211:
31:
200:
180:
318:
223:
applied to one face. The disks were then decorated with punches and gravers with zones of motifs of concentric circles, with bands of zig-zag decoration between borders. The gold side has an extra outer zone which may represent rays, and also a zone with concentric circles linked by looping bands
227:
The two sides of the disk have been interpreted as an indication of a belief that the Sun is drawn across the heavens from East to West during the day, presenting its bright side to the Earth and returns from West to East during the night, when the dark side is being presented to the Earth. A
231:
Two similar discs have been found in
Ireland: the Lattoon gold disc and the bronze Cooke disc, the latter dated to c. 1500–1300 BC. The Cooke disc has similar fittings to the Trundholm chariot, suggesting that it was also originally connected to a sun horse and mounted on wheels.
195:
method. The whole object is approximately 54 cm × 35 cm × 29 cm (21 in × 14 in × 11 in) in size (width, height, depth). Aspects of the decoration suggest a
Danubian influence in the object, although it was produced locally.
218:
The disk has a diameter of approximately 25 cm (9.8 in). It is gilded on one side only, the right-hand side (when looking at the horse from behind). It consists of two bronze disks that are joined by an outer bronze ring, with a thin sheet of
777:
551:
708:
Pankau, Claudia; Krause, Rüdiger (2017). "Chariots between Africa and China – Distribution and
Development of Wagons with Two-Spoked Wheels". In Rupp, Nicole; Beck, Christina; Franke, Gabriele; Wendt, Karl Peter (eds.).
617:
228:
continuation around a globe would have the same result. It is thought that the chariot was pulled around during religious rituals to demonstrate the motion of the Sun in the heavens.
1088:
187:
The horse stands on a bronze rod supported by four wheels. The rod below the horse is connected to the disk, which is supported by two wheels. All of the wheels have four
224:
that "instead of flowing in one direction, progress like the steps of the dance, twice forward and once back". The main features of the horse are also highly decorated.
573:
497:
935:
360:
12. Clean, as thou wentest, were thy wheels, wind was the axle fastened there. Surya, proceeding to her Lord, mounted a spirit-fashioned car.
358:
11. Thy Steeds were steady, kept in place by holy verse and Sama-hymn: All car were thy two chariot wheels: thy path was tremulous in the sky,
921:
1093:
247:
Evidence for horse-drawn chariots first appears in
Scandinavia around 1700 BC, in the form of petroglyphs, chariot bits and whip handles.
348:.85 mentions the sun god's bride as seated on a chariot pulled by two steeds. The relevant verses are the following (trans. Griffith):
1118:
480:
1073:
1158:
1064:, Anders Söderberg, Sweden, 2002. Söderberg demonstrates how part of the chariot might have been made using the lost-wax method.
1057:
812:
720:
692:
750:"Breakthrough of the Nordic Bronze Age: Transcultural Warriorhood and a Carpathian Crossroad in the Sixteenth Century BC"
524:"Breakthrough of the Nordic Bronze Age: Transcultural Warriorhood and a Carpathian Crossroad in the Sixteenth Century BC"
127:
1012:
259:. The archaeologist Christoph Sommerfeld argues that both sides of the disc encode knowledge of the 19-year lunisolar
1000:
168:
1098:
352:
10. Her spirit was the bridal car; the covering thereof was heaven: Bright were both Steeds that drew it when
1067:
458:
1108:
726:
1153:
1143:
636:
295:
1113:
684:
156:
73:
954:
829:
1103:
801:"Bridging India and Scandinavia: Institutional Transmission and Elite Conquest during the Bronze Age"
619:
Ritual in Late Bronze Age
Ireland – Material Culture, Practices, Landscape Setting and Social Context
331:
1128:
993:
435:
241:
1148:
1133:
915:
830:"Himmelsscheibe, Sonnenwagen und Kalenderhüte – ein Versuch zur bronzezeitlichen Astronomie"
109:
statue of a horse and a large bronze disk, which are placed on a device with spoked wheels.
