1319:
1080:
25:
1091:
17:
508:
157:
Sugar factories generate pressmud / cachaza during the process and the same has about 30% fibers as carbon and has large amounts of water. This pressmud is dumped on prepared land in the form of 100 meters long windrows of 3 meters x 1.5 meters and spent wash is sprayed on the windrow
100:
on a large scale by
Fletcher Sims Jr. of Canyon, Texas. They are traditionally a large machine that straddles a windrow of 4 feet (1.2 meters) or more high, by as much as 12 feet (3.7 meters) across. Although smaller machines exist for small windrows, most operations use large machines for volume
161:
Microbial
Culture (organic solution) TRIO COM-CULT is used about 1 kg per MT of pressmud for fast de-composing of the spent wash. Hundreds of thousands of square meters of spent wash is being composted all over the world in countries like India, Colombia, Brazil, Thailand, Indonesia, South
87:
rich materials, the amount of bulking agent added to assure air porosity, the pile size, moisture content, and turning frequency. The temperature of the windrows must be measured and logged constantly to determine the optimum time to turn them for quicker compost production.
74:
This method is suited to producing large volumes of compost. These rows are generally turned to improve porosity and oxygen content, mix in or remove moisture, and redistribute cooler and hotter portions of the pile. Windrow composting is a commonly used farm scale
158:
while the windrow is being turned. These machines help consume spent wash of about 2.5 times of the volume of the pressmud, which means that 100 meters of windrow accommodates about 166 MT of pressmud and uses about 415 m³ of spent wash in 50 days.
937:
165:
The compost yard has to be prepared in such a way that the land is impervious and does not allow the liquid effluent to pass down into the earth. The compost thus generated is of excellent quality and is rich in nutrients.
117:
To properly use a compost windrow turner, it is ideal to compost on a hard surfaced pad. Heavy-duty compost windrow turners allow the user to obtain optimum results with the aerobic hot composting process. By using
101:
production. Turners drive through the windrow at a slow rate of forward movement. They have a steel drum with paddles that are rapidly turning. As the turner moves through the windrow, fresh air (
994:
930:
1148:
127:
134:. These two options combined allow the compost windrow turner to be easily hauled anywhere and to work compost windrows in muddy and wet locations.
216:
915:
154:(BOD) of 60,000 PPM and even more. This effluent needs to be treated and the only effective method for conclusive disposal is by composting.
255:
1378:
1352:
762:
1640:
1024:
1141:
925:
772:
233:
1039:
782:
1645:
1454:
1105:
1100:
1363:
1134:
757:
360:
265:
1635:
1019:
1444:
1368:
1341:
1221:
1191:
822:
812:
727:
577:
327:
194:
1650:
920:
797:
752:
175:
817:
777:
742:
130:
option this allows the compost windrow turner to convert itself into a trailer to be pulled by a semi-truck
1115:
1110:
905:
842:
832:
1226:
1029:
999:
852:
747:
737:
732:
582:
400:
142:
Molasses-based distilleries all over the world generate large amount of effluent termed as spent wash or
1584:
1523:
883:
857:
847:
837:
807:
787:
617:
146:. For each liter of alcohol produced, around 8 liters of effluent is generated. This effluent has
1579:
1564:
1297:
1181:
900:
827:
792:
767:
151:
1569:
1513:
1282:
1267:
1241:
1157:
105:) is injected into the compost by the drum/paddle assembly, and waste gases produced by bacterial
1292:
1277:
1262:
942:
126:
the windrow turner is capable of turning compost in windrows located in remote locations. With a
1559:
1287:
1256:
1246:
1171:
652:
147:
1471:
1438:
1307:
452:
432:
294:
300:
1609:
1539:
1529:
1466:
1402:
1216:
1186:
1054:
802:
647:
552:
180:
29:
109:
are vented. The oxygen feeds the aerobic bacteria and thus speeds the composting process.
8:
1630:
1594:
1589:
1544:
1503:
1433:
1014:
602:
522:
467:
365:
352:
320:
305:
53:
1412:
1394:
1383:
1347:
1302:
1272:
1084:
1059:
1004:
910:
699:
669:
385:
289:
1459:
1336:
963:
893:
888:
873:
664:
632:
627:
607:
547:
472:
261:
210:
123:
1554:
1508:
1475:
1449:
1423:
1373:
1357:
1211:
1206:
1176:
947:
878:
719:
689:
679:
637:
612:
592:
587:
427:
395:
390:
370:
344:
119:
20:
Windrow turner used on maturing piles at a biosolids composting facility in Canada.
