252:
3387:(2000): " ... immigration in the nucleus of the Anglo-Saxon settlement does not seem aptly described in terms of the "elite-dominance model. To all appearances, the settlement was carried out by small, agriculture-oriented kinship groups. This process corresponds more closely to a classic settler model. The absence of early evidence of a socially demarcated elite underscores the supposition that such an elite did not play a substantial role. Rich burials such as are well known from Denmark have no counterparts in England until the 6th century. At best, the elite-dominance model might apply in the peripheral areas of the settlement territory, where immigration predominantly comprised of men and the existence of hybrid cultural forms might support it."
2209:
5222:
disgrace, he yielded to his worst impulse and set no bounds to his fury condemning the innocent and the guilty to a common fate. In the fulness of his wrath he ordered the corn and cattle with the implements of husbandry and every sort of provisions to be collected in heaps and set on fire till the whole was consumed and thus destroyed at once all that could serve for the support of life in the whole country lying beyond the Humber There followed consequently so great a scarcity in
England in the ensuing years and severe famine involved the innocent and unarmed population in so much misery that in a Christian nation more than a hundred thousand souls of both sexes and all ages perished..
2396:. Emma supported her son by Cnut, Harthacnut, rather than a son by Æthelred. Her son by Æthelred, Edward, made an unsuccessful raid on Southampton, and his brother Alfred was murdered on an expedition to England in 1036. Emma fled to Bruges when Harald Harefoot became king of England, but when he died in 1040 Harthacnut was able to take over as king. Harthacnut quickly developed a reputation for imposing high taxes on England. He became so unpopular that Edward was invited to return from exile in Normandy to be recognised as Harthacnut's heir, and when Harthacnut died suddenly in 1042 (probably murdered), Edward (known to posterity as
2439:
1867:
120:
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3343:, p. 11: "Some archaeologists seem to believe that very few immigrants...were involved in the creation of Anglo-Saxon England... Gildas describes the settlement of Saxon mercenaries in the eastern part of the country, their reinforcement and subsequent successful rebellion...suggests more than just a handful of military adventurers. Bede felt secure in his belief that he was not of British descent... Further his list of three principle peoples who migrated here... is echoed in the archaeological record."
11248:
2361:: most of these were allocated to nobles of Danish descent, but he made an Englishman earl of Wessex. The man he appointed was Godwin, who eventually became part of the extended royal family when he married the king's sister-in-law. In the summer of 1017, Cnut sent for Æthelred's widow, Emma, with the intention of marrying her. It seems that Emma agreed to marry the king on condition that he would limit the English succession to the children born of their union. Cnut already had a wife, known as
2534:
1524:
2610:
1535:
10145:
8392:
1929:. On arrival in the south east of England in 597, Augustine was given land by King Æthelberht of Kent to build a church; so in 597 Augustine built the church and founded the See at Canterbury. Æthelberht was baptised by 601, and he then continued with his mission to convert the English. Most of the north and east of England had already been evangelised by the Irish Church. However, Sussex and the Isle of Wight remained mainly pagan until the arrival of
8382:
11417:
11832:
6056:
5741:
5452:
5439:
5309:
1741:
11849:
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2624:
986:
2020:
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1993:
2031:. This was reinforced in 871 by the Great Summer Army. Within ten years nearly all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms fell to the invaders: Northumbria in 867, East Anglia in 869, and nearly all of Mercia in 874–77. Kingdoms, centres of learning, archives, and churches all fell before the onslaught from the invading Danes. Only the Kingdom of Wessex was able to survive. In March 878, the Anglo-Saxon King of Wessex,
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1941:
251:
4025:., pp. 160–73. Kirby suggests that there would have been Christian communities already in Sussex. King Æthelwealh and his wife were already Christian, he having been baptised in Mercia. The pre-existing converts, in Sussex, would have been evangelised by the Irish church, and Bede and Eddius (Wilfred's biographer) were indifferent to the Irish Church. It was also politic to play up Wilfrid's role.
1458:
view is based on sources such as Bede, who mentions the
Britons being slaughtered or going into "perpetual servitude". According to Härke the more modern view is of co-existence between the British and the Anglo-Saxons. He suggests that several modern archaeologists have now re-assessed the traditional model, and have developed a co-existence model largely based on the
4663:, p. 160. "..it has to be accepted that early eleventh century kings could raise larger sums in taxation than could most of their medieval successors. The numismatic evidence for the scale of the economy is extremely powerful, partly because it demonstrates how very many coins were struck, and also because it provides strong indications for extensive foreign trade."
2334:, King of Denmark, brought the Danish fleet to Sandwich, Kent. From there he went north to the Danelaw, where the locals immediately agreed to support him. He then struck south, forcing Æthelred into exile in Normandy (1013–1014). However, on 3 February 1014, Sven died suddenly. Capitalising on his death, Æthelred returned to England and drove Sven's son,
3356:, p. 303: "As for migrants, three kinds of hypotheses have been advanced. Either they were a warrior elite, few in numbers but dominant by force of arms; or they were farmers mostly interested in finding good agricultural land; or they were refugees fleeing unsettled conditions in their homelands. Or they might have been any combination of these."
3194:..the repetitious entries for invading ships in the Chronicle (three ships of Hengest and Horsa; three ships of Aella; five ships of Cerdic and Cynric; two ships of Port; three ships of Stuf and Wihtgar), drawn from preliterate traditions including bogus eponyms and duplications, might be considered a poetic convention.
3617:) is the story of the unification of the English monarchy. To project such an interpretation required Henry (of Huntingdon) to exercise firm control over his material. One of the products of this control was his creation of the Heptarchy, which survived as a concept in historical writing into our own time".
2491:
has a different version of the story, having Tostig land in the Isle of Wight in May 1066, then ravaging the
English coast, before arriving at Sandwich, Kent. At Sandwich Tostig is said to have enlisted and press-ganged sailors before sailing north where, after battling some of the northern earls and
2461:
had "grabbed" the crown of
England, others laid claim to it, primarily William, Duke of Normandy, who was cousin to Edward the Confessor through his aunt, Emma of Normandy. It is believed that Edward had promised the crown to William. Harold Godwinson had agreed to support William's claim after being
2420:
The
Godwins, having previously fled, threatened to invade England. Edward is said to have wanted to fight, but at a Great Council meeting in Westminster, Earl Godwin laid down all his weapons and asked the king to allow him to purge himself of all crimes. The king and Godwin were reconciled, and the
2408:
for some time, summoned them to trial. Stigand, the
Archbishop of Canterbury, was chosen to deliver the news to Godwin and his family. The Godwins fled rather than face trial. Norman accounts suggest that at this time Edward offered the succession to his cousin, William (duke) of Normandy (also known
2345:
fell out with his father, Æthelred, and struck out on his own. Some
English leaders decided to support Cnut, so Æthelred ultimately retreated to London. Before engagement with the Danish army, Æthelred died and was replaced by Edmund. The Danish army encircled and besieged London, but Edmund was able
2149:
When Æthelred died in 911, Æthelflæd succeeded him as "Lady of the
Mercians", and in the 910s she and her brother Edward recovered East Anglia and eastern Mercia from Viking rule. Edward and his successors expanded Alfred's network of fortified burhs, a key element of their strategy, enabling them to
2082:
were primarily designed as defensive structures, they were also commercial centres, attracting traders and markets to a safe haven, and they provided a safe place for the king's moneyers and mints. A new wave of Danish invasions commenced in 891, beginning a war that lasted over three years. Alfred's
1948:
It remains unclear what "conversion" actually meant. The ecclesiastical writers tended to declare a territory as "converted" merely because the local king had agreed to be baptised, regardless of whether, in reality, he actually adopted
Christian practices; and regardless, too, of whether the general
1489:
in c. 500, and this might mark a point at which Anglo-Saxon migration was temporarily stemmed. Gildas said that this battle was "forty-four years and one month" after the arrival of the Saxons, and was also the year of his birth. He said that a time of great prosperity followed. But, despite the
2403:
Edward was supported by Earl Godwin of Wessex and married the earl's daughter. This arrangement was seen as expedient, however, as Godwin had been implicated in the murder of Alfred, the king's brother. In 1051 one of Edward's in-laws, Eustace, arrived to take up residence in Dover; the men of Dover
2231:
was elected, aged about twelve. His reign was marked by disorder, and three years later, in 978, he was assassinated by some of his half-brother's retainers. Æthelred succeeded, and although he reigned for thirty-eight years, one of the longest reigns in
English history, he earned the name "Æthelred
1473:
still continue on the size of the migration, and whether it was a small elite band of Anglo-Saxons who came in and took over the running of the country, or mass migration of peoples who overwhelmed the Britons. An emerging view is that two scenarios could have co-occurred, with large-scale migration
1457:
expounded what is now regarded as the traditional view of the Anglo-Saxon arrival in Britain. He suggested a mass immigration, with the incomers fighting and driving the sub-Roman Britons off their land and into the western extremities of the islands, and into the Breton and Iberian peninsulas. This
4173:
This year came dreadful fore-warnings over the land of the Northumbrians, terrifying the people most woefully: these were immense sheets of light rushing through the air, and whirlwinds, and fiery dragons flying across the firmament. These tremendous tokens were soon followed by a great famine: and
3373:
2011 83, pp. 715–33: "Opinions vary as to whether there was a substantial Germanic invasion or only a relatively small number arrived in Britain during this period. Contrary to the assumption of limited intermarriage made in the apartheid simulation, there is evidence that significant mixing of the
3075:
Thence the Britons retired to the river Thames at a point near where it empties into the ocean and at flood-tide forms a lake. This they easily crossed because they knew where the firm ground and the easy passages in this region were to be found; but the Romans in attempting to follow them were not
2173:
The presence of Danish and Norse settlers in the Danelaw had a lasting impact; the people there saw themselves as "armies" a hundred years after settlement: King Edgar issued a law code in 962 that was to include the people of Northumbria, so he addressed it to Earl Olac "and all the army that live
2545:
Harold would have been celebrating his victory at Stamford Bridge on the night of 26/27 September 1066, while William of Normandy's invasion fleet set sail for England on the morning of 27 September 1066. Harold marched his army back down to the south coast, where he met William's army, at a place
2282:
The Dukes of Normandy were quite happy to allow these Danish adventurers to use their ports for raids on the English coast. The result was that the courts of England and Normandy became increasingly hostile to each other. Eventually, Æthelred sought a treaty with the Normans, and ended up marrying
1392:
recruited from the German homelands. This practice also extended to the army serving in Britain, and graves of these mercenaries, along with their families, can be identified in the Roman cemeteries of the period. The migration continued with the departure of the Roman army, when Anglo-Saxons were
2520:
followed, on 20 September, which was one of the bloodiest battles of medieval times. The English forces were routed, though Edwin and Morcar escaped. The victors entered the city of York, exchanged hostages and were provisioned. Hearing the news whilst in London, Harold Godwinson force-marched a
2453:
On 26 December 1065, Edward was taken ill. He took to his bed and fell into a coma; at one point he woke and turned to Harold Godwinson and asked him to protect the Queen and the kingdom. On 5 January 1066 Edward the Confessor died, and Harold was declared king. The following day, 6 January 1066,
2274:
By the 980s the kings of Wessex had a powerful grip on the coinage of the realm. It is reckoned there were about 300 moneyers, and 60 mints, around the country. Every five or six years the coinage in circulation would cease to be legal tender and new coins were issued. The system controlling the
5221:
His camps were scattered over a surface of one hundred miles numbers of the insurgents fell beneath his vengeful sword he levelled their places of shelter to the ground wasted their lands and burnt their dwellings with all they contained. Never did William commit so much cruelty, to his lasting
1610:
suggests the existence of seven kingdoms, the term is just used as a label of convenience and does not imply the existence of a clear-cut or stable group of seven kingdoms. The number of kingdoms and sub-kingdoms fluctuated rapidly during this period as competing kings contended for supremacy.
1402:
is to be believed, the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which eventually merged to become England were founded when small fleets of three or five ships of invaders arrived at various points around the coast of England to fight the sub-Roman British, and conquered their lands. The language of the
3502:-With their unnumbered vows they burden heaven, that they might not be brought to utter destruction, took arms under the conduct of Ambrosius Aurelianus, a modest man, who of all the Roman nation was then alone in the confusion of this troubled period by chance left alive.
1952:
Even after Christianity had been set up in all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, there was friction between the followers of the Roman rites and the Irish rites, particularly over the date on which Easter fell and the way monks cut their hair. In 664, a conference was held at
4578:, pp. 165–66. In the year of our Lord's incarnation 979, Ethelred ... obtaining the kingdom, occupied rather than governed it, for thirty-seven years. The career of his life is said to have been cruel in the beginning, wretched in the middle and disgraceful in the end.
2275:
currency around the country was extremely sophisticated; this enabled the king to raise large sums of money if needed. The need indeed arose after the battle of Maldon, as Æthelred decided that, rather than fight, he would pay ransom to the Danes in a system known as
2429:
were given East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria. The Northumbrians disliked Tostig for his harsh behaviour, and he was expelled to an exile in Flanders, in the process falling out with his brother Harold, who supported the king's line in backing the Northumbrians.
2583:
By the time of William's death in 1087 it was estimated that only about 8 per cent of the land was under Anglo-Saxon control. Nearly all the Anglo-Saxon cathedrals and abbeys of any note had been demolished and replaced with Norman-style architecture by 1200.
1494:, around 520. However, it was to be 50 years before the Anglo-Saxons began further major advances. In the intervening years the Britons exhausted themselves with civil war, internal disputes, and general unrest, which was the inspiration behind Gildas's book
3058:
While these events were happening in the city, Aulus Plautius, a senator of great renown, made a campaign against Britain; for a certain Bericus, who had been driven out of the island as a result of an uprising, had persuaded Claudius to send a force
2251:, his son, drove his father from the kingdom. The rebels, dispossessed at home, probably formed the first waves of raids on the English coast. The rebels did so well in their raiding that the Danish kings decided to take over the campaign themselves.
1965:
for the Irish rites. Wilfrid's argument won the day and Colmán and his party returned to Ireland in their bitter disappointment. The Roman rites were adopted by the English church, although they were not universally accepted by the Irish Church until
2165:
Along with the Britons and the settled Danes, some of the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms disliked being ruled by Wessex. Consequently, the death of a Wessex king would be followed by rebellion, particularly in Northumbria. Alfred's great-grandson,
2062:
After the victory at Edington and resultant peace treaty, Alfred set about transforming his Kingdom of Wessex into a society on a full-time war footing. He built a navy, reorganised the army, and set up a system of fortified towns known as
2521:
second English army to Tadcaster by the night of the 24th, and after catching Harald Hardrada by surprise, on the morning of 25 September, Harold achieved a total victory over the Scandinavian horde after a two-day-long engagement at the
2039:, hidden deep in the marshes of Somerset. He used this as a base from which to harry the Vikings. In May 878 he put together an army formed from the populations of Somerset, Wiltshire, and Hampshire, which defeated the Viking army in the
1949:
population of his kingdom did. When churches were built, they tended to include pagan as well as Christian symbols, evidencing an attempt to reach out to the pagan Anglo-Saxons, rather than demonstrating that they were already converted.
3224:, p. 303. That is why many scholars still subscribe to the traditional view that combined archaeological, documentary and linguistic evidence suggests that considerable numbers of Anglo-Saxons settled in southern and eastern England.
1442:): initially around 383 during Roman rule, but also c. 460 and in the 540s and 550s; the 460s migration is thought to be a reaction to the fighting during the Anglo-Saxon mutiny between about 450 to 500, as was the migration to
4297:, p. 102. A hide was somewhat like a tax – it was the number of men required to maintain and defend an area for the King. The Burghal Hideage defined the measurement as one hide being equivalent to one man. The hidage explains that
2413:, William the Bastard, or William I), though this is unlikely given that accession to the Anglo-Saxon kingship was by election, not heredity – a fact which Edward would surely have known, having been elected himself by the
2006:; the name is believed to derive from Scandinavia, where the Vikings originated. The first raids in the British Isles were in the late 8th century, mainly on churches and monasteries (which were seen as centres of wealth). The
2568:, Edward the Confessor's new church, on Christmas Day 1066. It took William a further ten years to consolidate his kingdom, during which any opposition was suppressed ruthlessly; in a particularly brutal process known as the
1515:(who was possibly his nephew). Ceawlin was killed the following year, but the annals do not specify by whom. Cirencester subsequently became an Anglo-Saxon kingdom under the overlordship of the Mercians, rather than Wessex.
