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to see him and were relieved above all that the succession had triggered neither unrest nor invasion. As James entered London, he was mobbed. The crowds of people, one observer reported, were so great that "they covered the beauty of the fields; and so greedy were they to behold the King that they injured and hurt one another". James's
1547:. By the middle of Henry's reign, the problems of the royal succession, which seemed so unimportant in 1503, acquired ever larger dimensions, when the question of Tudor fertility or the lack thereof entered directly into the political arena. Margaret's line was excluded from the English succession though during the reign of
1635:
heirs waiting in the wings. But James's honeymoon was of very short duration, and his initial political actions were to do much to create the rather negative tone, which was to turn a successful
Scottish king into a disappointing English one. The greatest and most obvious was the question of his exact status and title.
1652:
of parliaments was limited to the stage-managed and semi-feudal
Scottish variety, the self-assurance — and obduracy — of the English version, which had long experience of upsetting monarchs, was an obvious shock. He decided to side-step the whole issue by unilaterally assuming the title of King of Great Britain by a
2292:
Cecil wrote that James should "secure the heart of the highest, to whose sex and quality nothing is so improper as either needless expostulations or over much curiosity in her own actions, the first showing unquietness in yourself, the second challenging some untimely interest in hers; both which are
1804:
ambassador in London, noted that "the question of the Union will, I am assured, be dropped; for His
Majesty is now well aware that nothing can be effected, both sides displaying such obstinacy that an accommodation is impossible; and so his Majesty is resolved to abandon the question for the present,
1727:
proved contentious, as did the issue of equal rights before the law. Fears were openly expressed in the
Westminster Parliament that English jobs would be threatened by all the poor people of the realm of Scotland, who will "draw near to the Sonn, and flocking hither in such Multitudes, that death and
1602:
for London and promised to return every three years, which he failed to keep by returning only once, in 1617. He progressed slowly from town to town to arrive in the capital after
Elizabeth's funeral. Local lords received James with lavish hospitality along the route, and James's new subjects flocked
1585:
to prepare in advance for a smooth succession. Cecil advised James not to press the matter of the succession upon the queen but simply to treat her with kindness and respect. The approach proved effective: "I trust that you will not doubt", Elizabeth wrote to James, "but that your last letters are so
1651:
at best. James's ambitions were greeted with horror from the
English parliament who feared the loss of the ancient and famous name of England. Legal objections were raised, with legal opinion at the time being that a union would end all established laws of both countries. For James, whose experience
1719:
In
October 1604 English and Scottish MP's were appointed as commissioners to explore the creation of a perfect union. James closed the final session of his first parliament with a rebuke to his opponents in the House of Commons: "Here all things suspected.... He merits to be buried in the bottom of
1787:
And then you shal live freely there, without
Sergeants, or Courtiers, or Lawyers, or Intelligencers – onely a few industrious Scots perhaps, who indeed are disperst over the face of the whole earth. But as for them, there are no greater friends of Englishmen and England, when they are out an't, in
1698:
Lett it not begyne vith ane comedie, and end in ane tragedie; to be ane verball unioun in disparitie nor reall in conformity... hairby, to advance the ane kingdome, to great honor and beccome forȝetfull of the uther, sua to mak the samyn altogidder solitat and desoltat qhilk cannot stand vith your
1634:
Whatever residual fears that many in
England may have felt, James's arrival aroused a mood of high expectation. The twilight years of Elizabeth had been a disappointment, and for a nation troubled for so many years by the question of succession, the new king was a family man who already had male
1656:
on 20 October 1604 announcing that he did "assume to Our selfe by the cleerenesse of our Right, The Name and Stile of KING OF GREAT BRITTAINE, FRANCE AND IRELAND, DEFENDER OF THE FAITH, &c." . This only deepened the offence. Even in
Scotland there was little real enthusiasm for the project,
1642:
What God hath conjoined let no man separate. I am the husband and the whole isle is my lawful wife; I am the head and it is my body; I am the shepherd and it is my flock. I hope therefore that no man will think that I, a Christian King under the Gospel, should be a polygamist and husband to two
1683:
sought refuge in Scotland, as he had heard the Scottish king "protected all the Spaniards who reached his kingdom, clothed them, and gave them passages to Spain". However, following his six-month ordeal within the kingdom, he concluded "the King of Scotland is nobody: nor does he possess the
1792:
Anti-English satires proliferated, and in 1609, the king had an act passed that promised the direst penalties against the writers of "pasquillis, libellis, rymis, cockalanis, comedies and sicklyk occasiones whereby they slander and maligne and revile the estait and countrey of England..."
