321:
357:" that is transferred by mother ring doves into the mouths of their young. The cuckoo brood parasite is another bird species that engages in trophallaxis. The cuckoo bird uses mimicry, such as mimicking the eggshell colors and patterns of the host's eggs, to place their young in the nest of host species where they will be fed and reared at no expense to the cuckoo mother. The cuckoo young can often mimic the begging call of an entire nest of the host species' young and have evolved intensely colored
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Wild wolves transport food in their stomach to pups and/or breeding females and share it by regurgitation, as a form of trophallaxis. The recipient wolves often lick or sniff the donor wolf's muzzle to activate regurgitation and receive nutrients. Vampire bats share blood with kin by regurgitation as
196:
is able to protrude their proboscis and sip nectar from the open mandibles of the donor bee. Certain mechanisms have also evolved to initiate food sharing, such as the sensory exploitation strategy that has evolved in the common cuckoo brood parasites. These birds have evolved brightly coloured gapes
239:
is part of a social exchange system, where dominant bees are usually the recipients of food. It increases longevity of bees that have less access to food and decreases aggression between nest mates. In the red fire ant, colony members store food in their crops and regularly exchange this food with
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to transfer cellulolytic flagellates that made the digestion of wood possible and efficient. Besides sociality, trophallaxis has evolved within many species as a method of nourishment for adults and/or juveniles, kin survival, transfer of symbionts, transfer of immunity, colony recognition and
280:
bees has led to the nest guarding behavior that the species is known for. This bee species allows one adult to forage and bring nectar back for the rest of the nest population as a way to continually defend the nest while obtaining nutrients for all members of the colony.
288:
that are lost after every molt. Gut symbionts are also transferred by anal trophallaxis in wood-eating termites and cockroaches. Transfer of gut symbionts in these species is essential to digest wood as their food source.
273:
carry nectar, wood pulp and macerated prey in its crop from the field to the nest for transfer; for larvae survival they carry amounts of prey proportional to the amount of larvae in the nest. Voluntary trophallaxis in
403:
E., Suárez, Mark; L., Thorne, Barbara (2000-01-01). "Rate, Amount, and
Distribution Pattern of Alimentary Fluid Transfer via Trophallaxis in Three Species of Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae, Termopsidae)".
177:
foraging communication. Trophallaxis has even evolved as a parasitic strategy in some species to obtain food from their host. Trophallaxis can also result in the spreading of chemicals, such as
1056:
Wcislo, W. T.; Gonzalez, V. H. (2006-05-01). "Social and ecological contexts of trophallaxis in facultatively social sweat bees, Megalopta genalis and M. ecuadoria (Hymenoptera, Halictidae)".
540:
Wcislo, W. T.; Gonzalez, V. H. (2006-05-01). "Social and ecological contexts of trophallaxis in facultatively social sweat bees, Megalopta genalis and M. ecuadoria (Hymenoptera, Halictidae)".
1259:
Klass, Klaus-Dieter; Nalepa, Christine; Lo, Nathan (March 2008). "Wood-feeding cockroaches as models for termite evolution (Insecta: Dictyoptera): Cryptocercus vs. Parasphaeria boleiriana".
254:
will often exchange food with other members regardless of whether they are nestmates or not. This is because cooperation among non-relatives offers more benefit than cost to the group.
817:
Dahbi, Abdallah; Hefetz, Abraham; Cerdá, Xim; Lenoir, Alain (1999-07-01). "Trophallaxis
Mediates Uniformity of Colony Odor in Cataglyphis iberica Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)".
518:
Roubaud, E. (1916). "Recherches biologiques sur les guepes solitaires et sociales d'Afrique. La genese de la vie sociale et l'evolution de l'instinct maternel chez les vespides".
1206:"Resources Taken to the Nest by Protopolybia exigua (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in Different Phases of the Colony Cycle, in a Region of the Médio São Francisco River, Bahia, Brazil"
299:
Honey bee foragers use trophallaxis in associative learning to form long-term olfactory memories, in order to teach nest mates foraging behavior and where to search for food.
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also feed their young through regurgitation of food as a form of trophallaxis. Food sharing in vertebrates is a form of reciprocity demonstrated by many social vertebrates.
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Tropho- (prefix or suffix) is derived from the Greek trophé, meaning 'nourishment'. The Greek 'allaxis' means 'exchange'. The word was introduced by the entomologist
672:
Keeping, Malcolm G. (1997-03-01). "Social behavior and brood decline in reproductive-phase colonies ofBelonogaster petiolata (Degeer) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)".
1102:
Cassill, Deby Lee; Tschinkel, Walter R. (1995-01-01). "Allocation of liquid food to larvae via trophallaxis in colonies of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta".
