288:" group of languages, while Tucker and Bryan refer to it as a "non-Bantu language of north-eastern Africa." Yulu is similar to Binga, the two being mutually intelligible, and there is debate as to whether they are separate languages or dialects of one. The Rejaf Language Conference classified the two as one language, and Gabjanda agrees that it makes more sense to see them as dialects of the same language. Santandrea, meanwhile, says that Yulu is the standard form, as opposed to a dialect. The vocabulary between the two languages does differ significantly. Yulu also shares certain linguistic features with Gula and Modo, and both cultural and linguistic features with Kara and Binga.
186:
252:; however, there is a new movement to promote the instruction of local languages in school. This is particularly because a large proportion of speakers are not literate in Yulu. Between 30 and 50 languages are spoken in South Sudan; Yulu was not recommended by the Rejaf Language Conference to be taught in schools, possibly contributing to its endangerment.
322:
Yulu is not the dominant indigenous language in the region within which it is spoken, however, it is used over a wide geographic area, consequently making it difficult to know how many speakers there are. The estimated 7,000 speakers are divided between roughly 4,000 in the CAR and 3,000 in Sudan.
296:
The Yulu population itself only numbers some thousands, and subsists mostly on agriculture, hunting, and honey production. They are not assumed to be indigenous to the region they currently inhabit, and the mythology surrounding the Yulu's origin tells that they migrated northwest through Fur from
937:
One of Yulu's distinctive features is its system of four tones, classified as high, mid, low, and extra-low. It also boasts a relatively distinctive phenomenon of clustering verbs, anywhere between two and four at a time. These clusters work together to describe one process as if it were a single
309:
agreement added more flexibility, though, by allowing small provinces to adopt local languages as official ones. Teachers and academics in the Bahr el-Ghazal region of Sudan have pushed for the more widespread use of local languages in schools, specifically pointing out that many, including Yulu,
1057:
Boyeldieu, P. (2007). Compound Verbs and
Modalities of Process in Yulu (Central Sudanic). In Advances in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics. Proceedings of the 8th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, University of Hamburg, August 22–25, 2001 (pp. p-25). Rüdiger
867:
Four of the vowel phonemes allophonically assume different vowel lengths depending on whether they have a high tone or a falling tone. Two of them also alternate vowel quality. /a/ does not face this alternation.
304:
Many Yulu speakers prefer speaking Arabic, the official language of Sudan and one which was embraced by the academic community. In 1960, Arabic was required in education past grade 3 and through university. The
279:
Yulu has been geographically classified differently by different experts, some of whom refer to it as "Central
Sudanic," some as "Eastern Sudanic," and still others as "West-Central Sudanic." Boyeldieu and
259:. Compound verbs are a cluster of between two and four related verbs that create meaning when combined. Some of the most comprehensive linguistic information on Yulu was written by Stefano Santandrea, a
946:
and the next verb begins with one, the two sounds overlap. These clusters are common in texts, and occur roughly 75% as often as single verbs. Verbs in Yulu always have a subject marker as well as a
1067:
Ehret, Christopher. (1974). Some
Thoughts on the Early History of the Nile-Congo Watershed. Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 5(2). international_asc_ufahamu_17505. Retrieved from:
1117:
Santandrea, S. (1970). Brief grammar outlines of the Yulu and Kara languages , with a small comparative vocabulary of Bongo Baka Yulu Kara. In, Museum combonianum. 25 Editrice
Nigrizia.
242:
958:
The Rejaf
Language Conference recommended adopting the Latin script, with adjustments for the sounds that do not exist within it, as Yulu's writing system.
1259:
196:
1170:
1252:
942:, and are not always distinguishable from one another within the cluster, in part because when one verb in a cluster ends in a
336:
268:
1957:
752:
733:
1245:
501:
487:
823:
644:
550:
347:
301:
to reach the area of Sudan where they currently reside. Later, some Yulu were pushed farther west into the CAR.
998:
Frawley, W. (2003). International
Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE-Esperanto. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
343:
1962:
1687:
1141:
536:
306:
1108:
Santandrea, S. (1964). A tribal history of the
Western Bahr el Ghazal. In , Museum Combonianum 17 Nigrizia.
832:
678:
651:
172:
41:
1749:
1682:
1286:
800:
664:
285:
234:
101:
255:
Yulu has four tones in speech: high, mid, low and extra-low. One of its defining features is the use of
848:
741:
480:
473:
406:
1268:
685:
612:
605:
96:
1757:
1295:
809:
227:
37:
1820:
1213:
529:
522:
494:
1278:
621:
587:
580:
573:
566:
396:
90:
1307:
709:
431:
424:
311:
1734:
1417:
1012:(19 November 2015). W. Bahr el-Ghazal pushes for local languages in schools. Sudan Tribune.