1758:
the Countrey ... is too good for those that possesse yt, and too bad for others to be at the charge of conquering yt. The ayre might be wholesome, but for the stincking people that inhabit yt ... Their beasts be generallie small (women excepted) of which sort there are no greater in the
1406:, with the Crown of England and the Crown of Scotland remaining both distinct and separate despite James's best efforts to create a new imperial throne. England and Scotland continued as two separate states sharing a monarch, who directed their domestic and foreign policies, along with
1822:
sought to create their own 'Scotch' design, which saw the reverse superimposition take place. (that design was used in Scotland until 1707). For years afterwards, vessels of the two nations continued to fly their respective "flags", the royal proclamation notwithstanding. The
1586:
acceptably taken as my thanks cannot be lacking for the same, but yield them you in grateful sort". In March 1603, with the queen clearly dying, Cecil sent James a draft proclamation of his accession to the English throne. Strategic fortresses were put on alert, with
1813:
King James devised new coats of arms and a uniform coinage. The creation of a national flag proved contentious, designs acceptable to one side typically offending the other. James finally proclaimed the new Union Flag on 12 April 1606: Scots who saw in it a
1507:
our realme wald receive na damage thair thorow, for in that caise Ingland wald not accress unto Scotland, bot Scotland wald acress unto Ingland, as to the most noble heid of the hole yle...evin as quhan Normandy came in the power of Inglis men our
1386:
to the throne of the Kingdom of England as James I and the practical unification of some functions (such as overseas diplomacy) of the two separate realms under a single individual on 24 March 1603. It followed the death of James's cousin,
1619:
was deferred until 15 March 1604, when all London turned out for the occasion: "The streets seemed paved with men", wrote Dekker, "Stalls instead of rich wares were set out with children, open casements filled up with women".
1594:
were advising James in Edinburgh on forms of government. Elizabeth died in the early hours of 24 March. Within eight hours, James was proclaimed king in London, with the news received without protest or disturbance.
1788:
the world, then they are. And for my part, I would a hundred thousand of them were there, for wee are all one Countrymen now, yee know; and wee shoulde finde ten times more comfort of them there, then wee do here.
1499:, despite the improbability of a Scottish prince acceding the English throne at the time. However, many on the English side were concerned by the dynastic implications of matrimony, including some
4456:
1215:
1998:
1707:; for any such hurt would mean that "it culd no more be a frie monarchie". James attempted to reassure his new English subjects that the new union would be much like that between England and
1703:
Those fears were echoed by the Scottish Parliament, whose members were telling the King that they were "confident" that his plans for an incorporating union would not prejudice the ancient
19:
This article is about England and Scotland coming under the rule of the same monarch. For the merger of the two sovereign countries into one sovereign country over a century later, see
1657:
though the two parliaments were eventually prodded into taking the whole matter 'under consideration'. Consider it they did for several years, never drawing the desired conclusion.
1349:
2886:
1671:
In Scotland there were early signs that many saw the risk of the "lesser being drawn by the greater", as Henry VII once predicted. An example before Scottish eyes was the case of
1675:, a kingdom in name, but since 1601, a subject nation in practice. The asymmetric relationship between Scotland and England had been evident for at least a decade. In 1589, the
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The Union Commission made some limited progress, on discrete issues such as hostile border laws, trade and citizenship. The borders were to become the "middle shires".
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1694:, lawyer and writer, an initial enthusiast for "the happie and blissed Unioun betuixt the tua ancienne realmes of Scotland and Ingland" was later to warn James:
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wives; that I being the head should have a divided or monstrous body or that being the shepherd to so fair a flock should have my flock parted in two.
307:
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and that if Scotland should refuse, "he would compel their assents, having a stronger party there than the opposite party of the mutineers".
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2381:, ed. Johann Sommerville, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995, 132–46, here 136.
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Parliament may very well have rejected polygamy; but the marriage, if marriage it was, between the realms of England and Scotland was to be
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Majestie's honor. As god hes heichlie advanceit your Majestie lett Scotland qhilk is ȝour auldest impyir be partakeris of ȝour blissings.
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Scottish aristocrats and other placeseekers made their way to London to compete for high positions in government. In 1617, Sir
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1488:, concluded the previous year, which, in theory, ended centuries of Anglo-Scottish war. The marriage brought Scotland's
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2588:
Brown, Keith M. (1994). "The vanishing emperor: British kingship and its decline, 1603–1707". In Roger A. Mason (ed.).
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authority or position of a king: and he does not move a step, nor eat a mouthful, that is not by order of the Queen (
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In his first speech to his southern assembly on 19 March 1604 James gave a clear statement of the royal manifesto:
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2765:"On this Day: 21 November 1606: The proposed union between England and Scotland | History of Parliament Online"
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From 1601, in the last years of Elizabeth I's life, certain English politicians, notably her chief minister,
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took place on 25 July though the festivities had to be restricted because of an outbreak of the plague. A
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The History of Scotland: From the Death of King James I, in the Year M. CCCC. XXXVI, to the Year M.D. LXI
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2439:"Captain Cuellar's Narrative of the Spanish Armada and of his Wanderings and Adventures in Ireland"
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1732:, those born after the Union of March 1603, was not decided by Parliament but in the courts by
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2473:"Debating Britain in Seventeenth-Century Scotland: Multiple Monarchy and Scottish Sovereignty"
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Keith M Brown, "Reformation to Union, 1560–1707," in R.A. Houston and W. W. J. Knox, eds.,
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1627:"England and Scotland with Minerva and Love" Allegorical work of the Union of the Crowns by
1551:, concerns were once again raised. In the last decade of her reign it was clear to all that
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1555:, great-grandson of James IV and Margaret, was the only generally acceptable heir.
