861:
banned Oroqen from communicating with other ethnicities, and forced them to hunt animals for them in exchange for rations and clothing which were sometimes insufficient for survival, which led to deaths from starvation and exposure. Opium was distributed to Oroqen adults older than 18 as a means of control. After 2 Japanese troops were killed in Alihe by an Oroqen hunter, the
Japanese poisoned 40 Oroqen to death. The Japanese forced Oroqen to fight for them in the war which led to a population decrease of Oroqen people. Even those Oroqen who avoided direct control by the Japanese found themselves facing conflict from anti-Japanese forces of the Chinese Communists, which contributed to their population decline during this period.
54:
1028:
Japan's real purpose in engaging drug traffic was far more sinister than even the debauchery of
Chinese people. Japan, having signed and ratified the opium conventions, was bound not to engage in drug traffic, but she found in the alleged but false independence of Manchukuo a convenient opportunity
860:
suffered a significant population decline under
Japanese rule. The Japanese distributed opium among them and subjected some members of the community to human experiments, and combined with incidents of epidemic diseases this caused their population to decline until only 1,000 remained. The Japanese
1020:. According to the article, a document claimed to have been found by Yoshida directly implicated the Kōa-in in providing funds to drug dealers in China for the benefit of the puppet governments of Manchukuo, Nanjing and Mongolia. This document corroborates evidence analyzed earlier by the
70:, which have provided the standard definition of war crimes since 1864, the crimes committed fall under other aspects of international and Japanese law. For example, many of the alleged crimes committed by Japanese personnel broke Japanese
145:. However, the tribunal did not prosecute war crimes allegations involving mid-ranking officers or more junior personnel. Those were dealt with separately in trials held in China and in the Soviet Union after the
1057:
were convicted in connection with the activities of Unit 731, and related units for their connections with crimes against humanity and the use of chemical and biological weapons.
1493:
326:
1338:
118:(1945) after the end of the war. The declaration alluded, in Article 10, to two kinds of war crime: one was the violation of international laws, such as the abuse of
843:
1656:
1122:
1410:
Proceedings of the First
International Conference on Manchu-Tungus Studies, Bonn, August 28 – September 1, 2000: Trends in Tungusic and Siberian linguistics
1644:
342:
1072:
1066:
134:
1382:
929:. Although owing to systematic Japanese destruction of records, there is no record of chemical or biological weapons in Manchukuo itself, these
868:
population declined by 80% or 90%, due to heavy opium use and deaths from
Japanese cruelty, such as slave labor and relocation by the Japanese.
1311:
See, for example: Wai Keng Kwok, 2001, "Justice Done? Criminal and Moral
Responsibility Issues In the Chinese Massacres Trial Singapore, 1947"
836:
460:
1524:
398:
391:
230:
1610:
1500:
598:
1637:
386:
364:
1000:
Forced land appropriations either with or without legal orders in favour of
Japanese citizens or private and government companies.
829:
647:
376:
180:
1622:
216:
1472:
1445:
1418:
235:
17:
1555:
Materials on the Trial of Former
Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Biological Weapons
1330:
960:
Forced laborers were often assigned work in dangerous conditions without adequate safety precautions. The world's deadliest
1087:
against China. Those sentenced to death with strong connections to
Manchukuo included senior officers in the Kwantung Army
1029:
to carry on a worldwide drug traffic and cast the guilt upon that puppet state ... In 1937, it was pointed out in the
1313:
1630:
539:
423:
1117:
882:
Special
Japanese military units conducted experiments on civilians and POWs in Manchukuo. One of the most infamous was
689:
270:
250:
1271:
1234:
1215:
1196:
1177:
1156:
87:
1767:
953:, more than 10 million Chinese civilians were mobilized for forced labor in Manchukuo under the supervision of the
810:
413:
763:
623:
544:
642:
1132:
1076:
746:
551:
188:
949:
also caused many deaths. According to a joint study of historians Zhifen Ju, Mitsuyochi Himeta, Toru Kubo and
1741:
657:
403:
78:, as required by that law. Japan also violated signed international agreements, including provisions of the
1772:
1054:
897:
Between 3,000 and 12,000 men, women, and children died during human experimentation conducted by Unit 731.
369:
352:
1581:
Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draftees after the outbreak of the Pacific war
1550:
1048:
954:
930:
805:
652:
566:
1537:
David C. Rapoport. "Terrorism and Weapons of the Apocalypse". In James M. Ludes, Henry Sokolski (eds.),
499:
483:
1378:
1080:
477:
106:
to prosecute "Class A" war criminals. "Class B" war criminals were those found guilty of war crimes
1360:
694:
294:
245:
987:
780:
758:
489:
111:
95:
1652:
1653:
337:
152:
1462:
1408:
588:
573:
977:
Arrest of civilians without due cause by the local Manchukuo police or Japanese authorities.