543:
438:
8:
245:
in 1928 attempted to standardize a writing system for the region's indigenous languages.
1897:
1721:
1556:
445:
391:
164:
1892:
1792:
1772:
1739:
1472:
1387:
1372:
1345:
1333:
1328:
411:
1871:
1856:
1621:
1561:
1477:
1395:
1219:
701:
386:
331:
sub-prefectures, while in Sudan it is primarily spoken in the southwestern area of
281:
324:
1922:
1861:
1851:
1810:
1674:
1637:
1401:
418:
401:
215:
82:
177:
1938:
1805:
1800:
1777:
1767:
1697:
1664:
1576:
1566:
1548:
1514:
1509:
1462:
1447:
1432:
1427:
1359:
1339:
1312:
457:
256:
974:
1951:
1866:
1835:
1762:
1729:
1692:
1589:
1584:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1493:
1467:
1437:
1422:
1407:
1367:
782:
1237:
1068:
1876:
1782:
1534:
1412:
508:
238:
63:
148:
1166:
794:
777:
725:
355:
351:
223:
219:
59:
45:
979:
840:
787:
1223:
241:(with adjustments for sounds with no corresponding letters) since the
1096:. Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford UP.
950:, and sometimes contain a verbal dependency or verbal plural marker.
947:
817:
633:
462:
372:
298:
157:
141:
1094:
Linguistic analysis: the non-Bantu languages of North-Eastern Africa
185:
260:
375:
769:
The following table provides an overview of the vowel phonemes.
1130:
Printed by the
Sodality of St. Peter Claver, Rome, 1963. Page 7
332:
328:
249:
193:
943:
49:
1215:
An axiomatic functionalist analysis of the phonology of Yulu
342:
A 2013 survey reported that ethnic Yulu reside in Dem Jalab
939:
264:
1128:
A Small
Comparative Vocabulary of Bongo, Baka, Yulu, Kara.
233:
Yulu is classified as a
Central Sudanic language of the
230:(CAR). It has an estimated 7,000–13,000 speakers.
1189:
1177:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1949:
371:The following table provides an overview of the
859:/i, u/ are heard as in peripheral positions.
323:Within the CAR, the language is spoken in the
1267:
1253:
872:Tone-based vowel realizations of Yulu vowels
1700:(Dara–Gboko, Kresh–Hofra, Naka, Ndogo, Woro)
1260:
1246:
1092:Tucker, A. N., & Bryan, M. A. (1966).
317:
184:
1069:https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2gd85265
16:Central Sudanic language spoken in Africa
1218:(Thesis). The University of St Andrews.
1211:
1195:
1183:
1171:International Organization for Migration
1036:
197:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
192:Yulu is classified as Vulnerable by the
1950:
314:, which should be taken advantage of.
1241:
862:
248:Many Sudanese people prefer to speak
1104:
1102:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1008:
1006:
1004:
994:
992:
1159:
13:
968:
237:branch. It has been written using
14:
1974:
1139:
1099:
1042:
1001:
989:
953:
847:
831:
822:
808:
799:
751:
740:
732:
708:
684:
677:
663:
650:
643:
620:
611:
604:
586:
579:
572:
565:
549:
542:
535:
528:
521:
507:
500:
493:
486:
479:
472:
444:
437:
430:
423:
274:
1205:
1133:
1120:
1111:
310:survived in books published by
1212:Gabjanda, James Dahab (1976).
1086:
1073:
1061:
1:
961:
366:
1279:Nilo-Saharan language family
838:
361:
42:Democratic Republic of Congo
7:
1167:"Village Assessment Survey"
10:
1979:
932:
291:
1932:
1914:
1885:
1844:
1828:
1819:
1791:
1748:
1720:
1713:
1673:
1657:
1650:
1630:
1614:
1598:
1575:
1547:
1502:
1486:
1455:
1446:
1386:
1358:
1321:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1275:
1269:Central Sudanic languages
1079:Greenberg, J. H. (1963).
764:
724:
700:
632:
456:
417:
383:
243:Rejaf Language Conference
183:
171:
155:
139:
134:
119:
79:
69:
55:
33:
28:
23:
1083:(Vol. 25). Indiana Univ.
