Sudanese Greeks - Knowledge

2918: 2870: 1504: 1450: 2882: 2894: 402: 2858: 797: 2978: 2954: 2942: 2906: 2966: 2600: 1259: 2052: 1268: 1868: 1279: 2204: 2086: 2221: 1670: 124: 1654: 2561: 1802: 1291: 1066: 1080: 1684: 1500:: "Capato – and probably many other Greeks – saw themselves as stalwarts of the 'colonial' order." Makris has also found that "Greeks from Sudan remembered and emphasized the good relations they had with the Sudanese because, unlike the British, they were not 'colonialists', but rather people of a humble background. This, however, did not prevent them from having racist attitudes towards non-Greek Sudanese, or even people of mixed origin, similar to those other Europeans had." However, Makris does concede "a healthy scepticism towards the British, the French and the other 'Big Powers' and their political schemes". 2687: 2930: 2494: 2133: 1895:, all members of the Greek 'high class' were well-off merchants and shopkeepers, but no more than that. Always mindful of developments in the political arena, Contomichalos cultivated his relations with the Government and the Palace, while at the same time supporting community leaders with nationalist aspirations. Like Capato, he served as president of the Greek community for long periods of time, but had much more impact than the former – founding churches, schools and other community buildings and offering large sums of money to assist in the establishment of smaller communities in the provinces.» 1092: 3014: 2274: 1054: 2393: 635: 2314: 2510: 2457: 2651: 1478: 2846: 1859: 735: 925: 1927:– a consultative assembly exclusively for educated Northern Sudanese men and the predecessor of the first political parties – many of its members had been active in the Abu Ruf group of intellectuals, which was named after the Abu Ruf quarter in Omdurman – which in turn was and still is named after the Greek merchant Averoff, who was apparently involved in slave-trade (see above). Also still today, a street in downtown Khartoum is named after Contomichalos. 7139: 107: 114: 33: 1622:, where many Greeks worked in the headquarters of the Sudan railways network or ran bars. The Greek community school of Khartoum was established in 1906 with 30 students. Their number doubled within the first decade. Also in 1906, the Hellenic Community of Port Sudan was founded. These societies not only undertook educational functions, but also religious ones, as well as offering assistance to their poorer members. 579: 1363:, who had been the Lady Superior of the monastery in Kordofan. Altogether five Greeks married nuns in order to protect them. Kokorembas and Grigolini had two sons, reportedly after Father Ohrwalder had decided that she should make the sacrifice in order to pretend to the Mahdists that the marriages between the Greeks and the nuns were not just fake. Panayotis Trampas was later decorated by the Austrian Emperor 2826:(HAF) transported evacuated 17 people from Djibouti via Aswan to Greece. This first group consisted of 13 Greeks and 4 non-Greek spouses of Greek nationals, including three children and one of the Greeks who was injured and needed leg surgery. The second wounded Greek, who was in a more serious condition and received surgery in a French military hospital, was to be repatriated in a special plane for 2325:, many of whom had married locals, came under pressure from both warring sides: while the accusations from Khartoum continued, southern opposition forces accused Greek monopolists of keeping the prices of animals "as low as possible to their own advantage" for export to the Middle East. Thus, the Greek community in the South further diminished, after its numbers had already decreased before 1956. 993: 2533:

reportedly based in Juba, while about 60 live in Wau. Most of them are descendants of Greek merchants, who married southern Sudanese spouses. The community has some highly prominent members: General Gregory Vasili Dimitry, whose father Vassilis was assassinated in 1967 by the Sudanese army for his support of the Anyanya rebels (see above), was appointed as the commissioner of

2521:(CPA), some Sudan-born Greeks returned to the country – especially to the northern part – for employment and business activities. During that period, the Hellenic Community in Khartoum experienced another revival thanks to the establishment of the "Ergamenis" Cultural Center on its premises and the renovation of its library. These efforts were headed by the Greek- 2216:«the Greeks were the main (foreign) agents supporting the transition of the Sudanese society from 'former' to 'new' times. They occupied many posts in the public sector, they controlled production centres as important as the Gezira Cotton Scheme, and they influenced substantial parts of the urban economy and its everyday activities.» 1389:«The Mahdi's label of the Greeks as 'men of trade' with no responsibility for political and social developments summarizes the way the Sudanese have always seen the Greek settlers. Naturally, this conception has been warmly embraced by the Greeks themselves although, strictly speaking, it has never corresponded to reality.» 6105: 2414:

opened a wine store, a confectionery shop, and then the Acropole Hotel, that soon expanded. The three sons took over the hotel, when Panagiotis passed away in 1967: "With their mother's guidance and their hard work, they managed to turn the hotel into an actual treasure of the city's cultural and touristic life."

2124:: in 1919 its statute had been changed to the effect that members could cast more votes if they were able and willing to pay a higher annual subscription fee. As a result, only a fraction of those Greeks who lived in Khartoum were members of the body which officially represented them. Chaldeos concludes therefore: 2478:, and due to the long-term crisis of the economy, the number dropped to around 500 in 1992 and to about 300 in 1996. While in 1995, there were still 29 students in the Greek high school of Khartoum, it was down to just 11 in 2000. Most of the emigrants settled in Greece, after having obtained Greek nationality. 1355:, who managed to escape after ten years, many Greeks continued to do "fairly well in business". They were even allowed to travel, but were restricted to Omdurman after a number of Europeans escaped, including three Greeks, two of whom fled along with two nuns. Over the years, ten Greeks died in prison. 2372:

In the context of this demographic decline, the once-populous Greek community in Port Sudan disbanded itself in 1974 and transferred the funds from selling its properties to the community in Khartoum. The local church of St. Mark was assigned to the Coptic Patriarchate. Likewise, the community in Wad

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Stefanides also designed a lasting landmark symbol of the Greek influence on shaping the immediate post-independence era: the Aboulela Commercial Building, which was opened in 1956 just opposite the Republican Palace and "exhibits the characteristics that came to define modern architecture in Sudan".

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Like the Greek compound, the nearby Acropole Hotel was at the epicentre of heavy fighting between SAF and RSF for the control over the political centre of Sudan in downtown Khartoum. Two members of the Pagoulatos-family, who has owned the business since 1952, were holed up in the hotel building with

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While the Sudanese middle classes struggled to recover from the crushing defeat of 1898, the Greek traders effectively dominated the market for more than two decades. Already during the first months, Greek speculators purchased land "for trifling sums" in the Khartoum area, so that "much of the most

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This nucleus of the Greek community was immediately enlarged by interpreters and merchants, who entered the Sudan with the invading army, either from the Red Sea or along the Nile. The latter specialized as contractors in supplying logistics to the military and the newly established government. Some

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In the wake of these events, more than half of the 132 Greeks who used to live in Khartoum evacuated from the city, before the Mahdist forces started their siege in March 1884. A few months later, the Mahdi reportedly sent a Greek merchant, who had converted to Islam after his capture, to negotiate

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At least five Greeks, who fought on the side of the Ottoman forces, were killed in various battles against the Mahdists. One of them was the Ottoman surgeon-general of Sudan Georgios Douloghlu, a Greek born in Egypt. He died when a Turco-Egyptian force was annihilated by the rebels in November 1883.

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in Suakin (see illustration) and a vice-consulate in Khartoum, mainly to cater to the needs of Greek merchants. These were among the very first diplomatic representations in Sudan. According to the written account by one of the Greek settlers, there were 193 Greeks in Sudan in 1881, of whom 132 were

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architecture of Greek buildings in the capital, and Kosti. Two of them are restaurants close to the Acropole: Greek Pitta, run by a Greek couple, and Papa Costa restaurant, founded in the 1950s by a Greek immigrant and named after him. After the 2005 CPA, it sparked a kind of "Old Khartoum" revival

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By 1970, the number of Greeks had come down to around 2,000. The culture of Greek newspapers, which had been published in Sudan since 1911, ceased to exist. In 1972, the "Greek Club" was disbanded. However, some Greek industrialists, who had supported the Communist Party, were allowed to keep their

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In 1921, the Hellenic Athletic Club participated in a local football championship, which is considered the oldest in Africa. Until today, the H.A.C. has remained active for more than a century and is still one of the most prominent Greek places in Khartoum, located in premises granted in 1947 for a

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in 1914, there were over 800 Greeks in Sudan, by far the largest foreign community. About 500 of them were members in the former Hellenic Shooting Club, which was viewed by the administration as potentially "a very valuable supplementary European force". Some Greeks in Sudan were famous hunters and

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from Greece or Egypt, preferably from his family network. The newly arrived would often work as employees for the first years and then open their own businesses. In this way, it came about that many of the Greeks in Sudan at the beginning of the 20th century originated from the islands of Karpathos