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transfer immunity through trophallaxis by the direct transfer of antimicrobial substances, increasing disease resistance and social immunity of the colony.
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is an obligate parasite species that invades the nests of host species and obtains food by constraining the host with their legs and forcing trophallaxis.
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Trophallaxis is a form of social feeding in many insects that contributes to the formation of social bonds. Trophallaxis serves as a means of
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Kukuk, P. F.; Sage, G. K. (1994-12-01). "Reproductivity and relatedness in a communal halictine beeLasioglossum (Chilalictus) hemichalceum".
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Reed, H. C.; Akre, R. D. (1983-09-01). "Colony behavior of the obligate social parasiteVespula austriaca (Panzer) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)".
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Trophallaxis was used in the past to support theories on the origin of sociality in insects. The Swiss psychologist and entomologist
490:
Wheeler, W. M. (1918). "A study of some ant larvae with a consideration of the origin and meaning of social habits among insects".
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Lehrman, Daniel S. (1955-01-01). "The
Physiological Basis of Parental Feeding Behavior in the Ring Dove (Streptopelia Risoria)".
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other colony members and larvae to form a sort of "communal stomach" for the colony. This is also true for certain species of
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Kitade, Osamu (2004). "Comparison of
Symbiotic Flagellate Faunae between Termites and a Wood-Feeding Cockroach of the Genus
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Birds regurgitate food and directly transfer it into the mouths of their offspring as a part of parental care, such as the "
104:) feeding. Along with nutrients, trophallaxis can involve the transfer of molecules such as pheromones, organisms such as
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1937:
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Species have evolved anatomy to allow them to participate in trophallaxis, such as the proventriculus in the crops of
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Sleigh, Charlotte (2002). "Brave new worlds: Trophallaxis and the origin of society in the early twentieth century".
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Dahbi, A.; Hefetz, A.; Cerda, X.; Lenoir, A. (1999). "Trophallaxis mediates uniformity of colony odor in
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In some species of ants, it may play a role in spreading the colony odour that identifies members.
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also believed that food sharing was key to ant society and he used an illustration of it as the
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620:"The Gut Microbiota of Termites: Digesting the Diversity in the Light of Ecology and Evolution"
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ants. This structure acts as a valve to enhance food storage capacity. Likewise, the honey bee
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770:"Trophallaxis and prophylaxis: social immunity in the carpenter ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus"
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wasps also engage in trophallaxis as a form of parasitism with its host to obtain nutrients.
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van der Blom, Jan (1988). "Social
Behviour in Carpenter Bee Xylocopa pubescens (Spinola)".
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Transfer of food between members of a community through stomodeal or proctodeal means
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462:"trophallaxis | Definition of trophallaxis in US English by Oxford Dictionaries"
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Reed, H.C.; Akre, R.D. (1983). "Colony behavior of the obligate social
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Rocha, Agda; Giannotti, Edilberto; Bichara-Filho, Carlos (2009-01-01).
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Hamilton, Casey; Lejeune, Brian T.; Rosengaus, Rebeca B. (2011-02-23).
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In termites, proctodeal trophallaxis is crucial for replacing the gut
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867:"Olfactory learning by means of trophallaxis in Apis mellifera"
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92:) is the transfer of food or other fluids among members of a
1388:"Does food sharing in vampire bats demonstrate reciprocity?"
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Mech, L David; Wolf, Paul C; Packard, Jane M (1999-11-01).
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10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0145:RAADPO]2.0.CO;2
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a means of increasing their fitness through kin selection.
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966:. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 42.
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The Social World of the Ants
Compared with that of Man
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585:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
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618:Brune, Andreas; Dietrich, Carsten (2015-10-15).
1440:"Regurgitative food transfer among wild wolves"
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446:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1348:(Panzer) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)".
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375:Evolutionary models of food sharing
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172:. Proctodeal trophallaxis allowed
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1306:ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)".
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23:Trophallaxis in Asian-Australian
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871:Journal of Experimental Biology
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466:Oxford Dictionaries | English
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338:such as some bird species,
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235:and ants. Trophallaxis in
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247:Lasioglossum hemichalceum
244:, such as the sweat bee
156:Evolutionary significance
96:through mouth-to-mouth (
2037:Antipredator adaptation
1499:10.1163/156853955X00094
1320:10.1023/A:1020975009450
996:"Bird brood parasitism"
962:Chapman, R. F. (2013).
831:10.1023/A:1020975009450
361:; both of which act as
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493:Proc. Am. Philos. Soc.
