London Gazette
10301:The London Gazette
10281:The London Gazette
10261:The London Gazette
10241:The London Gazette
10209:The New York Times
10125:, 20 January 2008.
10047:Revolution in Kiel
9988:on 27 August 2007.
9315:Grotelueschen 2006
9291:Grotelueschen 2006
8686:Hanioglu, M. Sukru
8611:, pp. 499–503
8563:Arthur J. Barker,
7155:Spence, Richard B.
6364:Republic of Turkey
6329:The United States
6296:The United States
5980:
5974:A typical village
5956:In Flanders Fields
5938:dead, such as the
5915:
5859:
5806:anti-aircraft guns
5780:
5746:
5666:Irish nationalists
5661:
5582:Il Popolo d'Italia
5559:Il Popolo d'Italia
5503:
5439:self-determination
5423:Yugoslav Committee
5407:
5368:David Lloyd George
5295:
5224:
5154:
5085:
5017:
4952:
4919:
4849:Kingdom of Bohemia
4783:Kingdom of Hungary
4762:
4720:, established the
4706:
4681:
4620:
4530:
4458:Georg von Hertling
4434:
4366:
4301:
4242:
4216:Second Transjordan
4195:, was replaced by
4133:
4070:In December 1916,
4068:
3987:
3904:October Revolution
3896:Russian Revolution
3864:
3661:Chișinău (Moldova)
3566:Brusilov offensive
3530:
3454:capture of Gorizia
3416:
3352:
3220:
3185:
3162:Battle of Magdhaba
3064:
3061:Gallipoli campaign
3014:
2999:Monastir offensive
2984:King Constantine I
2972:Battle of Mojkovac
2959:
2936:
2900:War in the Balkans
2811:
2753:East Asia Squadron
2734:
2667:
2605:
2530:
2479:German East Africa
2447:Kaiserin Elisabeth
2429:South Seas Mandate
2387:
2325:
2267:
2245:medical evacuation
2225:
2156:war. On 2 August,
2091:
2045:
1942:
1872:Russian government
1789:
1778:
1745:Russo-Japanese War
1699:Alfred von Tirpitz
1695:
1648:with Britain. The
1624:
1609:Reinsurance Treaty
1544:, and the rise of
1534:splendid isolation
1522:
1469:the war to end war
1341:October Revolution
998:Hejaz & Levant
278:Treaty of Lausanne
163:Monastir offensive
42:, and
22348:
22347:
22147:Eastern Orthodoxy
21891:Indian philosophy
21881:Korean philosophy
21675:Post–Cold War era
21506:
21505:
21333:Council of Europe
21235:International law
21188:Constitutionalism
21046:Eastern Orthodoxy
20552:Post–Cold War era
20485:Age of Revolution
20339:Greco-Roman world
20277:
20276:
20246:Albanian Revolts
20103:German Naval Laws
20087:Naval arms races
20071:Berlin Conference
20003:Hague Conventions
19672:
19671:
19579:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
19458:Stiliyan Kovachev
19183:Second Balkan War
19156:London Conference
18988:Italo-Turkish War
18978:31 March Incident
18848:
18847:
18557:Southern Rhodesia
18552:South West Africa
18467:
18466:
18450:
18449:
18434:The Golden Virgin
18428:Mutilated victory
18409:
18408:
18389:Treaty of Trianon
18384:Treaty of Neuilly
18291:Damascus Protocol
18164:
18163:
18124:Armenian genocide
18081:Allied blockades
18053:Belgian refugees
17836:
17835:
17746:Strategic bombing
17722:
17721:
17707:Franco-Syrian War
17681:Greco-Turkish War
17669:Anglo-Turkish War
17652:Polish–Soviet War
17586:German Revolution
17562:Russian Civil War
17545:Finnish Civil War
17378:Battle of Megiddo
17353:Battle of Goychay
17300:Battle of Cambrai
17260:Battle of Mărăști
17175:Battle of Jutland
17155:Erzurum offensive
17010:Siege of Przemyśl
16990:Siege of Tsingtao
16975:Battle of Galicia
16905:Second Balkan War
16893:Italo-Turkish War
16850:Pre-War conflicts
16836:
16835:
16726:Portuguese Empire
16642:
16641:
16604:German New Guinea
16586:Asian and Pacific
16157:
16147:
16137:
16101:978-0-8476-9645-1
16082:978-0-19-822125-8
16063:978-1-316-60066-5
16036:978-0-7894-9627-0
16000:978-0-7603-1937-6
15973:978-0-213-17961-8
15947:978-1-58544-226-3
15922:978-1-134-81750-4
15891:978-0-8153-3351-7
15862:978-1-85109-420-2
15769:978-0-8047-7924-1
15745:978-0-571-22333-6
15689:978-0-8369-2629-3
15662:978-0-670-03295-2
15640:978-0-19-873526-7
15621:978-0-7181-9795-7
15594:978-0-465-08184-4
15567:978-0-19-820208-0
15545:978-0-19-873049-1
15503:(12): 2561–2567.
15464:Smele, Jonathan.
15423:978-0-297-85608-5
15402:978-0-300-10798-2
15315:978-0-7139-0158-0
15271:978-0-295-95350-2
15157:978-0-7106-0008-0
15117:978-0-7185-1316-0
15090:978-0-674-01696-5
15031:978-0-553-80354-9
14973:978-0-7181-9971-5
14954:978-1-84831-657-7
14904:978-0-517-38555-5
14883:978-0-19-966538-9
14833:978-90-411-1239-2
14814:978-0-8129-9470-4
14807:. Profile Books.
14763:978-0-14-139974-4
14736:978-0-691-01232-2
14701:978-0-309-09504-4
14666:978-0-582-41869-1
14599:978-0-313-33181-7
14580:978-0-7190-1707-0
14561:978-0-09-180178-6
14531:978-0-06-012265-2
14504:978-0-8420-2918-6
14456:978-1-84614-351-9
14408:978-0-88920-508-6
14368:978-0-14-017041-2
14326:978-0-86307-181-2
14299:978-0-313-29880-6
14249:978-0-226-31971-1
14230:978-0-08-033591-9
14208:978-0-521-89802-7
14171:978-1-85728-498-0
14152:978-0-521-86434-3
14120:978-1-85532-157-1
14101:978-0-517-46790-9
14082:978-0-7737-2848-6
14055:978-0-8160-2595-4
14036:978-0-7566-5578-5
14029:. DK Publishing.
14015:978-1-4724-3056-4
13988:978-0-375-41156-4
13969:978-0-8050-0857-9
13924:978-0-460-04519-3
13905:978-1-59420-100-4
13878:978-0-465-05711-5
13847:978-0-393-30564-7
13817:978-1-84342-272-3
13787:978-0-313-31516-9
13768:978-0-06-270056-8
13706:978-0-674-01880-8
13682:978-3-8442-2129-9
13663:978-1-4408-0092-4
13632:978-0-87891-710-5
13603:978-1-55778-382-0
13584:978-0-333-16907-0
13565:978-0-415-05346-4
13546:978-0-09-941522-0
13498:978-0-06-219922-5
13491:. HarperCollins.
13467:on 8 October 2019
13441:978-0-304-35949-3
13422:978-1-896979-18-2
13403:978-0-09-958133-8
13381:978-0-19-873113-9
13347:978-1-57181-801-0
13326:978-84-8371-020-3
13307:978-1-4058-1252-8
13288:978-0-253-00865-7
13232:978-1-4930-3192-4
12961:(2521): 487–488.
12809:978-0-297-00300-7
12772:, pp. 56–57.
12747:978-1-85109-732-6
12728:, pp. 82–86.
12700:978-0-306-81213-2
12645:978-0-307-78857-3
12589:978-0-8020-8707-2
12554:O'Halpin, Eunan,
12529:978-0-19-959058-2
12262:978-0-8108-6604-1
12118:on 5 October 2010
12047:978-0-14-103156-9
11971:978-0-520-90960-1
11899:978-0-415-39056-9
11668:978-0-02-905820-6
11454:978-1-61069-688-3
11378:on 22 April 2008.
11282:978-1-903656-81-5
11192:978-0-295-98296-0
11154:978-0-316-83400-1
11050:www.denix.osd.mil
10687:. 26 April 1916.
10593:"Serbia Restored"
10528:978-963-7395-84-0
10402:978-0-415-20440-8
10381:, pp. 35–36.
10189:978-0-495-90383-3
10164:978-1-4381-0989-3
10056:978-3-529-02636-2
9730:978-0-330-37672-3
9685:978-1-55125-096-0
9532:978-0-7195-5432-2
9317:, pp. 44–46.
9293:, pp. 14–15.
9243:978-0-415-05346-4
9215:, pp. 36–41.
9093:, pp. 24–25.
9063:, pp. 96–98.
8811:, pp. 39–62.
8763:, pp. 30–31.
8699:978-0-691-13452-9
8550:978-1-4411-9478-7
8523:978-0-7613-3421-7
8496:978-0-8021-3936-8
8481:Gettleman, Marvin
8396:978-0-253-35452-5
8339:, pp. 54–55.
8284:978-0-521-83432-2
8265:Chickering, Roger
8088:, pp. 39–47.
7760:, pp. 79–80.
7297:978-1-61673-964-5
7243:978-3-7065-4526-6
7170:978-0-88033-217-0
6951:978-1-315-18640-5
6903:978-0-230-37735-6
6870:, pp. 48–49.
6786:, pp. 66–67.
6726:, pp. 72–73.
6663:, pp. 66–70.
6402:Skagerrakschlacht
6236:during 1917. The
6171:As late as 2007,
6135:Why the war began
6014:François Hollande
5870:Legacy and memory
5822:aircraft carriers
5814:Strategic bombers
5768:), and aircraft.
5655:) after the 1916
5542:Leonida Bissolati
5353:London Conference
5162:Hague Conventions
5109:deny the genocide
5049:Armenian genocide
4724:on 28 June 1919.
4722:League of Nations
4636:Warren G. Harding
4514:second from right
4478:Habsburg monarchy
4472:and accepted the
4444:in a telegram to
4247:Operation Michael
4212:First Transjordan
4047:Nivelle offensive
3633:Timișoara (Banat)
3582:Empress Alexandra
3542:attack on Galicia
3365:Austrian Littoral
3292:years during the
3189:Caucasus campaign
3088:Armenian genocide
2895:Southern theatres
2866:aircraft carriers
2819:submarine warfare
2790:Battle of Jutland
2767:in December. The
2761:Battle of Coronel
2742:merchant shipping
2487:guerrilla warfare
2481:, led by Colonel
2475:South-West Africa
2455:African campaigns
2407:German New Guinea
2383:Siege of Tsingtao
2025:Christopher Clark
1944:On 28 June 1914,
1887:Second Balkan War
1844:Italo-Turkish War
1589:Russo-Turkish War
1579:, which included
1550:Otto von Bismarck
1530:Concert of Europe
1421:League of Nations
1224:Armenian genocide
1154:
1153:
1022:South West Africa
861:
860:
429:
428:
239:Treaty of Trianon
177:siege of Przemyśl
16:(Redirected from
22623:
22371:Global conflicts
22167:Eastern Churches
21911:Hindu philosophy
21533:
21526:
21519:
21510:
21509:
21378:EU Customs Union
20910:Secular humanism
20858:Christian ethics
20808:East–West Schism
20791:Physical culture
20515:Great Divergence
20465:Age of Discovery
20304:
20297:
20290:
20281:
20280:
20197:Spanish–American
20117:Fashoda Incident
19993:Treaty of Björkö
19978:Treaty of Berlin
19912:Open Door Policy
19846:Eastern question
19793:Entente Cordiale
19699:
19692:
19685:
19676:
19675:
19638:Božidar Janković
19633:Stepa Stepanović
19505:Viktor Dousmanis
19354:Macedonian front
19349:Serbian campaign
19279:Treaty of Athens
19228:Southern Dobruja
19171:Treaty of London
19010:First Balkan War
18875:
18868:
18861:
18852:
18851:
18494:
18487:
18480:
18471:
18470:
18394:Treaty of Sèvres
18286:Treaty of London
18177:
18176:
17955:Northeast France
17886:
17885:
17858:Parliamentarians
17791:
17790:
17753:Chemical weapons
17731:
17730:
17492:Senussi campaign
17462:Muscat rebellion
17456:Maritz rebellion
17373:Vardar offensive
17202:Battle of Romani
17170:Battle of Asiago
17160:Battle of Verdun
17124:Kosovo offensive
16899:First Balkan War
16847:
16846:
16746:Russian Republic
16655:
16654:
16449:
16448:
16391:Economic history
16358:
16351:
16344:
16335:
16334:
16178:
16176:
16168:
16167:
16159:
16158:
16149:
16148:
16139:
16138:
16126:
16124:
16118:
16105:
16086:
16067:
16048:
16021:
16012:
15985:
15965:
15951:
15926:
15907:
15905:
15903:
15874:
15847:
15845:
15843:
15824:
15822:
15820:
15814:
15795:
15785:
15783:
15781:
15754:Tomasevich, Jozo
15749:
15730:
15728:
15726:
15693:
15674:
15644:
15625:
15606:
15579:
15554:Stevenson, David
15549:
15530:
15520:
15485:
15483:
15481:
15460:
15443:
15437:
15435:
15406:
15385:
15356:
15327:
15307:
15296:
15294:
15292:
15275:
15256:
15254:
15252:
15241:historyofwar.org
15231:
15229:
15227:
15202:
15169:
15142:
15121:
15102:
15072:
15035:
15024:. Random House.
15014:
14977:
14958:
14939:
14937:
14935:
14916:
14887:
14868:
14837:
14818:
14796:
14794:
14792:
14767:
14748:
14721:
14678:
14648:
14611:
14584:
14565:
14543:
14516:
14489:
14460:
14441:
14439:
14437:
14431:
14424:
14412:
14393:
14372:
14353:
14330:
14311:
14282:
14253:
14234:
14212:
14193:
14183:
14156:
14137:
14124:
14105:
14086:
14067:
14040:
14019:
14000:
13973:
13949:
13928:
13909:
13890:
13860:
13851:
13829:
13799:
13772:
13751:
13749:
13747:
13722:
13720:
13718:
13686:
13667:
13648:
13646:
13644:
13615:
13588:
13569:
13550:
13539:. Random House.
13531:
13529:
13527:
13521:
13514:
13502:
13490:
13476:
13474:
13472:
13463:. Archived from
13445:
13426:
13407:
13385:
13368:Brown, Judith M.
13363:
13361:
13359:
13330:
13311:
13292:
13273:
13261:
13250:
13236:
13198:
13180:
13174:
13173:
13171:
13145:
13139:
13138:
13130:
13121:
13115:
13109:
13108:
13106:
13104:
13089:
13083:
13082:
13080:
13078:
13063:
13057:
13056:
13054:
13052:
13037:
13031:
13030:
13028:
13026:
13007:
13001:
13000:
12998:
12996:
12978:
12976:10.1038/100487b0
12946:
12940:
12939:
12929:
12927:10.1038/100487b0
12898:
12892:
12891:
12889:
12887:
12868:
12862:
12861:
12859:
12857:
12838:
12832:
12831:
12820:
12814:
12813:
12801:
12791:
12785:
12779:
12773:
12767:
12761:
12756:
12750:
12735:
12729:
12723:
12717:
12711:
12705:
12704:
12684:
12678:
12671:
12662:
12661:
12659:
12657:
12629:
12623:
12622:
12620:
12618:
12597:
12591:
12577:
12571:
12565:
12559:
12558:, (Dublin, 1987)
12552:
12546:
12540:
12534:
12533:
12515:
12509:
12504:
12498:
12497:
12495:
12493:
12474:
12468:
12467:
12465:
12463:
12444:
12438:
12437:
12435:
12433:
12414:
12408:
12401:Denis Mack Smith
12398:
12392:
12386:
12380:
12374:
12365:
12359:
12353:
12347:
12341:
12335:
12329:
12323:
12317:
12311:
12305:
12304:
12302:
12300:
12285:
12279:
12278:
12276:
12274:
12246:
12240:
12234:
12228:
12222:
12213:
12207:
12201:
12195:
12189:
12188:
12186:
12184:
12164:
12158:
12157:
12155:
12153:
12148:on 16 March 2017
12134:
12128:
12127:
12125:
12123:
12114:. Archived from
12103:
12097:
12096:
12094:
12092:
12078:
12070:
12064:
12058:
12052:
12051:
12033:
12027:
12021:
12015:
12009:
12000:
11994:
11988:
11987:
11985:
11983:
11953:
11947:
11946:, p. cxxvi.
11941:
11935:
11934:
11932:
11930:
11910:
11904:
11903:
11885:
11879:
11878:
11876:
11874:
11826:
11820:
11819:
11817:
11815:
11775:
11769:
11768:
11766:
11764:
11738:
11706:
11700:
11699:
11679:
11673:
11672:
11660:
11650:
11644:
11635:
11629:
11628:
11626:
11624:
11609:
11603:
11602:
11600:
11598:
11583:
11577:
11560:
11554:
11553:
11525:
11519:
11513:
11507:
11501:
11495:
11489:
11483:
11482:, pp. 4–64.
11477:
11471:
11470:
11468:
11466:
11438:
11432:
11431:
11403:
11397:
11396:
11386:
11380:
11379:
11377:
11371:. Archived from
11370:
11361:
11355:
11349:
11343:
11342:
11340:
11338:
11332:
11326:. Archived from
11325:
11317:
11311:
11305:
11299:
11298:
11296:
11294:
11266:
11260:
11259:
11254:. Archived from
11250:(13 June 2005).
11244:
11235:
11234:
11232:
11230:
11210:
11204:
11203:
11201:
11199:
11185:. pp. 7–9.
11172:
11166:
11165:
11163:
11161:
11130:
11124:
11123:
11113:
11103:
11077:
11066:
11065:
11063:
11061:
11042:
11036:
11035:
11033:
11031:
11012:
11006:
11005:
10987:
10963:
10957:
10950:
10944:
10943:
10933:
10895:
10889:
10883:
10877:
10871:
10865:
10859:
10853:
10847:
10841:
10835:
10829:
10826:
10820:
10814:
10808:
10807:
10805:
10803:
10783:
10777:
10776:
10761:
10755:
10738:
10732:
10731:
10729:
10727:
10718:. Archived from
10707:
10701:
10700:
10698:
10696:
10675:
10669:
10654:
10648:
10647:
10645:
10643:
10627:
10621:
10620:
10618:
10616:
10610:
10597:
10589:
10583:
10582:
10580:
10578:
10572:
10566:. 27 July 1918.
10559:
10551:
10545:
10539:
10533:
10532:
10514:
10508:
10505:
10499:
10498:
10496:
10494:
10479:
10473:
10472:
10470:
10468:
10462:
10455:
10447:
10441:
10440:
10430:
10424:
10423:
10413:
10407:
10406:
10388:
10382:
10376:
10370:
10369:, pp. 8–12.
10364:
10358:
10357:
10355:
10353:
10347:
10340:
10332:
10326:
10325:
10312:
10306:
10305:
10292:
10286:
10285:
10272:
10266:
10265:
10252:
10246:
10245:
10232:
10226:
10225:
10223:
10221:
10200:
10194:
10193:
10175:
10169:
10168:
10150:
10144:
10135:
10126:
10109:
10103:
10097:
10091:
10085:
10079:
10078:
10067:
10061:
10060:
10042:
10036:
10035:
10033:
10031:
10025:
10018:
10008:
10002:
9996:
9990:
9989:
9984:. Archived from
9974:
9968:
9967:
9962:
9951:
9941:
9935:
9929:
9923:
9922:
9920:
9918:
9899:
9893:
9892:
9890:
9888:
9869:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9858:
9839:
9830:
9829:
9827:
9825:
9806:
9800:
9799:
9797:
9795:
9786:. Archived from
9776:
9770:
9764:
9758:
9752:
9746:
9741:
9735:
9734:
9716:
9710:
9704:
9698:
9697:
9677:
9667:
9661:
9655:
9649:
9643:
9637:
9631:
9625:
9619:
9613:
9607:
9601:
9595:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9584:
9569:
9563:
9562:
9560:
9558:
9543:
9537:
9536:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9509:
9507:
9492:
9486:
9485:
9466:
9460:
9459:
9443:
9437:
9436:
9420:
9414:
9408:
9402:
9396:
9390:
9384:
9378:
9372:
9366:
9360:
9354:
9348:
9342:
9336:
9330:
9324:
9318:
9312:
9306:
9300:
9294:
9288:
9282:
9276:
9270:
9264:
9258:
9252:
9246:
9233:R. J. Crampton,
9231:
9225:
9222:
9216:
9210:
9204:
9198:
9192:
9186:
9180:
9174:
9168:
9162:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9151:
9129:
9118:
9112:
9106:
9100:
9094:
9088:
9082:
9079:
9073:
9070:
9064:
9058:
9052:
9046:
9040:
9034:
9025:
9019:
9013:
9007:
8998:
8992:
8986:
8985:
8983:
8981:
8955:Cultural Studies
8949:
8943:
8937:
8931:
8925:
8919:
8914:
8908:
8902:
8896:
8890:
8884:
8878:
8872:
8866:
8860:
8854:
8848:
8842:
8836:
8830:
8824:
8818:
8812:
8806:
8800:
8794:
8788:
8782:
8776:
8770:
8764:
8758:
8752:
8746:
8740:
8734:
8728:
8727:, pp. 9–10.