3398:
3418:, Boydell and Brewer Press (2015), pp. 174-178: "large-scale migration seems highly likely for at least East Anglia and parts of Lincolnshire ... this rules out the elite dominance model in its strictest interpretation."
2899:. p. 14. Talking about Gildas references to the arrival of three keels (ships), "... this was the number of shiploads that led to the foedus or treaty settlement. Gildas also uses in their correct sense technical terms,
3283:: "...the distribution maps indicate in many areas the Anglo-Saxon shows a marked tendency to follow the Romano-British pattern, in a fashion which suggests a considerable degree of temporal as well as spatial overlap."
3266:. A complete analysis of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology. A discussion of where the settlers came from, based on a comparison of pottery with those found in the area of origin in Germany. Burial customs and types of building.
4174:
not long after, on the sixth day before the ides of January in the same year, the harrowing inroads of heathen men made lamentable havoc in the church of God in Holy-island (Lindisfarne), by rapine and slaughter.
2059:) and those of Wessex. The Kingdom of Wessex controlled part of the Midlands and the whole of the South (apart from Cornwall, which was still held by the Britons), while the Danes held East Anglia and the North.
1466:
levels for the Britons, of which four are below that of freeman. Although the Britons could be rich freemen in Anglo-Saxon society, generally it seems that they had a lower status than that of the Anglo-Saxons.
2090:, which was written in Old English (rather than in Latin, the language of the European annals). Alfred's own literary output was mainly of translations, but he also wrote introductions and amended manuscripts.
1787:(one of the sons of the late King of Northumbria, Æthelfrith) defeated and killed Cadwallon at Heavenfield near Hexham. In less than a decade Penda again waged war against Northumbria, and killed Oswald in the
3076:
so successful. However, the Germans swam across again and some others got over by a bridge a little way up-stream, after which they assailed the barbarians from several sides at once and cut down many of them.
2067:. He mainly used old Roman cities for his burhs, as he was able to rebuild and reinforce their existing fortifications. To maintain the burhs, and the standing army, he set up a taxation system known as the
3777:. pp. 48–50: Saint Alban is discussed in detail, as when he lived and was martyred gives an indication of the state of Christianity in Roman Britain. Dates suggested for his martyrdom are 209 or 251–259 or
1924:
in 597 to convert the Anglo-Saxons, but Bede says the British clergy refused to help Augustine in his mission. Despite Bede's complaints, it is now believed that the Britons played an important role in the
2472:("The Ruthless") of Norway also had a claim on England, through Cnut and his successors. He had a further claim based on a pact between Harthacnut, King of Denmark (Cnut's son) and Magnus, King of Norway.
119:
1307:), to whom they ceded territory. In about 442 the Anglo-Saxons mutinied, apparently because they had not been paid. The Romano-British responded by appealing to the Roman commander of the Western empire,
1810:
which formed the Wales/England border. It is not clear whether this was a boundary line or a defensive position. The ascendency of the Mercians came to an end in 825, when they were soundly beaten under
3330:, Ch. 1: Population and the Invasions; particularly pp. 11–12: "In contrast, some scholars shrink the numbers of the Anglo-Saxon invaders to a small, potent elite of only a few thousand invaders."
1329:
in or about 410 telling them to look to their own defence. There then followed several years of fighting between the British and the Anglo-Saxons. The fighting continued until around 500, when, at the
2262:, and the English were easily defeated. From then on the Vikings seem to have raided anywhere at will; they were contemptuous of the lack of resistance from the English. Even the Alfredian systems of
2713:
Throughout this article Anglo-Saxon is used for Saxon, Angle, Jute or Frisian unless it is specific to a point being made; "Anglo-Saxon" is used when the culture is meant as opposed to any ethnicity.
2279:. As part of the ransom, a peace treaty was drawn up that was intended to stop the raids. However, rather than buying the Vikings off, payment of Danegeld only encouraged them to come back for more.
2000:
Between the 8th and 11th centuries, raiders and colonists from Scandinavia, mainly Danish and Norwegian, plundered western Europe, including the British Isles. These raiders came to be known as the
1385:, identified as Britons by the Romans, may have been Germanic-language speakers, but most scholars disagree with this due to an insufficient record of local languages in Roman-period artefacts.
7311:
2369:. The church, however, seems to have regarded Ælfgifu as Cnut's concubine rather than his wife. In addition to the two sons he had with Ælfgifu, he had a further son with Emma, who was named
2466:. William had demanded and received Harold's release, then during his stay under William's protection it is claimed, by the Normans, that Harold swore "a solemn oath" of loyalty to William.
1798:
was chased to the northern extremes of his kingdom. However, Oswiu killed Penda shortly after, and Mercia spent the rest of the 7th and all of the 8th century fighting the kingdom of
1511:). This expansion of Wessex ended abruptly when the Anglo-Saxons started fighting among themselves resulting in Ceawlin retreating to his original territory. He was then replaced by
2516:
on the Ouse. They marched towards York, where they were confronted, at Fulford Gate, by the English forces that were under the command of the northern earls, Edwin and Morcar; the
2380:, died in 1018, Cnut went to Denmark to secure that realm. Two years later, Cnut brought Norway under his control, and he gave Ælfgifu and their son Svein the job of governing it.
6148:
3131:
A gente Anglorum appellatur: The Evidence of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum for the Replacement of Roman Names by English Ones During the Early Anglo-Saxon Period
2561:, Abbot of Newminster. Tostig had been killed at Stamford Bridge. Wulfnoth was a hostage of William the Conqueror. The Godwin women who remained were either dead or childless.
5455:
2350:, the Danes were victorious, and many of the English leaders were killed. Cnut and Edmund agreed to split the kingdom in two, with Edmund ruling Wessex and Cnut the rest.
1365:
There are records of Germanic infiltration into Britain that date before the collapse of the Roman Empire. It is believed that the earliest Germanic visitors were eight
11735:
11232:
10373:
2580:
estimate that the population of England in 1086 was about 2.25 million, so 100,000 deaths, due to starvation, would have equated to 5 per cent of the population.
435:
1490:
lull, the Anglo-Saxons took control of Sussex, Kent, East Anglia and part of Yorkshire; while the West Saxons founded a kingdom in Hampshire under the leadership of
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11175:
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In 991 the Vikings sacked Ipswich, and their fleet made landfall near Maldon in Essex. The Danes demanded that the English pay a ransom, but the English commander
408:
2984:. pp. 137–38. The author suggests that the "Rescript of Honorius" may have been for a place in southern Italy rather than Britain and that the chronology is wrong
2512:) Tostig became Hardrada's vassal and then with 300 or so longships sailed up the Humber Estuary bottling the English fleet in the river Swale and then landed at
11740:
11237:
10378:
2055:
between Alfred and Guthrum, which had a variety of provisions, including defining the boundaries of the area to be ruled by the Danes (which became known as the
440:
11288:
7845:
2952:. p. 29. Referring to Gildas text about a letter: "The Britons...still felt it possible to appeal to Aetius, a Roman military official in Gaul in the mid-440s"
2170:, who had come to the throne in 959, was crowned at Bath in 973 and soon afterwards the other British kings met him at Chester and acknowledged his authority.
2223:
Edgar died in 975, sixteen years after gaining the throne, while still only in his early thirties. Some magnates supported the succession of his younger son,
8211:
10951:
2557:
The Battle of Hastings virtually destroyed the Godwin dynasty. Harold and his brothers Gyrth and Leofwine were dead on the battlefield, as was their uncle
2924:. p. 75. – Gildas: "... The federate complained that their monthly deliveries were inadequately paid..." – "All the greater towns fell to their enemy...."
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British and Germanic peoples occurred, and that the early law codes, such as that of King Ine of Wessex, could have deliberately encouraged such mixing."
2388:
One result of Cnut's marriage to Emma was to precipitate a succession crisis after his death in 1035, as the throne was disputed between Ælfgifu's son,
11215:
10366:
428:
3137:, ed. Olga Timofeeva and Tanja Säily, Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice, 14 (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2011), pp. 219–31 (pp. 220–21).
2683:
8438:
5442:
4702:. p. 377. The treaty was arranged.. by Archbishop Sigeric of Canterbury and Ælfric and Æthelweard, the ealdermen of the two West Saxon provinces.
2027:
In the 860s, instead of raids, the Danes mounted a full-scale invasion. In 865, an enlarged army arrived that the Anglo-Saxons described as the
7860:
1299:
on the east coast of England. The expedient adopted by the Romano-British leaders was to enlist the help of Anglo-Saxon mercenaries (known as
11195:
10356:
418:
2178:
that have Scandinavian roots, and more than 1,500 place-names in England are Scandinavian in origin; for example, topographic names such as
10181:
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6511:
1559:
1213:
1014:
4815:..before the calends of August the king gave an order to fetch him the widow of the other king, Ethelred, the daughter of Richard, to wife
2572:, William issued orders to lay waste the north and burn all the cattle, crops and farming equipment and to poison the earth. According to
1430:(also called the Barbarian Invasions or Völkerwanderung). In the same period there were migrations of Britons to the Armorican peninsula (
11723:
2240:
about one hundred years later, was scathing in his criticism of Æthelred, saying that he occupied the kingdom, rather than governed it.
11281:
9055:
8648:
1889:
who is credited with converting the Irish en-masse. A Christian Ireland then set about evangelising the rest of the British Isles, and
1733:. In the early years of the 7th century, Kent and East Anglia were the leading English kingdoms. After the death of Æthelberht in 616,
1232:) was in use by then to distinguish Germanic groups in Britain from those on the continent (Old Saxony in Northern Germany). The term '
6155:
2071:. These burhs (or burghs) operated as defensive structures. The Vikings were thereafter unable to cross large sections of Wessex: the
1768:
in the unified kingdom of Northumbria. Upon the death of Rædwald, Edwin was able to pursue a grand plan to expand Northumbrian power.
10420:
8606:
5329:
1098:
484:
6450:
2965:. p. 29. "Both Zosimus and Gildas refer to the 'Rescript of Honorius', a letter in which the Western Roman emperor told the British
10944:
10102:
6275:
2737:
10544:
10120:
8997:
7534:
4068:
The old temples were now to be kept for Christian worship; Christian worship was to be accompanied with the old feasts of cattle.
1873:, a restored 7th-century Anglo-Saxon church. Church architecture and artefacts provide a useful source of historical information.
1134:
612:
11785:
11641:
3490:(2007): "The most obvious interpretation of the data in this study is a synthesis of mass-migration and elite-takeover models."
2016:
was sacked in 793. The raiding then virtually stopped for around 40 years; but in about 835, it started becoming more regular.
1257:
that England could be described as a nation-state. It is certain that the concept of "Englishness" only developed very slowly.
11838:
11274:
10222:
7815:
6585:
6431:
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6265:
6227:
6077:
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2043:. The Vikings retreated to their stronghold, and Alfred laid siege to it. Ultimately the Danes capitulated, and their leader
284:
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2353:
In 1017, Edmund died in mysterious circumstances, probably murdered by Cnut or his supporters, and the English council (
124:
Britain around the year 540. Anglo-Saxon kingdoms' names are coloured red. Britonnic kingdoms' names are coloured black.
11747:
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was trying to force Christianity onto his domain. Many of his subjects did not like this idea, and shortly before 988,
1408:
17:
2853:. pp. 164–68. The author discusses the failings of the Roman army in Britain and the reasons why they eventually left.
11752:
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4146:
Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology. Viking: "Northern pirate. Literally means creek dweller."
2837:
2673:
2083:
new system of defence worked, however, and ultimately it wore the Danes down: they gave up and dispersed in mid-896.
1485:, from which time victory fluctuated between the two peoples. Gildas records a "final" victory of the Britons at the
1470:
1346:
800:
181:
30:
6473:
3399:"Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD"
2121:
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11498:
11205:
10174:
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objected and killed some of Eustace's men. When Godwin refused to punish them, the king, who had been unhappy with
2346:
to escape and raised an army of loyalists. Edmund's army routed the Danes, but the success was short-lived: at the
2208:
1089:
withdrawal from the isle at the beginning of the 5th century. Anglo-Saxon history thus begins during the period of
1007:
11473:
11557:
11552:
11041:
11031:
10762:
10410:
10361:
10261:
10244:
10125:
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7865:
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1168:
persecuted the Anglo-Saxons and overthrew their ruling class to substitute their own leaders to oversee and rule
832:
474:
423:
323:
306:
2492:
also visiting Scotland, he eventually joined Hardrada (possibly in Scotland or at the mouth of the river Tyne).
11591:
10822:
10440:
10435:
10405:
10115:
9383:
9188:
9048:
8569:
8424:
8231:
8171:
8143:
6886:
2668:
1254:
892:
504:
499:
469:
2866:. p. 246. "Roman Britain's death throes began on the last day of December 406 when Alans, Vandals, and Sueves
2483:, later to be known as William the Conqueror. William was not ready to get involved so Tostig sailed from the
11697:
11601:
11596:
11356:
11314:
10852:
10569:
8577:
8573:
8317:
8148:
7695:
5486:
The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe:Sedentary Civilization vs. 'Barbarian' and Nomad
3836:, pp. 174–85: Religious Belief and Political loyalty. The author suggests the British were supporters of the
2023:
The walled defence round a burgh. Alfred's capital, Winchester. Saxon and medieval work on Roman foundations.
922:
637:
38:
2576:, the Anglo-Norman chronicler, over 100,000 people died of starvation. Figures based on the returns for the
2487:, but because of storms ended up in Norway, where he successfully enlisted the help of Harald Hardrada. The
11874:
11665:
11517:
11324:
11305:
11297:
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10589:
10430:
10395:
9264:
9005:
9001:
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Godwins thus became the most powerful family in England after the king. On Godwin's death in 1053, his son
2052:
1591:
1270:
1150:
767:
657:
494:
459:
3365:
Pattison, 'Is it Necessary to Assume an Apartheid-like Social Structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England?' in
1753:
29:
This article is about historical events in Anglo-Saxon England. For the early phases of that history, see
11564:
11375:
11257:
10629:
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2047:
agreed to withdraw from Wessex and to be baptised. The formal ceremony was completed a few days later at
1000:
697:
261:
231:
11247:
2291:
in the Spring of 1002, which was seen as an attempt to break the link between the raiders and Normandy.
11821:
11608:
11542:
11387:
10857:
10669:
10644:
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10217:
9296:
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8915:
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7559:
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1603:
1250:
1114:
927:
737:
712:
707:
627:
567:
279:
10254:
1474:
and demographic change in the core areas of the settlement and elite dominance in peripheral regions.
316:
10719:
10709:
10634:
10604:
10564:
10504:
10148:
9328:
9235:
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8971:
8801:
8658:
8504:
8045:
7808:
7564:
6822:
6059:
5367:
3315:
2905:, which most likely derive from official documents relating to the billeting and supply of barbarian
2522:
1507:, king of Wessex, whose campaigns succeeded in taking Cirencester, Gloucester and Bath (known as the
1308:
1276:
787:
777:
702:
672:
632:
572:
2438:
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1734:
1709:
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10817:
10689:
10674:
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10579:
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9368:
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8481:
8296:
7685:
7670:
7569:
6861:
6844:
6743:
5312:
4959:
Barlow, 2002, pp. 83–85. The value of the Godwins holdings can be discerned from the Domesday Book.
2643:
2463:
2449:, the oldest extant building in Cambridgeshire; its tower was built in the late Anglo-Saxon period.
2442:
1926:
1780:
1393:
recruited to defend Britain; and also during the period of the Anglo-Saxon first rebellion of 442.
1360:
1330:
887:
757:
742:
652:
647:
527:
11439:
3499:
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William marched on London. The city leaders surrendered the kingdom to him, and he was crowned at
1962:
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10609:
10484:
10302:
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9363:
9358:
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8903:
8000:
7970:
7745:
7733:
7662:
7589:
6649:
6484:
6011:
3529:
2075:
reports that a Danish raiding party was defeated when it tried to attack the burh of Chichester.