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2013:
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the sea that shall but think of separation, where God had made such a Union".
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16:
Personal union of the kingdoms of Scotland, England, and Ireland from 1603
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2827:
Wormald, Jenny (2007). "Union of the Crowns". In Lynch, Michael (ed.).
2006:
1988:
1824:
1768:
1724:
1616:
4938:
2547:
Politics, Transgression, and Representation at the Court of Charles II
2182:. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications. Archived from
1512:
The peace did not last in "perpetuity"; it was disturbed in 1513 when
1434:
created the Commonwealth of England and Scotland which ended with the
3691:
3634:
3596:
3566:
3153:
3128:
1921:
Arms of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Ireland, 1603–1707.
1754:
wrote of the poverty of Scotland, as conceived by English courtiers:
1738:(1608), which extended property rights to all the King's subjects in
1599:
3254:
1974:
used in the Kingdom of Scotland from the early 17th century to 1707.
5256:
4048:
3586:
3527:
3133:
2958:
2590:
Scots and Britons: Scottish Political Thought and the Union of 1603
2162:
A History of the Modern British Isles, 1603–1707: The Double Crown
2126:. Julius Groos Verlag. 26 September 1995 – via Google Books.
1611:
featuring elaborate allegories provided by dramatic poets such as
1516:, who had succeeded his father four years before, declared war on
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3865:
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2377:
James I, speech to the Westminster parliament, 19 March 1603, in
1452:
2680:
The "Inevitable" Union and Other Essays on Early Modern Scotland
3296:
3244:
2968:
2963:
1587:
1503:. In countering these fears Henry VII is reputed to have said:
1275:
3947:
3216:
2283:
James described Cecil as "king there in effect". Croft, p 48.
1708:
65:
4053:
3000:
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Union of the Crowns 400th anniversary − educational website
2854:
1728:
dearth is very probable to ensue". The exact status of the
1474:, and the spirit of the new age was celebrated by the poet
2894:
2138:
4915:
2860:
Ulster-Scots Agency.com: "1603 — The Union of the Crowns"
2502:
1528:, her ancient bond with Scotland. James duly invaded
2527:
2030:
1573:
James in the year of his coronation in England, 1603
2626:
Scotland's Relations with England: A Survey to 1707
2384:
1779:. In enthusing over the good life to be had in the
1742:and allowed them to bring cases before the courts.
2663:Galloway, Bruce, & Levack, Brian, ed., (1985)
2623:
2545:Julia Marciari Alexander & Catharine MacLeod,
1654:Proclamation concerning the Kings Majesties Stile
5602:
2417:"Royal Arms, Styles and Titles of Great Britain"
1805:in hope that time may consume the ill-humours".
2819:Wormald, Jenny (1994). "The Union of 1603", in
2716:Marshall, T. (July 2005). "United We Stand?".
2610:Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
2396:
1827:entered into common use only under Cromwell's
1524:. In response France invoked the terms of the
4954:
3650:
2880:
2682:. East Linton, East Lothian: Tuckwell Press.
2136:
1590:placed under guard. English agents including
1343:
2647:The Union of England and Scotland, 1603–1608
3447:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
2460:(Edinburgh: SHS, 1985), pp. liv-lxi, 75-141
2328:
2326:
2324:
1907:Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland, 1603–1707.
4961:
4947:
3657:
3643:
3624:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
2887:
2873:
2414:
1991:used in the Kingdom of England, 1606–1707.
1763:A wounding observation came in the comedy
1350:
1336:
1046:Parl. Voting System and Constituencies Act
2783:
2746:The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I
2592:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2575:, vol. 10 (London, 1900), p. 280 no. 433.
2508:
2455:Bruce R. Galloway & Brian P. Levack,
1306:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act
455:Eire (Confirmation of Agreement) Act 1929
41:and events relevant to the status of the
26:For the 2012 album by Bury Tomorrow, see
2830:The Oxford companion to Scottish history
2715:
2644:
2621:
2573:Calendar State Papers, Venice: 1603–1607
2321:
1622:
1568:
1558:
1451:
1256:Early Parliamentary General Election Act
1036:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act
417:Ireland (Confirm. of Agreement) Act 1925
4968:
2826:
2743:
2667:, Edinburgh, Scottish History Society.
2390:
2379:King James VI and I: Political Writings
358:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act
5603:
3664:
2665:The Jacobean Union, Six tracts of 1604
2477:Journal of Scottish Historical Studies
2458:The Jacobean Union: Six Tracts of 1604
2204:
2175:
1484:. The marriage was the outcome of the
986:Parties, Elections and Referendums Act
886:Referendums (Scotland & Wales) Act
4942:
3638:
2868:
2833:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2724:
2696:
2587:
2533:
2470:
2159:
2139:"The Union of The Crowns 1603 – 2003"
1745:
976:Representation of the People Act 2000
836:Representation of the People Act 1985
826:Representation of the People Act 1983
736:House of Commons Disqualification Act
510:Representation of the People Act 1948
473:HM Declaration of Abdication Act 1936
446:Representation of the People Act 1928
348:Representation of the People Act 1918
210:Representation of the People Act 1867
2318:(London: Camden Society, 1840), 364.