8722:
8716:
8710:
8704:
8703:
8682:
8676:
8670:
8664:
8658:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8627:
8621:
8618:
8612:
8606:
8597:
8591:
8585:
8584:
8574:
8568:
8561:
8555:
8554:
8534:
8528:
8527:
8507:
8501:
8500:
8477:
8471:
8465:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8454:
8438:
8432:
8426:
8420:
8407:
8401:
8400:
8382:
8376:
8370:
8364:
8358:
8352:
8346:
8340:
8334:
8328:
8318:
8312:
8307:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8261:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8250:
8230:
8224:
8218:
8212:
8206:
8200:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8183:
8164:Sheffield, Garry
8160:
8147:
8146:
8131:
8125:
8119:
8113:
8107:
8101:
8095:
8089:
8083:
8077:
8076:
8074:
8072:
8032:
8026:
8020:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8009:
7989:
7983:
7977:
7971:
7965:
7959:
7953:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7926:
7920:
7914:
7908:
7902:
7896:
7890:
7884:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7860:
7854:
7853:
7851:
7849:
7834:
7828:
7827:
7825:
7823:
7803:
7797:
7791:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7749:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7707:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7671:
7665:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7623:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7560:
7554:
7548:
7542:
7536:
7530:
7524:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7500:
7494:
7488:
7482:
7476:
7470:
7464:
7458:
7452:
7446:
7440:
7434:
7428:
7422:
7416:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7392:
7386:
7380:
7374:
7368:
7362:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7338:
7332:
7326:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7309:
7281:
7275:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7255:
7227:
7221:
7220:
7215:
7213:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7182:
7147:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7136:
7124:Month of Madness
7118:
7112:
7106:
7100:
7094:
7088:
7082:
7076:
7070:
7064:
7058:
7052:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7035:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6974:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6877:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6846:, pp. 2–23.
6841:
6835:
6829:
6823:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6781:
6775:
6769:
6763:
6757:
6751:
6745:
6739:
6733:
6727:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6700:
6694:
6688:
6682:
6676:
6670:
6664:
6658:
6652:
6646:
6640:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6533:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6472:
6469:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6444:
6438:
6435:
6429:
6415:
6409:
6398:
6392:
6389:
6383:
6373:
6367:
6360:Treaty of Sèvres
6356:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6336:
6327:
6321:
6318:successor states
6311:
6305:
6303:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6279:
6276:
6270:
6263:
6257:
6234:Russian Republic
6230:
6096:good versus evil
6078:
6020:together marked
6011:
5995:Liberty Memorial
5992:
5812:were developed.
5810:fighter aircraft
5691:Stephen Hobhouse
5653:O'Connell Street
5633:Bertrand Russell
5566:("Revolutionary
5538:Benito Mussolini
5481:Battle of Segale
5478:
5455:In East Africa,
5446:Arab nationalism
5409:In the Balkans,
5358:
5344:Great Depression
5337:
5314:
5257:Economic effects
5166:prisoners of war
5134:Prisoners of war
5114:
5101:marched to death
5089:ethnic cleansing
4744:stab in the back
4678:Treaty of Sèvres
4633:
4559:
4467:
4370:Vardar offensive
4349:Vardar offensive
4334:
4031:John J. Pershing
4003:battleship group
3979:President Wilson
3943:
3915:Petrograd Soviet
3842:Battle of Verdun
3829:King Ferdinand I
3727:
3726:
3713:
3712:
3699:
3698:
3685:
3684:
3671:
3670:
3657:
3656:
3643:
3642:
3629:
3628:
3615:
3614:
3608:
3586:Grigori Rasputin
3538:Austrian Galicia
3534:Raymond Poincaré
3480:
3401:Treaty of London
3317:Senussi campaign
3291:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3268:Kingdom of Hejaz
3244:Persian campaign
3142:Battle of Romani
3018:Vardar offensive
2968:Battle of Kosovo
2918:Macedonian front
2914:Serbian campaign
2868:in combat, with
2671:Battle of Verdun
2646:Hague Convention
2547:Indian Home Rule
2425:Battle of Penang
2418:Russian cruiser
2211:Serbian campaign
2205:Serbian campaign
2201:against Russia.
2174:Treaty of London
2167:
2163:
2144:Treaty of London
2116:
2101:
2096:Foreign Ministry
1895:Southern Dobruja
1879:Treaty of London
1860:First Balkan War
1645:Entente Cordiale
1621:
1526:balance of power
1515:
1506:
1377:
1353:a separate peace
1278:Austro-Hungarian
1263:a breaking point
1247:balance of power
1208:chemical weapons
898:
887:
880:
873:
864:
863:
753:
742:
738:
736:
735:
724:
722:
721:
711:
709:
708:
701:
697:
695:
694:
675:
665:
661:
659:
658:
648:
644:
642:
641:
632:
628:
626:
625:
614:
613:
612:
601:
597:
595:
594:
586:
582:
580:
579:
568:
566:
565:
555:
553:
552:
545:
541:
539:
538:
530:
526:
524:
523:
512:
511:
510:
500:
498:
497:
488:
475:
471:
469:
468:
460:
456:
454:
453:
246:Treaty of Sèvres
203:11 November 1918
192:
191:
146:
134:Battle of Verdun
119:
110:
99:
90:
79:
70:
53:
52:
21:
22631:
22630:
22626:
22625:
22624:
22622:
22621:
22620:
22351:
22350:
22349:
22344:
22217:
22211:
21952:
21921:Jain philosophy
21901:Buddhist ethics
21857:
21679:
21646:Interwar period
21599:Ancient history
21587:
21546:
21537:
21507:
21502:
21468:UKUSA Agreement
21408:Lublin Triangle
21293:Baltic Assembly
21245:
21239:
21157:
20994:
20829:
20699:Eurolinguistics
20568:
20557:Information age
20530:Interwar period
20397:
20317:
20308:
20278:
20273:
20212:Boxer Rebellion
20170:
20034:
19988:Treaty of Paris
19953:
19947:
19880:New Imperialism
19841:Ottoman decline
19824:
19771:Triple Alliance
19759:
19720:Austria-Hungary
19708:
19703:
19673:
19668:
19655:
19453:Radko Dimitriev
19443:Vasil Kutinchev
19401:
19360:
19308:
19299:
19283:
19247:
19198:Kilkis–Lachanas
19186:
19175:
19144:
19013:
19002:
18929:Eastern Rumelia
18884:
18879:
18849:
18844:
18823:
18680:Austria-Hungary
18663:
18592:
18561:
18505:
18498:
18468:
18463:
18446:
18405:
18337:
18330:
18301:Treaty of Darin
18269:
18231:
18187:Austria-Hungary
18173:
18160:
18141:Rape of Belgium
18068:
18040:
17988:
17982:Western Armenia
17977:Eastern Galicia
17910:
17884:
17848:
17847:Civilian impact
17846:
17832:
17789:
17718:
17550:
17480:Ovambo Uprising
17432:
17314:
17216:
17143:
17061:Battle of Łomża
17044:
17040:Christmas truce
17015:Race to the Sea
16948:
16910:
16832:
16803:Austria-Hungary
16779:
16714:Empire of Japan
16651:
16649:
16638:
16622:U-boat campaign
16608:
16580:
16542:
16494:
16440:
16421:Popular culture
16367:
16362:
16319:Wayback Machine
16307:Wayback Machine
16281:
16250:Wayback Machine
16192:
16191:
16180:
16174:
16172:
16169:
16162:
16153:
16143:
16133:
16128:
16122:
16121:
16120:(3 parts,
16119:
16116:
16113:
16108:
16102:
16083:
16064:
16037:
16001:
15974:
15948:
15923:
15901:
15899:
15892:
15863:
15841:
15839:
15838:on 11 June 2010
15818:
15816:
15812:
15793:
15779:
15777:
15770:
15746:
15724:
15722:
15690:
15663:
15641:
15622:
15595:
15568:
15546:
15479:
15477:
15433:
15431:
15424:
15416:. Hachette UK.
15403:
15316:
15290:
15288:
15272:
15250:
15248:
15225:
15223:
15191:10.2307/1986064
15158:
15118:
15091:
15032:
14995:10.2307/3678575
14974:
14955:
14933:
14931:
14905:
14884:
14834:
14815:
14790:
14788:
14764:
14737:
14702:
14667:
14653:Kitchen, Martin
14600:
14581:
14562:
14532:
14505:
14457:
14435:
14433:
14429:
14422:
14409:
14369:
14344:(2): 194, 211.
14327:
14300:
14250:
14231:
14209:
14186:
14172:
14153:
14121:
14102:
14083:
14073:First World War
14056:
14037:
14016:
13989:
13970:
13925:
13906:
13879:
13869:The Pity of War
13865:Ferguson, Niall
13859:(2nd ed.).
13848:
13840:. W.W. Norton.
13818:
13788:
13769:
13745:
13743:
13716:
13714:
13707:
13683:
13675:. epubli GmbH.
13664:
13642:
13640:
13633:
13604:
13585:
13566:
13547:
13525:
13523:
13522:on 11 June 2010
13519:
13512:
13499:
13470:
13468:
13442:
13423:
13404:
13382:
13357:
13355:
13348:
13327:
13308:
13289:
13270:
13233:
13213:
13206:
13201:
13195:Wayback Machine
13181:
13177:
13162:(3): 857–878 .
13146:
13142:
13131:
13124:
13116:
13112:
13102:
13100:
13091:
13090:
13086:
13076:
13074:
13065:
13064:
13060:
13050:
13048:
13039:
13038:
13034:
13024:
13022:
13009:
13008:
13004:
12994:
12992:
12947:
12943:
12900:
12899:
12895:
12885:
12883:
12870:
12869:
12865:
12855:
12853:
12840:
12839:
12835:
12821:
12817:
12810:
12792:
12788:
12780:
12776:
12768:
12764:
12757:
12753:
12736:
12732:
12724:
12720:
12712:
12708:
12701:
12685:
12681:
12672:
12665:
12655:
12653:
12646:
12630:
12626:
12616:
12614:
12599:
12598:
12594:
12578:
12574:
12566:
12562:
12553:
12549:
12541:
12537:
12530:
12516:
12512:
12505:
12501:
12491:
12489:
12476:
12475:
12471:
12461:
12459:
12446:
12445:
12441:
12431:
12429:
12416:
12415:
12411:
12399:
12395:
12387:
12383:
12375:
12368:
12360:
12356:
12348:
12344:
12336:
12332:
12324:
12320:
12316:, p. 1069.
12312:
12308:
12298:
12296:
12287:
12286:
12282:
12272:
12270:
12263:
12247:
12243:
12235:
12231:
12223:
12216:
12212:, p. 1189.
12208:
12204:
12196:
12192:
12182:
12180:
12165:
12161:
12151:
12149:
12136:
12135:
12131:
12121:
12119:
12104:
12100:
12090:
12088:
12071:
12067:
12059:
12055:
12048:
12034:
12030:
12022:
12018:
12010:
12003:
11995:
11991:
11981:
11979:
11972:
11954:
11950:
11942:
11938:
11928:
11926:
11911:
11907:
11900:
11886:
11882:
11872:
11870:
11847:10.2307/2144182
11827:
11823:
11813:
11811:
11776:
11772:
11762:
11760:
11707:
11703:
11696:
11680:
11676:
11669:
11651:
11647:
11636:
11632:
11622:
11620:
11611:
11610:
11606:
11596:
11594:
11585:
11584:
11580:
11573:7 July 2015 at
11561:
11557:
11526:
11522:
11516:Havighurst 1985
11514:
11510:
11506:, p. 2733.
11502:
11498:
11490:
11486:
11478:
11474:
11464:
11462:
11455:
11439:
11435:
11404:
11400:
11387:
11383:
11375:
11368:
11362:
11358:
11350:
11346:
11336:
11334:
11330:
11323:
11319:
11318:
11314:
11306:
11302:
11292:
11290:
11283:
11267:
11263:
11245:
11238:
11228:
11226:
11211:
11207:
11197:
11195:
11193:
11173:
11169:
11159:
11157:
11155:
11131:
11127:
11078:
11069:
11059:
11057:
11044:
11043:
11039:
11029:
11027:
11014:
11013:
11009:
10964:
10960:
10952:K. von Economo.
10951:
10947:
10896:
10892:
10884:
10880:
10872:
10868:
10860:
10856:
10848:
10844:
10836:
10832:
10827:
10823:
10815:
10811:
10801:
10799:
10784:
10780:
10762:
10758:
10748:Wayback Machine
10739:
10735:
10725:
10723:
10708:
10704:
10694:
10692:
10677:
10676:
10672:
10667:Wayback Machine
10655:
10651:
10641:
10639:
10628:
10624:
10614:
10612:
10608:
10595:
10591:
10590:
10586:
10576:
10574:
10570:
10557:
10553:
10552:
10548:
10540:
10536:
10529:
10515:
10511:
10507:Frucht, p. 356.
10506:
10502:
10492:
10490:
10481:
10480:
10476:
10466:
10464:
10460:
10453:
10449:
10448:
10444:
10431:
10427:
10414:
10410:
10403:
10389:
10385:
10377:
10373:
10367:Magliveras 1999
10365:
10361:
10351:
10349:
10345:
10338:
10334:
10333:
10329:
10313:
10309:
10293:
10289:
10273:
10269:
10253:
10249:
10233:
10229:
10219:
10217:
10212:. 3 July 1921.
10202:
10201:
10197:
10190:
10176:
10172:
10165:
10151:
10147:
10136:
10129:
10119:Wayback Machine
10110:
10106:
10098:
10094:
10086:
10082:
10068:
10064:
10057:
10043:
10039:
10029:
10027:
10023:
10016:
10009:
10005:
9997:
9993:
9976:
9975:
9971:
9960:
9949:
9942:
9938:
9930:
9926:
9916:
9914:
9901:
9900:
9896:
9886:
9884:
9871:
9870:
9866:
9856:
9854:
9843:"1918 Timeline"
9841:
9840:
9833:
9823:
9821:
9808:
9807:
9803:
9793:
9791:
9778:
9777:
9773:
9765:
9761:
9753:
9749:
9742:
9738:
9731:
9717:
9713:
9705:
9701:
9686:
9668:
9664:
9656:
9652:
9644:
9640:
9632:
9628:
9620:
9616:
9608:
9604:
9596:
9592:
9582:
9580:
9571:
9570:
9566:
9556:
9554:
9545:
9544:
9540:
9533:
9519:
9515:
9505:
9503:
9502:on 14 June 2011
9494:
9493:
9489:
9467:
9463:
9444:
9440:
9421:
9417:
9409:
9405:
9397:
9393:
9385:
9381:
9373:
9369:
9361:
9357:
9349:
9345:
9337:
9333:
9325:
9321:
9313:
9309:
9301:
9297:
9289:
9285:
9277:
9273:
9265:
9261:
9253:
9249:
9232:
9228:
9223:
9219:
9211:
9207:
9199:
9195:
9187:
9183:
9175:
9171:
9163:
9159:
9149:
9147:
9130:
9121:
9115:Rothschild 1975
9113:
9109:
9101:
9097:
9089:
9085:
9080:
9076:
9071:
9067:
9059:
9055:
9051:, pp. 7–8.
9047:
9043:
9035:
9028:
9020:
9016:
9008:
9001:
8993:
8989:
8979:
8977:
8970:
8962:. p. 376.
8950:
8946:
8938:
8934:
8926:
8922:
8915:
8911:
8903:
8899:
8891:
8887:
8879:
8875:
8867:
8863:
8855:
8851:
8843:
8839:
8831:
8827:
8819:
8815:
8807:
8803:
8795:
8791:
8783:
8779:
8771:
8767:
8759:
8755:
8747:
8743:
8735:
8731:
8723:
8719:
8711:
8707:
8700:
8683:
8679:
8671:
8667:
8659:
8655:
8645:
8643:
8636:Current History
8628:
8624:
8619:
8615:
8609:Hinterhoff 1984
8607:
8600:
8592:
8588:
8575:
8571:
8562:
8558:
8551:
8535:
8531:
8524:
8508:
8504:
8497:
8478:
8474:
8466:
8462:
8452:
8450:
8439:
8435:
8427:
8423:
8408:
8404:
8397:
8383:
8379:
8371:
8367:
8359:
8355:
8347:
8343:
8335:
8331:
8319:
8315:
8308:
8304:
8294:
8292:
8285:
8262:
8258:
8248:
8246:
8231:
8227:
8219:
8215:
8207:
8203:
8195:
8191:
8181:
8179:
8161:
8150:
8132:
8128:
8120:
8116:
8108:
8104:
8096:
8092:
8084:
8080:
8070:
8068:
8033:
8029:
8021:
8017:
8007:
8005:
7998:The Independent
7990:
7986:
7978:
7974:
7970:, p. 1042.
7966:
7962:
7954:
7950:
7940:
7938:
7927:
7923:
7915:
7911:
7903:
7899:
7891:
7887:
7879:
7875:
7861:
7857:
7847:
7845:
7836:
7835:
7831:
7821:
7819:
7804:
7800:
7792:
7788:
7780:
7776:
7768:
7764:
7756:
7752:
7744:
7740:
7732:
7728:
7720:
7716:
7708:
7704:
7696:
7692:
7684:
7680:
7672:
7668:
7660:
7656:
7648:
7644:
7636:
7632:
7624:
7617:
7607:
7605:
7592:
7591:
7587:
7577:
7575:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7549:
7545:
7537:
7533:
7525:
7521:
7513:
7509:
7501:
7497:
7493:, pp. 4–5.
7489:
7485:
7477:
7473:
7465:
7461:
7453:
7449:
7441:
7437:
7429:
7425:
7417:
7413:
7405:
7401:
7393:
7389:
7381:
7377:
7369:
7365:
7357:
7353:
7345:
7341:
7333:
7329:
7321:
7317:
7307:
7305:
7298:
7282:
7278:
7272:Tomasevich 2001
7270:
7266:
7253:
7251:
7244:
7228:
7224:
7211:
7209:
7198:
7197:
7193:
7180:
7178:
7171:
7148:
7144:
7134:
7132:
7127:. BBC Radio 4.