1921:
1745:
1676:
1527:
Southern Britain in AD 600 after the Anglo-Saxon settlement, showing division into multiple
1422:
The arrival of the Anglo-Saxons into Britain can be seen in the context of a general movement of
762:
677:
552:
364:
8850:
2224:
11503:
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Tostig, Harold's estranged brother, was the first to move; according to the medieval historian
1748:(686–705). OBVERSE: +AldFRIdUS, pellet-in-annulet; REVERSE: Lion with forked tail standing left
1623:
1366:
1181:
942:
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772:
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6876:
6817:
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3427:
Catherine Hills, "The Anglo-Saxon Migration: An Archaeological Case Study of Disruption", in
2867:
2569:
2480:
2410:
2288:
2233:
2183:
2158:, annexed Northumbria in 927 and thus became the first king of all England. At the Battle of
2117:
2008:
1784:
1682:
1496:
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1158:
937:
917:
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877:
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837:
807:
727:
687:
667:
592:
6733:
6107:"Is it necessary to assume an apartheid-like social structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England?"
5795:
The Ango-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective
3443:"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English"
3442:
3087:
1726:
1295:
leaders were faced with an increasing security problem from seaborne raids, particularly by
11770:
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11449:
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2397:
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1878:
1866:
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in 829. This approximately 400-year period of European history is often referred to as the
1482:
1225:
962:
947:
932:
872:
862:
782:
642:
557:
103:
5321:
2558:
1912:
he complains of their "unspeakable crimes", and that they did not preach the faith to the
1594:
in the 5th century, until most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms came under the overlordship of
8:
11468:
11434:
11403:
11393:
11341:
11336:
11329:
10977:
10897:
10887:
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10664:
10514:
10509:
10476:
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10285:
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8836:
8825:
8805:
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7917:
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7579:
7505:
7492:
6834:
6786:
6676:
6622:
6612:
6600:
2658:
2347:
2244:
1967:
1776:
1565:
1564:
By 600, a new order was developing, of kingdoms and sub-Kingdoms. The medieval historian
1172:. However, Anglo-Saxon identity survived beyond the Norman Conquest, came to be known as
1082:
967:
957:
907:
842:
817:
732:
582:
577:
545:
379:
347:
269:
8672:
6479:
6279:
5446:. Translated by Jane, L.C. (Temple Classics ed.). London: J. M. Dent & Company.
4299:
for the maintenance and defence of an acre's breadth of wall, sixteen hides are required
3130:
11775:
11454:
11382:
11351:
11319:
11121:
10964:
10882:
10812:
10757:
10752:
10679:
10654:
10624:
10519:
10494:
10456:
10415:
10312:
10190:
9493:
9345:
9284:
9173:
9105:
9081:
8967:
8866:
8831:
8821:
8815:
8809:
8787:
8783:
8746:
8717:
8664:
8514:
8385:
8221:
8196:
8098:
7975:
7927:
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7912:
7850:
7680:
7619:
6856:
6753:
6698:
6681:
6661:
6553:
6528:
6520:
6358:
Chronicle of the kings of England:From the earliest period to the reign of King Stephen
6131:
6106:
5970:
5346:
5285:
2678:
2615:
2551:
2547:
2484:
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1934:
1816:
1779:
of Gwynedd, and together they invaded Edwin's lands and defeated and killed him at the
1688:
1454:
1318:
1047:
952:
882:
827:
822:
747:
722:
692:
587:
562:
522:
479:
374:
240:
83:
8779:
2298:
in November 1002, Danes living in England were slaughtered on the orders of Æthelred.
2162:
in 937, he defeated an alliance of the Scots, Danes, Vikings and Strathclyde Britons.
1893:
was sent to found a religious community in Iona, off the west coast of Scotland. Then
11522:
11461:
11398:
11346:
11004:
10832:
10797:
10684:
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6073:
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5779:
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5572:
5553:
5532:
5509:
5490:
5469:
5418:
5399:
5373:
5352:
5292:
5263:
3043:. Myers identifies incidence of German people in Britain during the Roman occupation.
2833:
2747:
2565:
2517:
2228:
2048:
1655:
1599:
1292:
1266:
1126:
1090:
902:
867:
752:
682:
607:
602:
359:
289:
53:
3470:
11718:
11363:
11185:
10842:
10787:
10777:
10554:
10529:
10351:
10307:
9692:
9064:
8952:
8941:
8911:
8890:
8771:
8676:
8627:
8621:
8601:
8476:
8342:
8291:
8286:
8226:
8191:
8103:
8060:
8030:
7952:
7870:
7840:
7728:
7642:
6812:
6671:
6654:
6126:
6118:
5715:
3023:
II.26 – Mount Badon is referred to as Bath-Hill in this translation of Gildas text.
2809:
2458:
2426:
2422:
2284:
2259:
2194:
meaning hill, knoll, or mound. In archaeology and other academic contexts the term
2175:
2143:
2127:
2111:
2032:
1987:
1882:
1820:
1771:
The growing strength of Edwin of Northumbria forced the Anglo-Saxon Mercians under
1647:
1595:
1508:
1427:
1423:
1374:
1356:
1138:
1118:
1055:
912:
857:
847:
622:
597:
413:
369:
5525:
1459:
11061:
10902:
10594:
10400:
10280:
10249:
9301:
9279:
9223:
9193:
9077:
9013:
8925:
8793:
8416:
8352:
8266:
8236:
7960:
7877:
7738:
7718:
7637:
6768:
6728:
6605:
6558:
5610:
Short Oxford History of the British Isles: After Rome: Conversion to Christianity
5291:. Vol. I: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1978. London: Boydell Press.
3837:
2638:
2573:
2538:
2476:
2469:
2405:
2389:
2366:
2331:
2248:
2098:
2044:
1958:
1651:
1639:
1486:
1447:
1237:
1154:
1122:
1039:
972:
662:
464:
342:
311:
210:
11266:
10920:
10466:
9975:
9759:
9423:
9110:
9009:
8963:
8631:
8256:
8201:
8155:
8108:
8088:
7932:
7855:
7602:
7517:
6849:
6763:
6627:
6575:
5812:
3369:
2008 275, pp. 2423–29; and 'Integration vs Apartheid in Post-Roman Britain' in
3106:
2629:
2335:
2150:
go on the offensive. When Edward died in 924 he ruled all England south of the
2139:
2068:
1917:
1913:
1852:
1807:
1659:
1577:
1551:
1412:
1378:
1334:
1217:
1192:
1184:
1177:
1063:
990:
532:
6317:
2814:
2797:
2533:
1961:) to decide the matter; Saint Wilfrid was an advocate for the Roman rites and
1719:
11868:
11780:
11708:
11703:
11493:
11165:
11155:
11073:
10991:
10960:
10929:
10341:
10336:
10292:
10212:
9734:
9697:
9657:
9523:
9252:
9211:
8668:
8015:
7652:
6758:
6617:
2743:
2577:
2203:
2179:
1902:
1886:
1877:
It is not entirely clear how many Britons would have been Christian when the
1870:
1848:
1836:
1832:
1528:
1416:
1280:
1188:
1094:
1035:
403:
398:
354:
274:
166:
9836:
6468:
6217:
1658:. Other minor kingdoms and territories are mentioned in sources such as the
1523:
11655:
11368:
11133:
11095:
11083:
11051:
10324:
10275:
9428:
9418:
9401:
9218:
8731:
8181:
8078:
7882:
7775:
7647:
7512:
6898:
6693:
6632:
6595:
6140:
6122:
6070:
Short Oxford History of the British Isles: After Rome: The Art of Authority
5630:
Short Oxford History of the British Isles: After Rome: Nations and Kingdoms
4561:, p. 76. The modern ascription 'Unready' derives from the Anglo-Saxon word
2733:
2663:
2609:
2525:. Harold gave quarter to the survivors allowing them to leave in 20 ships.
2425:
succeeded to the earldom of Wessex; Harold's brothers Gyrth, Leofwine, and
2135:
1954:
1860:
1856:
1233:
1086:
1043:
386:
337:
34:
2155:
2107:
2086:
Alfred is remembered as a literate king. He or his court commissioned the
1970:
invaded Ireland in the 12th century and imposed the Roman rites by force.
1693:
1051:
11143:
10329:
9910:
9868:
9791:
9704:
9572:
9562:
9473:
9257:
8332:
8035:
7942:
7824:
6807:
6791:
6666:
6568:
5951:
Lapidge, Michael Ed.; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (2001).
3126:
3088:
MtDNA Markers for Celtic and Germanic Language Areas in the British Isles
2414:
2354:
2266:
failed. Æthelred seems to have just hidden, out of range of the raiders.
2232:
the Unready", as he proved to be one of England's most disastrous kings.
2013:
1908:
Bede is very uncomplimentary about the indigenous British clergy: in his
1898:
1631:
1543:
1534:
1518:
1404:
1106:
1034:, existing from the 5th to the 11th centuries from soon after the end of
391:
133:
3855:
In 5th and 6th centuries Britons in large numbers adopted Christianity..
1973:
10087:
9875:
9858:
9806:
9796:
9781:
9749:
9739:
9617:
9567:
9443:
9438:
9406:
9125:
8846:
7907:
7793:
7765:
7524:
2393:
2370:
2315:
2159:
1983:
1840:
1666:
1284:
11855:
5857:. Translated by Ingram, Rev. James. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd.
3488:
The P-Celtic Place Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland
3135:
Words in Dictionaries and History: Essays in Honour of R. W. McConchie
1714:
1704:
11416:
10159:
10082:
10077:
10067:
10000:
9905:
9801:
9764:
9754:
9714:
9667:
9662:
9612:
9552:
9478:
9468:
9448:
9411:
9396:
8216:
7985:
6546:
6489:
3840:, and that the numbers of Christians were higher than Gildas reports.
2550:
just outside Hastings. Harold was killed when he fought and lost the
2446:
2338:, back to Denmark, forcing him to abandon his allies in the process.
2255:
2187:
1812:
1806:
of Mercia, who is remembered for the construction of a 150-mile-long
1725:
At the end of the 6th century the most powerful ruler in England was
1569:
1555:
1389:
1370:
1350:
1302:
1173:
1102:
68:
1340:
10055:
10040:
10020:
10005:
9985:
9960:
9945:
9940:
9920:
9890:
9880:
9831:
9821:
9816:
9647:
9632:
9607:
9587:
9557:
9547:
9542:
9513:
9508:
9498:
9433:
9391:
9100:
9033:
8251:
8128:
8005:
6903:
5674:
2357:) confirmed Cnut as king of all England. Cnut divided England into
2311:
2276:
2213:
2036:
1765:
1740:
1698:
1635:
1615:
1463:
1443:
1435:
1431:
6055:
5740:
5451:
5438:
5351:. Translated by Lapidge, Keyne. Penguin Classic (published 2004).
5308:
2323:
2019:
10072:
10060:
10050:
10025:
10015:
10010:
9990:
9980:
9955:
9895:
9853:
9826:
9744:
9677:
9672:
9652:
9642:
9597:
9592:
9582:
9577:
9518:
9503:
9453:
8708:
7892:
6720:
2765:
2763:
2739:
A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World?
2513:
2358:
2056:
2002:
1979:
1930:
1890:
1619:
1504:
1324:
1169:
1165:
1142:
1071:
1067:
140:
6451:"Migration, not conquest, drove Anglo-Saxon takeover of England"
1937:, who converted Sussex around 681 and the Isle of Wight in 683.
1241:
95:
10092:
10045:
10030:
9995:
9970:
9935:
9930:
9863:
9848:
9786:
9724:
9709:
9687:
9637:
9627:
9622:
9535:
9530:
9488:
9458:
2151:
2131:
1940:
1851:(306–337), granted official tolerance to Christianity with the
1730:
1671:
1643:
1627:
1572:, which consisted of the seven principal Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (
1547:
1503:
The next major campaign against the Britons was in 577, led by
1491:
1478:
1439:
1382:
1130:
1110:
1075:
6474:
C. P. Biggam's Anglo-Saxon Studies: A Select bibliography
5627:
Charles-Edwards, Thomas (2003). Thomas Charles-Edwards (ed.).
5608:
Charles-Edwards, Thomas (2003). Thomas Charles-Edwards (ed.).
4066:..the Anglo-Saxons should be led to Christianity step by step.
2760:
2138:
from about 886. In 886/887 Æthelred married Alfred's daughter
1992:
1901:, between 635 and 651. Hence Northumbria was converted by the
1859:(379–395), Christianity was made the official religion of the
1481:, initial vigorous British resistance was led by a man called
1462:. The laws include several clauses that provide six different
11797:
9965:
9950:
9925:
9915:
9900:
9843:
9811:
9776:
9771:
9729:
9719:
9602:
9463:
9306:
8854:
6802:
6098:
The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy. Volume ii
3455:
Härke, Heinrich. "Anglo-Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis."
2306:
1799:
1772:
1761:
1381:
in AD 43. There is a recent hypothesis that some of the
1296:
6276:"Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology"
6089:
The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy. Volume i
4835:
Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman studies
1881:
arrived. There had been attempts to evangelise the Irish by
1843:, writing in the 3rd century, said that "Christianity could
10237:
10035:
9682:
6908:
5432:
4506:
Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology.
3354:
The role of migration in the history of the Eurasian steppe
3222:
The role of migration in the history of the Eurasian steppe
2319:
2263:
2217:
2064:
1803:
1512:
1203:
1101:
in the 5th and 6th centuries (conventionally identified as
1059:
299:
2939:
II.20 . What Gildas had to say about the letter to AĂ«tius.
2204:
England under the Danes and the Norman Conquest (978–1066)
1426:
around Europe between the years 300 and 700, known as the
7770:
6149:"Guide to Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain"
6068:
O'Reilly, Jennifer (2003). Thomas Charles-Edwards (ed.).
5776:
English Conquest: Gildas and Britain in the fifth century
2116:
From 874 to 879, the western half of Mercia was ruled by
1275:
As the Roman occupation of Britain was coming to an end,
1240:) to distinguish English Saxons from continental Saxons (
5950:
4064:. p. 146. Talking of Pope Gregory's policy he said that:
2528:
1897:
was sent from Iona to set up his see in Northumbria, at
1321:, the Western Roman Emperor, had written to the British
6111:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5155:
Barlow, 2002, "Chapter 7: The Collapse of the Dynasty".
4534:
Guide to Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain
2341:
In 1015, Cnut launched a new campaign against England.
2310:
Cnut's dominions. The Norwegian (now Swedish) lands of
2174:
in that earldom". There are over 3,000 words in modern
1996:
Map of England in 878 showing the extent of the Danelaw
1388:
It was quite common for Rome to swell its legions with
1153:
during the 9th and 10th centuries; and ending with the
1146:
10374:
Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)
6315:
5864:
Traces of ancestry: studies in honour of Colin Renfrew
3163:, Chapter 8: From Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England
3095:
Traces of ancestry: studies in honour of Colin Renfrew
1519:
Heptarchy and Christianisation (7th and 8th centuries)
436:
Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)
6355:
6096:
Ordericus Vitalis (1854). Thomas Forester Tr. (ed.).
6087:
Ordericus Vitalis (1853). Thomas Forester Tr. (ed.).
5753:
Henry of Huntingdon (1996). Diana E. Greenway (ed.).
5059:
Barlow, 2002, "Chapter 5: The Lull Before the Storm".
2541:
showing Harold (lower right) being killed at Hastings
2093:
1974:
Viking challenge and the rise of Wessex (9th century)
1756:, Rædwald provided military assistance to the Deiran
1737:
became the most powerful leader south of the Humber.
5466:
England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075–1225
3449:
2591:
1590:
By convention, the Heptarchy period lasted from the
1279:
withdrew the remains of the army in reaction to the
1216:) in around 731. Thus, the term for English people (
10379:
Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)
5752:
3431:, ed. Brenda J. Baker and Takeyuki Tsuda, pp. 45–48
2798:"Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?"
2200:is often used for Scandinavian culture in England.