2293:best forborne". Willson, pp 154–155.
1441:
876:Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act
2677:
2522:The New Penguin History of Scotland
2231:
1541:England repeatedly invaded Scotland
1206:EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act
566:European Convention on Human Rights
13:
2804:Willson, David Harris ( 1963 ed).
2762:
2402:
2179:William Dunbar: The Complete Works
1422:. However, there was a republican
436:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act
14:
5682:
2848:
2771:. The History of Parliament Trust
1146:HL (Expulsion and Suspension) Act
696:UK joins the European Communities
408:Irish Free State Constitution Act
2562:, vol. 3 (London, 1828), p. 338.
2061:
2047:
2033:
1997:
1980:
1963:
1945:
1927:
1913:
1899:
1878:
1857:
1836:
1583:secret correspondence with James
1116:Scottish independence referendum
1106:Succession to the Crown Act 2013
634:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968
604:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962
530:Statute of the Council of Europe
398:Irish Free State (Agreement) Act
96:Succession to the Crown Act 1707
53:
3726:England in the late Middle Ages
2924:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
2748:. London: Chatto & Windus.
2727:Scotland and England, 1286–1815
2565:
2552:
2539:
2514:
2464:
2449:
2431:
2408:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2305:
2296:
2286:
1426:in the 1650s, during which the
1226:European Union (Withdrawal) Act
706:Local Government (Scotland) Act
146:HC (Disqualifications) Act 1801
5646:Unionism in the United Kingdom
5616:Monarchy of the United Kingdom
2921:Monarchs of England until 1603
2277:
2263:The Stuart Successions Project
2251:
2225:
2198:
2169:
2160:Smith, David Lawrence (1998).
2153:
2130:
2116:
2098:
1714:
1705:laws and liberties of Scotland
1539:In the decades that followed,
896:Scottish devolution referendum
796:Scottish devolution referendum
318:Government of Ireland Act 1914
126:Constitution of Ireland (1782)
1:
2725:Mason, Roger A., ed. (1987).
2560:Progresses of James the First
2092:
2016:, James used the device as a
1660:
1414:during the reign of the last
1266:EU (Withdrawal Agreement) Act
1166:European Union Referendum Act
665:NI (Temporary Provisions) Act
5095:Colonization of the Americas
1667:Jacobean debate on the Union
1598:On 5 April 1603, James left
1522:War of the League of Cambrai
1296:EU (Future Relationship) Act
1276:UK leaves the European Union
1006:Government of Wales Act 2006
866:Local Government (Wales) Act
585:HC Disqualification Act 1957
500:British Nationality Act 1948
7:
3531:British monarchs after the
2808:London: Jonathan Cape Ltd.
2524:(2002) pp. 182–275, p. 236
2026:
1939:of the Kingdom of Scotland.
1066:Alternative Vote referendum
1056:Welsh devolution referendum
906:Welsh devolution referendum
806:Welsh devolution referendum
426:Balfour Declaration of 1926
388:Church of Scotland Act 1921
201:Judicial Committee Act 1844
193:Judicial Committee Act 1843
185:Judicial Committee Act 1833
10:
5687:
5656:Ireland–Scotland relations
5651:England–Scotland relations
5090:Economy in the Middle Ages
5051:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
3731:Economy in the Middle Ages
2622:Ferguson, William (1977).
2581:
2176:Conlee, John, ed. (2004).
2082:Catholic Monarchs of Spain
1957:of the Kingdom of England.
1808:
1767:, a collaboration between
1664:
1562:
1445:
1391:, the last monarch of the
1086:Fixed-term Parliaments Act
338:Royal Proclamation of 1917
260:Appellate Jurisdiction Act
220:Reform Act (Scotland) 1868
25:
18:
5671:Succession to Elizabeth I
5514:
5451:
5403:
5368:
5325:
5270:
5193:Convention of the Estates
5163:
5115:
4976:
4854:
4806:
4763:
4733:
4690:
4636:
3927:
3864:
3672:
3619:
3542:
3526:
3522:
3459:
3442:
3438:
2915:
2911:
2769:The History of Parliament
2678:Lee, Maurice Jr. (2003).
1565:Succession to Elizabeth I
1486:Treaty of Perpetual Peace
1481:The Thrissil and the Rois
1246:EU Withdrawal (No. 2) Act
1216:Invocation of Article 50
1126:House of Lords Reform Act
1016:Northern Ireland Act 2009
996:Constitutional Reform Act
368:Government of Ireland Act
308:Status of Aliens Act 1914
230:Reform Act (Ireland) 1868
5666:17th century in Scotland
2729:. Edinburgh: J. Donald.