1596:
815:
509:
433:
408:
347:
99:
79:
8:
1607:
1112:
618:
561:
472:
448:
443:
418:
306:
240:
221:
115:
1096:
1053:
In late 1949, numerous members of the former Kwantung Army who had been captured in the
913:
in China. Furthermore, "tens of thousands, and perhaps as many 200,000, Chinese died of
494:
1289:
926:
891:
704:
583:
281:
146:
1681:
1518:
1468:
1441:
1414:
1267:
1230:
1211:
1192:
1173:
1167:
1152:
1146:
1084:
1030:
741:
736:
504:
225:
133:
In Japan, the term "Japanese war crimes" generally only refers to cases tried by the
67:
519:
1088:
1017:
965:
910:
711:
556:
211:
119:
91:
83:
1148:
A Plague Upon Humanity: the Secret Genocide of Axis Japan's Germ Warfare Operation
1701:
1614:
1435:
1317:
1189:
Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare 1932-45 and the American Cover-Up
1033:
that 90% of all illicit white drugs in the world were of Japanese origin ...
785:
753:
631:
275:
127:
35:
31:
593:
50:
have been alleged, but have received comparatively little historical attention.
1310:
1021:
914:
716:
637:
465:
453:
428:
1761:
1100:
961:
934:
857:
769:
75:
1287:
1092:
1707:
1127:
994:
950:
946:
865:
684:
103:
71:
39:
1608:
HyperWar: International Military Tribunal for the Far East [Chapter 5]
1406:
1246:
The Japanese on Trial: Allied War Crimes Operations in the East, 1945-1951
1016:
argued that the Japanese investments in Manchukuo were partly financed by
1003:
Use of criminal gangs for robbery and intimidation of political opposition
381:
53:
1013:
887:
514:
288:
156:
142:
1320:(Genocide Studies Program Working Paper No. 18, Yale University), p. 27.
438:
357:
160:
47:
98:(1929), thereby rendering its actions in 1937-45 liable to charges of
1745:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1671:
1075:
convicted a number of high Japanese officials in connection with the
933:
were partly researched, produced, and stockpiled in Manchukuo by the
699:
123:
43:
905:
According to historians Yoshiaki Yoshimi and Seiya Matsuno, Emperor
163:" to place modern Japan in a negative light for political purposes.
1697:
1687:
1677:
1667:
906:
883:
877:
663:
1721:
1711:
1691:
980:
922:
918:
311:
206:
1489:
General Ishii Shiro: His Legacy is that of a Genius and Madman
775:
301:
114:. The Japanese government also accepted the terms set by the
1290:"Judgment: International Military Tribunal for the Far East"
1255:
Horror in the East: Japan and the Atrocities of World War II
1264:
Unit 731: Japan's Secret Biological Warfare in World War II
1557:, Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1950. p. 117
1539:
Twenty-First Century Weapons Proliferation: Are We Ready?
159:
groups in Japan have denied war crimes as "anti-Japanese
1597:
http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070830f1.html
1407:
Carsten Naeher; Giovanni Stary; Michael Weiers (2002).
1657:
Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department
1123:
Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes
155:
have contested that such crimes occurred. Far-right
110:, and "Class C" war criminals were those guilty of
1460:
1288:International Military Tribunal for the Far East.
900:
1402:
1400:
1208:Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials
1759:
1248:. Austin, Texas, USA: University of Texas Press.
1073:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1067:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
983:of prisoners in regular penal or military jails.
135:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
94:(POWs). The Japanese government also signed the
997:for Japanese subjects over other nationalities.
925:and other diseases", resulting from the use of
1397:
1227:Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans
66:Although the Empire of Japan did not sign the
1638:
1042:
837:
171:
1593:Japan profited as opium dealer wartime China
1012:In 2007, an article by Reiji Yoshida in the
1467:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 141.
1440:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 269.
1645:
1631:
1243:
1144:
971:
890:without anesthesia, and were used to test
844:
830:
126:tendencies among the Japanese people" and
1413:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 120.
57:Opium poppy harvest in northern Manchukuo
1454:
1261:
871:
52:
648:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
14:
1760:
1568:Dokugasusen kankei shiryô II, Kaisetsu
1523:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1464:An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China
1437:An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China
1224:
1186:
102:, a charge that was introduced at the
30:were committed during the rule of the
1626:
1433:
1252:
1205:
1165:
1037:
1007:
387:Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
24:
1531:
1118:Definitions of Japanese war crimes
271:Atrocities in the Congo Free State
38:, either directly, or through its
25:
1784:
1385:from the original on 17 June 2018
1085:conspiracy to wage aggressive war
88:Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)
1341:from the original on 24 May 2018
1210:. University Press of Kentucky.