1180:, and through social and cultural integration with
1081:The Anglo-Saxons migrated to Britain from mainland
441:
Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)
196:• Unification of the Angles, Saxons and Danes
8446:
5953:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
5657:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
5524:
5284:
5283:Allen, Brown R.; Chibnall, Marjorie, eds. (1979).
5073:The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy
4521:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
2495:
1760:in his struggle to take over the two dynasties of
6195:Bede:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
6095:
6086:
5991:
5975:The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England
5483:Bell, Andrew (2000). Andrew Bell-Fialkoff (ed.).
4391:Horspool, "Why Alfred Burnt the Cakes", pp. 10–12
3316:The laws of the earliest English kings. pp. 33–61
3041:The Romano British Background and the Saxon Shore
2479:, he travelled to Normandy to enlist the help of
1835:during the Roman occupation. The early Christian
1802:. The war reached its climax during the reign of
1341:Migration and the formation of kingdoms (400–600)
11866:
11296:
5899:
5460:, based on a translation by A. M. Sellar (1907).
5316:. Commissioned in the reign of Alfred the Great.
3310:
3308:
2433:
1236:' came into use in the 8th century (probably by
1054:(r. 927–939). It became part of the short-lived
6424:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England
6360:. Translated by Giles, J.A. London: Henry Bohn.
5994:Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius
5977:. Pennsylvania: University Press Pennsylvania.
5626:
5607:
5585:
5567:Dio, Cassius Cocceianus (1924). E. Cary (ed.).
4425:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England
4371:
4369:
4251:Medieval Sourcebook: Alfred and Guthrum's Peace
3821:Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius
2243:Just as Æthelred was being crowned, the Danish
1337:inflicted a severe defeat on the Anglo-Saxons.
10959:
6367:Aethelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King
5915:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations
5836:Roman Britain and Early England 55 BC – AD 871
5695:
5649:Anglo-Saxon Culture and the Modern Imagination
5067:
5065:
5002:
5000:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4387:
4385:
4276:
4274:
1450:, in northwest Spain) at about the same time.
1046:kingdoms until 927, when it was united as the
11282:
10945:
10175:
9049:
8432:
7809:
6505:
6298:The fall of Rome: and the end of civilization
6176:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings
5756:Historia Anglorum: the history of the English
5464:Bartlett, Robert (2000). J.M. Roberts (ed.).
5282:
5129:
5127:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4515:
4513:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
3893:
3891:
3305:
3148:The fall of Rome: and the end of civilisation
1008:
6294:
6192:
6067:
5996:. Durham, NC: University of North Carolina.
5969:
5900:Kelly S. E.; et al., eds. (1973–2007).
5833:
5443:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
5365:
5328:. History Department of Fordham University.
5185:
5183:
5055:
5053:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5033:
4942:
4940:
4930:
4928:
4918:
4916:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4487:
4485:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4404:, III pp. 121–60. Examples of King Alfred's
4366:
3864:
3862:
3808:Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500
3775:Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500
3743:
3741:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3641:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
3416:The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England
3251:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
2795:
2684:History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066)
1560:Christianisation of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms
1538:Anglo-Saxon and British kingdoms c. 800
1214:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
9080:origin primarily identified as speakers of
6480:Anglo Saxon Era – articles about the period
5852:
5714:
5062:
5020:
5018:
5016:
4997:
4988:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4900:
4876:
4858:
4840:
4692:
4679:
4642:
4640:
4581:
4382:
4271:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3291:
3289:
3178:Saxons, Angles and Jutes on the Saxon Shore
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2966:
2906:
2900:
2851:The end of Roman Britain: Military Security
1322:
1300:
1207:
164:
33:. For Anglo-Saxon culture and society, see
11289:
11275:
10952:
10938:
10182:
10168:
9056:
9042:
8439:
8425:
7816:
7802:
6512:
6498:
6063:. Translated by Gunn, Rev. W.; Giles, J.A.
5270:. History Department of Fordham University
5171:
5124:
5115:
5106:
5078:
4791:
4619:
4601:
4510:
4442:
4329:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4178:
4149:
4129:
4127:
4102:
4028:
3982:
3969:
3956:
3930:
3888:
3883:After Rome:Society, Community and Identity
3198:
3031:
3029:
2878:
2876:
1831:Christianity had been introduced into the
1783:in 633. Their success was short-lived, as
1409:predominate throughout what is now England
1015:
1001:
118:
10421:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom
6130:
5934:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia
5866:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5647:Clark, David, and Nicholas Perkins, eds.
5372:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5180:
5149:
5136:
5094:
5075:. Volume i. Bk. III Ch. 11. pp. 461–64 65
5050:
5030:
4937:
4925:
4913:
4820:
4753:
4731:
4482:
4460:
4410:
4135:The Oxford illustrated history of Vikings
4119:The Oxford illustrated history of Vikings
4108:Barefoot. The English Road to Rome. p. 30
4091:
4089:
4087:
4071:
3943:
3875:
3859:
3787:
3738:
3705:
3666:
3646:
3468:
2813:
2776:
2769:Higham, Nicholas J., and Martin J. Ryan.
485:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom
163:• Abandonment of the Roman province
7823:
6364:
6104:
5885:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
5811:
5792:
5545:
5463:
5393:
5013:
4971:
4666:
4637:
4375:Horspool, "Why Alfred Burnt the Cakes",
3505:
3493:
3286:
3166:
3097:. pp. 99–111 Retrieved. 26 November 2011
3003:
2532:
2437:
2305:
2207:
2097:
2018:
1991:
1939:
1865:
1847:be found in Britain." The Roman Emperor
1739:
1533:
1522:
10121:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
6316:Webb J. F.; Farmer D. H., eds. (1983).
6255:
6236:
6051:
5778:. Manchester: Manchester United Press.
5679:Britain and the End of the Roman Empire
5654:
5591:Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500
5522:
4565:, meaning "badly advised or counseled".
4231:
4211:
4124:
4054:
4041:
3523:
3243:
3100:
3080:
3026:
2963:Britain and the End of the Roman Empire
2950:Britain and the End of the Roman Empire
2873:
2773:. Yale University Press, 2013. pp. 7–19
14:
11867:
10189:
6519:
6215:
6173:
6010:
5908:
5904:. Oxford: OUP for the British Academy.
5773:
5748:. Translated by Habington; Giles, J.A.
5736:
5412:
5369:The laws of the earliest English kings
4084:
3256:
2732:
2454:Edward was buried and Harold crowned.
2383:
2269:
2258:refused; he was killed in the ensuing
2035:, with a few men, built a fortress at
1855:in 313. Then, in the reign of Emperor
1407:, came over the next few centuries to
1209:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
1137:during the 7th century; the threat of
11270:
10933:
10163:
9037:
8420:
7797:
6493:
6448:
6421:
6336:
6032:
5880:
5861:
5797:. London: Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
5503:
5344:
4036:After Rome:Conversion to Christianity
3990:After Rome:Conversion to Christianity
3977:After Rome:Conversion to Christianity
3964:After Rome:Conversion to Christianity
3938:After Rome:Conversion to Christianity
3899:After Rome:Conversion to Christianity
3281:Talking about Anglo-Saxon archaeology
2529:William of Normandy sails for England
1826:
1775:into an alliance with the Welsh King
1377:in the original invasion force under
1260:
11804:
9063:
6485:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
6426:. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
6402:
6383:
6278:. The Viking Network. Archived from
5931:
5902:Anglo-Saxon Charters Volumes: I–XIII
5673:
5482:
5431:
5366:Attenborough, F.L. Tr., ed. (1922).
5332:from the original on 11 January 2010
3396:
2689:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
2142:. On Alfred's death in 899, his son
1729:, whose lands extended north to the
1311:, for help (a document known as the
1253:suggested that it was not until the
11736:Post-war period (political history)
8401:
7846:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
6449:Curry, Andrew (21 September 2022).
5696:Esmonde Cleary, A. S. (1991).
5569:Roman History: Bk. 56–60, v. 7
5566:
3628:The Civilization of the Middle Ages
2742:(Paperback 2003 ed.). London:
2365:, who bore him two sons, Svein and
1701:, the Meon Valley area of Hampshire
24:
10431:History of the politics of England
7938:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
6442:
6369:. Hambledon: Hambledon Continuum.
6117:(1650). Royal Society: 2423–2429.
5552:. Hambledon: Hambledon Continuum.
5322:"The Anglo Saxon Dooms, 560–975AD"
4049:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society.
3500:Gildas. The Ruin of Britain. II.25
3440:
3367:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3302:Hines. The Anglo-Saxons pp. 148–49
2094:English unification (10th century)
1097:, and traces the establishment of
495:History of the politics of England
25:
11886:
10426:History of the economy of England
8368:Historiography in the Middle Ages
6462:
6154:. Ordnance Survey. Archived from
5506:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
4576:Chronicle of the kings of England
3113:Nutty Journalists' (and Others')
2726:
2674:Government in Anglo-Saxon England
2238:Chronicle of the kings of England
1602:or, more controversially, as the
1347:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
490:History of the economy of England
182:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
31:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
11847:
11830:
11813:
11741:Post-war period (social history)
11415:
11246:
11233:Political history (1979–present)
10914:
10144:
10143:
8400:
8391:
8390:
8380:
6239:The Monarchy of England Volume I
6054:
5739:
5571:(2000 ed.). Harvard: LOEB.
5489:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
5450:
5437:
5307:
5239:
5226:
5209:
5196:
5158:
4962:
4953:
4804:
4779:
4718:
4705:
4653:
4568:
4551:
4538:
4526:
4498:
4473:
4430:
4394:
4354:
4342:
4316:
4304:
4287:
4255:
4244:
4079:After Rome: The Art of Authority
3661:After-Rome: Nations and Kingdoms
2622:
2608:
2594:
2012:reports that the holy island of
984:
250:
37:. For the academic journal, see
10411:History of education in England
10126:Christianization of Scandinavia
7866:Christianity in the Middle Ages
7861:Decline of Hellenistic religion
6581:England in the late Middle Ages
6258:Anglo-Saxon England 3rd edition
6241:. London: Chatto & Windus.
6216:Snyder, Christopher A. (2003).
5936:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
5881:Jones, Michael E. (1998).
4198:
4162:
4140:
4111:
4008:
3995:
3917:
3904:
3843:
3826:
3813:
3800:
3767:
3754:
3725:
3692:
3679:
3633:
3620:
3603:
3590:
3577:
3564:
3551:
3538:
3480:
3462:
3434:
3421:
3408:
3390:
3377:
3359:
3346:
3333:
3320:
3269:
3235:Roman Britain and early England
3227:
3214:
3182:
3153:
3140:
3120:
3063:
3046:
2987:
2974:
2955:
2942:
2927:
2914:
2889:
2870:and began the invasion of Gaul"
2694:Timeline of Anglo-Saxon England
2496:Battle of Fulford and aftermath
2378:Harald II, King of Denmark
2301:
475:History of education in England
11800:History of Anglo-Saxon England
10406:Government in medieval England
10116:Christianization of the Franks
9189:Continental Germanic mythology
8448:European Middle Ages by region
8144:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
6356:William of Malmesbury (1847).
5992:Malcolm Errington, R. (2006).
4748:Illustrated History of Vikings
3520:, Chapter 16: English Conquest
2886:. pp. 56–62. Picts and Saxons.
2856:
2843:
2822:
2789:
2707:
2669:Coinage in Anglo-Saxon England
2227:, but his elder half-brother,
1927:conversion of the Anglo-Saxons
1198:
1191:and Normans became the modern
1042:in 1066, consisted of various
470:Government in medieval England
13:
1:
11238:Social history (1979–present)
11023:
11010:
10996:
10983:
8318:Disability in the Middle Ages
7991:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
7923:Rise of the Venetian Republic
6469:Internet Medieval Source book
6178:(3rd ed.). Oxford: OUP.
5909:Keynes, Simon (2008). "Edgar
5398:. Upton-upon-Severn: Images.
5326:Internet Medieval Source Book
5268:Internet Medieval Source Book
5255:
4265:, Chapter 9: Domesday Roots.
4097:History of the English People
4003:History of the English People
3925:History of the English People
3912:History of the English People
3778:
3117:. Retrieved. 26 November 2011
2971:to see to their own defence."
2802:The English Historical Review
2434:Death of Edward the Confessor
2326:are not included in this map.
1679:, a precursor state to Mercia
1576:literal translation from the
200:
187:
75:
60:
11298:History of the British Isles
11206:Post-war Britain (political)
10396:English overseas possessions
8873:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway
6341:. London: English Heritage.
6295:Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2005).
6256:Stenton, F. M. (1971).
5913:". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).
5834:Hunter Blair, Peter (1963).
5720:The Landscape of Place-Names
5523:Brandon, Peter, ed. (1978).
5264:"Alfred and Guthrum's Peace"
4051:Ch.1. particularly pp. 51–52
3469:Kortlandt, Frederik (2018).
2796:Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2000).
2720:
1592:end of Roman rule in Britain
1271:End of Roman rule in Britain
460:English overseas possessions
7:
10131:Christianization of Iceland
6037:. Oxford University Press.
5932:Koch, John T. (2005).
5862:Jones, Martin, ed. (2004).
5817:Why Alfred Burned the Cakes
5774:Higham, N. J. (1994).
5698:The ending of Roman Britain
5681:. Stroud: NPI Media Group.
5417:. London: Pearson Longman.
2982:The Ending of Roman Britain
2587:
2462:imprisoned in Normandy, by
2289:Richard I, Duke of Normandy
2212:Viking longboat replica in
2134:styled himself King of the
10:
11891:
10223:Economy in the Middle Ages
8119:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
6586:Economy in the Middle Ages
6405:In Search of the Dark Ages
6193:Farmer, D.H., ed. (1990).
6105:Pattison, John E. (2008).
5531:. Chichester: Phillimore.
5217:The ecclesiastical history
4774:In Search of the Dark Ages
4479:Keynes, 'Edgar', pp. 48–51
4062:The coming of Christianity
4016:The Church in Saxon Sussex
3823:. Chapter VIII. Theodosius
3429:Migrations and Disruptions
2902:annona, epimenia, hospites
2602:Anglo-Saxon England portal
2105:
1977:
1646:. Minor kingdoms included
1634:(originally two kingdoms,
1568:conceived the idea of the
1541:
1354:
1344:
1264:
285:Economy in the Middle Ages
28:
11762:
11687:
11640:
11532:
11483:
11424:
11413:
11304:
11255:
11244:
11216:Post-war Britain (social)
11142:
11120:
11106:
11094:
11082:
11060:
10971:
10911:
10728:
10475:
10449:
10388:
10197:
10139:
10101:
9382:
9344:
9134:
9088:
9071:
8972:Principality of Chernigov
8881:
8802:Principality of Catalonia
8699:
8690:
8587:
8467:
8454:
8376:
8305:
8164:
8059:
8046:Mongol invasion of Europe
7951:
7831:
7709:
7661:
7618:
7588:
7545:
7491:
6782:
6719:
6527:
5853:Ernest Rhys, ed. (1912).
5819:. London: Profile Books.
5593:. Berkeley: UC Berkeley.
5448:; the translation of the
5234:England under the Normans
5121:Barlow, 2002, pp. 136–137
5091:Barlow, 2002, pp. 134–35.
3643:, Tr. Shirley-Price, I.25
3385:Archaeology and Migration
2523:Battle of Stamford Bridge
2481:William, Duke of Normandy
2124:as Lord of the Mercians.
1754:Æthelfrith of Northumbria
220:
207:
194:
178:
161:
157:
149:
145:Anglo-Saxon, Angle, Saxon
139:
129:
117:
112:
51:
10545:East Riding of Yorkshire
10462:Kingdom of Great Britain
9369:North Germanic languages
9354:Germanic parent language
8951:Bosnia and Herzegovina (
6476:(archived 25 March 2013)
6100:. London: Henry G. Bohn.
6091:. London: Henry G. Bohn.
5883:The End of Roman Britain
5546:Campbell, James (2000).
5396:The English Road to Rome
5394:Barefoot, Brian (1993).