2649:. Edinburgh: J. Donald.
2645:Galloway, Bruce (1986).
2630:. Edinburgh: J. Donald.
1176:EU membership referendum
756:EC membership referendum
676:European Communities Act
166:Scottish Reform Act 1832
39:Constitutional documents
5661:17th century in England
3795:Commonwealth of England
2699:Scotland: a new history
2697:Lynch, Michael (1992).
2606:Croft, Pauline (2003).
2471:Mason, Roger A (2015).
2234:"The Battle of Flodden"
1382:) was the accession of
1379:
1076:European Union Act 2011
936:Government of Wales Act
816:British Nationality Act
576:Interpretation Act (NI)
280:Interpretation Act 1889
5546:Court of the Lord Lyon
2806:King James VI & 1.
2744:Stewart, Alan (2003).
2489:10.3366/jshs.2015.0138
2265:. University of Exeter
2106:"Aonadh nan Crùintean"
1790:
1761:
1701:
1645:
1631:
1574:
1510:
1459:
1389:Elizabeth I of England
1371:
1286:UK Internal Market Act
1236:EU Withdrawal Act 2019
654:EC Treaty of Accession
464:Statute of Westminster
299:Aliens Restriction Act
5183:Estates of Parliament
2786:"Union of the Crowns"
1785:
1756:
1696:
1640:
1626:
1572:
1559:Accession of James VI
1514:Henry VIII of England
1505:
1470:, eldest daughter of
1455:
1412:Acts of Union of 1707
916:Good Friday Agreement
556:Royal Titles Act 1953
250:Royal Titles Act 1876
176:Irish Reform Act 1832
116:Wales and Berwick Act
5290:Early modern warfare
5021:Wars of Independence
4646:Anglo-Saxon military
3834:Overseas possessions
3501:William III & II
3066:Henry the Young King
3016:Edward the Confessor
2984:Æthelred the Unready
2718:BBC History Magazine
2549:(Yale, 2007), p. 50.
2124:"English World-wide"
2018:royal heraldic badge
1818:superimposed upon a
1681:Francisco de Cuellar
1553:James VI of Scotland
1472:Henry VII of England
1464:James IV of Scotland
1384:James VI of Scotland
1372:Aonadh nan Crùintean
926:Northern Ireland Act
686:Local Government Act
5080:Glorious Revolution
5041:Union of the Crowns
5016:Davidian Revolution
4970:Kingdom of Scotland
4060:Acts of Parliament:
3827:Union with Scotland
3822:Glorious Revolution
3768:Union of the Crowns
3758:English Renaissance
3746:English Reformation
3687:Anglo-Saxon England
3449:Union of the Crowns
2701:. London: Pimlico.
2137:John Daniel McVey.
2087:Imperial Federation
1849:Kingdom of Scotland
1820:St Andrew's Saltire
1679:shipwreck survivor
1545:burning its capital
1448:Treaty of Greenwich
1364:Union of the Crowns
846:Single European Act
726:NI Constitution Act
539:Parliament Act 1949
28:The Union of Crowns
5626:Kingdom of England
5583:Saint Andrew's Day
5553:Royal coat of arms
5418:Church of Scotland
5245:Secretary of State
5235:Acts of Parliament
5107:Union with England
4017:Secretary of State
3699:Kingdom of England
3666:Kingdom of England
3533:Acts of Union 1707
3496:James II & VII
3189:Kenneth I MacAlpin
2974:Edgar the Peaceful
2368:Stewart, pp 172–3.
2316:The Egerton Papers
2312:John Payne Collier
2141:. Uotc.scran.ac.uk
2077:Commonwealth realm
1891:Kingdom of Ireland
1870:Kingdom of England
1783:, it is observed:
1781:Colony of Virginia
1746:National animosity
1740:English common law
1632:
1605:English coronation
1575:
1497:line of succession
1460:
1436:Stuart Restoration
1380:Union o the Crouns
966:House of Lords Act
766:Interpretation Act
378:Anglo-Irish Treaty
136:Acts of Union 1800
5621:Scottish monarchy
5598:
5597:
5501:Scottish baronial
5310:Lord High Admiral
5251:Regiam Majestatem
5001:Early Middle Ages
4936:
4935:
4778:Church of England
3736:Wars of the Roses
3632:
3631:
3615:
3614:
3518:
3517:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3428:
2979:Edward the Martyr
2821:Scots and Britons
2755:978-0-7011-6984-8
2736:978-0-85976-177-2
2708:978-0-712-69893-1
2689:978-1-86232-107-6
2656:978-0-85976-143-7
2637:978-0-85976-022-5
2599:978-0-521-42034-1
2443:Project Gutenburg
2021:
1992:
1975:
1958:
1940:
1922:
1908:
1894:
1873:
1852:
1816:St George's Cross
1629:Peter Paul Rubens
1534:Battle of Flodden
1501:Privy Councillors
1442:Early unification
1360:
1359:
1324:
1323:
1186:Scotland Act 2016
1156:Recall of MPs Act
1096:Scotland Act 2012
856:Maastricht Treaty
776:Scotland Act 1978
594:Life Peerages Act
5678:
5636:1603 in Scotland
5300:Royal Scots Navy
5295:Royal Scots Army
5285:Medieval warfare
5085:Maritime history
5026:Late Middle Ages
5011:Late Middle Ages
5006:High Middle Ages
4963:
4956:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4896:Royal supporters
4743:English language
3990:Council of State
3980:King's Secretary
3973:House of Commons
3958:Magnum Concilium
3856:Maritime history
3817:Exclusion Crisis
3800:The Protectorate
3659:
3652:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3524:
3523:
3484:Richard Cromwell
3474:The Protectorate
3464:James I & VI
3440:
3439:
3021:Harold Godwinson
2941:Edward the Elder
2934:Alfred the Great
2918:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2844:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2763:Thrush, Andrew.