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By January 1885, 54 Greeks still remained in Khartoum. Gordon appointed the Greek Consul Nicos Leontides as Deputy Governor and the medical doctor Xenophon Xenoudakis as consultant to his office. Several other Greeks volunteered as soldiers, particularly as the personal guard of Gordon, who likened

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and stone shows regional differences though: in the kingdom of Makuria, the Greek language was the main linguistic vehicle for the "Byzantine-like royal court at Old Dongola", whereas in the Kingdom of Nobatia the Coptic language played a similarly important role. Hence, for example, the foundation

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along withe Noba nengaged in a series of invasions that culminated in the capture of the Nubian capital of Meroë in the middle of the 4th century AD, signaling the end of independent Nubian Pagan kingdoms. It was the Byzantine missionaries that helped established the authority of Christiany In the

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The CPA also offered a new start for the Greek community of southern Sudan, which was officially re-registered by the semi-autonomous government in Juba in 2006. The initiative was headed by Giorgos Ginis, whose father had been the last president of the community. In the 2000s, some 30 members are

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wrote: "During the day, he was employed by the British government. After hours, he worked as a private accountant, soon amassing enough capital to open a night club just opposite the governor's palace." When the governor had it closed because of the noise, the couple took over a liquor dealership,

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When Sudan obtained sovereignty from the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium on 1 January 1956, the Greek settlers in the country were issued Sudanese nationality certificates and generally continued to thrive in the first few years of independence. According to Chaldeos, the community reached its greatest

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In July 2000, the Greek community suffered another tragedy, when the Greek Orthodox bishop of Khartoum, Titos Karantzalis, was murdered at his residence. According to Catholic sources, four Sudanese-Greek men were arrested on murder charges, but one year later acquitted. Chaldeos, however, writes

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bombed the restaurant, killing a British couple with their two children, another Briton, and two Sudanese workers, and leaving many injured behind. Yet, the Pagoulatos brothers managed to restore the hotel in a building just opposite the ruins of the old one. It has remained since then one of the

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At the same time, the communities in the North started to shrink dramatically, especially outside of Khartoum, where the Greek School reached its highest level with 611 students in 1966. The reasons for the decline in the peripheries varied though: the long-established community in Wadi Halfa was

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that is only available in Sudan. The unique flavour was invented by George Dimitri Pasgianos, who immigrated around 1930 and merged Greek and Sudanese tastes in the recipe of the fizzy drink. Throughout the decades, it proved resilient against global competitors of soft drinks in the countrywide

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His fellow countrymen and -women were soon affected by the Mahdist uprising as well. In early 1883, five Greeks took part in the defense of El Obeid. After the fall of the city, ten Greeks were taken captive by the insurgents and forced to convert to Islam, but got altogether treated in a rather

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Five years after the end of WW II, the number of Greeks in Sudan had grown to over 5,000. Khartoum East by that time had become known as "Little Greece" with Greek "medical clinics, clubs, retail shops, groceries, bakeries, bars, schools, and churches". Reportedly, even street signs bore Greek

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in Greece led to the closure of the Greek School in Khartoum. Its premises were then taken over by the newly established Confluence International School. Only one month later, the embassy of the Hellenic Republic was closed – almost one and a half centuries after it was founded. Greece's new

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Another Greek architect, the Khartoum-based George Stefanides, designed many villas in Amarat. For this, he "used a mixed vocabulary of tropical architecture together with features of his own Mediterranean culture such as balconies, window shutters and sun-breakers and white-washed facades."

2082:, was opened to Greeks as to other expatriates. Moreover, the British authorities allowed volunteers to join the Greek army on the same battlefront. According to some sources, 141 men were recruited from the Hellenic community in Sudan, while others put the number at 250. Eight were killed. 2384:

overnight. Until this prohibition, the trade in such goods as well as ownership of nightclubs and bars had traditionally been dominated by Greek merchants, who controlled around 80% of the market. Most prominently, the John G. Cutsuridis company had been the exclusive distributor of Camel

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canals for cotton plantations and in the expansion of the railway network. Some of them worked even in remote places like Darfur. Most prominently, Dimitrios Fabricius, a Greek of German ancestry, who was the chief architect of the Khedive, designed landmark buildings like the

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When Kitchener's forces defeated the Mahdist army in 1898, they counted a community of 87 Greeks in Omdurman, including non-Greek family members. Many of them, like their dean Dimitri Kokorembas and the later chronicler Nicolas Papadam, chose to remain in the British-dominated

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managed to remain autonomous due to their uncentralized nomadic nature. These tribal peoples would sporadically inflict attacks and raids on Axumite communities. The Beja nomads eventually Hellenized and integrated into the Nubian Greek society that had already been present in

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Vice versa, ancient Nubia also had an influence on Greek culture from those early times onwards, as it was well known by scholars throughout the Hellenic world, where several of the classical writers mentioned it. It evidently inspired curiosity about the exotic lands South of

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There were about twenty Greek captives in Omdurman: those who had survived the siege of Khartoum and others who had been captured in other towns. The representative of the group became Dimitris Kokorembas who had been living in El Obeid. He married the Catholic Sister

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in 1923. She spent most of her life in Wau and married a Greek merchant, but got into ever-growing feuds both with other Bazramit and the community in Khartoum: for her and the descendants of other intermarriages "the main issue is to be recognized as Greek."

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until the introduction of regulation in 1905. One of those who acquired large estates was Capato. This buying spree, until it was curbed by the government, led to a substantial increase in prices, which in turn induced many urban residents to sell their land.

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coast in the late 15th century. The end of Christianity in Nubia around that time did not necessarily mean, however, the end of contacts with Greeks in the lands that are now Sudan, since at least in the late 17th century, some Greek merchants settled in the

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Community' of the capital was officially established. Among its founding fathers were businessmen like Capato, John Cutsuridis, and Panayotis Trampas, who had survived the Mahdiya as a captive. Very soon after that, a branch of the Community was founded in

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prevailed over the Meroitic language and writing. Thus, Greek became the main language of the Church in Christian Nubia at least for the first five centuries and was used for expressing both official and private piety. Greek texts have been mostly found in

2634:– "the half-castes", has historically not just been "fruitful", but also "difficult". He illustrates this through a biographical portray of Photini Poulou-Maistrelli's life as a "paradigm" for the latter. Poulou was born in the southern Sudanese town of 1908:, a son of the Mahdi and one of the pro-independence nationalist leaders. He thus followed a strategy that other Greeks also pursued in order to arrange themselves with the local elites: already in 1912, two Greek merchants had founded one of the first 973:, some of whom guided expeditions further southward, as well as medical doctors and pharmacists, who opened several drug stores. However, there were especially Greek merchants who came through Egypt with its established Greek trading-houses to trade in 2112:

This class-system was also characteristic for the two Greek community clubs in the capital: the Grand Club was reserved for the wealthy merchants, whereas the Apollo Club was frequented by the "salariat". This divide remained in place until the 1970s.

1416:, which stayed under Egyptian and, respectively, British control. Its harbour became a strategic hub for plans to re-take the Sudan. The traders mainly engaged in catering to the needs of the military. There were fourteen canteens run by Greeks like 2297:

When southern and northern Sudanese clashed in the streets of Khartoum on the "Black Sunday" of 6 December 1964, one Greek was amongst those who were killed by the mob, though it is unclear, whether he had been targeted for any political reasons.

2067:, and were thus Italian citizens, were excluded from imprisonment after an intervention from the Hellenic community. When the Fascist-Italian forces seized Kassala in 1940, several Greeks, who lived there, were forced into detention in Ethiopia. 6270: 1431:, thus literally paving the way for the British-led re-conquest. Amongst them were Capato, John Cutsuridis, Theocharis Kotsikas and Nicola Loiso, who all became famous business tycoons in Sudan. The Sudanese historian Hassan Dafalla writes that 2404:

in Khartoum has all the more become one of the most prominent places of Greek presence in Sudan. It was founded in 1952 by Panagiotis Pagoulatos from Cephalonia, who had left war-torn Greece in 1944, and his wife Flora, an Egyptian-Greek from

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wife, were killed in Bahr El-Ghazal, after having been accused of supporting the Anyanya rebels. According to Chaledos, they were targeted by the army in a special operation, since they had indeed supplied arms to the insurgents through their

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missionary priest Stefano Santandrea, who served in Wau from 1928 to 1948, stressed though that "their competition prevented their rivals from exploiting the natives." The Wau-based Hellenic Community of Bahr El Ghazal was founded in 1939.

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that a former Vice-President of the Hellenic Community and the then President of the Hellenic Athletic Club were detained for about two months without any charges, though a British-Canadian man had been arrested and confessed to the murder.