5133:Barlow, 2002, pp. 137–38
4994:Starkey, Monarchy p. 119
4968:Barlow, 2002, pp. 116–23
4468:Late Anglo-Saxon England
3834:The End of Roman Britain
3328:The End of Roman Britain
3297:Ethnicity and Structures
3237:Particularly Chapter 8:
3190:The End of Roman Britain
2864:The end of Roman Britain
2700:
2644:Anglo-Saxon architecture
1885:in 431. However, it was
1781:Battle of Hatfield Chase
1471:Discussions and analysis
1361:List of Anglo-Welsh wars
1309:Magister militium Aetius
613:East Riding of Yorkshire
528:Kingdom of Great Britain
11570:Early medieval Scotland
9374:West Germanic languages
9364:East Germanic languages
9359:Proto-Germanic language
9179:Proto-Germanic folklore
9116:Romano-Germanic culture
8882:Central, Eastern Europe
8588:Central, Eastern Europe
8001:Investiture Controversy
7971:Second Bulgarian Empire
6650:Commonwealth of England
6422:Yorke, Barbara (1990).
6237:Starkey, David (2004).
6035:The English Settlements
5655:Crystal, David (2001).
5587:Charles-Edwards, Thomas
5313:s:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
4934:Barlow, 2002, pp. 64–65
4922:Barlow, 2002, pp. 57–58
3613:, pp. lx–lxi. "The HA (
3277:The English Settlements
3174:The English Settlements
3037:The English Settlements
2897:The English Settlements
2815:10.1093/ehr/115.462.513
2120:, who was succeeded by
1752:Following the death of
1746:Aldfrith of Northumbria
1677:Kingdom of the Iclingas
1500:(The Ruin of Britain).
1255:late Anglo-Saxon period
1242:
1229:
96:
11614:Early medieval Ireland
11580:Late medieval Scotland
11575:High medieval Scotland
11548:Early medieval England
10267:Black Death in England
8766:Burgundian Netherlands
8607:Bosnia and Herzegovina
8358:Post-classical history
8114:Fall of Constantinople
8021:Capet–Plantagenet feud
7888:First Bulgarian Empire
6403:Wood, Michael (2005).
6384:Wood, Michael (1985).
6365:Williams, Ann (2003).
6337:Welch, Martin (1992).
6174:Sawyer, Peter (2001).
6123:10.1098/rspb.2008.0352
6060:History of the Britons
6033:Myers, J.N.L. (1989).
5838:. London: W W Norton.
5793:Hines J., ed. (2003).
5718:; Anne, Coles (2000).
5549:The Anglo-Saxon State
5413:Barlow, Frank (2002).
3687:History of the English
3150:Particularly pp. 38–39
2967:
2907:
2901:
2830:Origins of the English
2649:Old English literature
2542:
2450:
2363:Ælfgifu of Northampton
2327:
2220:
2103:
2024:
1997:
1945:
1910:Historia ecclesiastica
1874:
1857:Theodosius "the Great"
1749:
1735:Rædwald of East Anglia
1539:
1531:
1323:
1301:
1221:
1208:
1147:unification of England
1032:Early Medieval England
329:Black Death in England
165:
11661:Early modern Scotland
11624:Late medieval Ireland
11619:High medieval Ireland
11558:Late medieval England
11553:High medieval England
11509:Protohistoric Ireland
9184:Anglo-Saxon mythology
9074:Ethnolinguistic group
8643:Late Medieval Kingdom
8639:High Medieval Kingdom
6222:. Oxford: Blackwell.
5955:. London: Blackwell.
5917:. The Boydell Press.
5855:Anglo Saxon Chronicle
5700:. London: Routledge.
5177:Barlow, 2002, p. 156.
5101:Anglo Saxon Chronicle
5025:Anglo Saxon Chronicle
4983:Anglo Saxon Chronicle
4811:Anglo Saxon Chronicle
4786:Anglo Saxon Chronicle
4713:Aethelred the Unready
4661:The Anglo Saxon State
4437:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
4361:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
4349:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
4311:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
4169:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
3819:R. M. Errington
3471:"Relative Chronology"
3397:Dark, Ken R. (2003).
3220:Bell-Fialkoff/ Bell:
2784:The Anglo-Saxon State
2771:The Anglo-Saxon World
2570:Harrying of the North
2536:
2502:Anglo Saxon Chronicle
2489:Anglo Saxon Chronicle
2441:
2411:William the Conqueror
2376:When Cnut's brother,
2309:
2234:William of Malmesbury
2211:
2186:are derived from the
2184:Howe, North Yorkshire
2101:
2088:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2073:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2022:
2009:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1995:
1943:
1903:Celtic (Irish) church
1869:
1743:
1537:
1526:
1497:De Excidio Britanniae
1487:Battle of Mount Badon
1399:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1331:Battle of Mount Badon
1314:Groans of the Britons
1291:in December 406. The
1289:Crossing of the Rhine
1159:William the Conqueror
1093:following the end of
1078:in the 11th century.
130:Common languages
11771:House of Plantagenet
11673:Early modern Ireland
11656:Early modern England
11651:Early modern Britain
11592:Early medieval Wales
11450:Prehistoric Shetland
11445:Prehistoric Scotland
8851:Caliphate of CĂłrdoba
8757:Republic of Florence
8338:Medieval reenactment
8134:Renaissance Humanism
8041:Medieval Warm Period
8011:Republic of Florence
7825:European Middle Ages
7501:Anglo-Saxon military
6689:Overseas possessions
5504:Blair, John (2006).
5287:Anglo-Norman Studies
5112:Barlow, 2002, p. 138
4726:Æthelred the Unready
4504:The Viking Network:
4159:, Chapter 6: Vikings
3457:Medieval Archaeology
2654:Anglo-Saxon monarchs
2554:on 14 October 1066.
2398:Edward the Confessor
2296:St. Brice's day
1789:Battle of Maserfield
1483:Ambrosius Aurelianus
1411:, at the expense of
1099:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
180:• Start of the
11875:Anglo-Saxon England
11748:Late modern Ireland
11642:Early modern period
11602:Late medieval Wales
11597:High medieval Wales
11469:Prehistoric Ireland
11440:Prehistoric England
11435:Prehistoric Britain
10978:Prehistoric Britain
10318:Glorious Revolution
10286:English Renaissance
10238:English unification
10208:Prehistoric Britain
10111:Gothic Christianity
8842:Lordship of Ireland
8837:Kingdom of Scotland
8826:Kingdom of Portugal
8806:Kingdom of Valencia
8776:Kingdom of Asturias
8051:Kingdom of Portugal
7918:Old Church Slavonic
7903:Anglo-Saxon England
6915:Acts of Parliament:
6682:Union with Scotland
6677:Glorious Revolution
6623:Union of the Crowns
6613:English Renaissance
6601:English Reformation
6542:Anglo-Saxon England
6339:Anglo-Saxon England
6322:. London: Penguin.
6282:on 11 February 2010
6201:. London: Penguin.
6018:. London: Phoenix.
5971:Mayr-Harting, Henry
5745:The Ruin of Britain
4908:Anglo-Saxon England
4895:Anglo-Saxon England
4871:Anglo-Saxon England
4853:Anglo-Saxon England
4700:Anglo-Saxon England
4687:Anglo-Saxon England
4596:Anglo Saxon England
4546:Anglo-Saxon England
4099:, III.25 and III.26
4077:Jennifer O'Reilly,
3762:Anglo-Saxon England
3572:Anglo-Saxon England
3559:Anglo-Saxon England
3532:The Ruin of Britain
3383:Stefan Burmeister,
3341:Anglo-Saxon England
3264:Anglo-Saxon England
3239:The Age of Invasion
3161:Anglo-Saxon England
3019:The Ruin of Britain
2936:The Ruin of Britain
2832:Duckworth, London.
2659:Anglo-Saxon warfare
2384:Edward becomes king
2348:Battle of Ashingdon
2270:Payment of Danegeld
2051:. There followed a
1968:Henry II of England
1777:Cadwallon ap Cadfan
1566:Henry of Huntingdon
1206:completed his book
1103:seven main kingdoms
1083:northwestern Europe
1028:Anglo-Saxon England
380:Glorious Revolution
348:English Renaissance
300:English unification
270:Prehistoric Britain
40:Anglo-Saxon England
11776:House of Lancaster
11729:World Wars (Wales)
11689:Late modern period
11666:Early modern Wales
11455:Prehistoric Orkney
11426:Prehistoric period
10921:England portal
10570:Greater Manchester
10457:Kingdom of England
10416:History of English
10233:Anglo-Saxon period
10191:History of England
9494:Germani cisrhenani
9202:Funerary practices
9106:Pre-Roman Iron Age
9082:Germanic languages
9002:Grand Principality
8920:Kingdom of Croatia
8867:Emirate of Granada
8832:Kingdom of England
8816:Kingdom of Navarre
8810:Kingdom of Majorca
8788:Kingdom of Galicia
8784:Kingdom of Castile
8747:Republic of Venice
8718:Kingdom of Bohemia
8232:In popular culture
8197:Crusading movement
8069:Hundred Years' War
7928:Civitas Schinesghe
7913:Carolingian Empire
7898:Kingdom of Croatia
7851:Barbarian kingdoms
6872:Secretary of State
6554:Kingdom of England
6521:Kingdom of England
6386:The Domesday Quest
6199:Sherley-Price, Leo
6161:on 4 December 2008
5722:. Stamford: Tyas.
5247:The Doomsday Quest
4493:The Domesday Quest
4263:The Domesday Quest
3626:Norman F. Cantor,
3598:The Domesday Quest
3459:55.1 (2011): 1–28.
2679:History of England
2616:Middle Ages portal
2552:Battle of Hastings
2543:
2485:Cotentin Peninsula
2451:
2443:St Bene't's Church
2392:, and Emma's son,
2328:
2221:
2197:Anglo-Scandinavian
2104:
2041:Battle of Edington
2029:Great Heathen Army
2025:
1998:
1946:
1935:Archbishop of York
1879:pagan Anglo-Saxons
1875:
1827:Early Christianity
1817:Battle of Ellendun
1750:
1727:Æthelberht of Kent
1540:
1532:
1455:Peter Hunter-Blair
1261:Historical context
1048:Kingdom of England
991:England portal
638:Greater Manchester
523:Kingdom of England
480:History of English
295:Anglo-Saxon period
84:Kingdom of England
18:Viking Age England
11795:
11794:
11678:Early modern Mann
11565:Medieval Scotland
11523:Sub-Roman Britain
11518:End of Roman rule
11462:Prehistoric Wales
11264:
11263:
11224:
11223:
11005:Sub-Roman Britain
10927:
10926:
10298:English Civil War
10228:Sub-Roman Britain
10157:
10156:
9329:Gothic and Vandal
9121:Germanic Iron Age
9096:Nordic Bronze Age
9078:Northern European
9031:
9030:
9027:
9026:
8983:Novgorod Republic
8957:Kingdom of Bosnia
8895:Bulgarian Empire
8798:Kingdom of Aragon
8762:Duchy of Burgundy
8752:Republic of Genoa
8742:Kingdom of Naples
8737:Kingdom of Sicily
8726:Swiss Confederacy
8714:Holy Roman Empire
8686:
8685:
8414:
8413:
8323:Basic topics list
8124:Swiss mercenaries
8074:Wars of the Roses
7981:Kingdom of Poland
7966:Holy Roman Empire
7833:Early Middle Ages
7791:
7790:
7633:Church of England
6591:Wars of the Roses
6433:978-0-415-16639-3
6414:978-0-563-52276-8
6267:978-0-19-280139-5
6229:978-0-631-22260-6
6079:978-0-19-924982-4
6016:The Age of Arthur
5924:978-1-84383-399-4
5892:978-0-8014-8530-5
5873:978-1-902937-25-0
5826:978-1-86197-786-1
5716:Gelling, Margaret
5640:978-0-19-924982-4
5619:978-0-19-924982-4
5515:978-0-19-921117-3
5475:978-0-19-925101-8
5358:978-0-14-044409-4
4532:Ordnance Survey:
4267:The Viking Impact
4034:Charles-Edwards,
4005:, IV.13 and IV.16
3988:Charles-Edwards,
3975:Charles-Edwards,
3962:Charles-Edwards,
3936:Charles-Edwards,
3897:Charles-Edwards.
3881:Charles-Edwards.
3615:Historia Anglorum
3611:Historia Anglorum
3585:The Age of Arthur
3518:The Age of Arthur
3441:Coates, Richard.
3206:The Age of Arthur
3115:Language Theories
3073:, Book LX p. 419.
2995:The Age of Arthur
2884:The Age of Arthur
2868:crossed the Rhine
2828:Hills, C. (2003)
2753:978-0-563-48714-2
2566:Westminster Abbey
2518:Battle of Fulford
2500:According to the
2236:, writing in his
1794:Oswald's brother
1600:Early Middle Ages
1281:Germanic invasion
1267:Sub-Roman Britain
1246:, 'old' Saxons).
1091:sub-Roman Britain
1025:
1024:
360:English Civil War
290:Sub-Roman Britain
224:
223:
54:Sub-Roman Britain
16:(Redirected from
11882:
11860:
11852:
11851:
11850:
11843:
11835:
11834:
11833:
11826:
11818:
11817:
11816:
11806:
11753:Late modern Mann
11724:Second World War
11709:Edwardian period
11704:Victorian period
11609:Medieval Ireland
11543:Medieval England
11485:Classical period
11474:Prehistoric Mann
11419:
11376:Northern Ireland
11291:
11284:
11277:
11268:
11267:
11250:
11196:Second World War
11186:Interwar Britain
11025:
11012:
10998:
10985:
10974:
10973:
10954:
10947:
10940:
10931:
10930:
10919:
10918:
10917:
10630:Northamptonshire
10357:Second World War
10262:Late Middle Ages
10245:High Middle Ages
10184:
10177:
10170:
10161:
10160:
10147:
10146:
10103:Christianization
9693:Ripuarian Franks
9065:Germanic peoples
9058:
9051:
9044:
9035:
9034:
8953:Banate of Bosnia
8891:Byzantine Empire
8772:Crown of Castile
8722:Kingdom of Italy
8697:
8696:
8465:
8464:
8441:
8434:
8427:
8418:
8417:
8404:
8403:
8394:
8393:
8384:
8343:Medieval studies
8187:Church and State
8061:Late Middle Ages
7953:High Middle Ages
7871:Christianization
7841:Migration Period
7818:
7811:
7804:
7795:
7794:
7751:Royal supporters
7598:English language
6845:Council of State
6835:King's Secretary
6828:House of Commons
6813:Magnum Concilium
6711:Maritime history
6672:Exclusion Crisis
6655:The Protectorate
6514:
6507:
6500:
6491:
6490:
6458:
6437:
6418:
6399:
6380:
6361:
6352:
6333:
6312:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6271:
6252:
6233:
6212:
6197:. Translated by
6189:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6160:
6153:
6144:
6134:
6101:
6092:
6083:
6064:
6058:
6052:Nennius (1848).
6048:
6029:
6007:
5988:
5966:
5947:
5928:
5905:
5896:
5877:
5858:
5849:
5830:
5808:
5789:
5770:
5749:
5743:
5733:
5711:
5692:
5670:
5644:
5623:
5604:
5582:
5563:
5542:
5530:
5527:The South Saxons
5519:
5500:
5479:
5454:
5447:
5441:
5428:
5409:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5362:
5348:Alfred the Great
5341:
5339:
5337:
5317:
5311:
5302:
5290:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5250:
5243:
5237:
5230:
5224:
5213:
5207:
5200:
5194:
5187:
5178:
5175:
5169:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5147:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5122:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5076:
5069:
5060:
5057:
5048:
5041:
5028:
5022:
5011:
5004:
4995:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4969:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4951:
4944:
4935:
4932:
4923:
4920:
4911:
4904:
4898:
4891:
4874:
4867:
4856:
4849:
4838:
4833:Brown. Chibnal.