2759:
2740:
2721:
2712:
2693:
2660:
2641:
2629:
2603:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2556:
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2531:
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2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
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2495:
2468:
2462:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2415:Francois Velde.
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2375:
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2191:
2186:on 14 March 2007
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2066:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2014:Scottish thistle
2004:
2001:
1987:
1984:
1970:
1967:
1952:
1949:
1934:
1931:
1920:
1917:
1906:
1903:
1885:
1882:
1864:
1861:
1843:
1840:
1796:In October 1605
1579:Sir Robert Cecil
1530:Northern England
1462:In August 1503,
1352:
1345:
1338:
946:Human Rights Act
667:
624:Royal Assent Act
547:Regency Act 1953
520:Ireland Act 1949
491:Regency Act 1943
482:Regency Act 1937
328:Welsh Church Act
240:Irish Church Act
72:
71:
66:
57:
35:
34:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5641:1603 in Ireland
5631:1603 in England
5601:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5510:
5447:
5399:
5388:Scottish people
5383:Scottish Gaelic
5364:
5321:
5266:
5240:Lord Chancellor
5188:General Council
5167:
5159:
5111:
4972:
4967:
4937:
4932:
4926:St George's Day
4901:Royal standards
4884:College of Arms
4850:
4802:
4759:
4729:
4686:
4632:
3941:
3923:
3860:
3807:The Restoration
3751:Elizabethan era
3704:Norman Conquest
3668:
3663:
3633:
3628:
3611:
3538:
3514:
3479:Oliver Cromwell
3455:
3430:
3425:
3272:Constantine III
3181:
3006:Harold Harefoot
2996:Edmund Ironside
2907:
2902: and
2893:
2851:
2841:
2795:
2793:
2792:. UK Parliament
2784:UK Parliament.
2774:
2772:
2756:
2737:
2709:
2690:
2657:
2638:
2600:
2584:
2579:
2571:Horatio Brown,
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2420:
2419:. Heraldica.org
2413:
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2401:
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2363:
2359:Stewart, p 169.
2358:
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2310:
2306:
2302:Willson, p 155.
2301:
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2131:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2110:www.faclair.com
2104:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2069:Scotland portal
2067:
2062:
2060:
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2002:
1993:
1985:
1976:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1932:
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1918:
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1895:
1883:
1874:
1862:
1853:
1841:
1811:
1748:
1717:
1669:
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1592:Thomas Chaloner
1581:, maintained a
1567:
1561:
1532:leading to the
1492:into England's
1450:
1444:
1432:Oliver Cromwell
1428:Tender of Union
1368:Scottish Gaelic
1356:
1327:
1326:
1325:
663:
644:Immigration Act
270:Reform Act 1884
156:Reform Act 1832
76:Treaty of Union
68:
64:
31:
24:
21:Treaty of Union
17:
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5:
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5378:Scots language
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4748:English people
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4663:New Model Army
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3995:Lord Protector
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3207:
3205:
3204:
3203:Constantine I
3200:
3198:
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3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3173:
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3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
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2999:
2997:
2994:
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2987:
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2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2842:
2840:9780191727481
2836:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:0-224-60572-0
2811:
2807:
2803:
2791:
2790:parliament.uk
2787:
2782:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2673:0-906245-06-0
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2616:0-333-61395-3
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2574:
2568:
2561:
2555:
2548:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2517:
2510:
2509:UK Parliament
2505:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2434:
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2338:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2299:
2289:
2280:
2264:
2260:
2259:"Elizabeth I"
2254:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2163:
2156:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2059:
2056:
2045:
2042:
2031:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1916:
1911:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1834:
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1826:
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1817:
1806:
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1799:
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1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1735:Calvin's Case
1731:
1726:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1678:
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1668:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:Thomas Dekker
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:Auld Alliance
1523:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
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1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1393:Tudor dynasty
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1319:
1317:
1316:Elections Act
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
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1269:
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1263:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1026:Lisbon Treaty
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
997:
994:
993:
989:
987:
984:
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979:
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879:
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869:
867:
864:
863:
859:
857:
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847:
844:
843:
839:
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829:
827:
824:
823:
819:
817:
814:
813:
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807:
804:
803:
799:
797:
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793:
789:
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783:
779:
777:
774:
773:
769:
767:
764:
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759:
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753:
749:
747:
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743:
739:
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734:
733:
729:
727:
724:
723:
719:
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714:
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709:
707:
704:
703:
699:
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694:
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689:
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684:
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679:
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669:
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662:
661:
657:
655:
652:
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647:
645:
642:
641:
637:
635:
632:
631:
627:
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621:
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612:
611:
607:
605:
602:
601:
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587:
584:
583:
579:
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573:
569:
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564:
563:
559:
557:
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553:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
537:
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531:
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527:
523:
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518:
517:
513:
511:
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501:
498:
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489:
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457:
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453:
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443:
439:
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429:
427:
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419:
416:
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411:
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389:
386:
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381:
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376:
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371:
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366:
365:
361:
359:
356:
355:
351:
349:
346:
345:
341:
339:
336:
335:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
319:
316:
315:
311:
309:
306:
305:
301:
298:
297:
293:
291:
288:
287:
283:
281:
278:
277:
273:
271:
268:
267:
263:
261:
258:
257:
253:
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248:
247:
243:
241:
238:
237:
233:
231:
228:
227:
223:
221:
218:
217:
213:
211:
208:
207:
203:
200:
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195:
192:
191:
187:
184:
183:
179:
177:
174:
173:
169:
167:
164:
163:
159:
157:
154:
153:
149:
147:
144:
143:
139:
137:
134:
133:
129:
127:
124:
123:
119:
117:
114:
113:
109:
107:
104:
103:
99:
97:
94:
93:
89:
87:
86:Acts of Union
84:
83:
79:
77:
74:
73:
67:List per year
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
40:
37:
36:
33:
29:
22:
5563:Crown Jewels
5558:Royal Banner
5471:Early Modern
5453:Architecture
5370:Demographics
5249:
5228:Early Modern
5117:Royal Houses
5063:Commonwealth
5046:Jacobean era
5040:
4906:Crown Jewels
4891:Royal badges
4879:Coat of arms
4808:Architecture
4793:Morris dance
4735:Demographics
4658:English Army
4455:
4079:
4044:Star Chamber
3866:Royal Houses
3849:Protectorate
3778:Jacobean era
3767:
3741:Tudor period
3623:
3602:Elizabeth II
3530:
3448:
3446:
3373:
3351:
3342:Alexander II
3259:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3169:
3158:
3081:
3064:
3052:
3025:
2988:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2829:
2820:
2805:
2794:. Retrieved
2789:
2773:. Retrieved
2768:
2745:
2726:
2717:
2698:
2679:
2664:
2646:
2625:
2607:
2589:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2546:
2541:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2504:
2494:14 September
2492:. Retrieved
2480:
2476:
2466:
2457:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2410:
2398:
2391:Wormald 2007
2386:
2378:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2350:Croft, p 50.
2346:
2337:
2315:
2307:
2298:
2288:
2279:
2269:14 September
2267:. Retrieved
2262:
2253:
2243:14 September
2241:. Retrieved
2237:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2210:
2206:Leslie, John
2200:
2188:. Retrieved
2184:the original
2178:
2171:
2161:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2132:
2118:
2109:
2100:
1893:, 1541–1603.
1872:, 1558–1603.
1851:, 1565–1603.
1829:Protectorate
1812:
1798:Nicolò Molin
1795:
1791:
1786:
1777:John Marston
1764:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1718:
1702:
1697:
1692:John Russell
1690:
1670:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1597:
1576:
1543:, including
1538:
1511:
1506:
1479:
1461:
1410:, until the
1397:
1363:
1361:
956:Scotland Act
32:
5262:Covenanters
5219:Government
5075:Popish Plot
5070:Restoration
5058:Interregnum
5036:Reformation
5031:Renaissance
4996:Roman times
4991:Prehistoric
4831:Elizabethan
4816:Anglo-Saxon
4037:Elizabethan
4027:Anglo-Saxon
3953:Curia regis
3894:Plantagenet
3844:Proprietary
3812:Popish Plot
3790:Interregnum
3714:The Anarchy
3607:Charles III
3592:Edward VIII
3322:Alexander I
3302:Malcolm III
3277:Kenneth III
3177:Elizabeth I
3139:Richard III
2608:King James.
2332:Croft, p 49
2238:Historic UK
2217:26 November
2166:, Chapter 2
1765:Eastward Ho
1715:Commissions
1686:Elizabeth I
1609:Royal Entry
1549:Elizabeth I
1424:interregnum
614:Peerage Act
5605:Categories
5568:Scots pine
5529:Union Flag
5506:Neoclassic
5461:Vernacular
4911:Tudor rose
4841:Queen Anne
4670:Royal Navy
4022:Governance
4012:Ministries
3963:Parliament
3582:Edward VII
3572:William IV
3562:George III
3491:Charles II
3386:Robert III
3332:Malcolm IV
3307:Donald III
3282:Malcolm II
3267:Kenneth II
3149:Henry VIII
3109:Richard II
3104:Edward III
3038:William II
3011:Harthacnut
2534:Lynch 1992
2423:25 October
2145:25 October
2093:References
2010:dimidiated
2007:Tudor rose
1989:Union Flag
1972:Union Flag
1825:Union Flag
1769:Ben Jonson
1725:Free trade
1661:Opposition
1649:morganatic
1617:Ben Jonson
1563:See also:
1508:forbearis.
