62:
299:
self-esteem and use cosmetic surgery to rectify the issues they have with their body image. Numerous studies have focused on the final outcome of cosmetic procedures and the level of satisfaction which patients have with their results showing a large portion of patients look for additional surgeries to rectify the issue. Cosmetic surgery in a lot of cases will enhances the problems patients have with their self-esteem issues instead of depressing them as first desired. Studies show that patients who undergo cosmetic surgery who have been made aware of the risks involved along with the technical side of the procedure, have higher levels of satisfaction with their outcome post-surgery.
377:
373:(PIP). The silicone being used was found to be suitable for uses within the production of mattresses. In 2011, it was reported that in twelve years of production, more than 300,000 PIP implants were sold globally. In the case of rupture the dispute around safety risks arose with parties debating the increase cancer risks due to the poor grade materials. To date there has been no scientific evidence proving the implants should cause safety concerns linking to toxicity or cancer. The debate surrounds whether the removal of the implants is required due to safety concerns around rupture and toxicity.
294:. These issues are the cause of many women turning to cosmetic surgery. In today's world viewers are flooded with images and advertisements, showing generally, naturally unobtainable faces and bodies. There is a growing trend of reality television shows broadcasting makeovers of ordinary civilians undergoing cosmetic surgery to enhance their aesthetic image. Viewpoints grow around the link between the climbing figures of cosmetic surgery and the constantly changing world of media. There is a constant stream of connection developed via social media outlets such as Facebook and
29:, the difference being, cosmetic surgery is an elective surgery with the sole purpose to enhance the physical features of one's appearance. Plastic surgery is performed in order to rectify defects to reinstate normality to function and appearance. Cosmetic surgical procedures are generally performed on healthy functioning body parts, with the procedure being optional not medically necessary. The inevitable aim of cosmetic surgery is to enhance one's image, encompassing reducing the signs of
342:
310:(BDD) is a condition of which people find their own image immensely flawed. It effects both men and women equally, with the average onset age of thirteen years of age. The condition is treatable although there is an alarmingly high rate of suicide within BDD sufferers, one in every three hundred and thirty diagnosed will end their own lives. Patients of BDD will commonly turn to cosmetic surgery to rectify these flaws resulting in unsatisfactory results due to their condition.
170:
236:
The non-invasive treatments also come with a level of risk although lower than invasive methods. This common impression can be linked to the controversies surrounding the trade as critics struggle to see the link between the benefits and the risk facts. Surgeries are generally linked to, although not restricted to, risk factors affecting the area in which the surgery is performed. Some of the common risks are the development of a
203:. Nine percent of the Australian population have undergone a non-invasive form of cosmetic surgery. Numerous surgeries are now performed using these techniques as opposed to open surgery methods which have been used in the past. This adaptation has led to a reduction in cost, time, scarring and pain involved with these procedures. Through the development of aiding surgical instruments such as a viewing scope or
326:
have been made in regards to the need for screening before cosmetic surgeries are performed on patients who suffer from disorders such as histrionic personality disorder as the level of satisfaction which is felt by individuals post-surgery is low, triggering the desire for additional treatments. The surgery impacts on their self-esteem leaving them higher levels of distressed post-op.
134:, England. The Queen Mary Hospital opened in 1917 was a six hundred bed hospital which focused solely on plastic surgery. It was here that Gillies trained not only Australian plastic surgeons but surgeons from all over the globe. The return of these surgeons to their home countries such as Australia, saw the spread of the plastic surgery trade across the globe.
166:
was founded in 1970 with the aim to uphold the integrity of the plastic surgery field (inclusive of cosmetic and reconstructive surgery) within
Australia. Today, the deliverance of the highest quality surgeries is at the forefront of their work. They govern the AMC accredited Surgical Education and Training (SET) Program within Australia.