4831:
4818:
4808:
4802:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4770:
4751:
4744:
4729:
4722:
4716:
4709:
4703:
4696:
4690:
4683:
4677:
4670:
4664:
4657:
4651:
4644:
4635:
4628:
4617:
4610:
4599:
4592:
4579:
4572:
4566:
4555:
4549:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4517:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4489:
4480:
4477:
4471:
4464:
4458:
4451:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4421:
4408:
4402:Alfred the Great
4398:
4392:
4389:
4380:
4373:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4333:
4327:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4291:
4285:
4278:
4269:
4259:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4239:Alfred the Great
4235:
4229:
4226:Alfred the Great
4222:
4209:
4202:
4196:
4189:
4176:
4166:
4160:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4138:
4131:
4122:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4100:
4093:
4082:
4075:
4069:
4058:
4052:
4045:
4039:
4032:
4026:
4023:The South Saxons
4012:
4006:
3999:
3993:
3986:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3960:
3954:
3947:
3941:
3934:
3928:
3921:
3915:
3908:
3902:
3895:
3886:
3879:
3873:
3866:
3857:
3847:
3841:
3830:
3824:
3817:
3811:
3804:
3798:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3771:
3765:
3758:
3752:
3745:
3736:
3729:
3723:
3716:
3703:
3696:
3690:
3683:
3677:
3670:
3664:
3659:Charles-Edwards
3657:
3644:
3637:
3631:
3624:
3618:
3607:
3601:
3594:
3588:
3581:
3575:
3568:
3562:
3555:
3549:
3542:
3536:
3527:
3521:
3514:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3466:
3460:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3438:
3432:
3425:
3419:
3414:Toby F. Martin,
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3394:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3363:
3357:
3350:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3303:
3295:Heinrich Härke.
3293:
3284:
3273:
3267:
3260:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3231:
3225:
3218:
3212:
3202:
3196:
3186:
3180:
3170:
3164:
3157:
3151:
3144:
3138:
3124:
3118:
3104:
3098:
3084:
3078:
3067:
3061:
3056:, Book LX, p417.
3050:
3044:
3033:
3024:
3014:
3001:
2991:
2985:
2980:Esmonde Cleary.
2978:
2972:
2970:
2959:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2931:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2893:
2887:
2880:
2871:
2860:
2854:
2847:
2841:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2793:
2787:
2780:
2774:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2730:
2714:
2711:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2459:Harold Godwinson
2260:Battle of Maldon
2144:Edward the Elder
2128:Alfred the Great
2112:Edgar of England
1988:Alfred the Great
1883:Pope Celestine I
1821:Egbert of Wessex
1596:Egbert of Wessex
1509:Battle of Dyrham
1428:Migration period
1424:Germanic peoples
1373:attached to the
1357:Migration period
1328:
1306:
1245:
1211:
1139:Viking invasions
1135:Christianisation
1056:North Sea Empire
1017:
1010:
1003:
989:
988:
987:
698:Northamptonshire
419:Second World War
324:Late Middle Ages
307:High Middle Ages
254:
244:
226:
225:
202:
189:
170:
122:
107:
99:
92:
90:
80:
79:
77:
66:
64:
62:
49:
48:
21:
11890:
11889:
11885:
11884:
11883:
11881:
11880:
11879:
11865:
11864:
11863:
11853:
11848:
11846:
11836:
11831:
11829:
11819:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11805:sister projects
11802:at Knowledge's
11796:
11791:
11790:
11758:
11757:
11719:Interwar period
11714:First World War
11683:
11682:
11636:
11635:
11534:Medieval period
11528:
11527:
11479:
11478:
11420:
11411:
11410:
11394:Channel Islands
11330:Isles of Scilly
11300:
11295:
11265:
11260:
11251:
11242:
11229:
11176:First World War
10967:
10965:English history
10958:
10928:
10923:
10915:
10913:
10907:
10730:By city or town
10724:
10670:South Yorkshire
10645:Nottinghamshire
10640:North Yorkshire
10560:Gloucestershire
10500:Buckinghamshire
10495:City of Bristol
10471:
10445:
10401:English society
10384:
10383:
10362:Postwar Britain
10352:Interwar period
10347:First World War
10281:Elizabethan era
10250:Norman Conquest
10218:Medieval period
10193:
10188:
10158:
10153:
10135:
10097:
9378:
9340:
9302:Gothic alphabet
9194:Norse mythology
9130:
9084:
9067:
9062:
9032:
9023:
8968:Kingdom of Rus'
8926:Crusader states
8883:
8877:
8794:Crown of Aragon
8780:Kingdom of LeĂłn
8709:Frankish Empire
8702:Northern Europe
8701:
8692:
8682:
8589:
8583:
8470:Northern Europe
8469:
8461:political units
8460:
8458:
8456:
8450:
8445:
8415:
8410:
8372:
8353:Neo-medievalism
8301:
8237:Itinerant court
8160:
8055:
7976:Georgian Empire
7961:Norman Conquest
7947:
7893:Frankish Empire
7827:
7822:
7792:
7787:
7781:St George's Day
7756:Royal standards
7739:College of Arms
7705:
7657:
7614:
7584:
7541:
7487:
6796:
6778:
6715:
6662:The Restoration
6606:Elizabethan era
6559:Norman Conquest
6523:
6518:
6465:
6445:
6443:Further reading
6440:
6434:
6415:
6407:. London: BBC.
6396:
6388:. London: BBC.
6377:
6349:
6330:
6319:The Age of Bede
6309:
6301:. Oxford: OUP.
6285:
6283:
6274:
6268:
6260:. Oxford: OUP.
6249:
6230:
6209:
6186:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6151:
6147:
6080:
6072:. Oxford: OUP.
6045:
6026:
6004:
5985:
5963:
5944:
5925:
5911:rex admirabilis
5893:
5874:
5846:
5827:
5813:Horspool, David
5805:
5786:
5767:
5759:. Oxford: OUP.
5737:Gildas (1848).
5730:
5708:
5689:
5667:
5641:
5633:. Oxford: OUP.
5620:
5612:. Oxford: OUP.
5601:
5579:
5560:
5539:
5516:
5508:. Oxford: OUP.
5497:
5476:
5468:. London: OUP.
5425:
5406:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5359:
5335:
5333:
5320:
5305:
5299:
5273:
5271:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5244:
5240:
5231:
5227:
5214:
5210:
5201:
5197:
5188:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5150:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5079:
5070:
5063:
5058:
5051:
5042:
5031:
5023:
5014:
5005:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4981:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4945:
4938:
4933:
4926:
4921:
4914:
4905:
4901:
4892:
4877:
4868:
4859:
4850:
4841:
4832:
4821:
4809:
4805:
4796:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4771:
4754:
4745:
4732:
4723:
4719:
4710:
4706:
4697:
4693:
4684:
4680:
4671:
4667:
4658:
4654:
4645:
4638:
4629:
4620:
4611:
4602:
4593:
4582:
4573:
4569:
4556:
4552:
4543:
4539:
4531:
4527:
4518:
4511:
4503:
4499:
4490:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4465:
4461:
4452:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4422:
4411:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4383:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4334:
4330:
4321:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4292:
4288:
4279:
4272:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4245:
4236:
4232:
4223:
4212:
4203:
4199:
4190:
4179:
4167:
4163:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4132:
4125:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4076:
4072:
4059:
4055:
4046:
4042:
4033:
4029:
4013:
4009:
4000:
3996:
3987:
3983:
3974:
3970:
3961:
3957:
3948:
3944:
3935:
3931:
3922:
3918:
3909:
3905:
3896:
3889:
3880:
3876:
3867:
3860:
3848:
3844:
3838:Pelagian heresy
3831:
3827:
3818:
3814:
3806:Charles Thomas
3805:
3801:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3773:Charles Thomas
3772:
3768:
3759:
3755:
3746:
3739:
3730:
3726:
3717:
3706:
3697:
3693:
3684:
3680:
3671:
3667:
3658:
3647:
3638:
3634:
3625:
3621:
3608:
3604:
3595:
3591:
3582:
3578:
3569:
3565:
3556:
3552:
3543:
3539:
3528:
3524:
3515:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3467:
3463:
3454:
3450:
3439:
3435:
3426:
3422:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3382:
3378:
3364:
3360:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3334:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3306:
3294:
3287:
3274:
3270:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3244:
3232:
3228:
3219:
3215:
3203:
3199:
3187:
3183:
3171:
3167:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3141:
3125:
3121:
3105:
3101:
3086:Forster et al.
3085:
3081:
3068:
3064:
3051:
3047:
3034:
3027:
3015:
3004:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2975:
2960:
2956:
2947:
2943:
2932:
2928:
2919:
2915:
2894:
2890:
2881:
2874:
2861:
2857:
2848:
2844:
2827:
2823:
2808:(462): 513–33.
2794:
2790:
2781:
2777:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2639:Anglo-Saxon art
2628:
2623:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2574:Orderic Vitalis
2539:Bayeux Tapestry
2537:Section of the
2531:
2498:
2477:Orderic Vitalis
2470:Harald Hardrada
2464:Guy of Ponthieu
2436:
2400:) became king.
2390:Harald Harefoot
2386:
2367:Harold Harefoot
2304:
2272:
2245:Harald Gormsson
2206:
2146:succeeded him.
2114:
2106:Main articles:
2102:Edgar's coinage
2096:
1990:
1978:Main articles:
1976:
1829:
1744:Silver coin of
1618:in Anglo-Saxon
1562:
1542:Main articles:
1521:
1363:
1353:
1345:Main articles:
1343:
1317:), even though
1277:Constantine III
1273:
1265:Main articles:
1263:
1238:Paul the Deacon
1201:
1155:Norman Conquest
1151:Wessex hegemony
1143:Danish settlers
1040:Norman Conquest
1021:
985:
983:
978:
977:
803:
801:By city or town
793:
792:
738:South Yorkshire
713:Nottinghamshire
708:North Yorkshire
628:Gloucestershire
568:Buckinghamshire
563:City of Bristol
548:
538:
537:
518:
510:
509:
465:English society
455:
447:
446:
445:
424:Postwar Britain
414:Interwar period
409:First World War
343:Elizabethan era
312:Norman Conquest
280:Medieval period
264:
242:
235:
213:
211:Norman Conquest
197:
184:
171:
125:
108:
101:
93:
91:
88:
87:
86:
82:
81:
73:
72:
71:
67:
65:
58:
57:
56:
45:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11888:
11878:
11877:
11862:
11861:
11844:
11842:from Wikibooks
11827:
11798:
11793:
11792:
11789:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11773:
11767:
11766:
11764:
11760:
11759:
11756:
11755:
11750:
11745:
11744:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11732:
11731:
11721:
11716:
11711:
11706:
11698:United Kingdom
11694:
11693:
11691:
11685:
11684:
11681:
11680:
11675:
11670:
11669:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11647:
11646:
11644:
11638:
11637:
11634:
11633:
11628:
11627:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11606:
11605:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11587:Medieval Wales
11584:
11583:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11562:
11561:
11560:
11555:
11550:
11539:
11538:
11536:
11530:
11529:
11526:
11525:
11520:
11515:
11506:
11501:
11499:Roman Scotland
11496:
11490:
11489:
11487:
11481:
11480:
11477:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11465:
11464:
11459:
11458:
11457:
11452:
11442:
11431:
11430:
11428:
11422:
11421:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11408:
11407:
11406:
11401:
11391:
11385:
11380:
11379:
11378:
11373:
11372:
11371:
11361:
11360:
11359:
11357:Outer Hebrides
11354:
11352:Inner Hebrides
11349:
11344:
11334:
11333:
11332:
11327:
11315:United Kingdom
11311:
11310:
11308:
11302:
11301:
11294:
11293:
11286:
11279:
11271:
11262:
11261:
11256:
11253:
11252:
11245:
11243:
11241:
11240:
11235:
11225:
11222:
11221:
11218:
11212:
11211:
11208:
11202:
11201:
11198:
11192:
11191:
11188:
11182:
11181:
11178:
11172:
11171:
11168:
11162:
11161:
11158:
11152:
11151:
11146:
11140:
11139:
11136:
11130:
11129:
11124:
11118:
11117:
11112:
11104:
11103:
11098:
11092:
11091:
11086:
11080:
11079:
11076:
11070:
11069:
11064:
11058:
11057:
11054:
11048:
11047:
11044:
11038:
11037:
11034:
11032:Norman/Angevin
11028:
11027:
11021:
11015:
11014:
11007:
11001:
11000:
10994:
10988:
10987:
10980:
10972:
10969:
10968:
10957:
10956:
10949:
10942:
10934:
10925:
10924:
10912:
10909:
10908:
10906:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10734:
10732:
10726:
10725:
10723:
10722:
10720:Worcestershire
10717:
10712:
10710:West Yorkshire
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10635:Northumberland
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10615:City of London
10612:
10607:
10605:Leicestershire
10602:
10597:
10592:
10587:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10565:Greater London
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10505:Cambridgeshire
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10481:
10479:
10473:
10472:
10470:
10469:
10467:United Kingdom
10464:
10459:
10453:
10451:
10447:
10446:
10444:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10392:
10390:
10386:
10385:
10382:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10370:
10369:
10367:Social history
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10333:
10332:
10322:
10321:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10290:
10289:
10288:
10283:
10273:
10272:
10271:
10270:
10269:
10259:
10258:
10257:
10252:
10242:
10241:
10240:
10230:
10225:
10215:
10210:
10204:
10203:
10201:
10195:
10194:
10187:
10186:
10179:
10172:
10164:
10155:
10154:
10152:
10151:
10140:
10137:
10136:
10134:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10107:
10105:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10064:
10063:
10058:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9872:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9841:
9840:
9839:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9768:
9767:
9762:
9760:Thracian Goths
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9701:
9700:
9695:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9539:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9527:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9415:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9388:
9386:
9380:
9379:
9377:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9350:
9348:
9342:
9341:
9339:
9338:
9337:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9316:
9311:
9310:
9309:
9304:
9294:
9289:
9288:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9267:
9262:
9261:
9260:
9250:
9249:
9248:
9243:
9233:
9232:
9231:
9226:
9216:
9215:
9214:
9209:
9199:
9198:
9197:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9140:
9138:
9132:
9131:
9129:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9111:Roman Iron Age
9108:
9103:
9098:
9092:
9090:
9086:
9085:
9072:
9069:
9068:
9061:
9060:
9053:
9046:
9038:
9029:
9028:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9021:
8994:
8979:Rus' Khaganate
8975:
8960:
8949:
8923:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8901:
8893:
8887:
8885:
8879:
8878:
8876:
8875:
8870:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8818:
8813:
8791:
8769:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8711:
8705:
8703:
8694:
8688:
8687:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8635:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8593:
8591:
8585:
8584:
8582:
8581:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8535:
8530:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8484:
8479:
8473:
8471:
8462:
8452:
8451:
8444:
8443:
8436:
8429:
8421:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8408:
8398:
8388:
8377:
8374:
8373:
8371:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8348:Misconceptions
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8309:
8307:
8303:
8302:
8300:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8168:
8166:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8158:
8156:Little Ice Age
8153:
8152:
8151:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8109:Western Schism
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8065:
8063:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7957:
7955:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7863:
7858:
7856:Late antiquity
7853:
7848:
7843:
7837:
7835:
7829:
7828:
7821:
7820:
7813:
7806:
7798:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7731:
7726:
7715:
7713:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7676:English Gothic
7673:
7667:
7665:
7659:
7658:
7656:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7624:
7622:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7612:
7611:
7610:
7603:English people
7600:
7594:
7592:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7551:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7537:
7532:
7522:
7521:
7520:
7518:New Model Army
7510:
7509:
7508:
7497:
7495:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
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7405:
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7395:
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7355:
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7345:
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7335:
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7325:
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7315:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6850:Lord Protector
6847:
6837:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6825:
6823:House of Lords
6815:
6810:
6805:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6789:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6725:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6628:Gunpowder Plot
6625:
6615:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6576:Angevin Empire
6573:
6572:
6571:
6561:
6556:
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6550:
6549:
6539:
6533:
6531:
6525:
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6509:
6502:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6471:
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6463:External links
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5706:
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5480:
5474:
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5410:
5404:
5391:
5378:
5363:
5357:
5345:Asser (1983).
5342:
5318:
5303:
5297:
5280:
5259:
5257:
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4778:
4752:
4730:
4717:
4704:
4691:
4678:
4674:Domesday Quest
4665:
4652:
4648:Domesday Quest
4636:
4618:
4600:
4580:
4567:
4550:
4537:
4525:
4509:
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4481:
4472:
4459:
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4315:
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4286:
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4210:
4197:
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4148:
4139:
4123:
4110:
4101:
4083:
4070:
4060:Mayr-Harting.