7119:
7115:
7107:
7103:
7095:
7091:
7083:
7079:
7071:
7067:
7059:
7055:
7047:
7043:
7033:
7031:
7008:10.2307/2499359
6988:
6984:
6968:
6967:
6961:
6959:
6952:
6926:
6922:
6913:
6911:
6904:
6878:
6874:
6866:
6862:
6854:
6850:
6842:
6838:
6830:
6826:
6818:
6814:
6806:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6782:
6778:
6770:
6766:
6758:
6754:
6746:
6742:
6734:
6730:
6722:
6718:
6710:
6703:
6695:
6691:
6683:
6679:
6671:
6667:
6659:
6655:
6647:
6643:
6638:Wayback Machine
6625:
6621:
6613:
6609:
6601:
6597:
6589:
6585:
6575:
6573:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6545:
6543:
6528:
6527:
6523:
6513:
6511:
6508:The Independent
6504:"The Great War"
6502:
6501:
6497:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6466:
6458:
6454:
6445:
6441:
6436:
6432:
6416:
6412:
6399:
6395:
6390:
6386:
6374:
6370:
6357:
6353:
6345:
6341:
6334:
6328:
6324:
6312:
6308:
6301:
6295:
6291:
6286:
6282:
6277:
6273:
6264:
6260:
6231:
6227:
6222:
6190:
6169:
6159:
6123:medical science
6079:
6075:Strange Meeting
6069:
6066:
6063:
6058:
6052:
6046:
6034:Emmanuel Macron
6009:
5990:
5961:Remembrance Day
5903:
5897:
5892:
5886:
5874:Main articles:
5872:
5848:
5842:
5788:field telephone
5739:Royal Air Force
5732:
5726:
5625:
5617:Main articles:
5615:
5590:
5588:Patriotic funds
5544:. However, the
5524:, who promoted
5476:
5395:
5381:
5376:
5356:
5335:
5312:
5279:
5269:
5261:Main articles:
5259:
5247:
5239:Main articles:
5237:
5212:
5190:
5178:
5142:
5136:
5112:
5069:
5059:
5047:Main articles:
5045:
5009:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4956:epidemic typhus
4928:gueules cassées
4908:
4906:Gueules cassées
4898:
4892:
4857:Greater Romania
4840:
4834:
4694:
4631:
4630:was signed on 2
4613:Hall of Mirrors
4601:
4576:
4570:
4557:
4542:sailors' revolt
4503:
4497:
4465:
4418:
4412:
4400:Main articles:
4398:
4355:
4347:Main articles:
4345:
4332:
4293:
4287:
4263:English Channel
4234:
4226:Main articles:
4224:
4117:
4111:
4053:
4043:
3972:
3966:
3941:
3906:
3894:Main articles:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3838:
3785:German 9th Army
3745:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3600:
3594:
3510:
3508:Initial actions
3505:
3499:
3478:
3445:Strafexpedition
3342:
3330:Main articles:
3328:
3294:siege of Medina
3288:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3260:Battle of Mecca
3158:Sinai Peninsula
3053:
3047:
3041:
2920:
2906:Balkans theatre
2904:Main articles:
2902:
2897:
2795:High Seas Fleet
2720:
2714:
2659:
2633:Race to the Sea
2590:
2585:
2579:
2515:
2501:
2495:
2463:
2457:
2435:on the Chinese
2405:, then part of
2375:
2369:
2302:Alsace-Lorraine
2271:Schlieffen Plan
2259:
2253:
2213:
2207:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2165:
2161:
2136:Schlieffen Plan
2114:
2099:
2083:
2069:
2063:
2033:
2010:Gavrilo Princip
1978:Vaso Čubrilović
1966:Gavrilo Princip
1962:Cvjetko Popović
1934:Gavrilo Princip
1926:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1766:
1747:and subsequent
1715:blue-water navy
1670:
1636:Leo von Caprivi
1605:Triple Alliance
1581:Austria-Hungary
1542:New Imperialism
1528:, known as the
1520:
1518:Triple Alliance
1513:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1473:First World War
1458:The Independent
1437:
1425:interwar period
1397:war reparations
1375:
1271:Gavrilo Princip
1222:(including the
1202:and the use of
1172:global conflict
1164:First World War
1157:
1156:
1155:
1150:
899:
893:
891:
857:
852:further details
819:
814:further details
751:
746:
733:
731:
719:
717:
713:Austria-Hungary
706:
704:
692:
690:
673:
668:
656:
654:
649:
639:
637:
623:
621:
610:
608:
604:
592:
590:
577:
575:
563:
561:
550:
548:
536:
534:
521:
519:
508:
506:
495:
493:
490:
489:
482:
478:
466:
464:
451:
449:
425:
366:German colonies
350:
340:
328:
327:
285:
282:
280:
274:
272:
266:
264:
258:
256:
250:
248:
241:
235:
233:
226:
220:
218:
212:
211:
205:
186:
181:Austria-Hungary
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
112:
111:
102:
101:
100:
92:
91:
82:
81:
80:
72:
71:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
22629:
22619:
22618:
22613:
22608:
22603:
22598:
22593:
22588:
22583:
22578:
22573:
22568:
22563:
22558:
22553:
22551:White movement
22548:
22543:
22538:
22533:
22528:
22523:
22518:
22513:
22508:
22503:
22498:
22493:
22488:
22483:
22478:
22473:
22468:
22463:
22458:
22453:
22448:
22443:
22438:
22433:
22428:
22423:
22418:
22413:
22408:
22403:
22398:
22393:
22388:
22383:
22378:
22373:
22368:
22363:
22346:
22345:
22343:
22342:
22337:
22332:
22327:
22322:
22317:
22312:
22307:
22302:
22297:
22292:
22290:Easternization
22287:
22282:
22277:
22272:
22267:
22262:
22257:
22252:
22247:
22242:
22237:
22232:
22227:
22221:
22219:
22213:
22212:
22210:
22209:
22208:
22207:
22202:
22201:
22200:
22195:
22185:
22184:
22183:
22173:
22172:
22171:
22170:
22169:
22164:
22154:
22149:
22144:
22143:
22142:
22127:
22126:
22125:
22120:
22115:
22100:
22099:
22098:
22093:
22091:Zoroastrianism
22083:
22082:
22081:
22076:
22071:
22066:
22061:
22056:
22046:
22045:
22044:
22039:
22034:
22033:
22032:
22027:
22022:
22017:
22012:
22002:
22001:
22000:
21995:
21990:
21985:
21984:
21983:
21962:
21960:
21954:
21953:
21951:
21950:
21949:
21948:
21943:
21933:
21928:
21923:
21918:
21913:
21908:
21906:Islamic ethics
21903:
21898:
21893:
21888:
21883:
21878:
21873:
21867:
21865:
21859:
21858:
21856:
21855:
21850:
21845:
21840:
21839:
21838:
21833:
21823:
21818:
21813:
21812:
21811:
21806:
21801:
21791:
21786:
21781:
21780:
21779:
21774:
21769:
21759:
21758:
21757:
21747:
21742:
21741:
21740:
21735:
21730:
21725:
21720:
21715:
21710:
21705:
21700:
21689:
21687:
21681:
21680:
21678:
21677:
21672:
21671:
21670:
21665:
21664:
21663:
21658:
21648:
21643:
21642:
21641:
21636:
21626:
21621:
21611:
21606:
21601:
21595:
21593:
21589:
21588:
21586:
21585:
21580:
21575:
21570:
21565:
21560:
21554:
21552:
21548:
21547:
21536:
21535:
21528:
21521:
21513:
21504:
21503:
21501:
21500:
21498:Westernization
21495:
21490:
21485:
21480:
21478:Visegrád Group
21475:
21470:
21465:
21460:
21455:
21450:
21445:
21440:
21435:
21430:
21425:
21420:
21418:Nordic Council
21415:
21410:
21405:
21400:
21395:
21390:
21385:
21380:
21375:
21370:
21365:
21360:
21355:
21350:
21345:
21340:
21335:
21330:
21325:
21320:
21315:
21313:Bucharest Nine
21310:
21305:
21300:
21295:
21290:
21285:
21280:
21278:Arctic Council
21275:
21270:
21265:
21260:
21255:
21249:
21247:
21241:
21240:
21238:
21237:
21232:
21227:
21226:
21225:
21220:
21215:
21210:
21205:
21200:
21190:
21185:
21184:
21183:
21173:
21167:
21165:
21159:
21158:
21156:
21155:
21150:
21145:
21144:
21143:
21138:
21133:
21128:
21123:
21122:
21121:
21116:
21111:
21106:
21096:
21091:
21086:
21076:
21075:
21074:
21073:
21072:
21062:
21061:
21060:
21055:
21054:
21053:
21043:
21042:
21041:
21031:
21030:
21029:
21004:
21002:
20996:
20995:
20993:
20992:
20991:
20990:
20980:
20975:
20970:
20969:
20968:
20956:
20955:
20954:
20944:
20939:
20934:
20929:
20924:
20919:
20914:
20913:
20912:
20907:
20897:
20896:
20895:
20888:Existentialism
20885:
20880:
20875:
20870:
20865:
20860:
20855:
20850:
20845:
20839:
20837:
20831:
20830:
20828:
20827:
20826:
20825:
20820:
20815:
20810:
20800:
20799:
20798:
20788:
20787:
20786:
20781:
20771:
20770:
20769:
20759:
20754:
20753:
20752:
20747:
20742:
20732:
20731:
20730:
20720:
20719:
20718:
20708:
20707:
20706:
20701:
20691:
20686:
20681:
20676:
20675:
20674:
20664:
20659:
20658:
20657:
20647:
20646:
20645:
20635:
20634:
20633:
20623:
20618:
20617:
20616:
20606:
20601:
20600:
20599:
20594:
20589:
20578:
20576:
20570:
20569:
20567:
20566:
20565:
20564:
20559:
20549:
20548:
20547:
20542:
20537:
20532:
20527:
20522:
20517:
20512:
20507:
20502:
20497:
20492:
20487:
20482:
20477:
20472:
20467:
20462:
20452:
20447:
20446:
20445:
20440:
20435:
20425:
20424:
20423:
20421:Late antiquity
20413:
20407:
20405:
20399:
20398:
20396:
20395:
20390:
20385:
20380:
20375:
20374:
20373:
20372:
20371:
20366:
20356:
20351:
20346:
20336:
20331:
20325:
20323:
20319:
20318:
20307:
20306:
20299:
20292:
20284:
20275:
20274:
20272:
20271:
20266:
20265:
20264:
20263:
20262:
20257:
20252:
20244:
20239:
20229:
20224:
20222:Russo-Japanese
20219:
20214:
20209:
20204:
20199:
20194:
20189:
20187:Anglo-Egyptian
20184:
20178:
20176:
20172:
20171:
20169:
20168:
20163:
20161:Bosnian Crisis
20158:
20157:
20156:
20146:
20145:
20144:
20134:
20129:
20124:
20119:
20114:
20113:
20112:
20110:Austro-Italian
20107:
20106:
20105:
20100:
20085:
20078:
20073:
20068:
20063:
20058:
20053:
20048:
20042:
20040:
20036:
20035:
20033:
20032:
20027:
20022:
20017:
20012:
20011:
20010:
20008:Martens Clause
20000:
19995:
19990:
19985:
19980:
19975:
19974:
19973:
19963:
19957:
19955:
19949:
19948:
19946:
19945:
19944:
19943:
19933:
19928:
19923:
19922:
19921:
19920:
19919:
19914:
19909:
19904:
19894:
19893:
19892:
19890:Egyptian Lever
19877:
19875:Pax Britannica
19872:
19871:
19870:
19860:
19859:
19858:
19856:Sovereign debt
19853:
19848:
19838:
19832:
19830:
19826:
19825:
19823:
19822:
19817:
19812:
19807:
19802:
19801:
19800:
19795:
19790:
19783:Triple Entente
19780:
19779:
19778:
19767:
19765:
19761:
19760:
19758:
19757:
19752:
19750:United Kingdom
19747:
19742:
19737:
19732:
19727:
19722:
19716:
19714:
19710:
19709:
19702:
19701:
19694:
19687:
19679:
19670:
19669:
19667:
19666:
19660:
19657:
19656:
19654:
19653:
19642:
19641:
19640:
19635:
19630:
19625:
19623:Radomir Putnik
19620:
19615:
19605:
19604:
19603:
19598:
19593:
19583:
19582:
19581:
19576:
19571:
19566:
19564:Ali Rıza Pasha
19561:
19556:
19551:
19546:
19541:
19534:Ottoman Empire
19531:
19530:
19529:
19524:
19519:
19509:
19508:
19507:
19502:
19497:
19492:
19487:
19482:
19477:
19467:
19466:
19465:
19463:Georgi Todorov
19460:
19455:
19450:
19445:
19440:
19435:
19430:
19425:
19420:
19409:
19407:
19403:
19402:
19400:
19399:
19394:
19389:
19384:
19379:
19374:
19368:
19366:
19362:
19361:
19359:
19358:
19357:
19356:
19351:
19341:
19336:
19327:
19322:
19316:
19314:
19310:
19309:
19304:
19301:
19300:
19298:
19297:
19291:
19289:
19285:
19284:
19282:
19281:
19276:
19271:
19266:
19261:
19255:
19253:
19249:
19248:
19246:
19245:
19240:
19235:
19230:
19225:
19220:
19215:
19210:
19205:
19200:
19194:
19192:
19188:
19187:
19180:
19177:
19176:
19174:
19173:
19168:
19163:
19158:
19152:
19150:
19146:
19145:
19143:
19142:
19140:Second Çatalca
19137:
19132:
19127:
19122:
19117:
19112:
19107:
19102:
19097:
19092:
19087:
19082:
19077:
19072:
19067:
19062:
19057:
19052:
19047:
19042:
19037:
19032:
19027:
19021:
19019:
19015:
19014:
19007:
19004:
19003:
19001:
19000:
18995:
18990:
18985:
18980:
18975:
18970:
18968:Bosnian Crisis
18965:
18960:
18955:
18946:
18941:
18936:
18931:
18927:Annexation of
18925:
18920:
18919:
18918:
18913:
18908:
18903:
18892:
18890:
18886:
18885:
18878:
18877:
18870:
18863:
18855:
18846:
18845:
18843:
18842:
18837:
18831:
18829:
18825:
18824:
18822:
18821:
18810:United Kingdom
18807:
18802:
18797:
18792:
18787:
18782:
18777:
18772:
18767:
18762:
18760:Ottoman Empire
18757:
18752:
18747:
18742:
18737:
18732:
18727:
18722:
18717:
18712:
18707:
18702:
18697:
18692:
18687:
18682:
18677:
18671:
18669:
18665:
18664:
18662:
18661:
18656:
18651:
18646:
18641:
18639:Ottoman Empire
18636:
18631:
18626:
18621:
18616:
18611:
18606:
18600:
18598:
18594:
18593:
18591:
18590:
18585:
18580:
18575:
18569:
18567:
18563:
18562:
18560:
18559:
18554:
18549:
18544:
18539:
18534:
18529:
18524:
18519:
18513:
18511:
18507:
18506:
18497:
18496:
18489:
18482:
18474:
18465:
18464:
18462:
18461:
18455:
18452:
18451:
18448:
18447:
18445:
18444:
18437:
18430:
18425:
18417:
18415:
18411:
18410:
18407:
18406:
18404:
18403:
18398:
18397:
18396:
18391:
18386:
18381:
18376:
18366:
18361:
18360:
18359:
18354:
18346:
18340:
18338:
18336:Peace treaties
18335:
18332:
18331:
18329:
18328:
18323:
18318:
18313:
18308:
18303:
18298:
18293:
18288:
18283:
18277:
18275:
18271:
18270:
18268:
18267:
18262:
18257:
18252:
18247:
18241:
18239:
18233:
18232:
18230:
18229:
18224:
18222:United Kingdom
18219:
18214:
18212:Ottoman Empire
18209:
18204:
18199:
18194:
18189:
18183:
18181:
18174:
18169:
18166:
18165:
18162:
18161:
18159:
18158:
18153:
18148:
18143:
18138:
18137:
18136:
18131:
18126:
18116:
18114:Sack of Dinant
18111:
18106:
18101:
18100:
18099:
18094:
18093:
18092:
18078:
18076:
18070:
18069:
18067:
18066:
18065:
18064:
18062:United Kingdom
18059:
18050:
18048:
18042:
18041:
18039:
18038:
18037:
18036:
18031:
18022:
18016:POW locations
18014:
18009:
18008:
18007:
17998:
17996:
17990:
17989:
17987:
17986:
17985:
17984:
17979:
17971:
17966:
17965:
17964:
17957:
17952:
17947:
17939:
17938:
17937:
17932:
17924:
17918:
17916:
17912:
17911:
17909:
17908:
17903:
17898:
17892:
17890:
17883:
17882:
17881:
17880:
17875:
17867:
17862:
17861:
17860:
17851:
17849:
17841:
17838:
17837:
17834:
17833:
17831:
17830:
17825:
17824:
17823:
17816:United Kingdom
17813:
17811:Ottoman Empire
17808:
17803:
17797:
17795:
17788:
17787:
17785:Trench warfare
17782:
17781:
17780:
17770:
17765:
17760:
17755:
17750:
17749:
17748:
17737:
17735:
17728:
17724:
17723:
17720:
17719:
17717:
17716:
17710:
17704:
17698:
17692:
17691:
17690:
17684:
17678:
17672:
17661:
17655:
17649:
17643:
17637:
17631:
17625:
17619:
17613:
17607:
17601:
17595:
17589:
17583:
17577:
17571:
17565:
17558:
17556:
17552:
17551:
17549:
17548:
17542:
17536:
17530:
17524:
17518:
17512:
17506:
17501:
17498:Volta-Bani War
17495:
17489:
17483:
17477:
17471:
17465:
17459:
17453:
17447:
17440:
17438:
17434:
17433:
17431:
17430:
17425:
17420:
17415:
17410:
17405:
17400:
17395:
17390:
17385:
17380:
17375:
17370:
17365:
17360:
17355:
17350:
17345:
17343:Zeebrugge Raid
17340:
17335:
17330:
17324:
17322:
17316:
17315:
17313:
17312:
17307:
17302:
17297:
17292:
17287:
17282:
17277:
17272:
17267:
17262:
17257:
17252:
17247:
17242:
17237:
17232:
17226:
17224:
17218:
17217:
17215:
17214:
17209:
17204:
17199:
17194:
17189:
17188:
17187:
17177:
17172:
17167:
17162:
17157:
17151:
17149:
17145:
17144:
17142:
17141:
17136:
17134:Battle of Loos
17131:
17126:
17121:
17116:
17111:
17106:
17101:
17096:
17091:
17086:
17081:
17076:
17068:
17063:
17058:
17052:
17050:
17046:
17045:
17043:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17027:
17025:Black Sea raid
17022:
17017:
17012:
17007:
17002:
16997:
16992:
16987:
16982:
16977:
16972:
16967:
16962:
16956:
16954:
16950:
16949:
16947:
16946:
16941:
16936:
16931:
16930:
16929:
16927:Historiography
16918:
16916:
16912:
16911:
16909:
16908:
16902:
16896:
16890:
16884:
16881:Bosnian Crisis
16878:
16875:Tangier Crisis
16872:
16866:
16860:
16853:
16851:
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16820:
16815:
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16808:Ottoman Empire
16805:
16800:
16795:
16789:
16787:
16785:Central Powers
16781:
16780:
16778:
16777:
16772:
16771:
16770:
16768:British Empire
16763:United Kingdom
16760:
16755:
16750:
16749:
16748:
16743:
16741:Russian Empire
16733:
16728:
16723:
16718:
16717:
16716:
16706:
16701:
16696:
16695:
16694:
16684:
16679:
16674:
16669:
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16659:Entente Powers
16652:
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16644:
16643:
16640:
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16636:
16631:
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16627:North Atlantic
16618:
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16541:
16540:
16538:Central Arabia
16535:
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16510:
16504:
16502:
16500:Middle Eastern
16496:
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16439:
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16423:
16418:
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16408:
16403:
16401:Historiography
16398:
16393:
16388:
16383:
16378:
16372:
16369:
16368:
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16360:
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16346:
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16309:
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16287:
16280:
16279:Library guides
16277:
16276:
16275:
16267:
16258:
16252:
16240:
16235:
16233:end of the war
16225:
16220:
16215:
16210:
16205:
16199:
16181:
16170:
16163:
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16160:
16150:
16140:
16129:
16115:
16114:
16112:
16111:External links
16109:
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15531:
15486:
15461:
15444:
15422:
15407:
15401:
15386:
15368:(2): 159–195.
15362:War in History
15357:
15333:War in History
15328:
15314:
15308:. Allen Lane.
15297:
15283:. Al Jazeera.
15276:
15270:
15257:
15232:
15203:
15185:(4): 403–434.
15174:
15156:
15143:
15122:
15116:
15103:
15089:
15073:
15047:(1): 153–185.
15036:
15030:
15015:
14978:
14972:
14959:
14953:
14947:. Icon Books.
14940:
14917:
14903:
14888:
14882:
14869:
14851:(3): 231–255.
14838:
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14819:
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14768:
14762:
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14692:10.17226/11150
14679:
14665:
14649:
14623:(4): 721–766.
14612:
14598:
14585:
14579:
14566:
14560:
14554:. Hutchinson.
14544:
14530:
14517:
14503:
14490:
14472:(3): 441–451.
14461:
14455:
14449:. Allen Lane.
14442:
14413:
14407:
14394:
14384:(2): 161–188.
14378:German History
14373:
14367:
14354:
14337:War in History
14331:
14325:
14312:
14298:
14283:
14254:
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14068:
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14035:
14020:
14014:
14001:
13987:
13974:
13968:
13954:Fromkin, David
13950:
13929:
13923:
13910:
13904:
13891:
13877:
13861:
13852:
13846:
13834:Farwell, Byron
13830:
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13386:
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13084:
13058:
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12941:
12893:
12863:
12833:
12815:
12808:
12786:
12782:Stevenson 1988
12774:
12762:
12751:
12730:
12718:
12716:, p. 154.
12706:
12699:
12679:
12663:
12644:
12624:
12592:
12579:Brock, Peter,
12572:
12560:
12547:
12545:, p. 584.
12535:
12528:
12510:
12499:
12469:
12439:
12409:
12393:
12391:, p. 826.
12381:
12366:
12364:, p. 209.
12354:
12352:, p. 219.
12342:
12340:, p. 335.