389:
Concerns are sparked within
Australia around the level of regulation which exists around the implementation of laser and IPL treatments. The practice has little federal regulated with inconsistencies existing between the states within Australia. It is largely debated around the level of regulation in
359:
due to a catastrophic life event or birth defects, in turn patients seek cosmetic surgery to rectify the issue. The debate around whether this is ethically correct exists with the viewpoint that this is unethical and the surgeries are for the purpose of vanity. Other sides of the debate argue for the
277:
Medical conditions can impact on the level of risk involved with cosmetic surgery as there can be underlying effects caused by different medications. For example, blood thinning medication can cause excessive bleeding due to the bloods ability to clot being lowered by the medication. All medications
165:
which was the first plastic surgery unit within
Australia. It was in 1956 that plastic surgery was acknowledged by the Royal Australia College of Surgeons as a separate specialty trade of plastic surgery. Today, the Australian Society of Plastic Surgeons Inc. founded in 1917, commonly known as ASPS,
325:
along with instability emotionally. Immense discomfort is felt by the individual when they do not feel they are the epicenter of a group or one on one environment and often struggle when it comes to relationships with others, being both on a level of friendship and sexual relationships. Suggestions
235:
Due to cosmetic surgery being an elective surgical procedure it is of common assumption that the risk factors around these surgeries are lower than that of other surgeries. The invasive procedures have numerous risk factors as it is still a medical procedure, all of which come with a level of risk.
298:
which hold a high level of importance within people lives. Other viewpoints circle the growth of public awareness of the topic is increasing becoming a direct link to this growth spurt in popularity of surgery. Many of the patients who undergo cosmetic surgery have been found to have low levels of
145:
prompting an increase in the number of surgeries being performed. But with this heroic status and development of techniques came the taboo ideology cast upon cosmetic surgery as the trade filtered into the population, with civilians un-pleased with their aesthetic appearance undergoing surgery. In
227:(IPL). IPL differs from laser treatment as unlike laser treatments, IPL will perform multiple treatments at once but only a few are capable of doing so with the same potency as a laser. IPL is predominantly used for mild skin issues in comparison to laser being used for the more extreme cases.
96:
adopt the method of using upper arm tissue to reconstruct the nose during rhinoplasty, granting him the nickname 'the father of plastic surgery'. Although
Tagliacozzi's approach left patients required to have their arm raised to their nose for several months, requiring numerous surgeries, with
264:
Most surgeons will suggest to patients electing to undergo cosmetic surgery to cease smoking for a period before and after their alterations. Generally a period of four weeks pre-operative and post operative, to aid in the recovery time and the healing of the wound. Just like other surgeries,
265:
cosmetic surgery may require incisions to be made to the skin, in one or more places of the body. These wounds will be required to heal post operation, therefore leaving the patient at risk of poor wound healing which may be due to numerous causes such as infection requiring
354:
The age limitations around cosmetic surgery within
Australia is eighteen years of age until one is eligible to opt to undergo cosmetic surgery. There is numerous discussions occurring around the use of cosmetic surgery within children which have undergone extensive
368:
In 2011, concerns were expressed as information arose in regards to the quality of the material being used in silicone breast implants. Industrial grade silicone was being used in the replacement of medical grade supplies by a French firm by the name of
394:
such as Botox or
Dysport. Many rally for the investigation into the uses of these techniques, claiming long term damage can be a result of mistreatment. The authority involved in the monitoring these regulations within Australia is the
146:
turn the need for secrecy arose as people felt the need to hide the truth about their surgical endeavours. From here a surgeon by the name of Henry Junius
Schireson, acquired his license to practice throughout multiple states of
25:, is a surgical procedure which endeavours to improve the physical aspects of one's appearance to become more aesthetically pleasing. The continuously growing field of cosmetic surgery is closely linked with
104:
England was exposed to the Hindu techniques of rhinoplasty by a practitioner in 1815, who clearly defined the use for the surgery, limited to those who were physically affected by the horrors of
360:
lasting impacts on the children during adolescent years due to the dis-figuration causing prejudice and view the surgical procedures will attribute to the child's mental health in later years.