228:Central African Republic
75:(13,000 cited 1987–2011)
38:Central African Republic
1958:Bongo–Bagirmi languages
1081:The languages of Africa
985:(subscription required)
318:Geographic distribution
218:language spoken by the
284:both place it in the "
1277:Part of the proposed
312:Catholic missionaries
271:for several decades.
1963:Vulnerable languages
214:, pronounced ) is a
873:
1173:South Sudan. 2013.
871:
863:Vowel realizations
1945:
1944:
1939:extinct languages
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1646:
1645:
1543:
1542:
1354:
1353:
983:(18th ed., 2015)
930:
929:
857:
856:
762:
761:
205:
204:
1970:
1826:
1825:
1718:
1717:
1699:
1655:
1654:
1453:
1452:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1140:Trust, Gurtong.
1137:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1040:
1034:
1013:
1010:
999:
996:
987:
986:
972:
874:
870:
851:
835:
826:
812:
803:
772:
771:
755:
744:
736:
712:
688:
681:
674:
667:
654:
647:
640:
624:
615:
608:
601:
590:
583:
576:
569:
562:
553:
546:
539:
532:
525:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
483:
476:
469:
448:
441:
434:
427:
381:
380:
199:
188:
167:
151:
144:
85:
21:
20:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1928:
1923:Mimi of Decorse
1902:
1881:
1840:
1815:
1787:
1744:
1705:
1669:
1642:
1626:
1610:
1594:
1571:
1539:
1498:
1482:
1442:
1382:
1350:
1317:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1228:
1226:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1146:www.gurtong.net
1138:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1043:
1035:
1016:
1011:
1002:
997:
990:
984:
973:
969:
964:
956:
935:
865:
767:
672:
638:
599:
560:
516:
467:
461:
369:
364:
320:
294:
277:
216:Central Sudanic
201:
200:
191:
163:
147:
140:
115:
97:Central Sudanic
86:
83:Language family
81:
72:
71:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
1976:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1886:Southern Ma'di
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1715:
1714:Lendu–Mangbetu
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:, p. 158.
1188:
1186:, p. 157.
1176:
1158:
1132:
1119:
1110:
1098:
1085:
1072:
1060:
1041:
1014:
1000:
988:
966:
965:
963:
960:
955:
954:Writing system
952:
934:
931:
928:
927:
924:
921:
917:
916:
913:
910:
906:
905:
902:
899:
895:
894:
891:
888:
884:
883:
880:
877:
864:
861:
855:
854:
852:
845:
843:
837:
836:
829:
827:
820:
814:
813:
806:
804:
797:
791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
766:
763:
760:
759:
757:
748:
746:
737:
730:
728:
722:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
706:
704:
698:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
682:
675:
669:
668:
661:
659:
657:
655:
648:
641:
636:
630:
629:
627:
625:
618:
616:
609:
602:
596:
595:
593:
591:
584:
577:
570:
563:
557:
556:
554:
547:
540:
533:
526:
519:
513:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
465:
454:
453:
451:
449:
442:
435:
428:
421:
415:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
368:
365:
363:
360:
337:Bahr el-Ghazal
319:
316:
307:Navaisha Peace
293:
290:
276:
275:Classification
273:
269:Bahr al-Ghazal
257:compound verbs
210:(also spelled
203:
202:
190:
189:
181:
180:
175:
169:
168:
161:
153:
152:
145:
137:
136:
135:Language codes
132:
131:
130:
129:
126:
121:
117:
116:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
89:
87:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
57:
53:
52:
35:
34:Native to
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1975:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:Central Ma'di
1843:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1750:Mangbutu–Lese
1747:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1722:Mangbetu–Asoa
1719:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1463:Kabba of Gore
1461:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:Morokodo–Beli
1320:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Bongo–Bagirmi
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1197:
1196:Gabjanda 1976
1192:
1185:
1184:Gabjanda 1976
1180:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1037:Gabjanda 1976
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1009:
1007:
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982:
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949:
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922:
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436:
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398:
397:Post-alveolar
395:
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388:
385:
382:
379:
377:
374:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:Ouanda Djallé
315:
313:
308:
302:
300:
289:
287:
286:Bongo-Bagirmi
283:
272:
270:
267:who lived in
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
235:Bongo–Bagirmi
231:
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217:
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138:
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127:
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118:
108:
105:
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103:
102:Bongo–Bagirmi
100:
99:
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68:
65:
61:
58:
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32:
27:
22:
19:
1934:
1921:
1605:
1400:
1377:
1338:
1227:. Retrieved
1214:
1206:Bibliography
1191:
1179:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1145:
1135:
1127:
1122:
1113:
1093:
1088:
1080:
1075:
1063:
978:
970:
957:
936:
866:
858:
768:
407:Labial-velar
370:
341:
335:and Western
321:
303:
295:
278:
263:priest from
254:
247:
239:Latin script
232:
211:
207:
206:
156:
106:
91:Nilo-Saharan
18:
1651:Birri–Kresh
1126:Anonymous,
726:Approximant
356:South Sudan
352:Raja County
224:South Sudan
220:Yulu people
46:South Sudan
1952:Categories
1296:Bongo–Baka
1224:10023/2642
980:Ethnologue
962:References
367:Consonants
1937:indicate
1821:Moru–Madi
1557:Kaba Deme
948:verb stem
639:voiceless
634:Fricative
600:implosive
468:voiceless
463:Affricate
373:consonant
362:Phonology
299:Blue Nile
282:Greenberg
158:Glottolog
142:ISO 639-3
56:Ethnicity
1773:Mangbutu
1740:Mangbetu
1615:Fongoro?