811:Bibliography of genocide studies
414:American Indian boarding schools
1601:
1586:
1573:
1560:
1544:
1060:
945:The Japanese military's use of
940:
901:Chemical and biological weapons
658:Swedification of Sámi and Finns
1481:
1427:
1371:
1353:
1335:Encyclopedia of World Cultures
1323:
1304:
1244:Piccigallo, Philip R. (1979).
1133:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
424:Great Plains smallpox epidemic
61:
13:
1:
1349:– via Encyclopedia.com.
1138:
599:Vietnamese conquest of Champa
404:Genocide in the United States
166:
122:; the other was obstructing "
46:, from 1931 to 1945. Various
1491:, p. ? (PDF document),
1434:Olson, James Stuart (1998).
1055:Soviet invasion of Manchuria
886:. Victims were subjected to
643:Norwegianization of the Sámi
370:Yanomami humanitarian crisis
353:Forced sterilization in Peru
82:such as a ban on the use of
7:
1551:Khabarovsk War Crime Trials
1541:Routledge, 2001. pp. 19, 29
1461:James Stuart Olson (1998).
1225:Moreno, Jonathan D (2001).
1187:Harris, Sheldon H. (1994).
1145:Barenblatt, Daniel (2004).
1106:
1049:Khabarovsk War Crime Trials
931:weapons of mass destruction
894:, among other experiments.
864:Between 1931 and 1945, the
806:Outline of genocide studies
749: Canary Islands
653:Russian conquest of Siberia
552:Cultural genocide in Taiwan
533:East, South, Southeast Asia
141:, following the end of the
10:
1789:
1081:establishment of Manchukuo
1064:
1046:
1043:Khabarovsk War Crime Trial
875:
172:Abuse of ethnic minorities
74:, and were not subject to
1663:
1361:"The Oroqen Ethnic Group"
1206:Maga, Timothy P. (2001).
968:, occurred in Manchukuo.
1297:
1262:Williams, Peter (1989).
1257:. Boston: Da Capo Press.
730:West Asia / North Africa
695:Australian frontier wars
569: of Hokkaido
1768:War crimes in Manchukuo
1253:Rees, Laurence (2001).
1172:. Charles E Tuttle Co.
988:Extrajudicial execution
972:Human rights violations
909:authorized the use of
781:Western Sahara conflict
766: accusation
759:Pacification of Algeria
626: of Ireland
500:Occupation of Araucanía
490:Massacre of Salsipuedes
112:crimes against humanity
28:War crimes in Manchukuo
1654:Imperial Japanese Army
1281:
1035:
990:of political opponents
545:Chittagong Hill Tracts
338:Conquest of the Desert
153:Negationist historians
58:
1566:Yoshimi and Matsuno,
1077:invasion of Manchuria
1026:
872:Human experimentation
690:Genocide in Australia
612:Europe and North Asia
589:Sinicization of Tibet
574:Lamey Island Massacre
547: conflict
461:Genocide in Venezuela
297: genocide
192:of indigenous peoples
56:
18:Manchurian drug trade
1487:Byrd, Gregory Dean,
816:Genocides in history
764:Palestinian genocide
624:Cromwellian conquest
434:Osage Indian murders
409:American Indian Wars
399:Genocide in Paraguay
348:Fall of Tenochtitlan
137:, also known as the
100:crimes against peace
80:Treaty of Versailles
1773:Japanese war crimes
1113:Japanese war crimes
986:Disappearances and
619:Circassian genocide
567:Japanese annexation
562:East Timor genocide
473:Guatemalan genocide
449:Sullivan Expedition
444:Sand Creek massacre
419:California genocide
392:Residential schools
307:Maji Maji Rebellion
251:Indigenous response
241:Settler colonialism
222:Forced assimilation
116:Potsdam Declaration
96:Kellogg–Briand Pact
1613:2007-09-27 at the
1316:2007-06-14 at the
1169:Unit 731 Testimony
1166:Gold, Hal (1996).
1024:which stated that
927:biological warfare
892:biological weapons
705:Stolen Generations
584:Ryukyu Disposition
540:Bandanese massacre
382:Beothuk extinction
377:Genocide in Canada
365:Genocide in Brazil
282:Effacer le tableau
264:Sub-Saharan Africa
147:surrender of Japan
68:Geneva Conventions
59:
1755:
1754:
1474:978-0-313-28853-1
1447:978-0-313-28853-1
1420:978-3-447-04628-2
1151:. HarperCollins.