12330:
12328:, p. 884.
12318:
12306:
12280:
12261:
12241:
12239:, p. 117.
12229:
12227:, p. 1001
12214:
12202:
12200:, p. 354.
12190:
12159:
12129:
12098:
12065:
12053:
12046:
12028:
12016:
12001:
11989:
11970:
11948:
11936:
11905:
11898:
11880:
11821:
11790:(4): 621–638.
11770:
11701:
11694:
11674:
11667:
11645:
11630:
11604:
11578:
11555:
11536:(1): 107–129.
11520:
11518:, p. 131.
11508:
11496:
11484:
11472:
11453:
11433:
11398:
11381:
11356:
11344:
11312:
11310:, p. 177.
11300:
11281:
11261:
11236:
11205:
11191:
11167:
11153:
11125:
11094:(4): 611–625.
11067:
11037:
11007:
10978:(7): 663–670.
10958:
10945:
10890:
10878:
10866:
10854:
10842:
10840:, p. 166.
10830:
10821:
10809:
10778:
10756:
10733:
10702:
10670:
10649:
10622:
10584:
10546:
10534:
10527:
10509:
10500:
10474:
10442:
10425:
10408:
10401:
10383:
10379:Northedge 1986
10371:
10359:
10327:
10307:
10287:
10267:
10247:
10227:
10195:
10188:
10170:
10163:
10145:
10127:
10104:
10100:Stevenson 2004
10092:
10090:, p. 383.
10088:Stevenson 2004
10080:
10071:Wette, Wolfram
10062:
10055:
10037:
10003:
10001:, p. 385.
9999:Stevenson 2004
9991:
9969:
9936:
9934:, p. 260.
9924:
9894:
9864:
9831:
9801:
9771:
9759:
9747:
9736:
9729:
9711:
9699:
9684:
9662:
9650:
9638:
9626:
9614:
9612:, p. 104.
9602:
9600:, p. 195.
9590:
9564:
9538:
9531:
9513:
9487:
9461:
9438:
9415:
9413:, p. 163.
9403:
9401:, p. 323.
9391:
9387:Humphries 2007
9379:
9367:
9365:, p. 244.
9355:
9353:, p. 129.
9343:
9341:, p. 124.
9331:
9329:, p. 403.
9327:Stevenson 2012
9319:
9307:
9305:, p. 318.
9303:Stevenson 2012
9295:
9283:
9281:, p. 318.
9271:
9269:, p. 317.
9267:Stevenson 2012
9259:
9255:Stevenson 2012
9247:
9226:
9217:
9205:
9193:
9191:, p. 523.
9181:
9169:
9167:, p. 345.
9157:
9119:
9117:, p. 314.
9107:
9105:, p. 429.
9095:
9083:
9074:
9065:
9053:
9041:
9039:, p. 282.
9026:
9024:, p. 170.
9014:
9012:, p. 171.
8999:
8987:
8968:
8944:
8942:, p. 119.
8932:
8928:Schindler 2003
8920:
8909:
8897:
8895:, p. 715.
8885:
8883:, p. 491.
8873:
8871:, p. 364.
8861:
8859:, p. 484.
8849:
8847:, p. 482.
8837:
8835:, p. 317.
8825:
8823:, p. 163.
8813:
8809:Fornassin 2017
8801:
8799:, p. 108.
8789:
8777:
8775:, p. 166.
8765:
8753:
8741:
8739:, p. 120.
8729:
8717:
8705:
8698:
8677:
8665:
8653:
8622:
8613:
8598:
8596:, p. 119.
8586:
8569:
8556:
8549:
8529:
8522:
8502:
8495:
8472:
8470:, p. 491.
8460:
8433:
8421:
8402:
8395:
8377:
8365:
8363:, p. 102.
8353:
8341:
8329:
8313:
8302:
8283:
8256:
8225:
8213:
8201:
8199:, p. 306.
8189:
8148:
8126:
8114:
8112:, p. 293.
8102:
8090:
8078:
8027:
8025:, p. 271.
8015:
7984:
7982:, p. 276.
7972:
7960:
7948:
7921:
7919:, p. 199.
7917:Goodspeed 1985
7909:
7897:
7885:
7883:, p. 424.
7873:
7855:
7829:
7798:
7786:
7774:
7772:, p. 353.
7762:
7750:
7738:
7726:
7724:, p. 221.
7714:
7702:
7700:, p. 327.
7690:
7678:
7674:Stevenson 2012
7666:
7654:
7650:Stevenson 2004
7642:
7630:
7626:Stevenson 2004
7615:
7585:
7555:
7551:Schindler 2002
7543:
7541:, p. 172.
7531:
7519:
7507:
7495:
7483:
7479:MacMillan 2013
7471:
7459:
7447:
7435:
7423:
7421:, p. 335.
7411:
7399:
7397:, p. 326.
7387:
7385:, p. 536.
7383:MacMillan 2013
7375:
7363:
7351:
7349:, p. 532.
7347:MacMillan 2013
7339:
7335:Stevenson 1996
7327:
7325:, p. 141.
7323:Velikonja 2003
7315:
7296:
7276:
7274:, p. 485.
7264:
7242:
7222:
7191:
7169:
7142:
7113:
7101:
7089:
7077:
7075:, p. 103.
7065:
7053:
7051:, p. 247.
7041:
7002:(4): 717–718.
6982:
6950:
6920:
6902:
6872:
6860:
6858:, p. 288.
6848:
6836:
6824:
6812:
6800:
6788:
6776:
6772:Stevenson 2016
6764:
6752:
6748:Stevenson 2016
6740:
6728:
6716:
6701:
6689:
6677:
6665:
6661:Medlicott 1945
6653:
6641:
6619:
6617:, p. 117.
6607:
6595:
6593:, p. 329.
6583:
6553:
6521:
6495:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6464:
6452:
6448:German attempt
6439:
6430:
6410:
6393:
6384:
6368:
6351:
6339:
6322:
6306:
6304:December 1917.
6289:
6280:
6271:
6258:
6242:separate peace
6224:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6189:
6186:
6158:
6155:
6147:trench warfare
6115:radicalisation
6107:historiography
6084:modern warfare
6067:
6060:
6048:Main article:
6045:
6044:Historiography
6042:
5899:Main article:
5896:
5893:
5871:
5868:
5844:Main article:
5841:
5838:
5830:Sopwith Camels
5798:reconnaissance
5725:
5722:
5631:in the US and
5614:
5611:
5589:
5586:
5550:general strike
5507:class conflict
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5349:David Andelman
5258:
5255:
5236:
5233:
5189:
5186:
5177:
5174:
5138:Main article:
5135:
5132:
5057:Greek genocide
5044:
5041:
5005:Main article:
5002:
4999:
4994:Main article:
4991:
4988:
4970:Eight million
4894:Main article:
4891:
4888:
4833:
4830:
4693:
4690:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4600:
4597:
4572:Main article:
4569:
4566:
4510:Ferdinand Foch
4499:Main article:
4496:
4493:
4397:
4394:
4344:
4341:
4286:
4283:
4223:
4220:
4191:in Palestine,
4149:Edmund Allenby
4113:Main article:
4110:
4107:
4091:Canadian Corps
4072:Robert Nivelle
4062:troops at the
4060:Canadian Corps
4042:
4039:
4015:National Guard
3968:Main article:
3965:
3962:
3960:with Romania.
3949:Russian Empire
3934:Vladimir Lenin
3891:
3888:
3883:Main article:
3880:
3877:
3872:Lloyd George's
3868:Woodrow Wilson
3837:
3834:
3737:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3596:Main article:
3593:
3590:
3551:Masurian Lakes
3509:
3506:
3501:Main article:
3498:
3495:
3481:November, the
3327:
3324:
3264:Sharif Hussein
3256:Foreign Office
3166:Battle of Rafa
3098:respectively.
3092:Greek genocide
3043:Main article:
3040:
3039:Ottoman Empire
3037:
3033:Central Powers
2946:, Croatia and
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2877:Sopwith Camels
2848:, escorted by
2716:Main article:
2713:
2710:
2658:
2655:
2603:, France, 1915
2589:
2586:
2581:Main article:
2578:
2575:
2571:Mahatma Gandhi
2497:Main article:
2494:
2491:
2459:Main article:
2456:
2453:
2371:Main article:
2368:
2365:
2331:(BEF), was in
2310:Richard Holmes
2289:, head of the
2255:Main article:
2252:
2249:
2209:Main article:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2181:
2178:
2065:Main article:
2062:
2059:
2043:, 29 June 1914
2032:
2029:
1922:Main article:
1919:
1916:
1907:
1904:
1824:Bosnian Crisis
1765:
1762:
1669:
1666:
1650:Triple Entente
1512:
1509:Triple Entente
1503:
1495:
1492:
1487:Main article:
1484:
1481:
1449:or simply the
1436:
1433:
1413:Czechoslovakia
1374:Kaiser Wilhelm
1351:, followed by
1294:United Kingdom
1276:, heir to the
1200:trench warfare
1180:Central Powers
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:Naval theatres
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:Central Arabia
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
969:
968:
962:
961:
960:
959:
954:
949:
939:
934:
933:
932:
927:
917:
911:
910:
904:
901:
900:
890:
889:
882:
875:
867:
859:
858:
856:
855:
847:
846:Over 8,000,000
844:
839:
838:Over 3,700,000
836:
834:Civilian dead:
831:
830:Over 4,386,000
828:
826:Military dead:
822:
820:
818:
817:
809:
808:Over 9,000,000
806:
801:
800:Over 4,000,000
798:
796:Civilian dead:
793:
792:Over 5,525,000
790:
788:Military dead:
784:
781:
780:
776:
775:
769:
762:
761:
757:
756:
745:
744:
728:
726:Ottoman Empire
715:
702:
686:
682:Central Powers
678:
667:
666:
651:
634:
618:
605:
603:
602:
587:
572:
559:
546:
531:
516:
504:
481:
480:
479:
477:
476:
473:United Kingdom
461:
445:
436:
435:
431:
430:
427:
426:
424:
423:
409:Czechoslovakia
381:Weimar Germany
369:
364:, transfer of
354:
352:
346:
345:
334:
330:
329:
326:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
294:
293:
291:
287:
286:
284:
283:
275:
267:
259:
251:
243:
236:
228:
221:
210:Peace treaties
209:
208:
207:
196:
188:
187:
185:
184:
173:
166:
159:
152:Sopwith Camels
148:
137:
129:
114:
113:
105:
104:
103:
94:
93:
85:
84:
83:
74:
73:
65:
64:
63:
62:
61:
58:
57:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22628:
22617:
22614:
22612:
22609:
22607:
22604:
22602:
22599:
22597:
22594:
22592:
22589:
22587:
22584:
22582:
22579:
22577:
22574:
22572:
22569:
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22564:
22562:
22559:
22557:
22554:
22552:
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22542:
22539:
22537:
22534:
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22479:
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22459:
22457:
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22449:
22447:
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22442:
22439:
22437:
22434:
22432:
22429:
22427:
22424:
22422:
22419:
22417:
22414:
22412:
22409:
22407:
22404:
22402:
22399:
22397:
22394:
22392:
22389:
22387:
22384:
22382:
22379:
22377:
22374:
22372:
22369:
22367:
22364:
22362:
22359:
22358:
22356:
22341:
22338:
22336:
22333:
22331:
22328:
22326:
22323:
22321:
22318:
22316:
22313:
22311:
22308:
22306:
22303:
22301:
22298:
22296:
22293:
22291:
22288:
22286:
22283:
22281:
22278:
22276:
22273:
22271:
22268:
22266:
22263:
22261:
22258:
22256:
22253:
22251:
22248:
22246:
22243:
22241:
22238:
22236:
22233:
22231:
22228:
22226:
22223:
22222:
22220:
22214:
22206:
22203:
22199:
22196:
22194:
22191:
22190:
22189:
22186:
22182:
22179:
22178:
22177:
22174:
22168:
22165:
22163:
22160:
22159:
22158:
22155:
22153:
22150:
22148:
22145:
22141:
22138:
22137:
22136:
22133:
22132:
22131:
22128:
22124:
22121:
22119:
22116:
22114:
22111:
22110:
22109:
22106:
22105:
22104:
22101:
22097:
22094:
22092:
22089:
22088:
22087:
22084:
22080:
22077:
22075:
22072:
22070:
22067:
22065:
22062:
22060:
22057:
22055:
22052:
22051:
22050:
22047:
22043:
22040:
22038:
22035:
22031:
22028:
22026:
22023:
22021:
22018:
22016:
22013:
22011:
22008:
22007:
22006:
22003:
21999:
21996:
21994:
21991:
21989:
21986:
21982:
21979:
21978:
21977:
21974:
21973:
21972:
21969:
21968:
21967:
21964:
21963:
21961:
21959:
21955:
21947:
21944:
21942:
21939:
21938:
21937:
21934:
21932:
21929:
21927:
21924:
21922:
21919:
21917:
21914:
21912:
21909:
21907:
21904:
21902:
21899:
21897:
21894:
21892:
21889:
21887:
21884:
21882:
21879:
21877:
21874:
21872:
21869:
21868:
21866:
21864:
21860:
21854:
21851:
21849:
21846:
21844:
21841:
21837:
21834:
21832:
21829:
21828:
21827:
21824:
21822:
21819:
21817:
21814:
21810:
21807:
21805:
21802:
21800:
21797:
21796:
21795:
21792:
21790:
21787:
21785:
21782:
21778:
21775:
21773:
21770:
21768:
21765:
21764:
21763:
21760:
21756:
21753:
21752:
21751:
21748:
21746:
21743:
21739:
21736:
21734:
21731:
21729:
21726:
21724:
21721:
21719:
21716:
21714:
21711:
21709:
21706:
21704:
21701:
21699:
21696:
21695:
21694:
21691:
21690:
21688:
21686:
21682:
21676:
21673:
21669:
21666:
21662:
21659:
21657:
21654:
21653:
21652:
21649:
21647:
21644:
21640:
21637:
21635:
21632:
21631:
21630:
21627:
21625:
21622:
21620:
21617:
21616:
21615:
21614:Modern period
21612:
21610:
21607:
21605:
21602:
21600:
21597:
21596:
21594:
21590:
21584:
21581:
21579:
21576:
21574:
21571:
21569:
21566:
21564:
21561:
21559:
21556:
21555:
21553:
21549:
21545:
21541:
21540:Eastern world
21534:
21529:
21527:
21522:
21520:
21515:
21514:
21511:
21499:
21496:
21494:
21491:
21489:
21486:
21484:
21481:
21479:
21476:
21474:
21471:
21469:
21466:
21464:
21461:
21459:
21456:
21454:
21451:
21449:
21446:
21444:
21443:PROSUR/PROSUL
21441:
21439:
21436:
21434:
21431:
21429:
21426:
21424:
21421:
21419:
21416:
21414:
21411:
21409:
21406:
21404:
21401:
21399:
21396:
21394:
21391:
21389:
21386:
21384:
21381:
21379:
21376:
21374:
21371:
21369:
21366:
21364:
21361:
21359:
21356:
21354:
21351:
21349:
21346:
21344:
21341:
21339:
21338:Craiova Group
21336:
21334:
21331:
21329:
21326:
21324:
21321:
21319:
21316:
21314:
21311:
21309:
21306:
21304:
21301:
21299:
21296:
21294:
21291:
21289:
21286:
21284:
21281:
21279:
21276:
21274:
21271:
21269:
21266:
21264:
21261:
21259:
21256:
21254:
21253:ABCANZ Armies
21251:
21250:
21248:
21242:
21236:
21233:
21231:
21228:
21224:
21221:
21219:
21216:
21214:
21211:
21209:
21206:
21204:
21201:
21199:
21196:
21195:
21194:
21191:
21189:
21186:
21182:
21179:
21178:
21177:
21174:
21172:
21169:
21168:
21166:
21164:
21160:
21154:
21151:
21149:
21146:
21142:
21139:
21137:
21134:
21132:
21129:
21127:
21124:
21120:
21117:
21115:
21112:
21110:
21107:
21105:
21102:
21101:
21100:
21097:
21095:
21092:
21090:
21087:
21085:
21082:
21081:
21080:
21077:
21071:
21068:
21067:
21066:
21063:
21059:
21058:Protestantism
21056:
21052:
21049:
21048:
21047:
21044:
21040:
21037:
21036:
21035:
21032:
21028:
21024:
21021:
21020:
21019:
21016:
21015:
21014:
21011:
21010:
21009:
21006:
21005:
21003:
21001:
20997:
20989:
20986:
20985:
20984:
20981:
20979:
20978:Sovereigntism
20976:
20974:
20971:
20967:
20966:
20962:
20961:
20960:
20957:
20953:
20950:
20949:
20948:
20945:
20943:
20940:
20938:
20935:
20933:
20930:
20928:
20925:
20923:
20920:
20918:
20915:
20911:
20908:
20906:
20903:
20902:
20901:
20898:
20894:
20891:
20890:
20889:
20886:
20884:
20881:
20879:
20876:
20874:
20873:Scholasticism
20871:
20869:
20866:
20864:
20861:
20859:
20856:
20854:
20851:
20849:
20846:
20844:
20841:
20840:
20838:
20836:
20832:
20824:
20821:
20819:
20816:
20814:
20811:
20809:
20806:
20805:
20804:
20801:
20797:
20794:
20793:
20792:
20789:
20785:
20782:
20780:
20777:
20776:
20775:
20772:
20768:
20765:
20764:
20763:
20760:
20758:
20755:
20751:
20748:
20746:
20743:
20741:
20738:
20737:
20736:
20733:
20729:
20726:
20725:
20724:
20721:
20717:
20714:
20713:
20712:
20709:
20705:
20702:
20700:
20697:
20696:
20695:
20692:
20690:
20687:
20685:
20682:
20680:
20677:
20673:
20670:
20669:
20668:
20665:
20663:
20660:
20656:
20653:
20652:
20651:
20648:
20644:
20641:
20640:
20639:
20636:
20632:
20629:
20628:
20627:
20624:
20622:
20619:
20615:
20612:
20611:
20610:
20607:
20605:
20602:
20598:
20595:
20593:
20590:
20588:
20585:
20584:
20583:
20580:
20579:
20577:
20575:
20571:
20563:
20562:War on terror
20560:
20558:
20555:
20554:
20553:
20550:
20546:
20543:
20541:
20538:
20536:
20533:
20531:
20528:
20526:
20523:
20521:
20518:
20516:
20513:
20511:
20508:
20506:
20503:
20501:
20498:
20496:
20493:
20491:
20488:
20486:
20483:
20481:
20478:
20476:
20473:
20471:
20468:
20466:
20463:
20461:
20458:
20457:
20456:
20455:Modern period
20453:
20451:
20448:
20444:
20441:
20439:
20436:
20434:
20431:
20430:
20429:
20426:
20422:
20419:
20418:
20417:
20414:
20412:
20409:
20408:
20406:
20404:
20400:
20394:
20391:
20389:
20386:
20384:
20381:
20379:
20376:
20370:
20367:
20365:
20362:
20361:
20360:
20357:
20355:
20352:
20350:
20347:
20345:
20342:
20341:
20340:
20337:
20335:
20332:
20330:
20327:
20326:
20324:
20320:
20316:
20312:
20311:Western world
20305:
20300:
20298:
20293:
20291:
20286:
20285:
20282:
20270:
20267:
20261:
20258:
20256:
20253:
20251:
20248:
20247:
20245:
20243:
20240:
20238:
20235:
20234:
20233:
20230:
20228:
20227:Italo-Turkish
20225:
20223:
20220:
20218:
20215:
20213:
20210:
20208:
20205:
20203:
20200:
20198:
20195:
20193:
20190:
20188:
20185:
20183:
20182:Russo-Turkish
20180:
20179:
20177:
20173:
20167:
20164:
20162:
20159:
20155:
20154:Treaty of Fes
20152:
20151:
20150:
20149:Agadir Crisis
20147:
20143:
20140:
20139:
20138:
20135:
20133:
20130:
20128:
20125:
20123:
20120:
20118:
20115:
20111:
20108:
20104:
20101:
20099:
20098:
20094:
20093:
20092:
20089:
20088:
20086:
20084:
20083:
20079:
20077:
20074:
20072:
20069:
20067:
20064:
20062:
20059:
20057:
20054:
20052:
20049:
20047:
20044:
20043:
20041:
20037:
20031:
20028:
20026:
20023:
20021:
20018:
20016:
20013:
20009:
20006:
20005:
20004:
20001:
19999:
19996:
19994:
19991:
19989:
19986:
19984:
19981:
19979:
19976:
19972:
19969:
19968:
19967:
19964:
19962:
19959:
19958:
19956:
19950:
19942:
19939:
19938:
19937:
19934:
19932:
19929:
19927:
19924:
19918:
19915:
19913:
19910:
19908:
19905:
19903:
19900:
19899:
19898:
19895:
19891:
19888:
19887:
19886:
19883:
19882:
19881:
19878:
19876:
19873:
19869:
19866:
19865:
19864:
19861:
19857:
19854:
19852:
19849:
19847:
19844:
19843:
19842:
19839:
19837:
19834:
19833:
19831:
19827:
19821:
19820:Balkan League
19818:
19816:
19813:
19811:
19808:
19806:
19803:
19799:
19796:
19794:
19791:
19789:
19786:
19785:
19784:
19781:
19777:
19776:Dual Alliance
19774:
19773:
19772:
19769:
19768:
19766:
19762:
19756:
19755:United States
19753:
19751:
19748:
19746:
19743:
19741:
19738:
19736:
19733:
19731:
19728:
19726:
19723:
19721:
19718:
19717:
19715:
19711:
19707:
19700:
19695:
19693:
19688:
19686:
19681:
19680:
19677:
19665:
19662:
19661:
19658:
19651:
19647:
19643:
19639:
19636:
19634:
19631:
19629:
19628:Petar Bojović
19626:
19624:
19621:
19619:
19616:
19614:
19611:
19610:
19609:
19606:
19602:
19599:
19597:
19594:
19592:
19589:
19588:
19587:
19584:
19580:
19577:
19575:
19572:
19570:
19567:
19565:
19562:
19560:
19557:
19555:
19552:
19550:
19547:
19545:
19542:
19540:
19537:
19536:
19535:
19532:
19528:
19527:Janko Vukotić
19525:
19523:
19520:
19518:
19515:
19514:
19513:
19510:
19506:
19503:
19501:
19498:
19496:
19493:
19491:
19488:
19486:
19483:
19481:
19480:Constantine I
19478:
19476:
19473:
19472:
19471:
19468:
19464:
19461:
19459:
19456:
19454:
19451:
19449:
19448:Nikola Ivanov
19446:
19444:
19441:
19439:
19436:
19434:
19431:
19429:
19426:
19424:
19421:
19419:
19416:
19415:
19414:
19411:
19410:
19408:
19404:
19398:
19395:
19393:
19390:
19388:
19385:
19383:
19380:
19378:
19375:
19373:
19370:
19369:
19367:
19363:
19355:
19352:
19350:
19347:
19346:
19345:
19342:
19340:
19337:
19335:
19331:
19328:
19326:
19323:
19321:
19318:
19317:
19315:
19311:
19307:
19302:
19296:
19293:
19292:
19290:
19286:
19280:
19277:
19275:
19272:
19270:
19267:
19265:
19262:
19260:
19257:
19256:
19254:
19250:
19244:
19241:
19239:
19236:
19234:
19231:
19229:
19226:
19224:
19221:
19219:
19216:
19214:
19211:
19209:
19206:
19204:
19201:
19199:
19196:
19195:
19193:
19189:
19185:
19184:
19178:
19172:
19169:
19167:
19164:
19162:
19159:
19157:
19154:
19153:
19151:
19147:
19141:
19138:
19136:
19133:
19131:
19128:
19126:
19123:
19121:
19118:
19116:
19113:
19111:
19108:
19106:
19103:
19101:
19098:
19096:
19093:
19091:
19090:First Çatalca
19088:
19086:
19083:
19081:
19078:
19076:
19073:
19071:
19068:
19066:
19063:
19061:
19058:
19056:
19053:
19051:
19048:
19046:
19043:
19041:
19038:
19036:
19035:Pente Pigadia
19033:
19031:
19028:
19026:
19023:
19022:
19020:
19016:
19012:
19011:
19005:
18999:
18998:Balkan League
18996:
18994:
18991:
18989:
18986:
18984:
18981:
18979:
18976:
18974:
18971:
18969:
18966:
18964:
18961:
18959:
18956:
18954:
18950:
18947:
18945:
18942:
18940:
18937:
18935:
18932:
18930:
18926:
18924:
18921:
18917:
18914:
18912:
18909:
18907:
18904:
18902:
18899:
18898:
18897:
18894:
18893:
18891:
18887:
18883:
18876:
18871:
18869:
18864:
18862:
18857:
18856:
18853:
18841:
18838:
18836:
18833:
18832:
18830:
18826:
18819:
18815:
18811:
18808:
18806:
18803:
18801:
18798:
18796:
18793:
18791:
18788:
18786:
18783:
18781:
18778:
18776:
18773:
18771:
18768:
18766:
18763:
18761:
18758:
18756:
18753:
18751:
18748:
18746:
18743:
18741:
18740:Liechtenstein
18738:
18736:
18733:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18723:
18721:
18718:
18716:
18713:
18711:
18708:
18706:
18703:
18701:
18698:
18696:
18693:
18691:
18688:
18686:
18683:
18681:
18678:
18676:
18673:
18672:
18670:
18666:
18660:
18657:
18655:
18652:
18650:
18647:
18645:
18642:
18640:
18637:
18635:
18632:
18630:
18627:
18625:
18622:
18620:
18617:
18615:
18612:
18610:
18607:
18605:
18602:
18601:
18599:
18595:
18589:
18586:
18584:
18583:United States
18581:
18579:
18576:
18574:
18571:
18570:
18568:
18564:
18558:
18555:
18553:
18550:
18548:
18545:
18543:
18540:
18538:
18535:
18533:
18530:
18528:
18525:
18523:
18520:
18518:
18515:
18514:
18512:
18508:
18503:
18495:
18490:
18488:
18483:
18481:
18476:
18475:
18472:
18460:
18457:
18456:
18453:
18443:
18442:
18438:
18436:
18435:
18431:
18429:
18426:
18424:
18423:
18419:
18418:
18416:
18412:
18402:
18399:
18395:
18392:
18390:
18387:
18385:
18382:
18380:
18377:
18375:
18372:
18371:
18370:
18367:
18365:
18362:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18349:
18347:
18345:
18342:
18341:
18339:
18333:
18327:
18324:
18322:
18319:
18317:
18314:
18312:
18309:
18307:
18304:
18302:
18299:
18297:
18294:
18292:
18289:
18287:
18284:
18282:
18279:
18278:
18276:
18272:
18266:
18263:
18261:
18258:
18256:
18253:
18251:
18248:
18246:
18243:
18242:
18240:
18238:
18234:
18228:
18227:United States
18225:
18223:
18220:
18218:
18215:
18213:
18210:
18208:
18205:
18203:
18200:
18198:
18195:
18193:
18190:
18188:
18185:
18184:
18182:
18178:
18175:
18172:
18167:
18157:
18154:
18152:
18149:
18147:
18144:
18142:
18139:
18135:
18132:
18130:
18127:
18125:
18122:
18121:
18120:
18117:
18115:
18112:
18110:
18107:
18105:
18102:
18098:
18095:
18091:
18088:
18087:
18086:
18083:
18082:
18080:
18079:
18077:
18075:
18071:
18063:
18060:
18058:
18055:
18054:
18052:
18051:
18049:
18047:
18043:
18035:
18032:
18030:
18026:
18023:
18021:
18018:
18017:
18015:
18013:
18010:
18006:
18003:
18002:
18000:
17999:
17997:
17995:
17991:
17983:
17980:
17978:
17975:
17974:
17972:
17970:
17967:
17963:
17962:
17958:
17956:
17953:
17951:
17948:
17946:
17943:
17942:
17940:
17936:
17933:
17931:
17928:
17927:
17925:
17923:
17920:
17919:
17917:
17913:
17907:
17904:
17902:
17899:
17897:
17894:
17893:
17891:
17887:
17879:
17876:
17874:
17871:
17870:
17868:
17866:
17863:
17859:
17856:
17855:
17853:
17852:
17850:
17844:
17839:
17829:
17828:United States
17826:
17822:
17819:
17818:
17817:
17814:
17812:
17809:
17807:
17804:
17802:
17799:
17798:
17796:
17792:
17786:
17783:
17779:
17778:Convoy system
17776:
17775:
17774:
17773:Naval warfare
17771:
17769:
17766:
17764:
17761:
17759:
17756:
17754:
17751:
17747:
17744:
17743:
17742:
17739:
17738:
17736:
17732:
17729:
17725:
17714:
17711:
17708:
17705:
17702:
17699:
17696:
17693:
17688:
17685:
17682:
17679:
17676:
17673:
17670:
17667:
17666:
17665:
17662:
17659:
17656:
17653:
17650:
17647:
17644:
17641:
17638:
17635:
17632:
17629:
17626:
17623:
17620:
17617:
17614:
17611:
17608:
17605:
17602:
17599:
17596:
17593:
17590:
17587:
17584:
17581:
17578:
17575:
17572:
17569:
17566:
17563:
17560:
17559:
17557:
17553:
17546:
17543:
17540:
17537:
17534:
17533:Kaocen revolt
17531:
17528:
17527:Easter Rising
17525:
17522:
17519:
17516:
17513:
17510:
17507:
17505:
17502:
17499:
17496:
17493:
17490:
17487:
17484:
17481:
17478:
17475:
17472:
17469:
17466:
17463:
17460:
17457:
17454:
17451:
17448:
17445:
17442:
17441:
17439:
17435:
17429:
17426:
17424:
17421:
17419:
17416:
17414:
17411:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17389:
17386:
17384:
17381:
17379:
17376:
17374:
17371:
17369:
17366:
17364:
17361:
17359:
17356:
17354:
17351:
17349:
17346:
17344:
17341:
17339:
17336:
17334:
17331:
17329:
17326:
17325:
17323:
17321:
17317:
17311:
17308:
17306:
17303:
17301:
17298:
17296:
17293:
17291:
17288:
17286:
17283:
17281:
17278:
17276:
17273:
17271:
17268:
17266:
17263:
17261:
17258:
17256:
17253:
17251:
17248:
17246:
17243:
17241:
17238:
17236:
17233:
17231:
17228:
17227:
17225:
17223:
17219:
17213:
17210:
17208:
17205:
17203:
17200:
17198:
17195:
17193:
17190:
17186:
17183:
17182:
17181:
17178:
17176:
17173:
17171:
17168:
17166:
17163:
17161:
17158:
17156:
17153:
17152:
17150:
17146:
17140:
17137:
17135:
17132:
17130:
17127:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17110:
17107:
17105:
17102:
17100:
17099:Great Retreat
17097:
17095:
17092:
17090:
17087:
17085:
17082:
17080:
17077:
17075:
17074:
17069:
17067:
17064:
17062:
17059:
17057:
17054:
17053:
17051:
17047:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16991:
16988:
16986:
16983:
16981:
16978:
16976:
16973:
16971:
16970:Battle of Cer
16968:
16966:
16963:
16961:
16958:
16957:
16955:
16951:
16945:
16942:
16940:
16937:
16935:
16932:
16928:
16925:
16924:
16923:
16920:
16919:
16917:
16913:
16906:
16903:
16900:
16897:
16894:
16891:
16888:
16887:Agadir Crisis
16885:
16882:
16879:
16876:
16873:
16870:
16867:
16864:
16861:
16858:
16855:
16854:
16852:
16848:
16845:
16843:
16839:
16829:
16826:
16824:
16821:
16819:
16816:
16814:
16811:
16809:
16806:
16804:
16801:
16799:
16796:
16794:
16791:
16790:
16788:
16786:
16782:
16776:
16775:United States
16773:
16769:
16766:
16765:
16764:
16761:
16759:
16756:
16754:
16751:
16747:
16744:
16742:
16739:
16738:
16737:
16734:
16732:
16729:
16727:
16724:
16722:
16719:
16715:
16712:
16711:
16710:
16707:
16705:
16702:
16700:
16697:
16693:
16692:French Empire
16690:
16689:
16688:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16673:
16670:
16668:
16665:
16664:
16662:
16660:
16656:
16653:
16645:
16635:
16634:Mediterranean
16632:
16628:
16625:
16624:
16623:
16620:
16619:
16617:
16615:
16614:Naval warfare
16611:
16605:
16602:
16600:
16597:
16595:
16592:
16591:
16589:
16587:
16583:
16577:
16574:
16572:
16569:
16567:
16564:
16562:
16559:
16557:
16554:
16553:
16551:
16549:
16545:
16539:
16536:
16534:
16531:
16529:
16526:
16524:
16521:
16519:
16516:
16514:
16511:
16509:
16506:
16505:
16503:
16501:
16497:
16491:
16490:Italian Front
16488:
16484:
16481:
16480:
16479:
16478:Eastern Front
16476:
16474:
16473:Western Front
16471:
16467:
16464:
16463:
16462:
16459:
16458:
16456:
16454:
16450:
16447:
16443:
16437:
16434:
16432:
16431:Puppet states
16429:
16427:
16424:
16422:
16419:
16417:
16414:
16412:
16409:
16407:
16404:
16402:
16399:
16397:
16394:
16392:
16389:
16387:
16384:
16382:
16379:
16377:
16374:
16373:
16370:
16366:
16359:
16354:
16352:
16347:
16345:
16340:
16339:
16336:
16330:
16327:
16325:
16322:
16320:
16316:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16304:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16291:
16288:
16286:
16283:
16282:
16274:
16273:
16268:
16266:
16262:
16259:
16256:
16253:
16251:
16247:
16244:
16241:
16239:
16236:
16234:
16230:
16226:
16224:
16221:
16219:
16216:
16214:
16211:
16209:
16206:
16203:
16200:
16197:
16194:
16193:
16189:
16185:
16151:
16141:
16131:
16130:
16103:
16097:
16093:
16088:
16084:
16078:
16074:
16069:
16065:
16059:
16055:
16050:
16046:
16042:
16038:
16032:
16028:
16023:
16019:
16014:
16010:
16006:
16002:
15996:
15992:
15987:
15983:
15979:
15975:
15969:
15964:
15963:
15957:
15953:
15949:
15943:
15939:
15935:
15934:
15928:
15924:
15918:
15915:. Routledge.
15914:
15909:
15897:
15893:
15887:
15883:
15882:
15876:
15872:
15868:
15864:
15858:
15854:
15849:
15837:
15833:
15832:
15826:
15811:
15807:
15803:
15799:
15792:
15787:
15775:
15771:
15765:
15761:
15760:
15755:
15751:
15747:
15741:
15737:
15732:
15720:
15716:
15712:
15708:
15704:
15700:
15695:
15691:
15685:
15681:
15676:
15672:
15668:
15664:
15658:
15654:
15650:
15649:Strachan, Hew
15646:
15642:
15636:
15632:
15627:
15623:
15617:
15613:
15608:
15604:
15600:
15596:
15590:
15586:
15581:
15577:
15573:
15569:
15563:
15559:
15555:
15551:
15547:
15541:
15537:
15532:
15528:
15524:
15519:
15514:
15510:
15506:
15502:
15498:
15497:
15492:
15487:
15475:
15471:
15467:
15462:
15458:
15454:
15450:
15445:
15442:
15429:
15425:
15419:
15415:
15414:
15408:
15404:
15398:
15394:
15393:
15387:
15383:
15379:
15375:
15371:
15367:
15363:
15358:
15354:
15350:
15346:
15342:
15338:
15334:
15329:
15325:
15321:
15317:
15311:
15306:
15305:
15298:
15286:
15282:
15277:
15273:
15267:
15263:
15258:
15246:
15242:
15238:
15233:
15221:
15217:
15213:
15211:
15204:
15200:
15196:
15192:
15188:
15184:
15180:
15175:
15173:
15167:
15163:
15159:
15153:
15149:
15144:
15140:
15136:
15132:
15128:
15123:
15119:
15113:
15109:
15104:
15100:
15096:
15092:
15086:
15082:
15078:
15074:
15070:
15066:
15062:
15058:
15054:
15050:
15046:
15042:
15037:
15033:
15027:
15023:
15022:
15016:
15012:
15008:
15004:
15000:
14996:
14992:
14988:
14984:
14979:
14975:
14969:
14965:
14960:
14956:
14950:
14946:
14941:
14929:
14925:
14924:
14918:
14914:
14910:
14906:
14900:
14896:
14895:
14889:
14885:
14879:
14875:
14870:
14866:
14862:
14858:
14854:
14850:
14846:
14845:
14839:
14835:
14829:
14825:
14820:
14816:
14810:
14806:
14802:
14798:
14786:
14782:
14778:
14774:
14769:
14765:
14759:
14755:
14750:
14746:
14742:
14738:
14732:
14728:
14723:
14719:
14715:
14711:
14707:
14703:
14697:
14693:
14689:
14685:
14680:
14676:
14672:
14668:
14662:
14658:
14654:
14650:
14646:
14642:
14638:
14634:
14630:
14626:
14622:
14618:
14613:
14609:
14605:
14601:
14595:
14591:
14586:
14582:
14576:
14572:
14567:
14563:
14557:
14553:
14549:
14545:
14541:
14537:
14533:
14527:
14523:
14518:
14514:
14510:
14506:
14500:
14496:
14491:
14487:
14483:
14479:
14475:
14471:
14467:
14462:
14458:
14452:
14448:
14443:
14428:
14421:
14420:
14414:
14410:
14404:
14400:
14395:
14391:
14387:
14383:
14379:
14374:
14370:
14364:
14360:
14355:
14351:
14347:
14343:
14339:
14338:
14332:
14328:
14322:
14318:
14313:
14309:
14305:
14301:
14295:
14291:
14290:
14284:
14280:
14276:
14272:
14268:
14265:(1): 68–105.
14264:
14260:
14255:
14251:
14245:
14241:
14236:
14232:
14226:
14222:
14218:
14214:
14210:
14204:
14200:
14195:
14191:
14190:
14185:
14181:
14177:
14173:
14167:
14163:
14158:
14154:
14148:
14144:
14139:
14135:
14131:
14126:
14122:
14116:
14112:
14107:
14103:
14097:
14093:
14088:
14084:
14078:
14074:
14069:
14065:
14061:
14057:
14051:
14047:
14042:
14038:
14032:
14028:
14027:
14021:
14017:
14011:
14008:. Routledge.
14007:
14002:
13998:
13994:
13990:
13984:
13980:
13975:
13971:
13965:
13961:
13960:
13955:
13951:
13947:
13943:
13939:
13935:
13930:
13926:
13920:
13916:
13911:
13907:
13901:
13897:
13892:
13888:
13884:
13880:
13874:
13870:
13866:
13862:
13858:
13853:
13849:
13843:
13839:
13835:
13831:
13827:
13823:
13819:
13813:
13809:
13805:
13801:
13797:
13793:
13789:
13783:
13779:
13774:
13770:
13764:
13760:
13759:
13753:
13741:
13737:
13733:
13729:
13724:
13712:
13708:
13702:
13698:
13697:
13692:
13688:
13684:
13678:
13674:
13669:
13665:
13659:
13655:
13650:
13638:
13634:
13628:
13624:
13623:
13617:
13613:
13609:
13605:
13599:
13595:
13590:
13586:
13580:
13576:
13571:
13567:
13561:
13558:. Routledge.
13557:
13552:
13548:
13542:
13538:
13533:
13518:
13511:
13510:
13504:
13500:
13494:
13489:
13488:
13482:
13478:
13466:
13462:
13458:
13454:
13453:
13447:
13443:
13437:
13433:
13428:
13424:
13418:
13415:. CEF Books.
13414:
13409:
13405:
13399:
13395:
13391:
13387:
13383:
13377:
13373:
13369:
13365:
13353:
13349:
13343:
13339:
13338:
13332:
13328:
13322:
13318:
13313:
13309:
13303:
13299:
13298:The Great War
13294:
13290:
13284:
13280:
13275:
13271:
13269:0-520-08010-6
13265:
13260:
13259:
13252:
13248:
13247:
13242:
13238:
13234:
13228:
13224:
13220:
13219:Axelrod, Alan
13216:
13215:
13211:
13196:
13192:
13189:
13188:free download
13185:
13179:
13170:
13165:
13161:
13157:
13156:
13151:
13144:
13136:
13129:
13127:
13119:
13114:
13098:
13094:
13088:
13072:
13068:
13062:
13046:
13042:
13036:
13020:
13016:
13015:kclibrary.org
13012:
13006:
12990:
12986:
12982:
12977:
12972:
12968:
12964:
12960:
12956:
12952:
12951:"John McCrae"
12945:
12937:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12919:
12915:
12911:
12907:
12903:
12902:"John McCrae"
12897:
12881:
12877:
12873:
12867:
12851:
12847:
12843:
12837:
12829:
12828:
12819:
12811:
12805:
12800:
12799:
12790:
12783:
12778:
12771:
12766:
12760:
12755:
12748:
12744:
12740:
12734:
12727:
12722:
12715:
12710:
12702:
12696:
12692:
12691:
12683:
12676:
12670:
12668:
12651:
12647:
12641:
12637:
12636:
12628:
12612:
12608:
12607:
12602:
12596:
12590:
12586:
12582:
12576:
12570:, p. 62.