1950:, and secured the following of the Greek community in Sudan. This close relationship also led to the establishment of an air connection between Sudan and Greece in the early 1930s, which had been a major priority for many Greeks in Sudan. 1592:

It is still possible to identify a broad pattern of Greek immigration into Sudan that applies also to the Greek diaspora in other parts of Africa: as soon as a Greek, like Capato, had established his business, he would bring in younger

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in Khartoum – the number of Greeks in Khartoum had risen to 1,455. The total number in all of Sudan at that time was at around 4,000 – up from about 2,500 in 1920. The Greek school in Khartoum had 170 students in 1925 and 270 in 1936.

1427:'s command began moving up the Nile in 1896 to defeat the Mahdists, Greek traders followed the expedition to provide those forces with supplies, especially food and drinking water for the workers involved in the construction of the 1790:. Business tycoon Capato soon expanded his business into Kordofan for gum Arabic and southern Sudan for ivory, before going bankrupt after a series of misfortunes in 1912. Some Greek traders also moved on to settle in the 1393:

Thus, the Greek captives held out in Omdurman for more than 13 years, though it may be argued that some of them might have had no particular desire to leave, especially those who had been born and brought up in Sudan. The

1307:. Most of them died during combat near the ammunition depot, and one of these victims was the doctor Xenoudakis. Consul Leontides was brutally executed. Of the 54 Greeks, who had remained in the city until the end of the 2265:

reportedly "announced that foreign traders would only be allowed to reside in provincial or district capitals in the South, where they could be kept under surveillance, and not in villages. This restriction was aimed at

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who went to study in Greece and returned with Greek spouses. Thus, the number of Greeks in Sudan stabilised by 2015 at around 150 – which amounts to the same level of the Hellenic Community at its foundation in 1902.

2258:-rebellion in southern Sudan and the brutal counter-insurgency of successive governments in Khartoum. Still in 1960, the community in the South had given refuge to Greeks, who fled the turmoil in neighbouring Congo. 2783:, and 15 others - Greeks, Ethiopians, Sudanese and Russians, amongst them three small children - remained locked inside the church building for days. According to media reports referring to diplomats in Athens, the 7006: 1703:

In 1913, the "Hellenic Shooting Club" and the "Hellenic Gymnastics Club", which had been founded five years earlier, were merged to form the "Hellenic Athletic Club" (H.A.C.) under the chairmanship of the lawyer

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In 1954, the year that Contomichalos passed away, his son Eleftherios donated a substantial amount of money on behalf of the family to expand the primary Trampeios School. The Kontomichaleios High School and

377:, though it is difficult to be reconciled with political developments". While the members of this community have been "proud for being Greeks 'more than the Greeks of Greece'", he concedes at the same time a 2869: 1569: 2484:

Two years later, the facilities of the Apollo Club were nationalized by the regime. Yet, there were still ten Greek-owned small and medium-sized factories in Khartoum at that time that continued operating.

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Greek influence. These cultural changes are not believed to have been forced upon the indigenous population, but rather adopted as a conscious cultural choice to use elements from the cultures in the North.

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Shortly afterwards, four Greek merchants were taken to court for charges of having collected donations for the insurgents, but got acquitted. At the end of 1964, two Greek traders in Bahr El-Ghazal and

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More Greeks were taken captive in the course of the rebellion, for instance a grocer at El Fasher after the capitulation of Darfur at the end of 1883. Five Greeks served in the army units commanded by

2353:, which in its early phase pursued a policy of nationalization. Big companies like Contomichalos and Tsakirolglou were hard hit and most of the disowned entrepreneurs emigrated, many of them to the 958:. Ali himself is reported to have taken some of his Greek business partners to Sudan, for instance in 1838 a certain Michalis Tossitsas on a mission in search of gold mines, as well as his personal 1385:, painting an extraordinarily humanising portrait of the Mahdi, the Khalifa and the Mahdist movement, especially in contrast to "the arrogant, tyrannical and hated Turkish rule." Makris concludes: 1171:) of the Islamic world, to Khartoum for an investigation into his intentions. As a result of the failed expedition, Ahmad went into open rebellion, and Marcopoli went on to become sub-governor of 1210:, and was later suspected of misleading it on purpose. Allegedly, some Greek merchants also joined the camp of the Mahdi deliberately as renegades and served in important positions of his army. 2333:. The community of Atbara, where many Greeks had worked in the railways headquarters before independence, disbanded itself in 1968 and transferred its properties to the community of Khartoum. 2254:

However, following those "golden years", Chaldeos' figures show that the number of Greeks in Sudan diminished by 1965 to 4,000. One reason for this exodus was apparently the escalation of the

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In 1994, the estates of the dissolved Greek community in Juba were taken over by the community of Khartoum, which leased the club and the Greek Orthodox church to the Catholic archdiocese.

499:'s Nubian campaign for Meroë in the 270s BC. Ptolemy's interest in Nubia was to secure a source of war elephants from Meroë, and to gain access to Meroitic gold mines. At the same time, 253:; they are small in number (estimated at around 150 in 2015), but still a very prominent community in the country. Historically, this diverse group has played a significant role in the 852:. The language was apparently widely used in those contexts until the fifteenth century, but it is assumed that around the 10th / 11th century, it was increasingly replaced by Nubian. 718:

Nubian Greek titles and government styles in Nubian Kingdoms were based on Byzantine models; even with Islamic encroachments and influence into Nubian territory, the Nubian Greeks saw

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Greek presence and inspiration is still visible in other Sudanese places, apart from the Acropole, Abu Ruf, Contomichalos and Katarina Streets, the Hellenic compound in Khartoum, the

1920:(the "Sudan Leader"). Though it was under strong government influence and considered by the Sudanese as foreign, it still served for a few years as an early forum for Sudanese views. 1629:

community to build a church. The design was provided by the architect Nikolaos Pothitos and its foundation stone was laid in 1903, but construction got only completed in 1908. The

1435:«there was a saying, during those imperialistic days, that whenever a British officer was sent for military conquest, a Greek grocer always accompanied him with his whisky ration.» 2811:. Thus, the Acropole closed its doors for the first time in 71 years. While some press reports called it the end of an era, the then 79-year-old director Thanasis Pagoulatos in a 2881: 2857: 1564:. Greek contractors and subcontractors constructed governmental buildings in Khartoum – including the reconstruction of the Governor-General's palace – the new port and town of 2804: 1755:

During the 1930s, a multitude of private cotton growing irrigation schemes in the agricultural areas of the Gezira and Gedaref were owned by Greeks. The Hellenic Community of

2795:(SAF), helped to temporarily stop attacks around the church of the Annunciation and other locations where Greeks were known to be trapped, so that they could evacuate to the 2893: 2754:

of Sudanese literature, whose father's trading company was based in the Greek-designed landmark Aboulela Building (see above), has immortalised Pasgianos in her 2015 novel

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just one week after his inauguration in January 2017, global press outlets accused Priebus of hypocrisy, since his own mother's country of birth was included in the list.

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began on 15 April 2023, there were reportedly 150 Greeks in Sudan. Two of them were injured by a rocket as they left the church of the Annunciation in Khartoum where the

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and became founders of a 'high class' who held decisive influence over a 'middle class' or what could perhaps more aptly be called the 'salariat'. With the exception of

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Greeks also officially served in the Anglo-Egyptian administration, particularly in the Railways and Steamers Department, as clerks and technical staff. Altogether, the

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One of the Greek captives succeeded in producing gunpowder for the Mahdi and started construction of a luxurious home, but was killed along with another Greek, when the

2619:: whereas reportedly up to 90% of Greeks in what was then southern Sudan married locals, such relationships used to be rare in the former northern part of the country. 2941: 6383: 2243:

and advocated unidirectional growth southwards. While the plan was never systematically implemented, Doxiades has been credited as the father of the new extension of

1405:, praised in his memoirs especially "the old Greek lady, Catarina—who was a ministering angel alike to prisoners and captives". Still today, Katarina Street near the 2584:. Voutsinas was born in Khartoum around 1931 to parents from Kefalonia, who set up a spaghetti factory, "reputedly supplying spaghetti to Italian forces" during the 2286:

respectively were arrested on charges of acting as a link between rebels and the outside world. In fact, an internal Anyanya paper claimed that "Greek merchants of

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team has continued to participate in the Sudanese championship. Alexandra Pateraki is the president of both the Hellenic Community and the Hellenic Athletic Club.

1626: 2965: 534: 2152:(SCP). The SCP had one of its strongholds in the railways headquarters of Atbara, where also many Greeks worked until the Sudanisation of the transport system. 2212:

number in 1957 at around 6,000. Makris puts the estimate at 7,000 in the 1950s Tsakos concludes that during the first one and a half decades after independence

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In the neighbourhood of Khartoum Two, the Hellenic Athletic Club still operates, and is popular with Western expats and commonly known as the Greek Club. Its

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association between the colonial regime and the Greek settlers essentially defined the Hellenic presence in Sudan during the first half of the 20th century.