1446:See also:
5578:St Andrew
5486:Palladian
5438:Mythology
5327:Geography
4921:St George
4692:Geography
4457:1642–1660
4106:1422–1460
4101:1413–1421
4096:1399–1411
4091:1377–1397
4086:1327–1376
4074:1308–1325
4069:1275–1307
4064:1225–1267
3899:Lancaster
3879:Knýtlinga
3783:Civil War
3692:Heptarchy
3597:George VI
3567:George IV
3557:George II
3469:Charles I
3451:from 1603
3401:James III
3381:Robert II
3337:William I
3312:Duncan II
3240:Malcolm I
3230:Donald II
3154:Edward VI
3144:Henry VII
3129:Edward IV
3099:Edward II
3089:Henry III
3072:Richard I
3033:William I
2954:Æthelstan
2823:, op cit.
2190:26 August
2012:with the
1730:post nati
1600:Edinburgh
47:countries
5541:Heraldry
5496:Georgian
5491:Jacobean
5481:Churches
5466:Medieval
5443:Religion
5272:Military
5223:Medieval
5203:Guardian
5198:Monarchy
5165:Politics
4986:Timeline
4916:Oak tree
4874:Heraldry
4846:Georgian
4836:Jacobean
4788:Folklore
4773:Religion
4700:Counties
4638:Military
4032:Medieval
3985:Monarchy
3932:Politics
3884:Normandy
3682:Timeline
3587:George V
3577:Victoria
3552:George I
3421:James VI
3406:James IV
3396:James II
3369:David II
3364:Robert I
3353:Margaret
3287:Duncan I
3196:Donald I
3134:Edward V
3124:Henry VI
3114:Henry IV
3094:Edward I
3060:Henry II
2959:Edmund I
2948:Ælfweard
2906:monarchs
2900:Scottish
2483:: 1–24.
2208:(1570).
2027:See also
1802:Venetian
1468:Margaret
1466:married
1404:dynastic
1400:personal
45:and its
5590:Unicorn
5573:Thistle
5516:Symbols
5476:Castles
5428:Cuisine
5405:Culture
5350:Palaces
5345:Islands
5340:Castles
5305:History
5210:Peerage
5140:Balliol
5130:Dunkeld
4978:History
4856:Symbols
4783:Cuisine
4765:Culture
4725:Palaces
4720:Castles
4705:Islands
4680:History
4651:Warfare
4002:Peerage
3889:Angevin
3674:History
3505:Mary II
3411:James V
3391:James I
3327:David I
3292:Macbeth
3224:Eochaid
3119:Henry V
3054:Matilda
3048:Stephen
3043:Henry I
2904:British
2898:,
2896:English
2796:16 June
2775:16 June
2582:Sources
1889:of the
1868:of the
1847:of the
1809:Symbols
1673:Ireland
1520:in the
1490:Stuarts
1408:Ireland
5360:Shires
5355:Places
5335:Burghs
5150:Stuart
5135:Sverre
4710:Places
4054:Tories
3914:Stuart
3874:Wessex
3416:Mary I
3297:Lulach
3261:Amlaíb
3255:Cuilén
3245:Indulf
3171:Philip
3166:Mary I
2969:Eadwig
2964:Eadred
2837:
2812:
2752:
2733:
2705:
2686:
2671:
2653:
2634:
2614:
2596:
2403:Thrush
1800:, the
1759:world.
1588:London
1518:France
5315:Ships
5257:Whigs
5178:Court
5145:Bruce
5125:Alpin
4826:Tudor
4715:Towns
4675:Ships
4049:Whigs
3948:Witan
3909:Tudor
3839:Crown
3317:Edgar
3217:Giric
3083:Louis
2990:Sweyn
1709:Wales
1494:Tudor
1376:Scots
5534:list
5393:list
5168:and
4868:list
4753:list
4628:1706
4623:1705
4618:1704
4613:1703
4608:1702
4603:1701
4598:1700
4593:1698
4588:1697
4583:1696
4578:1695
4573:1694
4568:1693
4563:1692
4558:1691
4553:1690
4548:1689
4543:1688
4538:1685
4533:1680
4528:1679
4523:1678
4518:1677
4513:1675
4508:1672
4503:1670
4498:1667
4493:1666
4488:1665
4483:1664
4478:1663
4473:1662
4468:1661
4463:1660
4451:1640
4446:1627
4441:1625
4436:1623
4431:1620
4426:1609
4421:1606
4416:1605
4411:1603
4406:1601
4401:1597
4396:1592
4391:1588
4386:1586
4381:1584
4376:1580
4371:1575
4366:1572
4361:1571
4356:1566
4351:1562
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