12569:
12564:
12557:
12551:
12544:
12539:
12531:
12525:
12521:
12514:
12508:
12503:
12487:
12483:
12479:
12473:
12457:
12453:
12449:
12443:
12427:
12423:
12419:
12413:
12406:
12402:
12397:
12390:
12385:
12379:, p. 596
12378:
12373:
12371:
12363:
12358:
12351:
12346:
12339:
12334:
12327:
12322:
12315:
12310:
12294:
12290:
12284:
12268:
12264:
12258:
12254:
12253:
12245:
12238:
12233:
12226:
12221:
12219:
12211:
12206:
12199:
12194:
12178:
12174:
12170:
12163:
12147:
12143:
12139:
12133:
12117:
12113:
12109:
12102:
12086:
12082:
12081:The Telegraph
12077:
12069:
12063:, p. 233
12062:
12057:
12049:
12043:
12039:
12032:
12025:
12020:
12014:, p. 237
12013:
12008:
12006:
11998:
11993:
11977:
11973:
11967:
11963:
11959:
11952:
11945:
11940:
11924:
11920:
11916:
11909:
11901:
11895:
11891:
11884:
11868:
11864:
11860:
11856:
11852:
11848:
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11840:
11836:
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11825:
11809:
11805:
11801:
11797:
11793:
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11781:
11774:
11758:
11754:
11750:
11746:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11728:
11724:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11705:
11697:
11695:9780060528423
11691:
11687:
11686:
11678:
11670:
11664:
11659:
11658:
11649:
11642:
11641:
11634:
11618:
11615:. CBC. 2001.
11614:
11608:
11592:
11588:
11582:
11576:
11575:archive.today
11572:
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11551:
11547:
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11531:
11524:
11517:
11512:
11505:
11500:
11493:
11492:Ferguson 1999
11488:
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11429:
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11421:
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11393:
11385:
11374:
11367:
11360:
11353:
11348:
11329:
11322:
11316:
11309:
11308:Ferguson 2006
11304:
11288:
11284:
11278:
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11273:
11265:
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11241:
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11017:
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10999:
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10907:
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10894:
10887:
10882:
10875:
10870:
10863:
10858:
10851:
10846:
10839:
10834:
10825:
10819:, p. 22.
10818:
10813:
10797:
10793:
10789:
10782:
10774:
10770:
10766:
10760:
10753:
10749:
10745:
10742:
10737:
10722:on 1 May 2008
10721:
10717:
10713:
10706:
10690:
10686:
10685:
10680:
10674:
10668:
10664:
10661:
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10637:
10633:
10626:
10607:
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10602:
10594:
10588:
10569:
10565:
10564:
10556:
10550:
10543:
10538:
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10524:
10520:
10513:
10504:
10488:
10484:
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10459:
10452:
10446:
10438:
10437:
10429:
10421:
10420:
10412:
10404:
10398:
10394:
10387:
10380:
10375:
10368:
10363:
10344:
10337:
10331:
10323:
10322:
10317:
10311:
10303:
10302:
10297:
10291:
10283:
10282:
10277:
10271:
10263:
10262:
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10251:
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10242:
10237:
10231:
10215:
10211:
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10205:
10199:
10191:
10185:
10181:
10174:
10166:
10160:
10156:
10149:
10143:
10139:
10134:
10132:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10113:
10108:
10102:, Chapter 17.
10101:
10096:
10089:
10084:
10076:
10072:
10066:
10058:
10052:
10048:
10041:
10022:
10014:
10007:
10000:
9995:
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9983:
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9973:
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9955:
9947:
9940:
9933:
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9912:
9908:
9904:
9898:
9882:
9878:
9874:
9868:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9838:
9836:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9805:
9789:
9785:
9781:
9775:
9768:
9767:Christie 1997
9763:
9757:, p. 49.
9756:
9751:
9745:
9740:
9732:
9726:
9722:
9715:
9708:
9703:
9695:
9691:
9687:
9681:
9676:
9675:
9666:
9659:
9654:
9648:, p. 86.
9647:
9642:
9635:
9634:Westwell 2004
9630:
9623:
9618:
9611:
9606:
9599:
9598:Erickson 2001
9594:
9578:
9574:
9568:
9552:
9548:
9542:
9534:
9528:
9524:
9517:
9501:
9497:
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9483:
9479:
9475:
9471:
9465:
9457:
9453:
9449:
9442:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9419:
9412:
9411:Erickson 2001
9407:
9400:
9395:
9389:, p. 66.
9388:
9383:
9376:
9371:
9364:
9363:Strachan 2003
9359:
9352:
9347:
9340:
9335:
9328:
9323:
9316:
9311:
9304:
9299:
9292:
9287:
9280:
9275:
9268:
9263:
9256:
9251:
9244:
9240:
9236:
9230:
9221:
9214:
9209:
9202:
9197:
9190:
9185:
9178:
9173:
9166:
9161:
9145:
9141:
9140:
9135:
9128:
9126:
9124:
9116:
9111:
9104:
9099:
9092:
9091:Crampton 1994
9087:
9078:
9069:
9062:
9057:
9050:
9045:
9038:
9033:
9031:
9023:
9018:
9011:
9006:
9004:
8996:
8995:Jelavich 1992
8991:
8975:
8971:
8969:9781449637286
8965:
8961:
8957:
8956:
8948:
8941:
8936:
8929:
8924:
8918:
8913:
8906:
8901:
8894:
8889:
8882:
8877:
8870:
8869:Thompson 2009
8865:
8858:
8853:
8846:
8841:
8834:
8829:
8822:
8821:Thompson 2009
8817:
8810:
8805:
8798:
8793:
8787:, p. 57.
8786:
8785:Thompson 2009
8781:
8774:
8769:
8762:
8761:Thompson 2009
8757:
8751:, p. 14.
8750:
8749:Thompson 2009
8745:
8738:
8733:
8726:
8725:Thompson 2009
8721:
8715:, p. 13.
8714:
8713:Thompson 2009
8709:
8701:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8681:
8674:
8669:
8662:
8657:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8626:
8617:
8610:
8605:
8603:
8595:
8590:
8582:
8581:
8573:
8566:
8560:
8552:
8546:
8542:
8541:
8533:
8525:
8519:
8515:
8514:
8506:
8498:
8492:
8488:
8487:
8482:
8476:
8469:
8464:
8448:
8444:
8437:
8430:
8425:
8418:
8417:
8412:
8406:
8398:
8392:
8388:
8381:
8374:
8369:
8362:
8357:
8350:
8345:
8338:
8333:
8326:
8322:
8317:
8311:
8306:
8290:
8286:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8271:
8266:
8260:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8229:
8223:, p. 80.
8222:
8217:
8210:
8205:
8198:
8193:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8159:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8144:
8140:
8139:Naval History
8136:
8130:
8124:, p. 50.
8123:
8118:
8111:
8106:
8099:
8094:
8087:
8082:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8031:
8024:
8019:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7988:
7981:
7976:
7969:
7964:
7957:
7952:
7936:
7932:
7925:
7918:
7913:
7907:, p. 99.
7906:
7901:
7894:
7893:Raudzens 1990
7889:
7882:
7881:Raudzens 1990
7877:
7869:
7865:
7859:
7843:
7839:
7833:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7802:
7795:
7790:
7783:
7778:
7771:
7766:
7759:
7754:
7747:
7742:
7736:, p. 79.
7735:
7730:
7723:
7718:
7711:
7706:
7699:
7694:
7688:, p. 55.
7687:
7682:
7676:, p. 54.
7675:
7670:
7663:
7658:
7652:, p. 23.
7651:
7646:
7640:, p. 22.
7639:
7634:
7628:, p. 22.
7627:
7622:
7620:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7589:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7559:
7552:
7547:
7540:
7535:
7528:
7527:Strachan 2003
7523:
7516:
7511:
7505:, p. 29.
7504:
7503:Willmott 2003
7499:
7492:
7487:
7480:
7475:
7469:, p. 29.
7468:
7463:
7456:
7451:
7445:, p. 45.
7444:
7439:
7433:, p. 27.
7432:
7427:
7420:
7415:
7408:
7403:
7396:
7391:
7384:
7379:
7372:
7367:
7361:, p. 27.
7360:
7359:Willmott 2003
7355:
7348:
7343:
7337:, p. 12.
7336:
7331:
7324:
7319:
7303:
7299:
7293:
7289:
7288:
7280:
7273:
7268:
7261:
7249:
7245:
7239:
7235:
7234:
7226:
7219:
7207:
7203:
7202:
7195:
7188:
7176:
7172:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7152:
7146:
7130:
7126:
7125:
7117:
7111:, p. 26.
7110:
7109:Willmott 2003
7105:
7099:, p. 16.
7098:
7093:
7086:
7081:
7074:
7069:
7062:
7057:
7050:
7045:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6996:Slavic Review
6993:
6986:
6978:
6972:
6957:
6953:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6936:, Routledge,
6935:
6931:
6924:
6909:
6905:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6864:
6857:
6852:
6845:
6844:Willmott 2003
6840:
6834:, p. 73.
6833:
6832:McMeekin 2015
6828:
6822:, p. 69.
6821:
6820:McMeekin 2015
6816:
6809:
6804:
6798:, p. 86.
6797:
6792:
6785:
6784:McMeekin 2015
6780:
6774:, p. 42.
6773:
6768:
6761:
6756:
6750:, p. 45.
6749:
6744:
6737:
6732:
6725:
6720:
6714:, p. 21.
6713:
6712:Willmott 2003
6708:
6706:
6698:
6693:
6687:, p. 15.
6686:
6685:Willmott 2003
6681:
6675:, p. 20.
6674:
6669:
6662:
6657:
6651:, p. 52.
6650:
6645:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6623:
6616:
6611:
6604:
6599:
6592:
6587:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6541:
6537:
6532:
6525:
6509:
6505:
6499:
6492:
6487:
6483:
6468:
6462:
6456:
6449:
6443:
6434:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6419:Joseph Stalin
6414:
6407:
6403:
6397:
6388:
6382:
6378:
6372:
6365:
6361:
6358:Although the
6355:
6348:
6343:
6332:
6326:
6319:
6315:
6310:
6299:
6293:
6284:
6275:
6268:
6262:
6255:
6254:Western Front
6251:
6250:Eastern Front
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6225:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6185:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6164:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6131:mental health
6128:
6124:
6120:
6117:of politics,
6116:
6112:
6108:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6092:metanarrative
6089:
6085:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6057:
6051:
6041:
6039:
6038:Angela Merkel
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6018:Joachim Gauck
6015:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5996:
5988:
5984:
5977:
5972:
5968:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5891:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5867:
5865:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5802:ground attack
5799:
5795:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5784:indirect fire
5777:
5773:
5769:
5767:
5766:Little Willie
5763:
5759:
5758:armoured cars
5755:
5751:
5743:
5742:Sopwith Camel
5740:
5736:
5731:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5683:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5671:Easter Rising
5667:
5658:
5657:Easter Rising
5654:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5620:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5534:Paolo Boselli
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5482:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5465:Dervish state
5462:
5458:
5453:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5435:Transylvanian
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5360:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5339:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5320:Albert Kitson
5316:
5310:
5307:States $ 4.4
5305:
5304:US government
5301:
5291:
5287:
5285:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5264:
5254:
5252:
5246:
5242:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5173:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5131:
5129:
5128:Pontic Greeks
5125:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5082:
5079:, written by
5078:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5013:
5008:
4997:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4880:Mustafa Kemal
4877:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4865:British Crown
4860:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4703:
4698:
4689:
4686:
4685:war memorials
4679:
4675:
4670:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4617:William Orpen
4614:
4610:
4605:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4585:Hohenzollerns
4582:
4575:
4565:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4546:Wilhelmshaven
4543:
4539:
4534:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4470:flag of truce
4461:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4313:final assault
4309:
4306:
4297:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4251:Saint-Quentin
4248:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4208:Jordan Valley
4205:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4099:21st Division
4096:
4093:' capture of
4092:
4088:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:spring attack
4073:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3886:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:US president
3861:
3859:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3843:
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3326:Italian Front
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3313:guerrilla war
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3309:British Egypt
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3305:Italian Libya
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3247:Mesopotamia.
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3113:(ANZACs). In
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2755:stationed at
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2729:Hochseeflotte
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2560:In 1914, the
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2551:Edwin Montagu
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2439:peninsula at
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2257:Great Retreat
2248:
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2242:
2241:ground-to-air
2238:
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2222:
2219:Serbian Army
2217:
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2159:
2154:
2153:Joseph Joffre
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2017:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
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1983:
1982:Bosnian Serbs
1979:
1975:
1974:Trifko Grabež
1971:
1967:
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1848:Balkan League
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1753:Balkan powers
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1601:Dual Alliance
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1562:German Empire
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1477:Ernst Haeckel
1474:
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1409:Baltic states
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1345:Soviet Russia
1342:
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1323:
1319:
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1306:Eastern Front
1303:
1302:Western Front
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1134:
1132:
1131:Mediterranean
1129:
1127:
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1103:
1100:
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1023:
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1016:
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948:
945:
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943:
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938:
935:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
921:
920:Eastern Front
918:
916:
915:Western Front
913:
912:
909:
906:
905:
902:
897:
888:
883:
881:
876:
874:
869:
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768:
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716:
714:
703:
700:
688:
687:
685:
683:
679:
677:
672:
664:
652:
647:
646:United States
635:
631:
619:
617:
607:
606:
600:
588:
585:
573:
571:
560:
558:
547:
544:
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529:
517:
515:
505:
503:
492:
491:
486:
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459:
447:
446:
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442:
441:Allied Powers
438:
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406:
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382:
378:
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348:
347:
344:
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337:Allied Powers
335:
332:
331:
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321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
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109:
98:
89:
78:
69:
59:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
22285:Eastern Bloc
22255:Asia Council
22216:Contemporary
22162:Latin Church
22130:Christianity
22059:Confucianism
21931:Collectivism
21745:Architecture
21651:World War II
21628:
21488:Western Bloc
21288:AUSCANNZUKUS
21244:Contemporary
21193:Human rights
21039:Latin Church
21013:Christianity
20963:
20922:Conservatism
20767:contemporary
20604:Architecture
20540:World War II
20524:
20500:Emancipation
20495:Abolitionism
20383:Romanization
20378:Roman legacy
20359:Roman Empire
20268:
20095:
20091:Anglo-German
20080:
19952:Treaties and
19713:Great powers
19650:Ismail Kemal
19433:Mihail Savov
19428:Stoyan Danev
19406:Participants
19333:
19305:
19223:Kresna Gorge
19181:
19050:Kirk Kilisse
19008:
18944:Cretan State
18547:South Africa
18501:
18439:
18432:
18420:
18027: /
17959:
17794:Conscription
17758:Cryptography
17695:Iraqi Revolt
17129:Siege of Kut
17072:
16650:participants
16599:German Samoa
16533:South Arabia
16364:
16271:
16091:
16072:
16053:
16026:
16020:. Macmillan.
16017:
15990:
15961:
15932:
15912:
15900:. Retrieved
15880:
15852:
15840:. Retrieved
15836:the original
15830:
15817:. Retrieved
15801:
15797:
15778:. Retrieved
15758:
15735:
15723:. Retrieved
15709:(4): 38–47.
15706:
15702:
15679:
15652:
15630:
15611:
15584:
15557:
15535:
15500:
15494:
15478:. Retrieved
15469:
15448:
15439:
15432:. Retrieved
15412:
15391:
15365:
15361:
15339:(1): 27–59.
15336:
15332:
15303:
15289:. Retrieved
15261:
15251:12 September
15249:. Retrieved
15240:
15224:. Retrieved
15215:
15209:
15182:
15178:
15147:
15130:
15126:
15107:
15080:
15044:
15040:
15020:
14986:
14982:
14963:
14944:
14932:. Retrieved
14922:
14893:
14873:
14848:
14842:
14823:
14804:
14789:. Retrieved
14780:
14776:
14753:
14726:
14683:
14656:
14620:
14616:
14589:
14570:
14551:
14548:Keegan, John
14521:
14494:
14469:
14465:
14446:
14434:. Retrieved
14418:
14398:
14381:
14377:
14358:
14341:
14335:
14316:
14288:
14262:
14258:
14239:
14220:
14217:Hartcup, Guy
14198:
14188:
14161:
14142:
14133:
14129:
14110:
14091:
14072:
14045:
14025:
14005:
13978:
13958:
13940:(1): 39–62.
13937:
13933:
13914:
13895:
13868:
13856:
13837:
13807:
13777:
13757:
13744:. Retrieved
13735:
13731:
13715:. Retrieved
13695:
13672:
13653:
13641:. Retrieved
13621:
13593:
13574:
13555:
13536:
13524:. Retrieved
13517:the original
13508:
13486:
13469:. Retrieved
13465:the original
13451:
13431:
13412:
13393:
13390:Butcher, Tim
13371:
13356:. Retrieved
13336:
13316:
13297:
13278:
13257:
13245:
13222:
13204:Bibliography
13183:
13178:
13159:
13153:
13143:
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13134:
13117:
13113:
13101:. Retrieved
13087:
13075:. Retrieved
13061:
13049:. Retrieved
13045:the original
13035:
13023:. Retrieved
13014:
13005:
12993:. Retrieved
12958:
12954:
12944:
12909:
12905:
12896:
12884:. Retrieved
12875:
12866:
12854:. Retrieved
12845:
12836:
12826:
12818:
12797:
12789:
12777:
12765:
12754:
12738:
12733:
12726:Hartcup 1988
12721:
12714:Hartcup 1988
12709:
12689:
12682:
12674:
12654:. Retrieved
12634:
12627:
12615:. Retrieved
12604:
12595:
12580:
12575:
12563:
12555:
12550:
12538:
12519:
12513:
12502:
12490:. Retrieved
12481:
12472:
12460:. Retrieved
12451:
12442:
12430:. Retrieved
12421:
12412:
12404:
12396:
12384:
12357:
12345:
12333:
12321:
12309:
12297:. Retrieved
12283:
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12251:
12244:
12232:
12205:
12193:
12181:. Retrieved
12172:
12162:
12150:. Retrieved
12146:the original
12141:
12132:
12120:. Retrieved
12116:the original
12111:
12101:
12089:. Retrieved
12080:
12068:
12056:
12037:
12031:
12019:
11992:
11980:. Retrieved
11961:
11951:
11939:
11927:. Retrieved
11918:
11908:
11889:
11883:
11871:. Retrieved
11841:(1): 65–94.
11838:
11834:
11824:
11812:. Retrieved
11787:
11783:
11773:
11761:. Retrieved
11721:(1): 50–72.
11718:
11714:
11704:
11684:
11677:
11656:
11648:
11638:
11633:
11621:. Retrieved
11607:
11595:. Retrieved
11581:
11563:
11558:
11533:
11529:
11523:
11511:
11499:
11487:
11475:
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11443:
11436:
11411:
11407:
11401:
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11384:
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11359:
11352:Fromkin 1989
11347:
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11328:the original
11315:
11303:
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11271:
11264:
11256:the original
11227:. Retrieved
11218:
11208:
11196:. Retrieved
11177:
11170:
11158:. Retrieved
11135:
11128:
11091:
11085:
11058:. Retrieved
11049:
11040:
11028:. Retrieved
11019:
11010:
10975:
10971:
10961:
10953:
10948:
10909:
10903:
10893:
10881:
10869:
10857:
10845:
10833:
10824:
10817:Kitchen 2000
10812:
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10791:
10781:
10772:
10768:
10765:Rummel, R.J.
10759:
10751:
10736:
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10720:the original
10705:
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10682:
10673:
10658:
10652:
10640:. Retrieved
10625:
10613:. Retrieved
10599:
10587:
10575:. Retrieved
10561:
10549:
10537:
10518:
10512:
10503:
10491:. Retrieved
10477:
10465:. Retrieved
10445:
10435:
10428:
10418:
10411:
10392:
10386:
10374:
10362:
10350:. Retrieved
10330:
10319:
10310:
10299:
10290:
10279:
10270:
10259:
10250:
10239:
10230:
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10218:. Retrieved
10207:
10198:
10179:
10173:
10154:
10148:
10122:
10107:
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10083:
10074:
10065:
10046:
10040:
10028:. Retrieved
10006:
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9939:
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9881:the original
9876:
9867:
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9846:
9822:. Retrieved
9813:
9804:
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9788:the original
9783:
9774:
9769:, p. ?.