8:
1138:
1123:
425:
769:
543:
210:
996:
955:"Zahlensymbolik und digitales Rechnersystem in der Ornamentik des Berliner Goldhutes"
876:
808:
773:
749:
716:
688:
547:
523:
121:
98:
49:
1054:
966:
903:
872:
841:
765:
761:
539:
535:
430:
341:
192:
255:
Some authors have suggested that the decoration on the disc numerically encodes a
30:
1061:
988:
678:
370:
90:
970:
845:
400:
1082:
860:
805:
Interweaving worlds systemic interactions in
Eurasia, 7th to 1st millennia BC
405:
378:
260:
142:
129:
164:
1072:, exhibition, Bonn. 1999. Catalogue introduction, wall panel information:
415:
983:
420:
390:
276:
199:
102:
712:
Winds of Change: Archaeological
Contributions in Honour of Peter Breunig
907:
395:
345:
287:
270:
264:
160:
112:
The sculpture was discovered with no accompanying objects in 1902 in a
77:
1069:
Götter und Helden in der
Bronzezeit: Europa im Zeitalter des Odysseus
117:
62:
891:
710:
655:
381:
as his horse-drawn chariot raced across the sky, bringing daylight.
800:
410:
291:
256:
113:
989:
Norse
Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs
179:
1044:, Penguin (Pelican, now Yale, History of Art), 1968 (nb 1st edn.)
337:
311:
204:
317:
892:"… nach Jahr und Tag – Bemerkungen über die Trundholm-Scheiben"
374:
263:. The Metonic cycle is also thought to be encoded on the later
106:
101:
artifact discovered in
Denmark. It is a representation of the
353:
188:
314:
is typically depicted with the attribute of a spoked wheel.
299:
220:
1089:
Prehistoric objects in the National Museum of Denmark
16:
Late Nordic Bronze Age artifact discovered in Denmark
271:
Sun chariot in Indo-European mythology and religions
715:. Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH. pp. 355–371.
677:Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. (2005).
676:
492:
490:
240:The sculpture is dated to about 1400 BC, or
1080:
286:The chariot has been interpreted as a possible
487:
344:also reflects the mention of the Sun chariot.
302:, the personification of day, across the sky.
653:
203:The left side of the disk shows no traces of
707:
183:The gilded side of the Trundholm sun chariot
936:"Golden Ceremonial Hat ("Berlin Gold Hat")"
920:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
798:
606:Sandars, 184; see also Nationalmuseet video
1023:Madanjeet Singh, Ahmad Hasan Dani (1993),
827:
29:
1027:, H.N. Abrams, p. 293, ISBN 978081093838.
977:
889:
858:
747:
521:
1055:Reconstructing the Trundholm Sun Chariot
625:(PhD). University of Galway. p. 95.
316:
209:
198:
178:
952:
828:Hansen, Rahlf; Rink, Christine (2008).
654:Mathias, Florent; Wilkin, Neil (2019).
615:
1081:
155:). It is now in the collection of the
1094:Archaeological discoveries in Denmark
453:
451:
959:Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica
834:Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica
325:
13:
364:
305:
281:
14:
1170:
1119:Germanic archaeological artifacts
1048:
1025:The Sun: Symbol of Power and Life
780:from the original on 22 July 2022
729:from the original on 7 April 2023
554:from the original on 22 July 2022
515:
448:
877:10.1111/j.1600-0390.2006.00047.x
1159:1902 archaeological discoveries
1017:
1006:
946:
928:
883:
852:
821:
792:
754:European Journal of Archaeology
748:Vandkilde, Helle (April 2014).
741:
701:
670:
647:
528:European Journal of Archaeology
522:Vandkilde, Helle (April 2014).
191:. The artifact was cast in the
799:Kristiansen, Kristian (2011).
766:10.1179/1461957114Y.0000000064
680:The Rise of Bronze Age Society
629:
609:
600:
591:
566:
540:10.1179/1461957114Y.0000000064
473:
356:approached her husband's home.
174:
1:
890:Sommerfel, Christoph (2010).
861:"Calendars of the Bronze Age"
441:
163:. It is featured on the 1000-
807:. Oxbow Books. p. 259.
641:British Archaeology Magazine
120:in the northwestern part of
7:
896:Praehistorische Zeitschrift
637:"Photo of the Lattoon disc"
616:Leonard, Katharine (2014).