1318:
1574:
1549:
1417:
1407:
1049:
973:
709:
704:
674:
572:
557:
462:
457:
417:
1498:
1480:
1251:
1231:
1196:
1095:
968:
642:
622:
532:
492:
380:
313:
49:
284:
1624:
1236:
1201:
1079:
1034:
694:
442:
106:
79:
method. Composting process control parameters include the initial ratios of
1599:
1518:
1126:
978:
684:
562:
542:
487:
1534:
1009:
659:
497:
412:
375:
37:
24:
1064:
422:
407:
76:
16:
1604:
1327:
1044:
597:
336:
567:
527:
447:
84:
1428:
537:
143:
131:
97:
57:
45:
507:
482:
437:
102:
80:
477:
340:
335:
56:, such as animal manure and crop residues, in long rows –
995:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
197:. Production Management Featured Articles Web site
96:Compost windrow turners were developed to produce
192:
1622:
63:As the process is aerobic, it is also known as
1142:
321:
1156:
215:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1149:
1135:
328:
314:
253:
91:
1242:Environmentally healthy community design
137:
23:
15:
1025:High-level radioactive waste management
1623:
257:Composting for Sustainable Agriculture
1130:
309:
195:"In-House Windrow Composting Q and A"
1040:Sewage regulation and administration
13:
1379:waste-water treatment technologies
14:
1662:
1364:agricultural wastewater treatment
278:
1317:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1020:Extended producer responsibility
506:
295:Windrow Composting - Grass Straw
1445:List of energy storage projects
1369:industrial wastewater treatment
1222:Environmental impact assessment
1192:Environmental impact assessment
578:Mechanical biological treatment
234:"Open Windrow composting (OWC)"
1641:Biodegradable waste management
247:
226:
176:Aerated static pile composting
1:
241:Waste Planning Practice Guide
186:
7:
1227:Environmental impact design
1030:History of waste management
254:Maheshwari, Dinesh (2014).
169:
69:Open Air Windrow Composting
10:
1667:
1585:High-performance buildings
618:fluorescent lamp recycling
297:(retrieved March 17, 2009)
193:Coufal, Dr, Craig (2008).
150:(COD) of 1,50,000 PPM and
1646:Environmental engineering
1580:Heat recovery ventilation
1565:Environmental remediation
1490:
1393:
1326:
1315:
1182:Climate smart agriculture
1164:
1073:
987:
956:
866:
718:
515:
504:
351:
260:. Springer. p. 222.
152:biochemical oxygen demand
1570:Glass in green buildings
1514:sustainable architecture
1158:Environmental technology
1000:China's waste import ban
28:Maturing windrows at an
1636:Sustainable agriculture
361:Agricultural wastewater
92:Compost windrow turners
65:Open Windrow Composting
1560:Environmental movement
1257:Sustainability science
1247:Public interest design
1172:Appropriate technology
1085:Environment portal
763:Bosnia and Herzegovina
653:water recycling shower
148:chemical oxygen demand
33:
21:
1651:Industrial composting
1439:hydrogen technologies
1353:Solid waste treatment
453:Municipal solid waste
433:Industrial wastewater
138:Specific applications
44:is the production of
27:
19:
1610:Water heat recycling
1540:Efficient energy use
1530:Conservation biology
1467:Sustainable lighting
1403:Efficient energy use
1217:Environmental Design
1187:Environmental design
648:water heat recycling
553:Garden waste dumping
181:In-vessel composting
30:in-vessel composting
1595:Nature conservation
1590:Land rehabilitation
1545:Energy conservation
1434:carbon-neutral fuel
1342:dispersion modeling
1015:Eco-industrial park
603:appliance recycling
523:Anaerobic digestion
468:Post-consumer waste
366:Biodegradable waste
290:Glossary Composting
54:biodegradable waste
1413:Energy development
1395:Sustainable energy
1384:water purification
1348:Industrial ecology
1060:Waste minimisation
1005:Cleaner production
670:Reusable packaging
583:Mechanical sorting
386:Construction waste
301:Organic Composting
42:windrow composting
34:
22:
1618:
1617:
1455:commercialization
1124:
1123:
1055:Waste legislation
964:Sanitation worker
938:London Convention
874:Bamako Convention
665:Resource recovery
633:textile recycling
628:plastic recycling
608:battery recycling
548:Ecological design
473:Radioactive waste
1658:
1555:Energy recycling
1476:electric vehicle
1450:Renewable energy
1424:alternative fuel
1374:sewage treatment
1358:Waste management
1321:
1212:Energy recycling
1207:Electric vehicle
1177:Clean technology
1151:
1144:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1082:
948:OSPAR Convention
879:Basel Convention
690:Waste collection
680:Sewage treatment
638:timber recycling
613:bottle recycling
593:Reclaimed lumber
588:Photodegradation
510:
428:Industrial waste
396:Electronic waste
391:Demolition waste
371:Biomedical waste
345:waste management
330:
323:
316:
307:
306:
285:Windrow Dynamics
272:
271:
251:
245:
244:
238:
230:
220:
214:
206:
204:
202:
120:four wheel drive
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1575:Green computing
1550:Energy recovery
1486:
1418:Energy recovery
1408:Electrification
1389:
1335:Air pollution (
1322:
1313:
1160:
1155:
1125:
1120:
1096:Category: Waste
1077:
1069:
1050:Waste hierarchy
983:
974:Waste collector
952:
943:Oslo Convention
862:
714:
710:Waste-to-energy
705:Waste treatment
675:Right to repair
573:Landfill mining
558:Illegal dumping
511:
502:
463:Packaging waste
458:Open defecation
418:Hazardous waste