9762:
9750:
9739:
9720:
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9702:
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9617:
9605:
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9567:
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9541:
9522:
9516:
9504:. Retrieved
9500:the original
9490:
9473:
9470:Wavell, Earl
9464:
9447:
9441:
9424:
9418:
9406:
9394:
9382:
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9351:Clayton 2003
9346:
9339:Clayton 2003
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9086:
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8888:
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8804:
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8475:
8468:Doughty 2005
8463:
8453:27 September
8451:. Retrieved
8436:
8424:
8414:
8405:
8386:
8380:
8373:Neiberg 2005
8368:
8361:DiNardo 2015
8356:
8344:
8337:Neiberg 2005
8332:
8316:
8305:
8293:. Retrieved
8269:
8259:
8247:. Retrieved
8238:
8228:
8216:
8204:
8197:Gilbert 1994
8192:
8180:. Retrieved
8171:
8142:
8138:
8135:Jeremy Black
8129:
8117:
8110:Halpern 1995
8105:
8100:, p. 5.
8093:
8081:
8069:. Retrieved
8044:
8040:
8030:
8018:
8006:. Retrieved
7997:
7987:
7975:
7963:
7951:
7939:. Retrieved
7924:
7912:
7905:Gilbert 1994
7900:
7888:
7876:
7867:
7858:
7846:. Retrieved
7832:
7822:28 September
7820:. Retrieved
7811:
7801:
7789:
7777:
7770:Farwell 1989
7765:
7753:
7741:
7729:
7717:
7705:
7693:
7686:Jackson 2018
7681:
7669:
7657:
7645:
7633:
7606:. Retrieved
7597:
7588:
7576:. Retrieved
7567:
7558:
7546:
7534:
7522:
7510:
7498:
7486:
7474:
7467:Gilbert 1994
7462:
7450:
7443:Clayton 2003
7438:
7431:Gilbert 1994
7426:
7414:
7402:
7390:
7378:
7371:Fromkin 2004
7366:
7354:
7342:
7330:
7318:
7306:. Retrieved
7286:
7279:
7267:
7259:
7252:. Retrieved
7232:
7225:
7217:
7210:. Retrieved
7200:
7194:
7186:
7179:. Retrieved
7159:
7145:
7133:. Retrieved
7123:
7116:
7104:
7097:Gilbert 1994
7092:
7085:Butcher 2014
7080:
7073:Butcher 2014
7068:
7056:
7044:
7032:. Retrieved
6999:
6995:
6985:
6960:, retrieved
6933:
6923:
6912:, retrieved
6885:
6875:
6863:
6851:
6839:
6827:
6815:
6803:
6791:
6779:
6767:
6755:
6743:
6731:
6719:
6692:
6680:
6668:
6656:
6644:
6627:
6622:
6610:
6598:
6586:
6574:. Retrieved
6565:
6556:
6544:. Retrieved
6535:
6524:
6512:. Retrieved
6507:
6498:
6493:, p. 8.
6491:Braybon 2004
6486:
6467:
6455:
6442:
6433:
6413:
6401:
6396:
6387:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6354:
6342:
6325:
6309:
6292:
6283:
6274:
6261:
6228:
6214:World War II
6170:
6167:Iron harvest
6104:
6088:World War II
6081:
6074:
6071:Wilfred Owen
6061:
5999:
5981:
5976:war memorial
5965:Memorial Day
5954:
5948:
5936:unidentified
5916:
5909:The Italian
5860:
5825:
5792:
5781:
5747:
5703:
5684:
5662:
5644:unpatriotic.
5626:
5591:
5581:
5571:
5563:
5557:
5516:
5511:syndicalists
5504:
5454:
5443:
5427:Czechoslovak
5415:Ante Trumbić
5408:
5364:Billy Hughes
5361:
5340:
5332:
5317:
5311:of World War
5296:
5280:
5248:
5229:
5225:
5188:Conscription
5179:
5170:
5155:
5117:
5086:
5076:
5018:
4969:
4953:
4944:Camp Funston
4942:pandemic in
4926:
4920:
4873:
4861:
4841:
4807:
4763:
4749:
4740:
4726:
4707:
4682:
4676:signing the
4644:concerning:
4639:
4621:
4577:
4535:
4531:
4513:
4490:
4462:
4435:
4367:
4310:
4302:
4243:
4201:
4189:Ottoman Army
4185:Djevad Pasha
4134:
4125:Mount Scopus
4084:
4069:
4027:
3992:
3988:
3946:
3931:
3907:
3865:
3856:
3839:
3801:
3769:Hypothesis Z
3758:
3754:Transylvania
3752:-controlled
3746:
3575:
3563:
3531:
3491:Adriatic Sea
3462:Armando Diaz
3443:
3437:
3431:, undertook
3417:
3381:
3353:
3321:
3298:
3272:Fakhri Pasha
3249:
3221:
3186:
3135:
3119:siege of Kut
3100:
3065:
3026:
3015:
2992:
2977:
2960:
2937:
2871:
2863:
2843:
2825:
2812:
2805:
2787:
2780:
2770:
2747:
2735:
2728:
2702:trench fever
2686:British Army
2675:
2668:
2626:
2606:
2559:
2536:, while the
2531:
2464:
2446:
2433:Treaty ports
2419:
2412:
2388:
2353:
2349:East Prussia
2342:
2333:full retreat
2326:
2295:
2268:
2226:
2223:"Oluj", 1915
2199:
2141:
2124:
2111:mobilization
2108:
2092:
2052:
2046:
2021:Zbyněk Zeman
2018:
2002:
1994:Young Bosnia
1943:
1876:
1841:
1832:had occupied
1821:
1790:
1742:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1643:
1625:
1574:
1523:
1472:
1462:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1441:World War II
1438:
1429:World War II
1386:
1349:an armistice
1326:
1267:Bosnian Serb
1255:great powers
1232:
1196:Asia-Pacific
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1102:Central Asia
1075:Asia-Pacific
1049:North Africa
1027:South Africa
1003:South Arabia
895:
894:Theatres of
851:
841:
833:
825:
813:
803:
795:
787:
748:
680:
670:
599:South Africa
557:Newfoundland
439:
434:Belligerents
385:Soviet Union
199:28 July 1914
125:
48:
22361:World War I
22235:Arab League
22218:integration
22157:Catholicism
22015:Vaishnavism
21789:Esotericism
21656:Pacific War
21629:World War I
21573:Indic world
21568:Sinic world
21551:Foundations
21428:Open Balkan
21246:integration
21176:Rule of law
21171:Natural law
21148:Agnosticism
21126:Hellenistic
21104:Anglo-Saxon
21034:Catholicism
20973:Atlanticism
20878:Rationalism
20684:Immigration
20667:Esotericism
20525:World War I
20490:Romanticism
20470:Reformation
20450:Renaissance
20428:Middle Ages
20393:Christendom
20322:Foundations
20269:World War I
20232:Balkan Wars
20217:Second Boer
20202:Banana Wars
20166:July Crisis
20097:Dreadnought
20082:Weltpolitik
19926:Pan-Slavism
19544:Nazim Pasha
19438:Ivan Fichev
19423:Ivan Geshov
19418:Ferdinand I
19334:World War I
19060:Lule Burgas
19025:Sarantaporo
18882:Balkan Wars
18840:New Zealand
18800:Switzerland
18750:Netherlands
18522:East Africa
18502:World War I
18500:History of
18057:Netherlands
18034:Switzerland
17915:Occupations
17906:Spanish flu
17683:(1919–1922)
17677:(1918–1921)
17671:(1918–1923)
17660:(1919–1921)
17654:(1919–1921)
17648:(1919–1920)
17624:(1918–1920)
17618:(1918–1920)
17612:(1918–1920)
17594:(1918–1920)
17576:(1918–1920)
17570:(1917–1921)
17564:(1917–1921)
17511:(1916-1918)
17509:Arab Revolt
17500:(1915–1917)
17494:(1915–1917)
17482:(1914-1917)
17476:(1914–1917)
17470:(1914–1921)
17464:(1913–1920)
17452:(1910–1920)
17446:(1900–1920)
16944:July Crisis
16865:(1880–1914)
16528:Mesopotamia
16406:Home fronts
16365:World War I
16027:World War I
15842:12 November
15614:. Penguin.
15480:12 November
15172:hydrophones
14791:20 November
14756:. Penguin.
14590:World War I
14289:World War I
13434:. Cassell.
13300:. Longman.
13051:28 February
12784:, p. .
12299:28 February
12273:28 February
12198:Souter 2000
11982:11 December
11597:15 December
11562:J.M. Main,
11465:11 November
11414:(1): 7–14.
10838:Howard 1993
10802:23 February
10752:Der Spiegel
10656:Cas Mudde.
10316:"No. 32964"
10296:"No. 32421"
10276:"No. 13627"
10256:"No. 31991"
10236:"No. 31773"
10030:23 November
9917:21 November
9887:21 November
9857:20 November
9824:21 November
9794:21 November
9622:Heyman 1997
9375:Inglis 1995
9245:, pp. 24–25
9201:Winter 2014
9177:Kernek 1970
9165:Keegan 1998
9150:11 November
9049:Torrie 1978
8940:Tucker 2002
8661:Sachar 1970
8646:9 September
8441:Korsun, N.
8295:12 November
8182:11 November
8145:(3): 16–21.
8122:Zieger 2001
8086:Taylor 2007
8071:29 February
8023:Harris 2008
7848:12 December
7746:Keegan 1998
7698:Lieven 2016
7662:Holmes 2014
7419:Martel 2014
7395:Lieven 2016
7308:12 November
7254:1 September
7181:12 November
6868:Keegan 1998
6724:Herwig 1988
6673:Keenan 1986
6649:Keegan 1998
6615:Zeldin 1977
6576:15 December
6337:April 1917.
5951:John McCrae
5675:martial law
5629:Eugene Debs
5473:Addis Ababa
5429:, Italian,
5300:Wall Street
5182:conscripted
5021:Fritz Haber
4960:Spanish flu
4940:Spanish flu
4902:Spanish flu
4730:Article 231
4428:during the
4378:Dojran Lake
3797:surrendered
3518:Nicholas II
3466:Piave River
3412:Ortler Alps
3357:nationalist
3252:Arab Revolt
3193:Enver Pasha
3183:, 1914–1915
3115:Mesopotamia
3105:(1915) and
2883:hangars at
2706:Spanish flu
2704:, and the '
2690:trench foot
2682:opening day
2618:gas warfare
2610:barbed wire
2485:, fought a
2403:New Britain
2279:Netherlands
2275:German Army
2067:July Crisis
2061:July Crisis
2054:Schutzkorps
1830:, which it
1729:Dreadnought
1691:Dreadnought
1558:consolidate
1361:German Army
1257:and in the
1251:imperialism
1228:Spanish flu
1188:Middle East
1160:World War I
1044:East Africa
988:Mesopotamia
966:Middle East
896:World War I
842:Total dead:
804:Total dead:
743:(from 1915)
650:(from 1917)
633:(from 1915)
570:New Zealand
349:Territorial
303:Middle East
154:during the
56:World War I
22366:World Wars
22355:Categories
21946:Philippine
21863:Philosophy
21848:Philosophy
21821:Literature
21448:Rio Treaty
20959:Relativism
20917:Liberalism
20883:Empiricism
20835:Philosophy
20823:Secularism
20774:Philosophy
20711:Literature
20505:Capitalism
19954:agreements
19902:Great Game
19868:Revanchism
19554:Esad Pasha
19549:Zeki Pasha
19517:Nicholas I
19512:Montenegro
19365:Atrocities
19208:Bregalnica
19070:Adrianople
18983:Goudi coup
18889:Background
18745:Luxembourg
18274:Agreements
18074:War crimes
17950:Luxembourg
17843:Casualties
16721:Montenegro
16556:South West
16436:Technology
16426:Propaganda
16416:Opposition
16184:Audio help
16175:2006-06-24
15780:4 December
15226:6 February
14934:26 October
14913:1028047398
14777:Sabretache
14113:. Osprey.
13934:Population
13471:6 November
12770:Cross 1991
12759:Cross 1991
12617:7 February
12083:. Berlin.
12061:Marks 1978
12024:Marks 1978
12012:Marks 1978
11997:Marks 1978
11944:Green 1938
11143:. p.
10916:: 99–106.
10850:Saadi 2009
10542:Clark 1927
10493:11 January
10467:27 October
10140:, p.
9610:Ayers 1919
9456:1113542987
9399:Horne 1964
8905:Meyer 2006
8413:". p. 28.
8323:, p.
8310:Price 1980
8221:Jones 2001
8098:Keene 2006
7980:Grant 2005
7968:Dupuy 1993
7794:Brown 1994
7782:Brown 1994
7758:Falls 1960
7734:Donko 2012
7722:Horne 1964
7638:Horne 1964
7515:Clark 2013
7491:Crowe 2001
7455:Clark 2013
7407:Clark 2013
7212:7 December
7061:Smith 2010
6856:Clark 2013
6808:Clark 2013
6796:Clark 2013
6760:Crisp 1976
6603:Clark 2013
6479:References
6163:Zone rouge
6151:home front
6137:; why the
5828:launching
5728:See also:
5724:Technology
5718:anarchists
5613:Opposition
5499:Guedecourt
5328:Gold Coast
5097:Tehcir Law
5061:See also:
4990:War crimes
4890:Casualties
4799:Ruthenians
4779:Hungarians
4591:, and the
4442:Wilhelm II
4374:Dobro Pole
4289:See also:
4153:XXth Corps
4095:Vimy Ridge
4007:Scapa Flow
3958:Bessarabia
3919:State Duma
3825:Parliament
3821:Bessarabia
3547:Tannenberg
3393:Dodecanese
3199:. General
3138:Suez Canal
3072:Suez Canal
3049:See also:
2875:launching
2854:hydrophone
2850:destroyers
2627:After the
2221:Blériot XI
2071:See also:
1998:Black Hand
1988:(from the
1952:, visited
1938:this photo
1852:Montenegro
1803:and other
1793:Pan-Slavic
1707:Royal Navy
1632:Chancellor
1628:Wilhelm II
1483:Background
1417:Yugoslavia
1337:Bolsheviks
1292:, and the
1141:Baltic Sea
1092:New Guinea
1061:Somaliland
749:and others
671:and others
483: and
377:Yugoslavia
22103:Abrahamic
21998:Vajrayana
21988:Theravada
21843:Mythology
21816:Languages
21604:Silk Road
21563:Old World
21393:Five Eyes
21388:EU–UK TCA
21230:Democracy
21119:Old Norse
21008:Abrahamic
20965:Peritrope
20947:Tolerance
20927:Socialism
20757:Mythology
20745:Classical
20694:Languages
20672:Astrology
20520:Modernism
20334:Old World
19917:Meiji era
19764:Alliances
19574:Enver Bey
19313:Aftermath
19218:Kalimanci
19213:Knjaževac
19030:Kardzhali
18906:Bulgarian
18835:Australia
18644:Palestine
18614:Hong Kong
18588:Venezuela
18171:Diplomacy
17878:Olympians
17801:Australia
17768:Logistics
17701:Vlora War
17630:(1918–19)
17606:(1918–19)
17600:(1918–19)
17588:(1918–19)
17535:(1916–17)
17517:(1916–17)
17468:Zaian War
17458:(1914–15)
17185:first day
17073:Lusitania
16901:(1912–13)
16895:(1911–12)
16883:(1908–09)
16877:(1905–06)
16859:(1870–71)
16648:Principal
16508:Gallipoli
16411:Memorials
16396:Geography
16386:Aftermath
15982:164543865
15715:0899-3718
15457:222801639
15382:145488166
15353:143618581
15324:153103197
15291:14 August
15133:: 47–64.
15069:155405415
15011:154285570
14989:: 61–83.
14865:144072556
14675:247285240
14655:(2000) .
14645:159979098
14350:1477-0385
13826:460327352
13461:150789848
12507:Karp 1979
11855:0032-3195
11804:0707-5332
11745:1748-538X
11736:10059/294
11640:The Times
11623:14 August
11550:162360809
11030:8 January
10352:4 January
10077:. Boyens.
10011:K. Kuhl.
9982:Compiègne
9646:Gray 1991
9433:156767391
9103:Béla 1998
8061:1080-6040
7956:Love 1996
7016:0037-6779
6406:Skagerrak
6238:Bolshevik
6220:Footnotes
6209:World war
5949:In 1915,
5895:Memorials
5840:Diplomacy
5836:in 1918.
5818:Zeppelins
5706:Petrograd
5659:in Dublin
5419:Yugoslavs
5324:manganese
5220:Uncle Sam
5158:POW camps
5124:Anatolian
4869:Anzac Day
4822:Lithuania
4787:Romanians
4760:after war
4589:Habsburgs
4568:Aftermath
4526:armistice
4522:Compiègne
4482:Innsbruck
4380:. In the
4376:and near
4325:Champagne
4173:Jerusalem
4157:XXI Corps
4080:Champagne
3947:With the
3911:Petrograd
3812:Mărășești
3793:Bucharest
3750:Hungarian
3717:Mărășești
3619:Bucharest
3458:Caporetto
3425:Dolomites
3336:White War
3262:, led by
3103:Gallipoli
3068:Caucasian
2870:HMS
2839:sea lanes
2826:Lusitania
2746:SMS
2712:Naval war
2614:artillery
2445:SMS
2416:sank the
2411:SMS
2337:von Kluck
2306:Plan XVII
2104:ultimatum
1936:(right),
1891:Macedonia
1727:HMS
1679:Rheinland
1677:SMS
1668:Arms race
1464:Maclean's
1452:World War
1446:Great War
1431:in 1939.
1204:artillery
1168:Great War
1136:Black Sea
1121:North Sea
978:Gallipoli
952:Macedonia
502:Australia
389:Lithuania
141:gas masks
22096:Yazidism
22079:Tengrism
22030:Smartism
22025:Shaktism
22020:Shaivism
22005:Hinduism
21993:Mahayana
21971:Buddhism
21958:Religion
21941:Japanese
21853:Religion
21804:Japanese
21794:Folklore
21772:Buddhist
21762:Calendar
21733:Cyrillic
21693:Alphabet
21668:Cold War
21583:Islamdom
21453:Schengen
21383:Eurozone
21223:Property
21218:Religion
21109:Frankish
21099:Germanic
21079:Paganism
21000:Religion
20988:European
20900:Humanism
20803:Religion
20762:Painting
20728:Internet
20679:Folklore
20650:Clothing
20621:Calendar
20597:Cyrillic
20582:Alphabet
20545:Cold War
19664:Category
19539:Mehmed V
19475:George I
19413:Bulgaria
19100:Merhamli
19095:Kaliakra
19085:Monastir
19045:Kumanovo
19040:Sorovich
18901:Albanian
18770:Portugal
18690:Bulgaria
18604:Caucasus
18566:Americas
18532:Ethiopia
18459:Category
18046:Refugees
18012:Italians
18001:Germans
17961:Ober Ost
17741:Aviation
16842:Timeline
16813:Bulgaria
16594:Tsingtao
16571:Togoland
16518:Caucasus
16453:European
16445:Theatres
16315:Archived
16303:Archived
16246:Archived
16231:and the
16186: ·
16045:52541937
16009:57533366
15958:(1969).
15896:Archived
15871:61247250
15819:12 April
15810:Archived
15774:Archived
15756:(2001).
15719:Archived
15671:53075929
15651:(2003).
15603:54001282
15576:33079190
15556:(1996).
15527:30202996
15474:Archived
15428:Archived
15285:Archived
15245:Archived
15220:Archived
15166:10324173
15139:43267276
15099:56592292
15079:(2005).
14928:Archived
14803:(2013).
14785:Archived
14745:39727826
14718:20669448
14710:57422232
14608:70883191
14550:(1998).
14513:46640675
14486:40106597
14427:Archived
14308:36292837
14279:40107090
14219:(1988).
14180:60281302
14064:19398100
13997:53937943
13956:(1989).
13887:41124439
13867:(1999).
13836:(1989).
13806:(1960).
13796:43481698
13746:14 March
13740:Archived
13711:Archived
13693:(2005).
13637:Archived
13612:22860189
13526:21 April
13483:(2013).
13392:(2014).
13370:(1994).
13352:Archived
13243:(1919).
13221:(2018).
13191:Archived
13103:30 March
13097:Archived
13077:3 August
13071:Archived
13019:Archived
12989:Archived
12880:Archived
12850:Archived
12650:Archived
12611:Archived
12606:BBC News
12486:Archived
12484:. 2005.
12456:Archived
12454:. 1986.
12426:Archived
12403:. 1997.