1420:, who went on to become one of the most eminent businessmen in Sudan. He also started the first ice factory and was contracted to supply meat to the troops. 1012:. The Greek historian Antonios Chaldeos, who wrote his PhD thesis about the history of the Greek communities in Sudan, suggested from the local histories of 4460: 2611:– which also meant the separation of the Greeks in South Sudan from the Hellenic Community in Khartoum – and the subsequent plunge of the Sudanese economy, 1924: 1766:

Beyond the places, where Greeks had already settled before the Mahdiya, the newcomers also gradually moved to the most remote corners of the country, like

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However, not all of the Greeks who came to Sudan were stereotypically merchants and shopkeepers, but there were many other professions as well, including

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insurrection against the colonial rule of the Turkiya was apparently partly sparked by Marcopoli Bey, the Greek private secretary to the Governor General

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historian, archaeologist and scholar of Nubian studies Alexandros Tsakos, who was also responsible for the only major rehabilitation of a gallery in the

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conquered Egypt and soon dispatched reconnaissance expeditions into Nubia, possibly to find the sources of the Nile. Scholars assume that the potential

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Valley and its considerable impact on ancient Nubia have long been recognized by scholars. The first recorded contact took place in 593 BC: graffiti at

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and to Meroitic ports. The Nubian upper class traded with Greek merchants and adopted certain Hellenic styles of life. However, following the death of

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Mahdiism and the Egyptian Sudan : being an account of the rise and progress of Mahdiism and of subsequent events in the Sudan to the present time

1228:, but the vessel ran aground. According to some sources, its passengers were massacred, whereas others claim that the Greeks were taken as prisoners. 6723: 2615:

did continue to motivate some to return and/or stay in Sudan. New membership of the Greek community though has particularly come from an increase in

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Nubian Archaeology in the XXIst Century Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference for Nubian Studies, Neuchatel, 1st-6th September 2014

2239:, to set up the 1958 master plan for developing urban Khartoum. It espoused the concept of the Dyna-metropolis according to Doxiadis' philosophy of 5549: 954:

origin. The chief military doctor was a Greek named Dimitrios Botsaris. In 1822, he was killed along with the Khedive's son Ismail in an ambush by

530: 7084: 5154: 1485:, who worked for Capato in Suakin until 1901 and his brother ran this store and bar – especially popular with Europeans – until 1937 in Port Sudan 1217:

in Darfur, who surrendered after Hicks' defeat. Three of them were killed during previous battles, while two were captured and taken to Omdurman.

7682: 4936: 2445:

on the wall of the hotel's office gives evidence of his appreciation ("Love + Thanks") for the support by the Pagoulatos family and their staff.

7034: 7532: 6036: 5720: 5421: 5318: 5268: 5177: 4698: 4442: 4400: 4342: 4221: 743: 503:(Arkamani II), a king of one of the nine Nubian kingdoms, studied Greek language and customs at the Alexandrian court in the Ptolemaic Empire. 7105: 6902: 6625: 7167: 1736: 653:

civilization, expressed in Nubian Greek art and Nubian Greek literature. The earliest attestations of Nubian Greek literature come from the

488:

to Meroë. Greek language and culture were introduced to the Kushitic ruling classes, which may have triggered the creation of an alphabetic

7199: 2608: 2746:

market and was sold in 1999 by its Greek-Sudanese owners to the Haggar Holding Company, one of the biggest trading corporations of Sudan.

1503: 6789: 2542: 1759:

in the Gezira had already been established in 1919. From 1933 to 1937, many Greek masons and craftsmen worked in the construction of the

7516: 6981: 1449: 1831: 2453:

most popular places for Western visitors, particularly journalists, archaeologists, and staff of NGO and international organisations.

911:

in 1796, but to have been executed there for attempting to assassinate the Sultan, who had refused him permission to return to Egypt.

6875: 2741:

The most present Greek legacy in Sudanese culture, however, is "the classic childhood drink" of Pasgianos, an ultra-sweet carbonated

1137:

based in Khartoum and Omdurman. However, there were apparently no Greek-Orthodox churches or established priests during the Turkiya.

401: 6651: 2167:

respectively – during the 1940s and early 1950s. He personally held, for instance, shares in the Greek-owned "Sudan Oil Mills Ltd".

7127: 2630:

However, Tsakos concludes that the relationship between the "class" of "pure" Greeks and those, "who sarcastically call themselves

2380:" as an interpretation of Sharia by Nimeiry in 1983, who ordered all alcoholic beverages in Khartoum spectacularly dumped into the 2261:

Yet, a few years later, they themselves came under pressure: after an Anyanya assault on Wau in early 1964, the military regime of

522: 3429: 2128:«Gradually the community institution turned into a closed club of rich Greeks. Additionally, women were not allowed to register.» 6956: 6472: 796: 5905: 1787: 1145: 7340: 7218: 6020: 5746: 5704: 5405: 5341: 5302: 5252: 4919: 4682: 4426: 4384: 3978: 3942: 3865: 2659: 2164: 1424: 6927: 5741:. Bergen: BRIC – Unifob Global & Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Bergen. pp. 115–129. 5437:

The Role of the Greek Orthodox Religion in the Construction of Ethnic Identity Among the Greek Community of Lumbumbashi, DRC

2929: 1812:

In southern Sudan, the colonial government preferred giving licences to Greek merchants, who would go to remote places like

6815: 6391: 1696:

Some 130 Greek volunteers from Sudan – thirty from Khartoum and a hundred from the rest of the country – fought during the

1224:

In September 1884, a group of Europeans – including 16 Greeks – made an attempt to evacuate from Khartoum on the riverboat

4626: 1883:

With regard to the socio-economic composition of the Greeks in Sudan during the Condominium, Makris and Stiansen conclude:

1613:

Thus the number of Greeks grew rapidly: in 1902, there were already about 150 in the Khartoum area. In the same year the '

7675: 7624: 2663: 2109:

letters in addition to Arabic and Latin ones. The residential area was, in fact, divided into an upper and middle class.

1974: 1970: 1826:, now the national capital of South Sudan, is said to have been established in 1922 by Greek traders. Another center was 1303:

When the Mahdists finally conquered Khartoum in January 1885, several Greeks were amongst those killed by the victorious

6439: 6153: 3826:. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften. pp. 31, 63–64, 214, 305, 308. 2714:

Pitsiladis – was born in Sudan. She met his father, who is of German-English descent, in Khartoum when he served in the

2599: 7921: 5810: 3284: 3181: 2051: 1258: 7916: 7177: 6707: 6218: 5197: 2538: 781:

as their official religion. The two northern states of Nobatia and Makuria later merged, with the former ruled by an

72: 7211: 6521: 4051:

The foreign relations of the Napatan-Meroitic kingdom in the Sudan from the 8th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D.

1267: 7223: 3599: 2418: 2203: 2085: 1867: 1454: 1278: 63: 2517:

With the economic boom of Sudan after the beginning of the oil production in 1999 and particularly after the 2005

1496:

Endre Stiansen conclude that from the point of view of the British-dominated government the Greeks were the ideal

1203:

A Greek trader reportedly played a key role in this crucial event as a guide of this ill-fated expedition, led by

453:) and the source of the Nile. Though he is assumed to have been personally familiar with the river only as far as 7926: 4477: 3409: 3374: 2232: 2220: 1204: 319: 17: 3013: 343:

in 1956, their numbers had increased to around 6,000-7,000, but soon afterwards decreased, especially after the

7668: 7135: 2699: 1406: 2568:

In 2010, the arguably internationally most prominent Greek from Sudan passed away: actor and theatre director

2025: 6848: 4550: 4462:

Aspects of the economic and social history of the Greek community in Alexandria during the nineteenth century

3419: 2585: 2518: 2426: 1669: 969:

More Greeks followed in subsequent years from Egypt, not only as military officers and soldiers, but also as

6197: 4600: 3751: 7890: 7746: 7431: 7376: 7267: 7120: 7059: 6244: 3121: 3073: 2612: 2207:

Sign at the oldest elevator in Khartoum, in the Greek-owned Slavos Building, constructed in the early 1950s

2021:. The same year, Contomichalos was awarded with several medals of the Greek state and the Orthodox Church. 384:, because they, "in the long run, have proven to be culturally and sentimentally surprisingly close to the 361:

Gerasimos Makris, who is related to the Greeks of Sudan through marriage, stresses that "neutrality and a '