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266:Belonogaster petiolata
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329:Pygoscelis antarctica
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100:) or anus-to-mouth (
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1906:Intraguild predator
1304:Cataglyphis iberica
1012:2013CBio...23.R909S
686:1997JIBeh..10..265K
363:supernormal stimuli
260:Protopolybia exigua
2047:Carnivorous fungus
1697:Sexual cannibalism
1682:Animal cannibalism
1547:Feeding behaviours
1362:10.1007/bf02223984
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1918:Aquatic predation
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1346:Vespula austriaca
1006:(20): R909–R913.
973:978-0-521-11389-2
884:10.1242/jeb.01474
472:on March 23, 2018
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257:Many wasps, like
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1675:cannibalistic
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1661:Breastfeeding
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1656:Placentophagy
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201:Invertebrates
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187:Formica fusca
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168:for his book
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162:Auguste Forel
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29:O. smaragdina
26:
21:
2024:Trophallaxis
2023:
1928:Pivot feeder
1923:Lunge feeder
1901:Egg predator
1789:Phagocytosis
1639:reproductive
1610:Myrmecophagy
1600:Molluscivore
1490:
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1210:Sociobiology
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728:Cryptocercus
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474:. Retrieved
470:the original
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442:cite journal
409:
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344:vampire bats
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310:V. austriaca
309:
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242:Lasioglossum
241:
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191:
185:
183:
169:
166:frontispiece
159:
147:
118:vampire bats
40:Trophallaxis
39:
38:
27:
1845:Planktivore
1830:Detritivore
1825:Coprophagia
1815:Bacterivore
1810:Microbivory
1794:Myzocytosis
1753:Nectarivore
1743:Graminivore
1590:Lepidophagy
1585:Insectivore
1580:Hematophagy
520:Ann Sci Nat
340:gray wolves
336:Vertebrates
316:Vertebrates
224:, at least
114:gray wolves
2072:Categories
2009:Parasitism
1943:Bait balls
1933:Ram feeder
1865:Plastivore
1860:Lithotroph
1850:Saprophagy
1773:Osteophagy
1763:Palynivore
1720:Herbivores
1651:Paedophagy
1625:Spongivore
1615:Ophiophagy
1555:Carnivores
1216:: 439–456.
476:2018-03-22
412:(1): 145.
391:References
237:M. genalis
231:M. genalis
214:Camponotus
179:pheromones
102:proctodeal
25:weaver ant
2014:Scavenger
1886:Predation
1855:Xenophagy
1835:Geophagia
1820:Fungivore
1768:Xylophagy
1758:Mellivory
1738:Frugivore
1733:Florivore
1630:Vermivore
1620:Piscivore
1605:Mucophagy
1595:Man-eater
1507:1568-539X
1487:Behaviour
1464:0008-4301
1281:1055-7903
1180:0020-1812
1134:0003-3472
1112:CiteSeerX
1078:0020-1812
1030:0960-9822
936:0020-1812
893:0022-0949
839:0892-7553
752:1342-6311
702:0892-7553
646:0066-4227
562:0020-1812
426:0013-8746
355:crop milk
271:P. exigua
152:in 1918.
144:Etymology
106:symbionts
98:stomodeal
94:community
1965:Browsing
1840:Omnivore
1782:Cellular
1728:Folivore
1472:85746335
1422:24505498
1370:29667161
1328:24571599
1289:18226554
1188:26041482
1142:18395869
1086:30106024
1038:24156805
944:29667161
901:15695759
847:24571599
804:20591850
710:41829420
654:26195303
605:11954038
570:30106024
526:: 1–160.
434:85794841
369:See also
174:termites
138:termites
124:such as
34:Thailand
1980:Grazing
1879:Methods
1666:Weaning
1646:Oophagy
1570:Avivore
1413:3913674
1008:Bibcode
795:3030872
682:Bibcode
228:, like
226:in bees
1985:Forage
1975:Fodder
1803:Others
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342:, and
136:, and
1563:adult
1468:S2CID
1366:S2CID
1324:S2CID
1184:S2CID
1138:S2CID
1082:S2CID
940:S2CID
843:S2CID
706:S2CID
566:S2CID
501:JSTOR
430:S2CID
359:gapes
130:wasps
110:birds
1870:Pica
1503:ISSN
1460:ISSN
1418:PMID
1285:PMID
1277:ISSN
1176:ISSN
1130:ISSN
1074:ISSN
1034:PMID
1026:ISSN
968:ISBN
932:ISSN
897:PMID
889:ISSN
835:ISSN
800:PMID
748:ISSN
698:ISSN
650:PMID
642:ISSN
601:PMID
558:ISSN
448:link
422:ISSN
263:and
134:bees
126:ants
1495:doi
1452:doi
1408:PMC
1400:doi
1358:doi
1316:doi
1269:doi
1242:doi
1168:doi
1122:doi
1066:doi
1016:doi
924:doi
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790:PMC
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