4053:
4040:
4027:
4007:
3994:
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3968:
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3389:
3376:
3358:
3345:
3332:
3319:
3314:Attenborough.
3304:
3285:
3268:
3255:
3242:
3233:Hunter-Blair,
3226:
3213:
3197:
3181:
3165:
3152:
3146:Ward-Perkins.
3139:
3119:
3107:Sally Thomason
3099:
3079:
3062:
3045:
3025:
3002:
2986:
2973:
2954:
2941:
2926:
2913:
2888:
2872:
2855:
2842:
2821:
2788:
2775:
2759:
2752:
2746:. p. 64.
2724:
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2681:
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2646:
2641:
2635:
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2633:
2630:England portal
2619:
2605:
2589:
2586:
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2494:
2435:
2432:
2385:
2382:
2332:Sven Forkbeard
2303:
2300:
2287:, daughter of
2271:
2268:
2205:
2202:
2095:
2092:
2069:Burghal Hidage
1975:
1972:
1957:(known as the
1918:Pope Gregory I
1853:Edict of Milan
1828:
1825:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1669:
1660:Tribal Hideage
1614:The four main
1552:Offa of Mercia
1529:petty kingdoms
1520:
1517:
1453:The historian
1438:in modern-day
1413:British Celtic
1379:Aulus Plautius
1342:
1339:
1293:Romano-British
1262:
1259:
1251:James Campbell
1249:The historian
1200:
1197:
1193:English people
1182:Romano-British
1157:of England by
1145:; the gradual
1064:personal union
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1005:
997:
994:
993:
980:
979:
976:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
804:
799:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
788:Worcestershire
785:
780:
778:West Yorkshire
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
703:Northumberland
700:
695:
690:
685:
683:City of London
680:
675:
673:Leicestershire
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
633:Greater London
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
573:Cambridgeshire
570:
565:
560:
555:
549:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
533:United Kingdom
530:
525:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
444:
443:
438:
433:
432:
431:
429:Social history
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
395:
394:
384:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
352:
351:
350:
345:
335:
334:
333:
332:
331:
321:
320:
319:
314:
304:
303:
302:
292:
287:
277:
272:
266:
265:
260:
259:
256:
255:
247:
246:
237:
236:
229:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
208:
205:
204:
198:
195:
192:
191:
185:
179:
176:
175:
172:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
143:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
123:
115:
114:
110:
109:
94:
52:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11887:
11876:
11873:
11872:
11870:
11859:from Wikidata
11858:
11857:
11845:
11841:
11840:
11828:
11824:
11823:
11811:
11810:
11807:
11801:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11781:House of York
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11768:
11765:
11761:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11730:
11727:
11726:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11701:
11700:(since 1707)
11699:
11696:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11686:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11653:
11652:
11649:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11639:
11632:
11631:Medieval Mann
11629:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11611:
11610:
11607:
11603:
11600:
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11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
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11566:
11563:
11559:
11556:
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11551:
11549:
11546:
11545:
11544:
11541:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11531:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11513:Roman Ireland
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11494:Roman Britain
11492:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11482:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11463:
11460:
11456:
11453:
11451:
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11447:
11446:
11443:
11441:
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11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11339:
11338:
11335:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11325:Isle of Wight
11323:
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11321:
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11199:
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11194:
11193:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11183:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11173:
11169:
11167:
11166:Edwardian era
11164:
11163:
11159:
11157:
11156:Victorian era
11154:
11153:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11141:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11131:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11119:
11116:
11113:
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11017:
11016:
11008:
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11002:
10995:
10993:
10992:Roman Britain
10990:
10989:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10975:
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10966:
10962:
10955:
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10901:
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10894:
10891:
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10884:
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10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10818:Milton Keynes
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10735:
10733:
10731:
10727:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10700:West Midlands
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10690:Tyne and Wear
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10675:Staffordshire
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10590:Isle of Wight
10588:
10586:
10585:Hertfordshire
10583:
10581:
10580:Herefordshire
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10482:
10480:
10478:
10474:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10454:
10452:
10448:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10393:
10391:
10387:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10368:
10365:
10364:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10342:Edwardian era
10340:
10338:
10337:Victorian era
10335:
10331:
10328:
10327:
10326:
10323:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10295:
10294:
10293:Stuart period
10291:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10278:
10277:
10274:
10268:
10265:
10264:
10263:
10260:
10256:
10255:Norman period
10253:
10251:
10248:
10247:
10246:
10243:
10239:
10236:
10235:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10213:Roman Britain
10211:
10209:
10206:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10196:
10192:
10185:
10180:
10178:
10173:
10171:
10166:
10165:
10162:
10150:
10142:
10141:
10138:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10108:
10106:
10104:
10100:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10053:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9846:
9845:
9842:
9838:
9835:
9834:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9735:Crimean Goths
9733:
9732:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9699:
9698:Salian Franks
9696:
9694:
9691:
9690:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9496:
9495:
9492:
9491:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9393:
9390:
9389:
9387:
9385:
9381:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9351:
9349:
9347:
9343:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9321:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9299:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9259:
9256:
9255:
9254:
9251:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9238:
9237:
9234:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9217:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9204:
9203:
9200:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9176:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9141:
9139:
9137:
9136:Early culture
9133:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9070:
9066:
9059:
9054:
9052:
9047:
9045:
9040:
9039:
9036:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8947:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8924:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8888:
8886:
8884:and Near East
8880:
8874:
8871:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8827:
8823:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8811:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8795:
8792:
8789:
8785:
8781:
8777:
8773:
8770:
8767:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8706:
8704:
8698:
8695:
8689:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8592:
8590:and Near East
8586:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8466:
8463:
8453:
8449:
8442:
8437:
8435:
8430:
8428:
8423:
8422:
8419:
8407:
8399:
8397:
8389:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8378:
8375:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8304:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8163:
8157:
8154:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8062:
8058:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8016:Scholasticism
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7954:
7950:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7878:Rise of Islam
7876:
7872:
7869:
7868:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7819:
7814:
7812:
7807:
7805:
7800:
7799:
7796:
7782:
7779:
7778:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7724:
7720:
7719:National flag
7717:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7708:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7660:
7654:
7653:Country dance
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7621:
7617:
7609:
7606:
7605:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7587:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7544:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7523:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7511:
7507:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7490:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6935:Temp. incert.
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6862:Privy Council
6860:
6858:
6855:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6781:
6775:
6774:Orange-Nassau
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6618:Stuart period
6616:
6614:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6564:Anglo-Normans
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6515:
6510:
6508:
6503:
6501:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6456:
6452:
6447:
6446:
6435:
6429:
6425:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6406:
6401:
6397:
6395:0-15-352274-7
6391:
6387:
6382:
6378:
6376:1-85285-382-4
6372:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6350:
6348:0-7134-6566-2
6344:
6340:
6335:
6331:
6329:0-14-044437-8
6325:
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6304:
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6040:
6036:
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6027:
6025:1-84212-477-3
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
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6003:0-8078-3038-0
5999:
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5986:
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5980:
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5725:
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5103:. MS D. 1066.
5102:
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3400:
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3380:
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3371:Human Biology
3368:
3362:
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3176:, Chapter 5:
3175:
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3123:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3096:
3092:
3089:
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3077:
3072:
3071:Roman History
3069:Cassius Dio,
3066:
3060:
3055:
3054:Roman History
3052:Cassius Dio,
3049:
3042:
3039:, Chapter 4:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3022:
3020:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3000:
2997:. Chapter 6.
2996:
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2983:
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2969:
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2922:Age of Arthur
2917:
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2744:BBC Worldwide
2741:
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2734:Schama, Simon
2729:
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2330:In mid-1013,
2325:
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2180:Howe, Norfolk
2177:
2171:
2169:
2163:
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2157:
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2133:
2129:
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2113:
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2091:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2078:Although the
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1963:Bishop Colmán
1960:
1956:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1933:, the exiled
1932:
1931:Saint Wilfrid
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:Saint Patrick
1884:
1880:
1872:
1871:Escomb Church
1868:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:British Isles
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:Isle of Wight
1681:
1678:
1675:
1673:
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1668:
1665:
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1663:
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1657:
1653:
1649:
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1637:
1633:
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1609:
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1597:
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1579:
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1525:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1477:According to
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1417:British Latin
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1383:native tribes
1380:
1376:
1372:
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1358:
1352:
1348:
1338:
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1327:
1326:
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1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:gens Anglorum
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:Roman control
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:Roman Britain
1033:
1029:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1004:
999:
998:
996:
995:
992:
982:
981:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
888:Milton Keynes
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
802:
797:
796:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
768:West Midlands
766:
764:
761:
759:
758:Tyne and Wear
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
743:Staffordshire
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
658:Isle of Wight
656:
654:
653:Hertfordshire
651:
649:
648:Herefordshire
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
547:
542:
541:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
514:
513:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
451:
450:
442:
439:
437:
434:
430:
427:
426:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
404:Edwardian era
402:
400:
399:Victorian era
397:
393:
390:
389:
388:
385:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
355:Stuart period
353:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
336:
330:
327:
326:
325:
322:
318:
317:Norman period
315:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
301:
298:
297:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
281:
278:
276:
275:Roman Britain
273:
271:
268:
267:
263:
258:
257:
253:
249:
248:
245:
239:
238:
233:
228:
227:
219:
215:
212:
206:
199:
193:
186:
183:
177:
173:
169:
168:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
121:
116:
111:
105:
98:
85:
70:
55:
50:
47:
43:
41:
36:
32:
27:
19:
11854:
11837:
11825:from Commons
11820:
11799:
11547:
11226:
11148:
11134:Georgian era
11126:
11114:
11100:
11088:
11066:
11018:
10763:Christchurch
10695:Warwickshire
10610:Lincolnshire
10485:Bedfordshire
10325:Georgian era
10308:Protectorate
10303:Commonwealth
10276:Tudor period
10232:
9429:Anglo-Saxons
9419:Adrabaecampi
9402:Bucinobantes
9144:Architecture
8998:Principality
8732:Papal States
8490:
8457:histories of
8177:Architecture
8149:Great Famine
8139:Universities
8079:Hussite Wars
7996:Great Schism
7902:
7883:Papal States
7761:Crown Jewels
7746:Royal badges
7734:Coat of arms
7663:Architecture
7648:Morris dance
7590:Demographics
7513:English Army
7310:
6934:
6899:Star Chamber
6721:Royal Houses
6704:Protectorate
6633:Jacobean era
6596:Tudor period
6541:
6454:
6423:
6404:
6385:
6366:
6357:
6338:
6318:
6297:
6284:. Retrieved
6280:the original
6257:
6238:
6218:
6194:
6175:
6163:. Retrieved
6156:the original
6114:
6110:
6097:
6088:
6069:
6053:
6034:
6015:
6012:Morris, John
5993:
5974:
5952:
5933:
5914:
5910:
5901:
5882:
5863:
5854:
5835:
5816:
5794:
5775:
5757:
5754:
5738:
5719:
5697:
5678:
5656:
5648:
5631:
5628:
5609:
5590:
5568:
5550:
5547:
5526:
5505:
5487:
5484:
5465:
5456:Continuation
5449:
5436:
5414:
5395:
5383:. Retrieved
5368:
5347:
5334:. Retrieved
5325:
5306:
5286:
5272:. Retrieved
5267:
5246:
5241:
5236:. pp. 290–92
5233:
5228:
5220:
5216:
5211:
5206:. pp. 138–39
5203:
5198:
5193:, pp. 248–49
5190:
5173:
5165:
5160:
5151:
5146:, pp. 238–40
5143:
5138:
5117:
5108:
5100:
5096:
5072:
5047:, pp. 233–38
5044:
5024:
5007:
4990:
4982:
4964:
4955:
4950:, pp. 229–30
4947:
4907:
4902:
4897:, pp. 161–62
4894:
4873:. pp. 229–30
4870:
4855:, pp. 108–09
4852:
4837:. pp. 160–61
4834:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4798:
4793:
4785:
4781:
4776:, pp. 216–22
4773:
4747:
4728:, pp. 52–53.
4725:
4720:
4712:
4707:
4699:
4694:
4686:
4681:
4673:
4668:
4660:
4655:
4647:
4631:
4613:
4595:
4575:
4574:Malmesbury,
4570:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4545:
4540:
4533:
4528:
4520:
4505:
4500:
4495:, pp. 107–08
4492:
4475:
4467:
4462:
4454:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4377:The Last War
4376:
4360:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4336:
4331:
4326:, pp. 68–69.
4323:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4281:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4250:
4246:
4238:
4233:
4228:, pp. 84–85.
4225:
4205:
4200:
4192:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4156:
4151:
4142:
4134:
4118:
4113:
4104:
4096:
4081:, pp. 144–48
4078:
4073:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4048:
4043:
4035:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4010:
4002:
3997:
3989:
3984:
3979:, pp. 124–39
3976:
3971:
3963:
3958:
3953:, pp. 135–36
3950:
3945:
3940:, pp. 128–29
3937:
3932:
3924:
3919:
3911:
3906:
3898:
3882:
3877:
3872:, pp. 116–25
3869:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3833:
3828:
3820:
3815:
3807:
3802:
3797:. pp. 106–07
3794:
3789:
3774:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3748:
3732:
3727:
3719:
3699:
3694:
3686:
3681:
3673:
3668:
3660:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3592:
3584:
3579:
3571:
3566:
3558:
3553:
3545:
3540:
3531:
3525:
3517:
3495:
3487:
3482:
3464:
3456:
3451:
3436:
3428:
3423:
3415:
3410:
3392:
3384:
3379:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3299:
3296:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3122:
3114:
3111:Language log
3102:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3018:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2935:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2896:
2891:
2883:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2829:
2824:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2783:
2778:
2770:
2738:
2728:
2709:
2664:Anglo-Saxons
2582:
2563:
2556:
2544:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2488:
2474:
2468:
2456:
2452:
2419:
2402:
2387:
2375:
2352:
2340:
2329:
2302:Rise of Cnut
2293:
2281:
2273:
2253:
2242:
2237:
2222:
2195:
2191:
2172:
2164:
2148:
2136:Anglo-Saxons
2126:
2115:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2061:
2053:peace treaty
2026:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1959:Whitby Synod
1955:Whitby Abbey
1951:
1947:
1944:Whitby Abbey
1909:
1907:
1876:
1861:Roman Empire
1844:
1830:
1793:
1770:
1751:
1731:River Humber
1724:
1685:, (Wihtwara)
1613:
1607:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1563:
1502:
1495:
1476:
1469:
1452:
1446:(modern-day
1421:
1397:
1395:
1387:
1364:
1312:
1274:
1248:
1202:
1163:
1087:Roman Empire
1080:
1031:
1027:
1026:
833:Christchurch
763:Warwickshire
678:Lincolnshire
553:Bedfordshire
387:Georgian era
370:Protectorate
365:Commonwealth
338:Tudor period
294:
46:
39:
35:Anglo-Saxons
26:
11504:Roman Wales
11388:Isle of Man
11144:Regency era
11122:Restoration
11109:Interregnum
11062:Elizabethan
11042:Plantagenet
11019:Anglo-Saxon
11013:7th century
10873:Southampton
10743:Bournemouth
10705:West Sussex
10650:Oxfordshire
10550:East Sussex
10330:Regency era
10313:Restoration
9869:Nahanarvali
9792:Hilleviones
9705:Frisiavones
9573:Cananefates
9563:Burgundians
9474:Banochaemae
9324:Anglo-Saxon
9275:Anglo-Saxon
9241:Anglo-Saxon
9224:Anglo-Saxon
9207:Anglo-Saxon
8964:Kievan Rus'
8700:Western and
8693:territories
8617:Czech lands
8468:Western and
8406:WikiProject
8333:Medievalism
8172:Agriculture
8036:Manorialism
8031:Communalism
8026:Monasticism
7943:Reconquista
7933:Kievan Rus'
7686:Elizabethan
7671:Anglo-Saxon
6892:Elizabethan
6882:Anglo-Saxon
6808:Curia regis
6749:Plantagenet
6699:Proprietary
6667:Popish Plot
6645:Interregnum
6569:The Anarchy
6219:The Britons
5415:The Godwins
3951:The Britons
3870:The Britons
3851:The Britons
3795:The Britons
3751:.pp. 178–79
3749:The Britons
3733:The Britons
3720:The Britons
3700:The Britons
3674:The Britons
3663:, pp. 38–39
3600:. pp. 47–48
3546:The Britons
3192:. p. 71. –
3127:Alaric Hall
2546:now called
2415:Witenagemot
2406:the Godwins
2154:. His son,
2014:Lindisfarne
1916:or Saxons.