1473:Lau Laka
1373:Tar Gula
1346:Morokodo
1334:Jur Modo
1329:Jur Beli
882:Falling
561:prenasal
392:Alveolar
376:phonemes
346:, Ringi
261:Catholic
226:and the
165:yulu1243
120:Dialects
1935:Italics
1915:Mimi-D?
1872:Lugbara
1857:Avokaya
1793:Lenduic
1631:Sinyar?
1622:Fongoro
1562:Kaba Na
1487:Central
1478:Ngambay
1388:Bagirmi
1151:9 March
933:Grammar
783:Central
412:Glottal
292:History
1898:Olu'bo
1862:Keliko
1852:Aringa
1811:Ndrulo
1698:Kresh
1638:Sinyar
1402:Beraku
1229:8 June
1142:"Yulu"
1058:Köppe.
765:Vowels
702:Rhotic
673:voiced
517:voiced
387:Labial
333:Darfur
329:Ouadda
250:Arabic
212:Youlou
194:UNESCO
1893:Ma'di
1806:Ngiti
1801:Lendu
1778:Mvuba
1768:Mamvu
1758:Bendi
1735:Lombi
1688:Dongo
1675:Kresh
1665:Birri
1658:Birri
1567:Kulfa
1515:Gulay
1510:Dagba
1433:Morom
1428:Kenga
1396:Barma
1340:Mittu
1313:Bongo
944:vowel
879:High
795:Close
778:Front
419:Nasal
402:Velar
348:Payam
128:Binga
64:Binga
50:Sudan
29:Binga
1867:Logo
1836:Moru
1829:Moru
1763:Lese
1730:Asoa
1693:Furu
1606:Yulu
1599:Yulu
1590:Vale
1585:Ruto
1577:Vale
1549:Kaba
1530:Ngam
1525:Mbay
1520:Horo
1503:West
1494:Doba
1468:Laka
1456:East
1448:Sara
1438:Naba
1423:Jaya
1418:Gula
1408:Disa
1378:Yulu
1368:Furu
1360:Kara
1308:Baka
1231:2017
1153:2017
975:Yulu
940:verb
920:/u/
909:/i/
898:/o/
887:/e/
841:Open
788:Back
581:ᶮd͡ʒ
458:Stop
344:Boma
327:and
297:the
265:Rome
208:Yulu
178:Yulu
125:Yulu
107:Yulu
60:Yulu
24:Yulu
1877:Omi
1783:Ndo
1683:Aja
1535:Sar
1413:Fer
1220:hdl
977:at
926:uː
915:iː
904:ɔː
893:ɛː
818:Mid
551:ɡ͡b
537:d͡ʒ
502:k͡p
488:t͡ʃ
222:of
173:ELP
149:yul
1954::
1169:.
1144:.
1101:^
1044:^
1017:^
1003:^
991:^
923:u
912:i
901:o
890:e
756:)
745:)
588:ᵑɡ
574:ⁿd
567:ᵐb
378:.
358:.
354:,
350:,
339:.
93:?
62:,
48:,
44:,
40:,
1261:e
1254:t
1247:v
1233:.
1222::
1155:.
1039:.
849:a
833:o
824:e
810:u
801:i
753:w
750:(
742:j
739:(
734:l
710:r
686:z
679:v
665:h
652:s
645:f
622:ɠ
613:ɗ
606:ɓ
544:g
530:d
523:b
509:ʔ
495:k
481:t
474:p
460:/
446:ŋ
439:ɲ
432:n
425:m
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