347:
334:
281:
276:
275:
268:
252:
248:
236:
232:
231:
227:
208:
207:
200:
198:
189:
172:
140:
128:self-trailering
94:
12:
11:
5:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1481:hybrid vehicle
1478:
1472:Transportation
1469:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1254:
1252:Sustainability
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:Green building
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1197:Eco-innovation
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1087:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
991:
989:
985:
984:
982:
981:
976:
971:
969:Street sweeper
966:
960:
958:
954:
953:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
897:
896:
881:
876:
870:
868:
864:
863:
861:
860:
855:
853:United Kingdom
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
724:
722:
716:
715:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
656:
655:
650:
645:
643:tire recycling
640:
635:
630:
625:
623:land recycling
620:
615:
610:
605:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
533:Biodegradation
530:
525:
519:
517:
513:
512:
505:
503:
501:
500:
495:
493:Surface runoff
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
404:
403:
393:
388:
383:
381:Chemical waste
378:
373:
368:
363:
357:
355:
349:
348:
333:
332:
325:
318:
310:
304:
303:
298:
292:
287:
280:
279:External links
277:
274:
273:
266:
246:
224:
223:
222:
221:
188:
185:
184:
183:
178:
171:
168:
139:
136:
115:
114:
93:
90:
50:organic matter
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1663:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:New Classical
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:refurbishment
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:Sustainable (
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1237:Green vehicle
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1202:Ecotechnology
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1117:
1116:Organizations
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1035:Landfill fire
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
990:
986:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
959:
955:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
895:
892:
891:
890:
887:
886:
885:
884:EU directives
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
869:
865:
859:
858:United States
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
723:
721:
717:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
695:Waste sorting
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
518:
514:
509:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
443:Marine debris
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
402:
399:
398:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
331:
326:
324:
319:
317:
312:
311:
308:
302:
299:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
269:
267:9783319080048
263:
259:
258:
250:
242:
235:
229:
225:
218:
212:
196:
191:
190:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
167:
163:
159:
155:
153:
149:
145:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
112:
111:
110:
108:
107:decomposition
104:
99:
89:
86:
82:
78:
72:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
31:
26:
18:
1600:Permaculture
1519:New Urbanism
1491:Conservation
1283:food systems
1268:architecture
988:Other topics
979:Waste picker
906:incineration
685:Urban mining
563:Incineration
543:Durable good
488:Sharps waste
448:Mining waste
256:
249:
243:, p. 46
240:
228:
199:. Retrieved
164:
162:Africa etc.
160:
156:
141:
116:
95:
73:
68:
64:
62:
41:
35:
1535:Ecoforestry
1293:procurement
1278:development
1263:agriculture
1010:Downcycling
957:Occupations
926:waste water
823:Switzerland
813:South Korea
803:New Zealand
728:Afghanistan
700:Waste trade
660:Repurposing
498:Toxic waste
478:Scrap metal
413:Green waste
376:Brown waste
353:Major types
113:Utilization
38:agriculture
1631:Composting
1625:Categories
1504:insulation
1497:Building (
1460:transition
1303:technology
1288:industries
1065:Zero waste
867:Agreements
798:Kazakhstan
753:Bangladesh
538:Composting
423:Heat waste
408:Food waste
401:by country
201:August 27,
187:References
77:composting
48:by piling
1605:Recycling
1328:Pollution
1308:transport
1045:Upcycling
911:landfills
901:framework
894:Recycling
889:batteries
818:Sri Lanka
778:Hong Kong
743:Australia
720:Countries
598:Recycling
516:Processes
337:Biosolids
71:(OAWC).
67:(OWC) or
32:facility.
1106:Journals
921:vehicles
843:Thailand
833:Tanzania
568:Landfill
528:Balefill
211:cite web
170:See also
85:nitrogen
1509:natural
1429:biofuel
1362:Water (
1337:control
1165:General
773:Georgia
748:Belgium
738:Armenia
733:Albania
144:vinasse
132:tractor
98:compost
58:windrow
46:compost
1422:Fuel (
1273:design
1094:
848:Turkey
838:Taiwan
808:Russia
788:Israel
758:Brazil
483:Sewage
438:Litter
343:, and
264:
124:tracks
103:oxygen
81:carbon
1499:green
1111:Lists
1101:Index
828:Syria
793:Japan
783:India
768:Egypt
341:waste
237:(PDF)
931:WEEE
916:RoHS
262:ISBN
217:link
203:2009
83:and
122:or
52:or
36:In
1627::
339:,
239:,
213:}}
209:{{
60:.
40:,
1526:)
1483:)
1474:(
1441:)
1386:)
1344:)
1310:)
1150:e
1143:t
1136:v
329:e
322:t
315:v
270:.
219:)
205:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