1899:Lindisfarne
1849:Constantine
1720:Wreocensæte
1632:Northumbria
1624:East Anglia
1606:. Although
1544:Northumbria
1460:Laws of Ine
1405:Old English
1375:14th Legion
1234:Anglo-Saxon
1226:Old English
1199:Terminology
1178:Norman rule
1115:East Anglia
1107:Northumbria
1044:Anglo-Saxon
943:Southampton
813:Bournemouth
773:West Sussex
718:Oxfordshire
618:East Sussex
392:Regency era
375:Restoration
241:History of
134:Old English
104:Old English
11138:1714–1837
11078:1603–1714
11056:1485–1603
10868:Shrewsbury
10848:Portsmouth
10828:Nottingham
10808:Manchester
10783:Folkestone
10768:Colchester
10738:Birmingham
10660:Shropshire
10620:Merseyside
10600:Lancashire
10525:Derbyshire
10088:Vinoviloth
9876:Marcomanni
9859:Helveconae
9837:HeaĂ°obards
9807:Istvaeones
9797:Ingaevones
9782:Hermunduri
9750:Ostrogoths
9740:Greuthungi
9618:Chattuarii
9444:Angrivarii
9439:Ampsivarii
9407:Lentienses
9236:Literature
9126:Viking Age
8859:Almoravids
8847:al-Andalus
8820:Portugal (
8663:Anatolia (
8328:Land terms
8282:Technology
8262:Philosophy
8242:Literature
8207:Demography
7908:Viking Age
7766:Tudor rose
7696:Queen Anne
7525:Royal Navy
6877:Governance
6867:Ministries
6818:Parliament
6286:15 January
6165:15 January
5385:22 October
5336:25 January
5274:9 February
5256:References
5232:Bartlett.
5168:, p. 240.
4724:Williams,
4711:Williams,
4659:Campbell,
4523:pp. 25–26.
4470:pp. 128–29
4293:Horspool,
4137:, pp. 2–3.
3782: 303
3630:1993:163f.
3609:Greenway,
2782:Campbell.
2394:Harthacnut
2371:Harthacnut
2316:Herjedalen
2160:Brunanburh
2118:Ceowulf II
1984:Viking Age
1841:Tertullian
1667:Haestingas
1403:migrants,
1355:See also:
1243:Ealdseaxan
1149:under the
1085:after the
1038:until the
938:Shrewsbury
918:Portsmouth
898:Nottingham
878:Manchester
853:Folkestone
838:Colchester
808:Birmingham
728:Shropshire
688:Merseyside
668:Lancashire
593:Derbyshire
141:Demonym(s)
97:Engla land
89:(927–1066)
11839:Textbooks
11220:1945–1979
11210:1945–1979
11200:1939–1945
11190:1919–1939
11180:1914–1918
11170:1901–1914
11160:1837–1901
11149:1811–1820
11127:1660–1714
11115:1649–1660
11101:1625–1649
11089:1603–1625
11067:1558–1603
11046:1216–1485
11036:1066–1216
10893:Worcester
10878:St Albans
10863:Sheffield
10858:Rochester
10823:Newcastle
10803:Maidstone
10793:Liverpool
10715:Wiltshire
10575:Hampshire
10490:Berkshire
10477:By county
10083:Vidivarii
10078:Victohali
10068:Vangiones
10001:Thuringii
9906:Nuithones
9802:Irminones
9765:Visigoths
9755:Thervingi
9715:Gambrivii
9668:Dulgubnii
9663:Dauciones
9613:Chasuarii
9553:Brondings
9479:Bastarnae
9469:Baiuvarii
9449:Armalausi
9412:Raetovari
9346:Languages
9314:Symbology
9174:Folklore
9169:Festivals
9018:Despotate
8962:Ukraine (
8946:Jerusalem
8910:Croatia (
8665:Byzantine
8637:Hungary (
8628:Byzantine
8527:1169–1536
8313:Dark Ages
8222:Household
8217:Hastilude
7986:Feudalism
7776:St George
7547:Geography
7312:1642–1660
6961:1422–1460
6956:1413–1421
6951:1399–1411
6946:1377–1397
6941:1327–1376
6929:1308–1325
6924:1275–1307
6919:1225–1267
6754:Lancaster
6734:Knýtlinga
6638:Civil War
6547:Heptarchy
5675:Dark, Ken
5215:Vitalis.
5202:Starkey.
5191:Dark Ages
5166:Dark Ages
5144:Dark Ages
5071:Vitalis.
5045:Dark Ages
5006:Starkey,
4985:, 1065 AD
4948:Dark Ages
4906:Lapidge,
4893:Lapidge,
4869:Lapidge.
4851:Lapidge,
4797:Starkey,
4698:Stenton.
4685:Stenton.
4630:Starkey,
4612:Starkey,
4594:Stenton.
4557:Starkey,
4544:Stenton,
4519:Crystal,
4453:Starkey,
4363:, 891–896
4335:Starkey,
4322:Starkey,
4280:Starkey,
4204:Starkey,
4191:Starkey,
4021:Brandon.
3853:, p. 105.
3760:Stenton.
3676:, p. 176.
3570:Stenton.
3557:Stenton.
3279:, p. 24;
3210:Brittanny
2908:foederati
2721:Citations
2457:Although
2447:Cambridge
2355:the witan
2294:Then, on
2256:Byrhtnoth
2188:Old Norse
2156:Æthelstan
2140:Æthelflæd
2108:Æthelstan
1922:Augustine
1813:Beornwulf
1694:Magonsæte
1608:heptarchy
1604:Dark Ages
1587:– rule).
1583:– seven;
1574:Heptarchy
1570:Heptarchy
1556:Heptarchy
1390:foederati
1371:Batavians
1351:Heptarchy
1303:foederati
1287:with the
1230:Angelcynn
1174:Englishry
1161:in 1066.
1133:); their
1052:Æthelstan
963:Worcester
948:St Albans
933:Sheffield
928:Rochester
893:Newcastle
873:Maidstone
863:Liverpool
783:Wiltshire
643:Hampshire
558:Berkshire
546:By county
167:Britannia
69:Heptarchy
42:(journal)
11869:Category
11786:Monarchs
11404:Guernsey
11369:Anglesey
11342:Shetland
11337:Scotland
11306:Overview
11258:Timeline
11227:See also
11096:Caroline
11084:Jacobean
11026:449–1066
10898:Worthing
10888:Wetherby
10838:Plymouth
10773:Coventry
10748:Brighton
10665:Somerset
10515:Cornwall
10510:Cheshire
10450:Polities
10199:Timeline
10149:Category
10056:Hasdingi
10041:Usipetes
10021:Tubantes
10006:Toxandri
9986:Tencteri
9961:Suarines
9946:Sicambri
9941:Semnones
9921:Reudigni
9891:Mattiaci
9881:Marsacii
9832:Lombards
9822:Lacringi
9817:Juthungi
9648:Corconti
9633:Cherusci
9608:Charudes
9588:Chaedini
9558:Bructeri
9543:Bateinoi
9514:Eburones
9509:Condrusi
9504:Caeroesi
9499:Atuatuci
9434:Ambrones
9397:Brisgavi
9392:Alemanni
9270:Paganism
9159:Clothing
9154:Calendar
9101:Germania
9014:Lordship
8996:Serbia (
8977:Russia (
8916:Pannonia
8912:Dalmatia
8863:Almohads
8691:Medieval
8626:Greece (
8538:Scotland
8523:800–1169
8455:Medieval
8396:Category
8363:Timeline
8252:Minstrel
8247:Medicine
8129:Chivalry
8084:Burgundy
8006:Crusades
7771:Oak tree
7729:Heraldry
7701:Georgian
7691:Jacobean
7643:Folklore
7628:Religion
7555:Counties
7493:Military
6887:Medieval
6840:Monarchy
6787:Politics
6739:Normandy
6537:Timeline
6141:18430641
6014:(1973).
5973:(1992).
5815:(2006).
5677:(2000).
5589:(1981).
5435:(1903).
5330:Archived
5249:. p. 141
5219:. p. 28
5204:Monarchy
5010:, p. 120
5008:Monarchy
4910:, p. 230
4813:, 1017:
4801:, p. 94.
4799:Monarchy
4746:Sawyer.
4689:. p. 376
4676:, p. 125
4650:, p. 124
4632:Monarchy
4614:Monarchy
4598:. p. 375
4559:Monarchy
4455:Monarchy
4427:, p. 123
4406:writings
4337:Monarchy
4324:Monarchy
4282:Monarchy
4241:, p. 22.
4206:Monarchy
4193:Monarchy
4157:Monarchy
4155:Starkey,
4133:Sawyer,
4117:Sawyer,
4038:, p. 126
3992:, p. 104
3966:, p. 127
3949:Snyder,
3901:. p. 132
3868:Snyder,
3764:. p. 231
3735:. p. 212
3722:. p. 178
3702:, p. 177
3698:Snyder,
3587:. p. 299
3583:Morris.
3574:. p. 30.
3561:. p. 29.
3516:Morris,
3208:, Ch.14:
3204:Morris,
3059:thither.
3017:Gildas.
2993:Morris.
2920:Morris.
2882:Morris.
2736:(2003).
2588:See also
2359:earldoms
2312:Jemtland
2277:Danegeld
2225:Æthelred
2214:Ramsgate
2122:Æthelred
2037:Athelney
1839:author,
1791:in 642.
1766:Bernicia
1699:Meonwara
1636:Bernicia
1616:kingdoms
1444:Britonia
1436:Normandy
1432:Brittany
1319:Honorius
1066:between
1050:by King
968:Worthing
958:Wetherby
908:Plymouth
843:Coventry
818:Brighton
733:Somerset
583:Cornwall
578:Cheshire
517:Polities
262:Timeline
232:a series
230:Part of
113:410–1066
78:449–927)
11763:Related
11383:Ireland
11320:England
10961:Periods
10883:Torquay
10853:Reading
10813:Margate
10758:Chester
10753:Bristol
10680:Suffolk
10655:Rutland
10625:Norfolk
10520:Cumbria
10073:Varisci
10061:Silingi
10051:Vandals
10026:Tulingi
10016:Triboci
10011:Treveri
9991:Teutons
9981:Taifals
9956:Sitones
9896:Nemetes
9854:Helisii
9827:Lemovii
9745:Gutones
9678:Firaesi
9673:Favonae
9653:Cugerni
9643:Cobandi
9598:Chamavi
9593:Chaemae
9583:Casuari
9578:Caritni
9548:Betasii
9519:Paemani
9454:Auiones
9319:Warfare
9297:Scripts
9265:Numbers
9089:History
9006:Kingdom
8938:Antioch
8934:Tripoli
8677:Ottoman
8654:Romania
8632:Ottoman
8622:Georgia
8612:Croatia
8602:Armenia
8597:Albania
8519:400–800
8515:Ireland
8510:Germany
8487:England
8482:Denmark
8477:Corsica
8459:current
8306:Related
8292:Warfare
8287:Theatre
8277:Slavery
8272:Science
8227:Hunting
8192:Cuisine
8165:Culture
8104:Castile
8099:England
7711:Symbols
7638:Cuisine
7620:Culture
7580:Palaces
7575:Castles
7560:Islands
7535:History
7506:Warfare
6857:Peerage
6744:Angevin
6529:History
6455:Science
6132:2603190
5659:. CUP.
5189:Woods,
5164:Woods,
5142:Woods,
5043:Woods,
4946:Woods,
4750:. p. 76
4715:, p. 54
4634:, p. 80
4616:, p. 79
4491:Woods,
4466:Welch,
4457:, p. 71
4423:Yorke,
4400:Asser,
4339:, p. 64
4284:, p. 63
4237:Asser,
4224:Asser,
4195:, p. 51
4121:, p. 1.
4047:Blair.
4014:Kirby,
3885:. p. 97
3849:Snyder,
3832:Jones,
3810:. p. 47
3793:Snyder.
3747:Snyder.
3731:Snyder.
3718:Snyder.
3689:, II.20
3672:Snyder,
3548:. p. 85
3544:Snyder.
3530:Gildas.
3339:Welch,
3326:Jones,
3275:Myers,
3262:Welch,
3188:Jones.
3172:Myers.
3159:Welch,
3093:Jones.
3035:Myers,
2999:The War
2968:civitas
2934:Gildas.
2895:Myres.
2862:Jones.
2849:Jones.
2840:, p. 67
2786:. p. 10
2514:Riccall
2176:English
2057:Danelaw
2049:Wedmore
2045:Guthrum
2003:Vikings
1980:Danelaw
1891:Columba
1815:at the
1715:Tomsæte
1705:Pecsæte
1689:Lindsey
1642:), and
1620:England
1505:Ceawlin
1464:wergild
1448:Galicia
1396:If the
1367:cohorts
1335:Britons
1325:civitas
1170:England
1166:Normans
1072:Denmark
1068:England
953:Torquay
923:Reading
883:Margate
828:Chester
823:Bristol
748:Suffolk
723:Rutland
693:Norfolk
588:Cumbria
243:England
209:•
150:History
11399:Jersey
11390:(Mann)
11347:Orkney
11074:Stuart
10999:43–410
10982:until
10833:Oxford
10798:London
10685:Surrey
10540:Durham
10535:Dorset
10389:Topics
10093:Warini
10046:Vagoth
10031:Tungri
9996:Thelir
9976:Swedes
9971:Sunici
9936:Saxons
9931:Rugini
9864:Manimi
9849:Diduni
9787:Heruli
9725:Gepids
9710:Frisii
9688:Franks
9638:Cimbri
9628:Chauci
9623:Chatti
9536:Nervii
9531:Morini
9489:Belgae
9484:Batavi
9459:Avarpi
9424:Angles
9384:Groups
9334:Viking
9280:Gothic
9258:Gothic
9164:Family
9010:Empire
8991:Moscow
8987:Ryazan
8942:Edessa
8930:Cyprus
8904:Second
8822:County
8669:Seljuk
8659:Serbia
8649:Poland
8561:Sweden
8505:France
8386:Portal
8267:Poetry
8094:France
7565:Places
6909:Tories
6769:Stuart
6729:Wessex
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2229:Edward
2152:Humber
2132:Wessex
2033:Alfred
1986:, and
1914:Angles
1837:Berber
1785:Oswald
1710:Surrey
1672:Hwicce
1656:Sussex
1654:, and
1644:Wessex
1628:Mercia
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1548:Mercia
1492:Cerdic
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1440:France
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753:Surrey
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454:Topics
234:on the
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11052:Tudor
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10788:Leeds
10778:Dover
10555:Essex
10530:Devon
10441:Riots
9966:Suebi
9951:Sciri
9926:Rugii
9916:Quadi
9901:Njars
9886:Marsi
9844:Lugii
9812:Jutes
9777:Harii
9772:Gutes
9730:Goths
9720:Geats
9658:Danes
9603:Chali
9524:Segni
9464:Baemi
9307:Runes
9292:Rings
9285:Norse
9253:Names
9246:Norse
9229:Norse
9212:Norse
8899:First
8855:Taifa
8570:Early
8566:Wales
8556:Spain
8542:Early
8533:Italy
8491:Early
8297:Women
8257:Music
8212:Domes
8202:Dance
8089:Milan
7681:Tudor
7570:Towns
7530:Ships
6904:Whigs
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6764:Tudor
6694:Crown
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2701:Notes
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2080:burhs
2065:burhs
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1800:Powys
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1648:Essex
1640:Deira
1622:were
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1297:Picts
1218:Latin
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1119:Essex
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858:Leeds
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598:Devon
505:Riots
59:(410–
11856:Data
11009:410-
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10595:Kent
10436:Wars
10036:Ubii
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8824:and
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