207:(see below), this shift has been made possible, reducing the incision site resulting in a faster recovery time for patients. Examples of non-invasive surgeries are as muscle relaxants, such as
69:
The history of cosmetic surgery can be linked back to that of plastic surgery, as the debate persists, around the blurred lines of the two. Plastic surgery originated in 600 BC when
286:
The most common reason behind one's choice to undergo cosmetic surgery is due to dissatisfaction with their body image. Body image issues are commonly allied with lower levels of
137:
The war gave the dishonoured trade a respected name through the treatment and resurrection of returned war veterans, with shattered physical traits. The century gave rise to
108:. Towards the end of the century in the 1880s John Orlando Roe, a New York surgeon, developed a technique which prevented scarring by operating from inside the nostrils.
809:
334:
The controversies surrounding cosmetic surgery are plentiful. The stigma that exists around the practice has been evident since its introduction into the
127:
690:
37:. Although the implementation of cosmetic surgery within Australian society is growing, the trade has struggled to find its place within the
291:
452:
636:
92:
to rectify the ill shaped nose, a prominent feature of
Syphilis sufferers. The sixteenth century saw an Italian by the name of
620:
920:
61:
817:
338:. The taboo stigma around these types of surgery is beginning to fade as we see the trend of cosmetic surgery growing.
321:
can be categorised as a person who thrives on being the center of attention in all social settings. They show signs of
720:
Ericksen, William Leif; Billick, Stephen Bates (18 January 2012). "Psychiatric Issues in
Cosmetic Plastic Surgery".
252:(optical), blindness (optical), obstruction of airways (nasal), loss of sensation, excessive scarring (including of
935:
400:
396:
662:
318:
788:
118:. The brutality sparked the generation of plastic surgery within Australia introduced by a man by the name of
158:
in her New York apartment, giving birth to the booming trade of cosmetic surgery for everyday civilians.
278:
prescribed to a patient are noted and discussed by the surgeons to reduce the chance of issues arising.
940:
505:
431:
307:
162:
370:
376:
842:
McHale, Jean V (8 February 2012). "Regulating cosmetic surgery: a scalpel where it is needed".
200:
89:
473:
916:
195:
The development of different techniques within the field of cosmetic surgery has led to the
391:
241:
224:
38:
8:
161:
Benjamin Rank was an
Australian trained by Gillies himself who in the 1940s governed the
93:
122:. Gillies oversaw the development of the first unit to treat the returned battle scared
581:
556:
530:
867:
859:
745:
737:
616:
586:
568:
412:
322:
22:
33:
and/or correction of a believed deviation on one's body in turn it is surrounded by
851:
729:
576:
212:
105:
26:
855:
356:
335:
178:
174:
119:
50:
733:
929:
863:
741:
572:
341:
147:
888:
871:
749:
590:
453:"Cosmetic Surgery vs. Plastic Surgery |American Board of Cosmetic Surgery"
287:
266:
256:), a shift in position of hair line effecting symmetry and nerve damage.
155:
111:
74:
34:
615:. Pyrmont, NSW: Fairfax Media Publications Pty Limited. pp. 89β90.
169:
196:
142:
138:
295:
249:
237:
123:
85:
531:"Before & After | American History Lives at American Heritage"
663:"Preconditions and Risks of Cosmetic Surgery β Gorgeous Getaways"
889:"Implants: France recommends removal but UK does not β BBC News"
506:"About Plastic Surgery β Australian Society of Plastic Surgeons"
253:
245:
151:
131:
30:
150:, who became known in 1923 when he performed rhinoplasty on a
208:
204:
115:
78:
70:
763:
98:
691:"Healthy body image: Tips for guiding girls β Mayo Clinic"
390:
comparison to the heavy controls placed around the use of
65:
Ill shaped nose of a young girl suffering from syphilis.
810:"Enhance Plastic Surgery: With Dr Andrew Broadhurst"
380:
Laser being used within the field of tattoo removal.
185:
114:was the most costly war to Australia in regards to
313:
88:was prevalent, came the introduction of debatable
53:term Kosmetike, meaning the "art of beautifying".