384:
250:
10:
1175:
1034:
953:Menghin, Wilfried (2008).
685:Cambridge University Press
329:
274:
267:, dating from c. 1000 BC.
157:National Museum of Denmark
74:National Museum of Denmark
1042:Prehistoric Art in Europe
971:10.11588/apa.2008.0.71505
859:Randsborg, Klavs (2006).
846:10.11588/apa.2008.0.71501
461:. CWA 80. 19 January 2017
332:Historical Vedic religion
116:on the Trundholm moor in
69:
56:
45:
37:
28:
23:
1099:2nd-millennium BC works
1060:11 October 2008 at the
994:Oxford University Press
459:"Trundholm Sun Chariot"
436:Cult Wagon of Strettweg
235:
910:(inactive 2 May 2024).
362:
322:
215:
207:
184:
94:
1109:Prehistory of Denmark
481:"1000-krone banknote"
350:
320:
213:
202:
182:
87:Trundholm sun chariot
24:Trundholm sun chariot
1154:Ancient art in metal
1144:Danish Culture Canon
656:"The Sun also Rises"
242:Montellius period II
1040:Sandars, Nancy K.,
940:Neues Museum Berlin
660:British Archaeology
377:was said to wear a
244:(c. 1500-1300 BC).
139: /
1013:Mandala 10/Hymn 85
908:10.1515/PZ.2010.01
865:Acta Archaeologica
373:, the solar deity
323:
216:
208:
185:
1114:Nordic Bronze Age
814:978-1-84217-998-7
722:978-3-7749-4074-1
694:978-0-521-84363-8
574:"The Sun Chariot"
498:"The Sun Chariot"
143:55.917°N 11.617°E
124:, (approximately
99:Nordic Bronze Age
83:
82:
52:, c. 1500-1300 BC
50:Nordic Bronze Age
1166:
1104:Archaeoastronomy
1028:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1004:
981:
975:
974:
950:
944:
943:
932:
926:
925:
919:
911:
887:
881:
880:
856:
850:
849:
825:
819:
818:
796:
790:
789:
787:
785:
745:
739:
738:
736:
734:
705:
699:
698:
674:
668:
667:
651:
645:
644:
633:
627:
626:
624:
613:
607:
604:
598:
597:Sandars, 184–185
595:
589:
588:
586:
584:
570:
564:
563:
561:
559:
519:
513:
512:
510:
508:
494:
485:
484:
477:
471:
470:
468:
466:
455:
431:Urnfield culture
426:The King's Grave
342:Hindu scriptures
326:Hindu scriptures
214:Gold disc detail
167:banknote of the
154:
153:
151:
150:
149:
144:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
70:Present location
33:
21:
20:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1079:
1078:
1062:Wayback Machine
1051:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1007:
982:
978:
951:
947:
934:
933:
929:
913:
912:
888:
884:
857:
853:
826:
822:
815:
797:
793:
783:
781:
746:
742:
732:
730:
723:
706:
702:
695:
687:. p. 294.
675:
671:
652:
648:
635:
634:
630:
622:
614:
610:
605:
601:
596:
592:
582:
580:
572:
571:
567:
557:
555:
520:
516:
506:
504:
496:
495:
488:
479:
478:
474:
464:
462:
457:
456:
449:
444:
387:
371:Greek mythology
367:
365:Greek mythology
359:
357:
334:
328:
321:Surya's chariot
308:
306:Celtic Pantheon
290:predecessor to
284:
282:Norse mythology
279:
273:
265:Berlin Gold Hat
253:
238:
177:
147:
145:
141:
138:
133:
130:
128:
126:
125:
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1172:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1129:Bronze Age art
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1077:
1076:
1065:
1050:
1049:External links
1047:
1046:
1045:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1016:
1005:
976:
945:
927:
902:(2): 207–242.
882:
851:
820:
813:
791:
760:(4): 602–633.
740:
721:
700:
693:
669:
646:
628:
608:
599:
590:
578:Nationalmuseet
565:
534:(4): 602–633.