12293:Archived
12267:Archived
12183:15 March
12177:Archived
12152:15 March
12091:15 March
12085:Archived
11976:Archived
11929:20 March
11923:Archived
11867:Archived
11808:Archived
11757:Archived
11753:19489175
11617:Archived
11591:Archived
11571:Archived
11568:abstract
11459:Archived
11428:71515470
11337:12 March
11287:Archived
11223:Archived
11120:18356568
11054:Archived
11024:Archived
11002:40754090
10994:11444794
10940:19453486
10796:Archived
10744:Archived
10689:Archived
10663:Archived
10636:Archived
10606:Archived
10568:Archived
10487:Archived
10458:Archived
10343:Archived
10214:Archived
10123:BBC News
10115:Archived
10021:Archived
9911:Archived
9851:Archived
9818:Archived
9755:McLellan
9694:57063659
9577:Archived
9551:Archived
9482:35621223
9144:Archived
8974:Archived
8688:(2010).
8640:Archived
8447:Archived
8289:Archived
8249:12 March
8243:Archived
8176:Archived
8065:Archived
8002:Archived
7935:Archived
7866:(1984).
7842:Archived
7816:Archived
7608:5 August
7602:Archived
7572:Archived
7302:Archived
7248:Archived
7206:Archived
7175:Archived
7157:(1992).
7135:14 March
7129:Archived
7028:Archived
6971:citation
6956:archived
6908:archived
6697:Fay 1930
6634:Archived
6570:Archived
6566:BBC News
6546:19 March
6540:Archived
6400:German:
6188:See also
6068:—
5942:and the
5594:Nail Men
5562:and the
5554:Red Week
5461:Ethiopia
5450:pan-Arab
5251:embedded
5093:genocide
5035:and the
5029:chlorine
4793:, 10.4%
4789:, 10.5%
4593:Ottomans
4581:Romanovs
4518:carriage
4484:and all
4390:Bulgaria
4363:Kumanovo
4214:and the
4206:and the
4204:extended
4163:won the
3983:Congress
3795:, which
3689:Bulgaria
3578:the Tsar
3549:and the
3516:Emperor
3391:and the
3373:Dalmatia
3361:Trentino
3205:Caucasus
3201:Yudenich
3148:and the
3133:tribes.
3131:Turcoman
3084:Assyrian
3076:Armenian
3029:Budapest
2980:Salonica
2944:Slovenia
2940:Belgrade
2928:Leibnitz
2881:Zeppelin
2738:cruisers
2650:chlorine
2620:and the
2601:Laventie
2467:Togoland
2441:Tsingtao
2437:Shandong
2420:Zhemchug
2233:Kolubara
2120:Belgrade
1990:Bosniaks
1954:Sarajevo
1864:Adriatic
1817:Anatolia
1813:Bulgaria
1809:Bosporus
1797:Orthodox
1776:in 1908.
1757:Ottomans
1314:Bulgaria
1261:reached
1220:genocide
1194:and the
1186:and the
1170:, was a
1126:Atlantic
1082:Tsingtao
1066:Ethiopia
1039:Cameroon
1034:Togoland
973:Caucasus
740:Bulgaria
339:victory
318:Atlantic
290:Location
150:British
22260:BIMSTEC
22181:Culture
22176:Judaism
22140:Eastern
22135:Culture
22113:Culture
22086:Iranian
22064:Shenism
22042:Jainism
22037:Sikhism
22010:Culture
21976:Culture
21966:Dharmic
21799:Chinese
21784:Cuisine
21767:Chinese
21755:History
21723:Brahmic
21685:Culture
21592:History
21544:culture
21298:Benelux
21203:Thought
21153:Atheism
21094:Finnish
21070:Culture
21065:Judaism
21027:Eastern
21023:Western
21018:Culture
20952:Paradox
20818:Decline
20779:Science
20655:History
20643:Studies
20626:Cuisine
20614:Periods
20574:Culture
20403:History
20369:Eastern
20364:Western
20315:culture
19897:In Asia
19730:Germany
19646:Albania
19613:Peter I
19591:Carol I
19586:Romania
19306:General
19191:Battles
19115:Korytsa
19105:Driskos
19065:Yenidje
19055:Scutari
19018:Battles
18916:Serbian
18828:Oceania
18818:Ireland
18805:Ukraine
18775:Romania
18730:Ireland
18725:Hungary
18715:Germany
18705:Estonia
18700:Denmark
18695:Croatia
18685:Belgium
18675:Albania
18654:Vietnam
18542:Morocco
18537:Liberia
18197:Germany
18097:Germany
18025:Germany
17945:Belgium
17930:Albania
17889:Disease
17869:Sports
17821:Ireland
17734:Warfare
17727:Aspects
16922:Origins
16915:Prelude
16818:Senussi
16798:Germany
16793:Leaders
16731:Romania
16672:Belgium
16667:Leaders
16566:Kamerun
16548:African
16483:Romania
16461:Balkans
16376:Outline
16173: (
16125:minutes
15808:: 7–8.
15518:7314216
15472:. BBC.
15199:1986064
15003:3678575
14876:. OUP.
14637:2637713
14540:4593327
14436:23 July
13186:(2020)
12985:4275807
12963:Bibcode
12936:4275807
12914:Bibcode
12886:1 March
12856:1 March
12749:p. 444.
12656:30 July
12492:16 June
12462:16 June
12432:16 June
11873:10 June
11863:2144182
11814:10 June
11763:10 June
11566:(1970)
11160:20 June
11111:2376985
11060:1 March
10931:4634693
10862:Tschanz
10695:25 July
10615:12 June
10577:12 June
8980:30 July
8239:Hansard
8174:. BBC.
8008:23 July
7578:16 July
7034:10 June
7024:2499359
6962:10 June
6914:10 June
6427:Moldova
6421:as the
6347:Hungary
6314:Austria
5993:I. The
5826:Furious
5750:tactics
5578:Ansaldo
5552:called
5457:Iyasu V
5379:Support
5309:billion
5152:in 1917
5023:at the
4980:donkeys
4974:mostly
4972:equines
4916:Sirkeci
4814:Finland
4810:Estonia
4801:, 2.5%
4797:, 2.5%
4795:Germans
4791:Slovaks
4775:Trianon
4700:Map of
4611:in the
4327:at the
4131:, 1917.
4127:in the
4011:US Army
4001:sent a
3999:US Navy
3981:asking
3808:Mărăști
3777:Giurgiu
3773:Dobruja
3703:Hungary
3487:Trieste
3450:Albania
3442:in the
3397:Tunisia
3301:Senussi
3287:⁄
3236:Kurdish
3230:around
3144:by the
3127:Kurdish
3123:Baghdad
2964:Albania
2885:Tondern
2872:Furious
2846:convoys
2815:U-boats
2813:German
2771:Dresden
2757:Qingdao
2648:) used
2637:Channel
2569:led by
2471:Kamerun
2423:in the
2283:Belgium
2148:Asquith
2005:grenade
1906:Prelude
1883:Albania
1868:Galicia
1721:and an
1597:Germany
1593:Balkans
1546:Prussia
1439:Before
1405:Finland
1347:signed
1318:Romania
1259:Balkans
1239:Germany
1162:or the
942:Balkans
930:Finland
925:Romania
699:Germany
405:Hungary
401:Austria
393:Estonia
351:changes
313:Pacific
22198:Baháʼí
22188:Bábism
22069:Shinto
22054:Taoism
21936:Values
21809:Korean
21728:Arabic
21713:Hangul
21318:CANZUK
21208:Speech
21136:Slavic
21114:Gothic
21089:Celtic
21084:Baltic
20983:Values
20784:Values
20344:Greece
20255:Second
20242:Second
20039:Events
19829:Trends
19745:Russia
19725:France
19608:Serbia
19470:Greece
19203:Doiran
19135:Bizani
19130:Şarköy
19125:Bulair
19120:Lemnos
19080:Himara
19075:Prilep
18951:&
18795:Sweden
18785:Serbia
18780:Russia
18765:Poland
18755:Norway
18720:Greece
18710:France
18668:Europe
18578:Canada
18573:Brazil
18517:Angola
18510:Africa
18217:Russia
18192:France
18020:Canada
17935:Serbia
17806:Canada
17763:Horses
17715:(1921)
17709:(1920)
17703:(1920)
17697:(1920)
17689:(1920)
17642:(1919)
17636:(1919)
17582:(1918)
17547:(1918)
17541:(1917)
17529:(1916)
17523:(1916)
17488:(1915)
16907:(1913)
16889:(1911)
16871:(1905)
16828:Darfur
16753:Serbia
16736:Russia
16699:Greece
16687:France
16677:Brazil
16523:Persia
16466:Serbia
16098:
16079:
16060:
16043:
16033:
16007:
15997:
15980:
15970:
15944:
15919:
15902:6 June
15888:
15869:
15859:
15766:
15742:
15725:5 July
15713:
15686:
15669:
15659:
15637:
15618:
15601:
15591:
15574:
15564:
15542:
15525:
15515:
15455:
15434:5 July
15420:
15399:
15380:
15351:
15322:
15312:
15268:
15197:
15164:
15154:
15137:
15114:
15097:
15087:
15067:
15061:173938
15059:
15028:
15009:
15001:
14970:
14951:
14911:
14901:
14880:
14863:
14830:
14811:
14760:
14743:
14733:
14716:
14708:
14698:
14673:
14663:
14643:
14635:
14606:
14596:
14577:
14558:
14538:
14528:
14511:
14501:
14484:
14453:
14405:
14365:
14348:
14323:
14306:
14296:
14277:
14246:
14227:
14205:
14178:
14168:
14149:
14117:
14098:
14079:
14062:
14052:
14033:
14012:
13995:
13985:
13966:
13921:
13902:
13885:
13875:
13844:
13824:
13814:
13794:
13784:
13765:
13717:5 July
13703:
13679:
13660:
13643:5 July
13629:
13610:
13600:
13581:
13562:
13543:
13495:
13459:
13438:
13419:
13400:
13378:
13358:5 July
13344:
13323:
13304:
13285:
13266:
13229:
13025:23 May
12995:8 June
12983:
12955:Nature
12934:
12906:Nature
12806:
12745:
12697:
12642:
12587:
12526:
12259:
12122:1 July
12044:
11968:
11896:
11861:
11853:
11802:
11751:
11743:
11692:
11665:
11548:
11451:
11426:
11293:14 May
11279:
11229:6 June
11198:5 July
11189:
11151:
11118:
11108:
11000:
10992:
10938:
10928:
10642:27 May
10525:
10399:
10186:
10161:
10053:
9727:
9692:
9682:
9583:13 May
9557:13 May
9529:
9506:13 May
9480:
9454:
9431:
9241:
8966:
8696:
8547:
8520:
8493:
8393:
8281:
8059:
7941:5 July
7568:rts.rs
7294:
7240:
7167:
7022:
7014:
6948:
6900:
6514:17 May
6335:
6302:
6177:Verdun
6139:Allies
6127:gender
6100:tropes
6077:, 1918
6010:
6008:. On 3
5991:
5930:, and
5926:, the
5922:, the
5882:, and
5834:Tønder
5477:
5431:Polish
5405:, 1915
5391:, and
5357:
5313:
5222:, 1917
5208:, and
5120:Greeks
5113:
5055:, and
4976:horses
4950:, 1918
4948:Kansas
4876:fought
4826:Poland
4824:, and
4818:Latvia
4734:diktat
4632:
4587:, the
4583:, the
4558:
4466:
4456:Count
4432:, 1918
4426:Trento
4408:, and
4386:Skopje
4333:
4066:, 1917
3942:
3902:, and
3844:and a
3571:Verdun
3479:
3440:Asiago
3369:Rijeka
3363:, the
3338:, and
3276:Medina
3094:, and
3082:, and
3010:Serbia
2995:Bitola
2948:Bosnia
2934:, 1914
2932:Styria
2916:, and
2889:blimps
2732:, 1917
2698:typhus
2553:, the
2511:, and
2385:, 1914
2345:Stavka
2166:
2162:
2115:
2100:
2079:, and
2014:Sophie
1984:) and
1870:. The
1856:Greece
1854:, and
1801:Serbia
1693:, 1910
1687:-class
1685:Nassau
1585:Russia
1566:avenge
1548:under
1536:, the
1516:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1419:. The
1415:, and
1407:, the
1401:Poland
1376:
1322:Greece
1290:France
1286:Russia
1282:Serbia
1269:named
1192:Africa
1184:Europe
1176:Allies
1116:U-boat
1015:Africa
993:Persia
957:Greece
947:Serbia
908:Europe
752:
737:
723:
710:
696:
674:
660:
643:
627:
616:Russia
596:
581:
567:
554:
540:
528:Ceylon
525:
514:Canada
499:
485:Empire
470:
458:France
455:
419:, and
413:Turkey
397:Latvia
383:, the
373:Poland
333:Result
308:Africa
298:Europe
183:, 1915
172:, 1916
165:, 1916
158:, 1918
136:, 1916
38:,
34:,
22335:SEATO
22325:SAARC
22280:CPTPP
22265:CAREC
22240:ASEAN
22205:Druze
22193:Azali
22118:Sunni
22108:Islam
22074:Muism
22049:Taoic
21831:Chant
21826:Music
21777:Hindu
21738:Latin
21718:Hanja
21703:Kanji
21698:Hanzi
21473:USMCA
21328:CEFTA
21283:AUKUS
21273:ANZUS
21268:ANZUK
21213:Press
21131:Roman
20796:Sport
20740:Chant
20735:Music
20723:Media
20716:Canon
20662:Dance
20592:Latin
20587:Greek
20433:early
20260:Third
20250:First
20237:First
19740:Japan
19735:Italy
19288:Other
19243:Pirot
19238:Vidin
18911:Greek
18814:Wales
18790:Spain
18735:Italy
18659:Yemen
18634:Japan
18619:India
18609:China
18527:Egypt
18414:Other
18207:Japan
18202:Italy
18029:camps
17873:Rugby
16709:Japan
16704:Italy
16682:China
16576:North
15813:(PDF)
15804:(4).
15794:(PDF)
15441:Behr.
15378:S2CID
15349:S2CID
15195:JSTOR
15065:S2CID
15057:JSTOR
15007:S2CID
14999:JSTOR
14861:S2CID
14783:(4).
14641:S2CID
14633:JSTOR
14482:JSTOR
14430:(PDF)
14423:(PDF)
14275:JSTOR
13520:(PDF)
13513:(PDF)
12981:S2CID
12932:S2CID
11859:JSTOR
11546:S2CID
11424:S2CID
11376:(PDF)
11369:(PDF)
11331:(PDF)
11324:(PDF)
10998:S2CID
10914:Wiley
10912:(3).
10726:2 May
10609:(PDF)
10596:(PDF)
10571:(PDF)
10558:(PDF)
10461:(PDF)
10454:(PDF)
10346:(PDF)
10339:(PDF)
10024:(PDF)
10017:(PDF)
9961:(PDF)
9950:(PDF)
8917:Smele
7020:JSTOR
6181:Somme
5762:tanks
5714:Milan
5712:. In
5568:Fasci
5053:Sayfo
4984:mules
4853:unite
4803:Serbs
4683:Some
4486:Tyrol
4275:Reims
4137:First
4087:Arras
3804:Oituz
3761:Banat
3731:Oituz
3389:Libya
3240:Azeri
3170:Sinai
3096:Sayfo
3080:Greek
2806:U-155
2748:Emden
2413:Emden
2395:Samoa
2393:(now
2113:on 25
1435:Names
1310:Italy
1087:Samoa
1054:Libya
937:Italy
663:Japan
630:Italy
584:India
543:Egypt
421:Yemen
417:Hejaz
22320:RCEP
22295:EAEU
22275:CSTO
22225:APEC
22123:Shia
21836:Folk
21708:Kana
21542:and
21433:OSCE
21413:NATO
21358:EFTA
21323:CBSS
21308:BSEC
21198:Life
20750:Folk
20631:Diet
20443:late
20438:high
20354:Rome
20313:and
20175:Wars
19332:and
19110:Elli
18949:IMRO
18649:Siam
18629:Iraq
18624:Iran
18597:Asia
17994:POWs
17320:1918
17222:1917
17148:1916
17049:1915
16953:1914
16758:Siam
16561:East
16272:Link
16096:ISBN
16077:ISBN
16058:ISBN
16041:OCLC
16031:ISBN
16005:OCLC
15995:ISBN
15978:OCLC
15968:ISBN
15942:ISBN
15917:ISBN
15904:2020
15886:ISBN
15867:OCLC
15857:ISBN
15844:2009
15821:2022
15782:2013
15764:ISBN
15740:ISBN
15727:2021
15711:ISSN
15684:ISBN
15667:OCLC
15657:ISBN
15635:ISBN
15616:ISBN
15599:OCLC
15589:ISBN
15572:OCLC
15562:ISBN
15540:ISBN
15523:PMID
15482:2009
15453:OCLC
15436:2020
15418:ISBN
15397:ISBN
15320:OCLC
15310:ISBN
15293:2014
15266:ISBN
15253:2018
15228:2008
15162:OCLC
15152:ISBN
15135:OCLC
15112:ISBN
15095:OCLC
15085:ISBN
15026:ISBN
14968:ISBN
14949:ISBN
14936:2009
14909:OCLC
14899:ISBN
14878:ISBN
14828:ISBN
14809:ISBN
14793:2009
14758:ISBN
14741:OCLC
14731:ISBN
14714:PMID
14706:OCLC
14696:ISBN
14671:OCLC
14661:ISBN
14604:OCLC
14594:ISBN
14575:ISBN
14556:ISBN
14536:OCLC
14526:ISBN
14509:OCLC
14499:ISBN
14451:ISBN
14438:2013
14403:ISBN
14363:ISBN
14346:ISSN
14321:ISBN
14304:OCLC
14294:ISBN
14244:ISBN
14225:ISBN
14203:ISBN
14176:OCLC
14166:ISBN
14147:ISBN
14115:ISBN
14096:ISBN
14077:ISBN
14060:OCLC
14050:ISBN
14031:ISBN
14010:ISBN
13993:OCLC
13983:ISBN
13964:ISBN
13919:ISBN
13900:ISBN
13883:OCLC
13873:ISBN
13842:ISBN
13822:OCLC
13812:ISBN
13792:OCLC
13782:ISBN
13763:ISBN
13748:2022
13719:2020
13701:ISBN
13677:ISBN
13658:ISBN
13645:2020
13627:ISBN
13608:OCLC
13598:ISBN
13579:ISBN
13560:ISBN
13541:ISBN
13528:2009
13493:ISBN
13473:2008
13457:OCLC
13436:ISBN
13417:ISBN
13398:ISBN
13376:ISBN
13360:2020
13342:ISBN
13321:ISBN
13302:ISBN
13283:ISBN
13264:ISBN
13227:ISBN
13105:2021
13079:2014
13053:2014
13027:2015
12997:2014
12888:2024
12858:2024
12822:See
12804:ISBN
12743:ISBN
12695:ISBN
12658:2019
12640:ISBN
12619:2022
12585:ISBN
12524:ISBN
12494:2022
12464:2022
12434:2022
12301:2017
12275:2017
12257:ISBN
12185:2017
12154:2017
12124:2013
12112:Time
12093:2017
12042:ISBN
11984:2015
11966:ISBN
11931:2023
11919:CNBC
11894:ISBN
11875:2024
11851:ISSN
11816:2024
11800:ISSN
11765:2024
11749:PMID
11741:ISSN
11690:ISBN
11663:ISBN
11625:2014
11599:2018
11467:2018
11449:ISBN
11339:2013
11295:2016
11277:ISBN
11231:2012
11200:2013
11187:ISBN
11162:2013
11149:ISBN
11116:PMID
11062:2024
11032:2024
10990:PMID
10936:PMID
10804:2017
10775:(2).
10728:2008
10697:2018
10644:2010
10617:2018
10579:2018
10523:ISBN
10495:2022
10469:2013
10397:ISBN
10354:2021
10222:2017
10184:ISBN
10159:ISBN
10051:ISBN
10032:2018
9919:2019
9889:2019
9859:2009
9826:2019
9796:2019
9725:ISBN
9690:OCLC
9680:ISBN
9585:2015
9559:2015
9527:ISBN
9508:2015
9478:OCLC
9452:OCLC
9429:OCLC
9239:ISBN
9152:2018
8982:2023
8964:ISBN
8694:ISBN
8648:2021
8545:ISBN
8518:ISBN
8491:ISBN
8455:2010
8391:ISBN
8325:241–
8297:2018
8279:ISBN
8251:2013
8184:2009
8073:2024
8057:ISSN
8010:2013
7943:2012
7850:2008
7824:2022
7610:2015
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