277: 6547: 5784:"Khartoum 2030 Towards An Environmentally-Sensitive Vision for the Development of Greater Khartoum, Sudan" 2159:, the second-born son of Eleftherios (see above), who served in major government positions – including as 2155:

In contrast, some Greek businessmen kept close relations with the ruling class in Greece, especially with

2101:, and especially to support the families of those who volunteered to join the fighting forces against the 1805:

Memorial at the compound of the Hellenic Community in Khartoum for volunteers killed in the 1912 and 1913

1008:

was opened for navigation. Some also became involved in the trade of slaves from what was later to become

7228: 7007:"Guerre au Soudan : à Khartoum, l'hôtel Acropole ferme ses portes pour la première fois depuis 1952" 3404: 2464:

By the end of the 1980s, the number of Greeks in Sudan had shrunk to less than 1,000. Following the 1989

2171: 303:

of what became modern Sudan. About one hundred of them stayed, either forcedly or deliberately, when the

6495: 6090: 5834:. The Center for the Study of Architecture in the Arab Region (CSAAR): 589–602 – via Academia.edu. 5783: 4879:

Slavery and Jihad in the Sudan: A Narrative of the Slave Trade, Gordon and Mahdism, and Its Legacy Today

2560: 1028:". The Omdurman quarter of Abu Ruf is still today named after Averoff. Moreover, Greek entrepreneurs in 722:

as their spiritual home. Nubian Greek culture disappeared after the Muslim conquest of Nubia around 1450

7734: 2707: 2373:

Medani dissolved itself in 1982. By that time, the number of Greeks had further shrunk to about 1,800.

2063:, the number of Greeks in Sudan had risen to around 4,500. Those who originated from the Italian-ruled 2033: 1801: 1653: 6329: 2277:

Printing press Typographeion in Zubeir Pasha Street (2018), until the 1970s run by three Greek sisters

1850:

and Southern trade routes crossed, soon after he had arrived in Sudan in 1899 along with his brother.

7406: 7335: 3545: 3540: 2094: 2093:

Meanwhile, a "National Committee of the Greeks of Sudan" was founded in order to raise funds for the

1923:

In this context, it is noteworthy that when the colonial regime in 1938 allowed the formation of the

1364: 639: 381: 6573: 5876: 5768: 4748: 4335: 4300: 4214: 1842:. Konstantinos "Kostas" Mourikis set up a store in this city on the White Nile, where pilgrims from 1838:

One major Sudanese city is still named after a Greek trader, over a century after he settled there:

1453:

Grandstand erected by the Greeks of Khartoum with British, Egyptian, and Greek flags to welcome the

1290: 6598: 6296: 5976: 4512:

Caravan trade and routes in the northern Sudan in the 19th century: a study in historical geography

3414: 2675: 2526: 2291: 2160: 2149: 1795: 1065: 5668:"Letter from managing director of Sudan Oil Mills Ltd to Minister of Foreign Affairs S. Venizelos" 4965: 4281:

Multilingualism in Christian Nubia: A Case Study of the Monastery of Ghazali (Wadi Abu Dom, Sudan)

2845: 2686: 1830:, where already in 1910 fifteen Greek merchants were based and reportedly made large profits. The 1079: 123: 7113: 6271:"Progress of work on the corpus of medieval texts from SR022.A – a church site in northern Sudan" 2831: 2680: 2493: 2132: 1943: 1892: 1683: 1582: 1428: 970: 809: 540:

Relations between Kush and Ptolemaic Egypt thereafter remained tense, but stable. By the time of

496: 6749: 6413: 992: 7739: 7542: 3493: 2622:

In the new millennium, however, many such family bonds have grown, especially between Sudanese

2449: 2079: 2075: 1905: 1586: 1342: 1214: 766: 409:, on display at the National Museum of Sudan. The Greek letters read "Drink and you shall live" 292: 6775: 2834:

HAF transport plane arrived in Athens carrying 20 Greeks and 19 foreign nationals from Sudan.

2224:

The Southern side of the Aboulela Building at Gamhurriya Street, designed by George Stefanides

1930:

Contomichalos also wielded considerable influence on politics in Greece, as he entertained a "

1625:

Already in 1901, the Condominium government had given a free grant of land in Khartoum to the

1091: 7724: 7691: 7552: 6077: 4254: 3398: 2997: 2792: 2346: 2329:

dissolved already in 1964, after most of the city was flooded due to the construction of the

2322: 2273: 2228:

Immediately after Independence, the Sudanese government commissioned the Greek architect and

1935: 1237: 1191: 939: 385: 197: 5189: 3279: 2392: 1053: 634: 7712: 7619: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7454: 5504:. Khartoum: Institute of African and Asian Studies Graduate College University of Khartoum. 4318:. Vol. Part two, fascicule 2 (= PAM Supplement Series 2.22). Warsaw. pp. 683–694. 3592: 3379: 3269: 3148: 2827: 2819: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2655: 2616: 2244: 2011: 1463: 849: 541: 315: 6724:"Patriarch of Alexandria on the situation in Sudan: Egypt will do everything in its power" 6496:"O'er the Ramparts We Watch – To Be a Patriot in Trump's America is to be a Revolutionary" 2837: 2497:

Tryfonas Kalidakis, former board member of the Hellenic Community, in front (left) of the

2313: 8: 7895: 7802: 7717: 7603: 5465:

Kovats, Stephen (25 May 2016). "#OSJUBA: Open Urbanism in Post-Conflict Transformation".

4959: 4783: 4581: 3860:(4th ed.). Lanham / Toronto / Plymouth (UK): The Scarecrow Press. pp. 191–192. 3334: 3097: 3023: 2808: 2772: 2603:

The grave of Photini Poulou-Maistrelli (1923-2006) at the Christian cemetery of Khartoum.

2546: 2534: 2509: 2456: 2410: 2377: 2071: 1990: 1709: 1638: 1549: 1345:, had them treated relatively mildly, especially in the beginning. By the account of the 1156: 824: 469: 307: 51: 5851:. Bahrain / Beirut: Bahrain Ministry of Culture / Arab Centre for Architecture, Beirut. 5805:. London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi, Sydney: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 167–168. 5788:

L'ADC l'Architettura delle Città. The Journal of the Scientific Society Ludovico Quaroni

3824:

Formulation and definitions of the Greek national ideology in colonial Egypt (1856–1919)

2710:, the Greeks of Sudan briefly hit international news as well: Priebus' mother Dimitra – 1572:

on Gordon Avenue in Khartoum, designed by Polychronis Zavolas, as well as the mosque in

924: 7729: 7648: 7643: 7557: 7537: 7305: 6330:""300 του Λεωνίδα" στο Χαρτούμ, εκ Πλωμαρίου σύζυγος πρόεδρου και ο Ελληνικός Σύλλογος" 6030: 5864: 5756: 5714: 5648: 5482: 5415: 5312: 5262: 4837: 4736: 4692: 4469: 4436: 4394: 4323: 4288: 4255:"Religious Literacy in Greek from the Christian Monastery at Qasr el-Wizz, Lower Nubia" 4202: 3898: 3705: 3525: 3503: 3483: 3364: 3359: 3176: 2823: 2715: 2635: 2175: 2156: 1747:, escaping abject poverty. By 1929 – when Greek businessmen built the first commercial 1402: 1401:, who was held as a prisoner in Omdurman for twelve years before being freed after the 889: 422: 417:

civilizations started at least two and a half millennia ago. The Greek presence in the

7182: 7085:"C-130 aircraft carrying 20 Greeks and 19 foreign nationals from Sudan back in Athens" 2683:

became Gerasimos Pagoulatos, with the Honorary Consulate based at the Acropole Hotel.

2650: 2592:. After the collapse of the business during WW II, Voutsinas moved with his mother to 2448:

On 15 May 1988, the Acropole was shocked by tragedy, when a terrorist commando of the

7699: 7506: 7459: 7449: 7416: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7381: 7371: 7366: 7350: 7300: 7282: 7262: 7187: 7157: 6823: 6763: 6703: 6178: 6016: 5846: 5806: 5742: 5700: 5401: 5337: 5298: 5248: 5193: 4979:

Bloss, J.F.E. (1937). "The Story of Suakin Part III – From 1865 to the Present Day".