514:
502:Nationalmuseet
486:
472:
446:
445:
443:
440:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
386:
383:
366:
363:
330:Main article:
327:
324:
307:
304:
283:
280:
275:Main article:
272:
269:
252:
249:
237:
234:
176:
173:
148:55.917; 11.617
81:
80:
71:
67:
66:
58:
54:
53:
47:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1171:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:Solar chariot
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1134:Horses in art
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1074:(.doc format)
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1002:
1001:0-19-515382-0
998:
995:
991:
990:
985:
980:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
941:
937:
931:
923:
917:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
816:
810:
806:
802:
795:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
744:
728:
724:
718:
714:
713:
704:
696:
690:
686:
682:
681:
673:
665:
661:
657:
650:
642:
638:
632:
621:
620:
612:
603:
594:
579:
575:
569:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
518:
503:
499:
493:
491:
482:
476:
460:
454:
452:
447:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
406:Nebra skydisk
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
382:
380:
379:radiant crown
376:
372:
361:
355:
349:
347:
343:
339:
333:
319:
315:
313:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
278:
268:
266:
262:
261:Metonic cycle
258:
248:
245:
243:
233:
229:
225:
222:
212:
206:
201:
197:
194:
190:
181:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
152:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1068:
1041:
1024:
1019:
1008:
992:, page 272.
987:
984:Lindow, John
979:
962:
958:
948:
939:
930:
916:cite journal
899:
895:
885:
868:
864:
854:
837:
833:
823:
804:
794:
782:. Retrieved
757:
753:
743:
733:26 September
731:. Retrieved
711:
703:
679:
672:
663:
659:
649:
640:
631:
618:
611:
602:
593:
583:16 September
581:. Retrieved
577:
568:
556:. Retrieved
531:
527:
517:
507:16 September
505:. Retrieved
501:
475:
463:. Retrieved
368:
351:
335:
310:The sky god
309:
298:that pulled
285:
254:
246:
239:
230:
226:
217:
186:
111:
86:
84:
18:
965:: 157–169.
784:30 November
558:30 November
465:5 September
421:Sun worship
401:Håga Kurgan
391:Egtved Girl
277:Sun chariot
175:Description
169:2009 series
146: /
103:sun chariot
1139:Sun in art
1124:Bronzeware
1083:Categories
840:: 93–126.
442:References
396:Golden hat
288:Bronze Age
161:Copenhagen
78:Copenhagen
57:Discovered
986:. (2001)
871:: 62–90.
774:162256646
548:162256646
416:Sól (sun)
118:Odsherred
95:Solvognen
65:, Denmark
63:Odsherred
1058:Archived
778:Archived
727:Archived
666:: 52–57.
552:Archived
385:See also
292:Skinfaxi
257:calendar
251:Calendar
193:lost wax
114:peat bog
38:Material
1035:Sources
643:. 2019.
411:Phaëton
338:Rigveda
312:Taranis
205:gilding
134:11°37′E
131:55°55′N
122:Zealand
97:) is a
46:Created
999:
811:
772:
719:
691:
546:
375:Helios
294:, the
189:spokes
107:bronze
91:Danish
41:Bronze
770:S2CID
623:(PDF)
544:S2CID
354:Surya
346:RV 10
296:horse
165:krone
105:, a
997:ISBN
922:link
809:ISBN
786:2020
735:2022
717:ISBN
689:ISBN
585:2020
560:2020
509:2020
467:2022
336:The
300:Dagr
236:Date
221:gold
85:The
60:1902
967:doi
904:doi
873:doi
842:doi
762:doi
664:164
536:doi
369:In
340:in
159:in
1085::
963:40
961:.
957:.
938:.
918:}}
914:{{
900:85
898:.
894:.
869:77
867:.
863:.
838:40
836:.
832:.
803:.
776:.
768:.
758:17
756:.
752:.
725:.
683:.
662:.
658:.
639:.
576:.
550:.
542:.
532:17
530:.
526:.
500:.
489:^
450:^
171:.
93::
76:,
1003:.
973:.
969::
942:.
924:)
906::
879:.
875::
848:.
844::
817:.
788:.
764::
737:.
697:.
587:.
562:.
538::
511:.
483:.
469:.
89:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