927:
719:
126:of the war. This led to the relocation of the
561:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
557:"A chronologic history of cosmetic surgery"
384:
302:
789:"Histrionic Personality Disorder Symptoms"
248:, excessive bleeding, swelling, bruising,
190:
580:
363:
84:At the end of the fifteenth century when
49:The word "cosmetic", originates from the
375:
340:
281:
168:
60:
764:"BDD | Home | Body Dysmorphic Disorder"
928:
841:
554:
883:
881:
837:
835:
715:
713:
711:
685:
683:
610:
272:
657:
655:
653:
606:
604:
602:
600:
500:
498:
496:
494:
613:Skin The Essential Australian Guide
223:Another form of laser treatment is
13:
878:
832:
708:
680:
349:
14:
952:
910:
650:
597:
491:
401:Therapeutic Goods Administration
329:
186:Development of modern techniques
802:
781:
756:
319:Histrionic personality disorder
314:Histrionic personality disorder
230:
814:enhance-plastic-surgery.com.au
629:
548:
523:
466:
445:
424:
130:to the Queen Mary Hospital in
1:
474:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
418:
555:Rogers, B O (1 March 1971).
77:with the use of segments of
44:
7:
856:10.12968/bjon.2012.21.3.190
406:
323:attention seeking behaviour
10:
957:
844:British Journal of Nursing
637:"Cosmetic Surgery Options"
259:
56:
734:10.1007/s11126-012-9204-8
510:www.plasticsurgery.org.au
173:Walter Yoe, a patient of
535:www.americanheritage.com
385:Laser and IPL regulation
345:Silicone breast implant.
308:Body dysmorphic disorder
303:Body dysmorphic disorder
292:psychological well-being
163:Royal Melbourne Hospital
936:Healthcare in Australia
191:Non-invasive treatments
381:
364:Faulty breast implants
346:
218:
182:
90:reconstructive surgery
66:
21:, also referred to as
722:Psychiatric Quarterly
611:Segal, David (2009).
379:
371:Poly Implant Prothese
344:
282:Psychological impacts
172:
64:
397:Department of Health
242:deep vein thrombosis
225:intense pulsed light
201:non-invasive methods
917:Beauty's New Normal
94:Gaspare Tagliacozzi
73:surgeons performed
895:. 23 December 2011
695:www.mayoclinic.org
478:www.etymonline.com
432:"cosmetic surgery"
382:
347:
273:Medical conditions
183:
67:
39:Australian culture
768:bddfoundation.org
667:Gorgeous Getaways
622:978-1-921486-20-3
413:Body modification
23:aesthetic surgery
948:
941:Cosmetic surgery
905:
904:
902:
900:
885:
876:
875:
839:
830:
829:
827:
825:
820:on 29 April 2013
816:. Archived from
806:
800:
799:
797:
795:
785:
779:
778:
776:
774:
760:
754:
753:
717:
706:
705:
703:
701:
687:
678:
677:
675:
673:
659:
648:
647:
645:
643:
633:
627:
626:
608:
595:
594:
584:
552:
546:
545:
543:
541:
527:
521:
520:
518:
516:
502:
489:
488:
486:
484:
470:
464:
463:
461:
459:
449:
443:
442:
440:
438:
428:
392:schedule 4 drugs
240:, organ damage,
19:Cosmetic surgery
956:
955:
951:
950:
949:
947:
946:
945:
926:
925:
913:
908:
898:
896:
887:
886:
879:
840:
833:
823:
821:
808:
807:
803:
793:
791:
787:
786:
782:
772:
770:
762:
761:
757:
718:
709:
699:
697:
689:
688:
681:
671:
669:
661:
660:
651:
641:
639:
635:
634:
630:
623:
609:
598:
553:
549:
539:
537:
529:
528:
524:
514:
512:
504:
503:
492:
482:
480:
472:
471:
467:
457:
455:
451:
450:
446:
436:
434:
430:
429:
425:
421:
409:
387:
366:
352:
350:Age limitations
332:
316:
305:
284:
275:
262:
233:
221:
193:
188:
106:Napoleonic Wars
59:
47:
27:plastic surgery
12:
11:
5:
954:
944:
943:
938:
924:
923:
912:
911:External links
909:
907:
906:
877:
850:(3): 190β191.