4915: 4678: 4473: 4422: 4380: 4129:. Macquarie University. Ancient History Documentary Research Centre. pp. 10, 11. 3974: 3938: 3861: 3561: 3535: 3478: 3458: 3302: 3116: 3109: 3092: 3063: 2726: 2643: 2569: 2317:

The ruins of the formerly Greek-owned St. James Music Hall in Jamhuriya Street (2018)

1982: 1141: 1129: 489: 473: 406: 55: 5667: 5520:

A popular history of Wau: (Bahr el Ghazal – Sudan) from its foundation to about 1940

5486: 4197:. Vol. Part two, fascicule 2 (PAM Supplement Series 2.22). Warsaw. p. 759. 3973:. Lanham / Oxford: Scarecrow Press. pp. xl, xxxix, 173–175, 191–192, 208, 323. 2466: 2178:'s subsequent policies of nationalizing commercial enterprises, many members of the 1477: 7782: 7598: 7583: 7573: 7501: 7421: 7411: 7386: 7345: 7320: 7206: 6652:"Sudan's pride is a soda that tastes like, well, whatever you think it tastes like" 5852: 5640: 5474: 5185: 4555:(in Greek). Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg. pp. viii, 105, 127, 196. 3890: 3613: 3570: 3508: 3349: 3314: 3228: 3078: 2719: 2589: 2475: 2037: 1904:

Contomichalos, who was a nephew of Capato developed "particularly close" ties with

1827: 1721: 1697: 1323: 1160: 1112:

on the Red Sea coast became another favourite destination after the opening of the

903:

was accompanied by two Greeks during his travels, when he traced the source of the

790: 650: 513:, sketched "with fair accuracy" the course of the Nile as far south as what is now 378: 229: 185: 5845:

Bahreldin, Ibrahim; Osman, Amira; Osman, Omer Siddig (2014). Arbid, George (ed.).

2779:

was being celebrated. The Orthodox Metropolitan of Nubia and all of Sudan, Bishop

2564:

Sign of Contomichalos Street in Khartoum, name misspelled as "Cunt Mukhlis" (2015)

2345:

of the Greeks from northern Sudan started in 1969 after the May Revolution of the

2089:

A photo from 1947 on the walls of the Hellenic Community centre in Khartoum (2015)

1873:

The building in Barlaman Ave in Khartoum that housed Contomichalos' company (2018)

1858: 1512:

valuable land in the new city passed thus at once into the hands of a few wealthy

1000:

Their commercial activity and the number of merchants greatly increased after the

7885: 7867: 7832: 7588: 7578: 7547: 7511: 7441: 7330: 7325: 7310: 7277: 7246: 7172: 5739:

The Agarik in Modern Sudan – A Narration Dedicated to Niania-Pa and Mahmoud Salih

5737:

Tsakos, Alexandros (2009). Hafsaas-Tsakos, Henriette; Tsakos, Alexandros (eds.).

5537:. Durham: University of Durham, Institute for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies. 3585: 3453: 3424: 3369: 3354: 3223: 3201: 3126: 3104: 3068: 2438: 2179: 2029: 2018: 2004: 1760: 1398: 896: 865: 832: 827:

language was rendered by using Greek letters. By 700 AD, a combination of Greek,

673: 646: 518: 477: 449:(circa 484 – circa 425 BC) made references to Nubia as a land of "burned faces" ( 344: 284: 221: 177: 4588:(2nd ed.). London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press. p. 163. 4239:. Khartoum: Sudan Antiquities Service. p. 8 – via Sudan Open Archive. 2607:

While the trend of re-immigration by Sudan-born Greeks reversed again after the

2376:

Another hard hit for the Greek community was the introduction of the draconian "

1140:

Other Greeks did not come to Sudan for commercial reasons though. For instance,

711:

depicted religious life in the courts of the Nubian Kingdoms; they were made in

7842: 7822: 7797: 7707: 7593: 7426: 7315: 7162: 7143: 6853: 5551:

The Sudanese Press After Separation – Contested Identities of Journalism page 6

4855: 4082:

Ethnicity, Politics, and Society in Northeast Africa Conflict and Social Change

4000: 3618: 3574: 3566: 3488: 3468: 3446: 3344: 3339: 3246: 3215: 3206: 3085: 2799:. Bishop Savvas later added that a senior Muslim cleric had played a key-role. 2747: 2703: 2671: 2471: 2401: 2350: 2262: 2141: 2008: 1978: 1947: 1779: 1740: 1517: 1164: 1017: 982: 943: 933: 820: 816: 734: 719: 658: 590: 573: 358: 332: 304: 213: 169: 5856: 5631:

Hamdan, G. (January 1960). "The Growth and Functional Structure of Khartoum".

5586:

Bashery, M.O. (January 6, 1966). "Profile – G. A. Contomichalos (1883–1954)".

1337:

Those Greeks, who had been captured and kept alive, were forced to convert to

7910: 7857: 7847: 7807: 7777: 7762: 7638: 6827: 6673: 5104: 4863: 3550: 3473: 3319: 3196: 2229: 1888: 1813: 1791: 1771: 1748: 1417: 1382: 1105: 712: 311: 300: 7011: 6750:"Sudan: At Least 25 Dead In Hostilities - 183 Injured, Including Two Greeks" 5359:

Living with Colonialism: Nationalism and Culture in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

2803:

four guests and three staff for ten days, until they managed to escape for

1314:

Eight months later, shortly after the death of the Mahdi, Mahdist commander

1198:«The union of the Greek and Latin Church came true through these marriages». 7792: 7787: 7767: 5087:

Sudan Under Wingate: Administration in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1916)

3498: 3463: 3324: 3251: 3191: 2695: 2639: 2362: 2306: 2060: 2001: 2000:. In 1936, shortly after he had regained his throne, the King endorsed the 1966: 1839: 1630: 1544:. During the 1900s and 1910s, many Greeks, particularly from the island of 1233: 1121: 778: 699:

This is the great King Moses Georgios, the King of Nobatia, Alodia, Makuria

556:

to conquer the kingdom, Greek influences withered in Nubia. The account of

553: 521:

listed a number of Greeks who had travelled to Meroë and sometimes beyond:

506: 340: 59: 6355: 5947:

Manuscript on the history of the first civil war in South Sudan (Anya-Nya)

5452:

Bonds of Silk: The Human Factor in the British Administration of the Sudan

3881:

Brown, Richard (May 1984). "Greeks in Assyria: Some Overlooked Evidence".

2116:

Likewise, voting rights in the community institution of Khartoum were not

1763:

irrigation scheme, which became the largest dam in the world at the time.

749:

Half a millennium later, Hellenic influence became all the stronger, when

594:

area, and as a result founded the new Nubian Christian kingdoms, such as

492:

writing. Hellenic influences are also evident from changes in art styles.

7852: 7827: 7817: 7772: 5478: 3329: 3153: 2773:

armed conflict between rival factions of the military government of Sudan

2554: 2102: 1939: 1843: 1806: 1783: 1716: 1327: 1315: 1152: 1009: 900: 848:

of Nubian churches and other places of religious importance, such as the

786: 654: 623: 618: 614: 526: 462: 362: 336: 288: 273: 7660: 5962:

Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan: The 'Khartoum Springs' of 1964 and 1985

5132:"Greek masons in Africa. The case of the Karpathian masons of the Sudan" 4841: 4020:

A History of Ethiopia: Volume I (Routledge Revivals) Nubia and Abyssinia

1712:

and the founder of the Panteion School of Political Sciences of Athens.

694:Οὗτός ἐστιν ἀδαύελ Βασιλεύ Μώσες Γεωργίου, Βασιλεύ Νουβδῆς, Ἀρουά, Μακρό 688:ⲟⲩⲧⲟⲥ ⲉⲥⲧⲓⲛ ⲁⲇⲁⲩⲉⲗ ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲉⲩ ⲙⲱⲥⲉⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲩ, ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲉⲩ ⲛⲟⲩⲃⲇⲏⲥ, ⲁⲣⲟⲩⲁ, ⲙⲁⲕⲣⲟ 47: 7812: 7194: 6903:"Second C-27 aircraft picks up Greeks evacuated from Sudan at Djibouti" 3902: 3530: 3186: 3163: 3028: 2838:

Gallery: The Greek section of the Christian cemetery in Khartoum (2018)

2742: 2735: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2550: 2522: 2442: 2406: 2342: 2121: 2064: 2045: 1986: 1756: 1603: 1594: 1577: 1565: 1557: 1533: 1513: 1497: 1490: 1482: 1375: 1349: 1113: 1033: 1005: 986: 856: 801: 774: 770: 677: 510: 450: 430: 374: 153: 5652: 5573:

Class and Power in Sudan: The Dynamics of Sudanese Politics, 1898–1985

1938:, the eminent leader of the Greek liberation movement. Already during 1633:

took place in 1910, yet only two decades later did the Greek Orthodox

1284:

Kokorembas and Grigolini with one of their two sons in Omdurman (1898)

680:; Nubian Greek's syntax also evolved to establish a fixed word order. 405:

Polychromatic, gilded glass vase of Meroitic manufacture excavated in

4914:(in Italian). Rome: Desiderio & Aspel editore. pp. 171–172. 4731:. Melisende: Fox Communications & Publications. pp. 296–337. 3513: 3309: 3289: 3274: 2381: 2354: 2330: 2301:

In 1967, two grandsons of Dimitri Yaloris, a Greek formerly based in

2283: 2236: 2145: 2117: 1954: 1909: 1553: 1545: 1537: 1529: 1493: 1471: 1346: 1322:. The other Greeks who had lived there had earlier been evacuated to 1133: 959: 951: 947: 904: 750: 549: 446: 426: 6790:"Sudan: two Greeks injured, 15 people locked in church, Athens says" 3894: 2048:, where his own company branch was active in the cross-border trade. 1381:

Another one, Nicolas Papadam, wrote his memoir after the end of the

7035:"Het beste hotel van Afrika, het Acropole in Khartoem, is verwoest" 5827: 5644: 5131: 5008: 4828:

Dafalla, Hassan (1965). "Notes on the History of Wadi Halfa Town".