1038:War crimes trials
1031:League of Nations
854:
853:
742:Bar Kokhba revolt
737:Armenian genocide
510:Selk'nam genocide
505:Putumayo genocide
478:Kalinago genocide
16:(Redirected from
1780:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1605:
1599:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1499:. Archived from
1498:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1404:
1395:
1394:
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1321:
1308:
1293:
1277:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1221:
1202:
1183:
1162:
1097:Seishirō Itagaki
1008:Drug trafficking
966:Benxihu Colliery
911:chemical weapons
846:
839:
832:
765:
748:
712:Moriori genocide
625:
568:
557:Dzungar genocide
546:
495:Napalpí massacre
329:
296:
217:Ethnic relations
212:Ethnic cleansing
193:
176:
175:
120:prisoners of war
92:prisoners of war
90:, which protect
84:chemical weapons
21:
1788:
1787:
1783:
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1781:
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1778:
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1757:
1756:
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1620:
1615:Wayback Machine
1606:
1602:
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1507:
1503:
1496:
1494:"Archived copy"
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1475:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1405:
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1367:. 21 June 2005.
1359:
1358:
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1318:Wayback Machine
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1305:
1300:
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786:Yazidi genocide
754:Libyan genocide
747:Conquest of the
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632:Generalplan Ost
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295:Herero and Nama
276:Darfur genocide
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128:civil liberties
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36:northeast China
32:Empire of Japan
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12:
11:
5:
1786:
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1775:
1770:
1753:
1752:
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1730:or Nami Unit (
1725:
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1710:or Tama Unit (
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1065:Main article:
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1047:Main article:
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799:Related topics
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739:
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638:Greek genocide
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520:Taíno genocide
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466:Pemon conflict
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130:within Japan.
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1740:or Oka Unit (
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1506:on 2006-06-18
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1273:0-02-935301-7
1269:
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1242:
1238:
1236:0-415-92835-4
1232:
1229:. Routledge.
1228:
1223:
1219:
1217:0-8131-2177-9
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1198:0-415-93214-9
1194:
1191:. Routledge.
1190:
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1181:
1179:4-900737-39-9
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1708:Unit Ei 1644
1603:
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1508:. Retrieved
1501:the original
1488:
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1387:. Retrieved
1373:
1365:China.org.cn
1364:
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1343:. Retrieved
1334:
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1263:
1254:
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1207:
1188:
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1128:Amleto Vespa
1070:
1061:Tokyo Trials
1052:
1027:
1011:
995:civil rights
959:
951:Mark Peattie
947:forced labor
944:
941:Forced labor
904:
896:
881:
863:
855:
685:Blackbirding
662:
630:
594:Sōshi-kaimei
578:
482:
287:
280:
224: /
151:
139:Tokyo Trials
138:
132:
107:
104:Tokyo Trials
72:military law
65:
40:puppet state
27:
26:
1579:Zhifen Ju,
1089:Hideki Tōjō
1014:Japan Times
888:vivisection
515:Spiral case
343:Enslavement
289:Gukurahundi
157:nationalist
143:Pacific War
62:Legal basis
1762:Categories
1510:2009-04-12
1139:References
1093:Akira Mutō
484:La Matanza
439:Pequot War
358:Plan Verde
325:Americas (
226:conversion
167:War Crimes
161:propaganda
124:democratic
86:, and the
48:war crimes
1746:Singapore
1738:Unit 9420
1732:Guangzhou
1728:Unit 8604
1718:Unit 1855
1672:Changchun
1083:and with
700:Black War
579:Manchukuo
44:Manchukuo
1698:Unit 543
1688:Unit 516
1682:Pingfang
1678:Unit 731
1668:Unit 100
1611:Archived
1519:cite web
1383:Archived
1379:"OROQEN"
1339:Archived
1331:"Oroqen"
1314:Archived
1107:See also
907:Hirohito
884:Unit 731
878:Unit 731
664:Vergonha
246:Genocide
190:Genocide
181:a series
179:Part of
1722:Beijing
1712:Nanjing
1692:Qiqihar
1583:, 2002.
981:Torture
923:anthrax
919:cholera
678:Oceania
328:history
312:Mfecane
207:Ecocide
1742:Malaya
1702:Hailar
1471:
1444:
1417:
1389:4 June
1345:23 May
1270:
1233:
1214:
1195:
1176:
1155:
955:Kōa-in
866:Hezhen
858:Oroqen
231:Denial
199:Issues
108:per se
1504:(PDF)
1497:(PDF)
1298:Notes
964:, at
776:Sayfo
302:Ikiza
1744:and
1570:1997
1525:link
1469:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1391:2018
1347:2018
1268:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1099:and
1071:The
856:The
1282:Web
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