831:
801:
780:
755:
728:(3): 343β352.
707:
679:
649:
628:
621:
596:
567:(3): 265β302.
547:
522:
490:
465:
444:
422:
420:
417:
416:
415:
408:
405:
386:
383:
365:
362:
351:
348:
331:
328:
315:
312:
304:
301:
283:
280:
274:
271:
261:
258:
232:
229:
220:
217:
192:
189:
187:
184:
175:Harold Gillies
120:Harold Gillies
58:
55:
46:
43:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
953:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
931:
922:
918:
915:
914:
894:
890:
884:
882:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
836:
819:
815:
811:
805:
790:
784:
769:
765:
759:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
714:
712:
696:
692:
686:
684:
668:
664:
658:
656:
654:
638:
632:
624:
618:
614:
607:
605:
603:
601:
592:
588:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
551:
536:
532:
526:
511:
507:
501:
499:
497:
495:
479:
475:
469:
454:
448:
433:
427:
423:
414:
411:
410:
404:
402:
398:
393:
378:
374:
372:
361:
358:
343:
339:
337:
330:Controversies
327:
324:
320:
311:
309:
300:
297:
293:
289:
279:
270:
268:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
228:
226:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
180:
177:who received
176:
171:
167:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
107:
102:
100:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
63:
54:
52:
42:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
20:
16:
897:. Retrieved
892:
847:
843:
822:. Retrieved
818:the original
813:
804:
792:. Retrieved
783:
771:. Retrieved
767:
758:
725:
721:
698:. Retrieved
694:
670:. Retrieved
666:
640:. Retrieved
631:
612:
564:
560:
550:
538:. Retrieved
534:
525:
513:. Retrieved
509:
481:. Retrieved
477:
468:
456:. Retrieved
447:
435:. Retrieved
426:
388:
367:
353:
336:modern world
333:
317:
306:
285:
276:
263:
254:keloid scars
234:
231:Risk factors
222:
194:
179:flap surgery
160:
139:anaesthetics
136:
110:
103:
83:
79:cheek tissue
68:
48:
18:
17:
15:
899:1 September
824:1 September
794:1 September
773:1 September
700:1 September
672:4 September
642:2 September
540:1 September
515:1 September
483:1 September
458:3 September
437:1 September
288:self-esteem
267:antibiotics
156:Fanny Brice
143:Antiseptics
112:World War I
75:rhinoplasty
35:controversy
930:Categories
419:References
197:innovation
97:excessive
921:4 Corners
864:0966-0461
742:0033-2720
573:0028-7091
296:Instagram
250:ectropion
128:Red Cross
45:Etymology
893:BBC News
872:22584662
750:22252848
407:See also
238:hematoma
154:actress
124:veterans
116:fatality
86:syphilis
591:5276837
582:1749866
260:Smoking
213:Dysport
148:America
99:Scaring
57:History
870:
862:
748:
740:
619:
589:
579:
571:
399:, the
357:trauma
246:seroma
205:Lasers
152:Jewish
132:Sidcup
209:Botox
71:Hindu
51:Greek
31:aging
901:2015
868:PMID
860:ISSN
826:2015
796:2015
775:2015
746:PMID
738:ISSN
702:2015
674:2015
644:2015
617:ISBN
587:PMID
569:ISSN
542:2015
517:2015
485:2015
460:2015
439:2015
290:and
141:and
852:doi
730:doi
577:PMC
219:IPL
211:or
199:of
932::
919:-
891:.
880:^
866:.
858:.
848:21
846:.
834:^
812:.
766:.
744:.
736:.
726:83
724:.
710:^
693:.
682:^
665:.
652:^
599:^
585:.
575:.
565:47
563:.
559:.
533:.
508:.
493:^
476:.
403:.
269:.
244:,
215:.
101:.
81:.
41:.
903:.
874:.
854::
828:.
798:.
777:.
752:.
732::
704:.
676:.
646:.
625:.
593:.
544:.
519:.
487:.
462:.
441:.
181:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.