3937:(2 ed.). London: Frank Cass & Co. pp. 163, 347, 361. 3786: 2422: 2358: 2240: 1962: 1942:, Contomichalos had supported Venizelos in his power struggle with 1899: 1818: 1767: 1732: 1573: 1541: 1311:, only seven survived. One of them managed to hide Gordon's diary. 1125: 1117: 1013: 1001: 955: 610: 514: 500: 481: 366: 327: 296: 254: 157: 149: 7060:"Sudan: The first stranded people have arrived in Greece (PHOTOS)" 5502:

The Impact of Change Agents on Southern Sudan History, ١٨٩٨ – ١٩٧٣

2875:ΔΙΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ ΧΡΑΜΠΑΝΗ, who was born in 1919 and died at the age of 26 2690:

Pasgianos advertisement on the wall of the Hellenic Athletics Club

1953:

In 1935, it seems that Contomichalos literally played the role of

458: 7862: 7837: 6928:"Metropolitan of Nubia: People who cannot escape are left behind" 4510: 4049: 3158: 2812: 2302: 2287: 2267: 2255: 2041: 2015: 1561: 1525: 1395: 1319: 1304: 1172: 1163:, Marcopoli – also known as Marcopoulis – advocated for bringing 1029: 978: 936: 884: 841: 837: 782: 758: 754: 603: 595: 545: 370: 323: 262: 258: 6982:"Where do angels live? In hell. My escape from the war in Sudan" 5557:. Berlin: Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT). p. 6. 5067:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 111, 161, 211. 3856:

Kramer, Robert; Lobban, Richard; Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2013).

3664:

Deckert, Roman; Joerin, Julia (2015). "Der Grexit von Khartum".

1144:, a Greek traveller and physician, explored southern Darfur and 672:

Nubian Greek was unique in that it adopted many words from both

7138: 3055: 3048: 3005: 2776: 2593: 2187: 2140:

Moreover, the Greek community was divided like Greece: between

1994: 1989:

who had overthrown the government in October of that year, and

1775: 1744: 1619: 1614: 1607: 1599: 1413: 1190:

in order to protect them. The newly appointed Governor-General

1109: 908: 880: 876: 872: 828: 753:

reached out to Nubia, which consisted of the three kingdoms of

666: 599: 557: 485: 355: 348: 246: 106: 6814:

Walsh, Declan; Koettl, Christoph; Schmitt, Eric (2023-09-29).

5832:

Regional Architecture and Identity in the Age of Globalization

5009:"John Cutsuridis, The pioneer of the Greek community in Sudan" 4961:

A Prisoner of the Khaleefa: Twelve Years Captivity at Omdurman

2270:

and Greek traders, who were suspected of helping the rebels."

1341:. Altogether though, it seems that the Mahdi's successor, the 871:

There is also evidence of interaction during the times of the

578: 128:

The ceremony hall of the Hellenic Community in Khartoum (2015)

6816:"Talking Peace in Sudan, the U.A.E. Secretly Fuels the Fight" 6465:"20 things you didn't know about RNC Chairman Reince Priebus" 5848:

Architecture in Sudan 1900–2014; An Endeavor Against the Odds

5106:

Slaves into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan

4139: 3706:"Sudanese toponyms related to Greek entrepreneurial activity" 3256: 2751: 2623: 2430: 2136:

The Kontomichaleios High School and Lyceum in Khartoum (2015)

2040:. Contomichalos' interest was the promotion of trade through 1997: 1965:

in Greece". According to Greek historians, he was invited by

1847: 1642: 1634: 1507:"Cosmos Metaxatos ready made clothes depot" in Khartoum, 1903 1338: 1308: 1207: 1168: 974: 861: 845: 805: 762: 739: 708: 583: 454: 438: 414: 266: 250: 201: 113: 6626:"Ancient Nubia, Pasgianos, and the Legacy of Greek-Sudanese" 2529:, i.e. the historical wall paintings in the Faras Gallery . 495:

Nubian contact with the Greek world remained sporadic until

2923:ΓΙΑΝΝΑΚΗΣ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΦΟΡΟΥ, who was born in 1942 and died aged 7 2386: 1823: 1331: 442: 418: 269: 1128:

also had large and stable Greek communities. In 1871, the

509:(circa 276–194 BC), the Greek geographer and librarian at 468:

A new era of Greek-Nubian relations began in 332 BC, when

6384:"Serious Endeavours to Reopen Greece Embassy in Khartoum" 5981:

Collections from Southern Sudan at the Pitt Rivers Museum

3855: 2434: 2190:

was opened in 1957, one year after Sudan's independence:

2044:, where almost one hundred Greeks lived at the time, and 1700:

against the Ottoman Empire. Fifteen of them were killed.

1439: 1184: 1108:

most of the Greeks settled in Omdurman, the port town of

963: 773:

to these lands, which had already been in the process of

6957:"War forces Greek family to shut storied Khartoum hotel" 6849:"U.S. Sudan Sanctions Won't Work Without the UAE's Help" 5618:

Imperial Sudan: The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium 1934–1956

5439:. Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg. p. 116. 4568:

Gordon and the Sudan: Prologue to the Mahdiyya 1877–1880

1221:

with Gordon, but the British Pasha refused to meet him.

560:, the geographer and historian of Greek descent, in his 5065:

Empire on the Nile: The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1898–1934

2429:, since it was the only hotel with reliable telephone, 1739:, many of the Greek newcomers to Sudan originated from 1016:

residents that one of those slave-traders was actually

683:

The following is an example of Nubian Greek language:

564:

is one of the last references to Nubia from that time.

6522:"A Guide to Khartoum, Sudan: Africa's Diverse Capital" 6072:(4): 17. February 1965 – via Sudan Open Archive. 5906:"29 Jailed and 34 Acquitted In Sudan Terrorist Trials" 4109: 4103: 4037:. University of California Press. pp. 41, 42, 43. 2425:, the Acropole became the base for many international 2148:. Remarkably, some Greek industrialists supported the 1036:

used slaves on their cotton plantations in the 1870s.

5112:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 84, 96. 4356:

Robinson, A.E. (1922). "The Mamelukes in the Sudan".

4154: 4054:(Masters). Durham: Durham University. pp. 87–88. 2290:

helped by providing supplies" to a rebel camp in the

2028:, Contomichalos advocated for a cooperation with the 946:

in 1821, the invading army reportedly included Greek

789:

and its culture showed especially strong elements of

742:, between the 9th and 12th century, exhibited in the 669:

form for trade among the different peoples in Nubia.

6876:"Egypt Has Not Revealed Any Workable Plan for Sudan" 4937:"The dramatic and unknown story of Teresa Grigolini" 3750:

Makris, Gerasimos; Stiansen, Endre (21 April 1998).

2055:

Staff of the Greek-owned "Great Britain Bar" in 1943

6574:"One man aims to bring Sudan's nights back to life" 5844: 5535:'D'irat al-Mahd: Money, Faith and Politics in Sudan 5374:

Shadows on the Sand: The Memoirs of Sir Gawain Bell

4909: 4727:Makris, Gerasimos (2004). O'Mahony, Anthony (ed.). 4195:

The Greek of Late Christian Inscriptions from Nubia

3971:

Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia

2762:«The bottle was warm and I drank it all in one go.» 657:; the Nubian Greek language resembles Egyptian and 347:of many businesses in 1969 and the introduction of 6813: 5376:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 59, 171. 5044: 4897:Ten Years' Captivity in the Mahdi's Camp 1882–1892 4631:. London: Macmillan and Company. pp. 16, 250. 4148: 4133: 4114:. American University in Cairo Press. p. 352. 4017: 4005:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome 2670:Ironically in August 2015, the enforcement by the 1887:«A small number of Greek merchants climbed up the 1371:as his wife. Other Greeks married Sudanese women. 544:(170-163 BC), Greek ships regularly sailed on the 5522:. pp. 46, 71 – via Sudan Open Archive. 5213:Walkley, C.E.J. (1936). "The Story Of Khartoum". 4601:"Bishop Comboni Writers to Giegler Pasha in 1881" 4515:(Masters). Durham: Durham University. p. 33. 4065:Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn; Brody, Lisa (2014). 3787:"A Prisoner of the Mahdi – Nicolas P. From Samos" 2537:in 2005. He had already in 1984 joined the rebel 2193: 1731:After the forced displacement of the Greeks from 1720:Capato, for instance, specialized in fitting out 1444: 907:. Another Greek is reported to have travelled to 42:contains too many pictures for its overall length 7908: 6390:. Sudan Vision. 28 February 2016. Archived from 4124: 4064: 2097:in Cairo, the Greek and British sections of the 1900:Alliances with Sudanese nationalists (1938-1955) 1183:" manner. Three Greeks agreed to marry Catholic 1042:Photos taken in Khartoum by the French diplomat 996:The Greek Consulate in Suakin, 1871 illustration 552:VII in 30 BC and an unsuccessful attempt by the 537:, who apparently lived at Meroe for five years. 413:Intercultural exchange between the Hellenic and 6066:Voice of Southern Sudan: Negritude and Progress 6052:War and Peace in Sudan: A Tale of Two Countries 5782:Hamid, Gamal M.; Bahreldin, Ibrahim Z. (2014). 5182:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History 4498:. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau. p. 84. 4316:Terracotta funerary stelae from Christian Nubia 4112:Christianity and Monasticism in Aswan and Nubia 4007:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3998: 2863:ΣΟUΓΑ ΡΕΒΙΝΘΗ, who died on 23 July 1945 aged 22 2787:, which is the main backer of the paramilitary 1026:one of the great national benefactors of Greece 703:A plethora of frescoes created between 800–1200 517:, based on the accounts of various travellers. 6440:"New White House Chief of Staff Is Half Greek" 6316:Jane Fonda: The Private Life of a Public Woman 6154:"Greek "Acropole Hotel" in the Heart of Sudan" 5781: 5129: 4910:Angeloni, Lorenzo; Sabatinelli, Guido (2006). 4552:The Greek communities in Sudan (19th -21st c.) 4237:A Short History of the Sudan (Up to A.D. 1500) 3749: 2766: 2718:on a mission in Ethiopia. When Trump issued a 2488: 1708:, who later went on to become a member of the 744:Faras Gallery at the National Museum in Warsaw 314:forces in 1885. With the establishment of the 272:of Sudan, as they have been the only European 7676: 7121: 6418:Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6013:The Greek community in Sudan (19th-21st cen.) 5889: 5826:Bashier, Fathi (2007). Al-Qawasmi, J. (ed.). 5803:A Line in the River: Khartoum, City of Memory 5697:The Greek community in Sudan (19th-21st cen.) 5665: 5600: 5454:. Michigan State University Press. p. 3. 5398:The Greek community in Sudan (19th-21st cen.) 5361:. University of California Press. p. 58. 5336:. Janus Publishing Company Lim. p. 164. 5295:The Greek community in Sudan (19th-21st cen.) 5049:. University of California Press. p. 91. 4769:A Good Dusting: The Sudan Campaigns 1883–1899 4675:The Greek community in Sudan (19th-21st cen.) 4419:The Greek community in Sudan (19th-21st Cen.) 4377:The Greek community in Sudan (19th-21st cen.) 4011: 3663: 3593: 2911:MARIANH E. ZOΓPAΦOY, who died in 1948 aged 60 1737:population exchange between Greece and Turkey 1576:. Moreover, they were involved in setting up 1568:. They also constructed churches such as the 645:Nubian Greek culture followed the pattern of 6437: 6195: 5949:. p. 77 – via Sudan Open Archive. 5934:. Vol. 17. Arab News Agency. p. 9. 4565: 4079: 4022:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 52, 53, 54. 3821: 3752:"Angelo Capato: A Greek Trader in the Sudan" 2815:interview expressed firm hope for a return. 2024:As the Metaxas Regime took inspiration from 1981:, and successfully mediated between General 1423:Likewise, when an Anglo-Egyptian army under 804:, 8th – first half of 9th century, found in 567: 461:, apparently from reports by Psamtik II and 457:, he did identify a "city of Ethiopians" at 299:– settled in the six decades after the 1820 276:community of considerable size and economic 6545: 6360:Confluence International School of Khartoum 6103: 5828:"Modern Architecture in Khartoum 1950–1990" 5620:. Cambridge: University Press. p. 135. 5245:The Greek community in Sudan (19th-21 cen.) 4964:. London: Chapman & Hall, ld. pp. 4174: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4084:. University Press of America. p. 119. 4073: 4032: 2959:Georgios Bandoros, who died in 1973 aged 44 2887:ΣΟΦΙΑ ΒΟΓΙΑΖΙΔΑΚΗ, who died in 1946 aged 48 1961:claims that "he was the one who reinstated 1663:in the background on the far right, c. 1907 7683: 7669: 7128: 7114: 7004: 6035:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5719:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5517: 5450:Deng, Francis Mading; Daly, M. W. (1989). 5420:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5317:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5267:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4766: 4697:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4441:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4399:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4157:The Christian Epigraphy of Egypt and Nubia 4118: 4094: 4067:xv Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World 4026: 3968: 3600: 3586: 2474:, who was backed by Islamist forces under 665:throughout the Nubian Kingdoms, and had a 476:threat contributed to the decision by the 441:and particularly about the sources of the 122: 7690: 6493: 6318:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 136. 6177: 4934: 4854: 4781: 4548: 4088: 1661:Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation 1412:Meanwhile, more Greek merchants moved to 73:Learn how and when to remove this message 7032: 6697: 6313: 6125:"BED, BREAKFAST -- AND MORE -- IN SUDAN" 6010: 5959: 5694: 5603:Hē dēmokratia tou Mesopolemou, 1922–1936 5449: 5395: 5331: 5292: 5242: 5175: 5162:. London: MacMillan and Co. p. 264. 5102: 5045:Falkingham Clayton, Sir Gilbert (1969). 5006: 4935:Scaraffia, Lucetta (September 3, 2013). 4810:The Mahdi of Allah: A Drama of the Sudan 4672: 4468:. Hull: University of Hull. p. 97. 4458: 4416: 4374: 4355: 4163: 4140:Geoff Emberling; Bruce Williams (2020). 3703: 2947:Georgios Koumnas, who died in 1967 at 52 2685: 2649: 2598: 2559: 2508: 2492: 2455: 2391: 2312: 2272: 2219: 2202: 2198: 2131: 2084: 2050: 1800: 1585:, the historic main building of today's 1502: 1476: 1448: 1330:upon the request of the Greek Consul in 1104:While for the first five decades of the 991: 932:When the Turkish-Egyptian forces of the 923: 795: 733: 633: 577: 400: 46:Relevant discussion may be found on the 6954: 6950: 6948: 6897: 6895: 6571: 6546:Chakravorti, Bhaskar (March 10, 2014). 6378: 6376: 6151: 5892:Sudan, Civil War and Terrorism, 1956–99 5825: 5800: 5585: 5570: 5547: 5356: 5212: 5084: 4957: 4827: 4807: 4771:. Pen and Sword. pp. 71, 112, 137. 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4624: 4544: 4542: 4493: 4341:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4220:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4144:. Oxford University Press. p. 801. 4047: 1004:of trade was abolished in 1849 and the 445:river. Hence, the pioneering historian 14: 7909: 6846: 6747: 6519: 6147: 6145: 6049: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5736: 5732: 5730: 5690: 5688: 5630: 5566: 5564: 5532: 5513: 5511: 5464: 5434: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5142:(1): 115–127 – via academia.edu. 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5098: 5096: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5058: 5056: 5032:A Biographical Dictionary of the Sudan 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4890: 4888: 4876: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4729:The Greek Orthodox Church in the Sudan 4726: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4598: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4454: 4452: 4412: 4410: 4313: 4252: 4192: 3935:A Biographical Dictionary of the Sudan 3784: 3699: 3659: 3657: 3655: 2899:ΑΙΚΑΤΕΡΙΝΗ Α. ΚΡΥΣΤΑΛΛΙΔΟΥ (1888–1948) 2580:films, as well as for his coaching of 1440:Anglo-Egyptian Condominium (1899–1955) 1243: 919: 433:in his invasion of what is now Sudan. 7664: 7294:Traditional areas of Greek settlement 7109: 6979: 6623: 6494:Barrantes, Samuél L. (Jan 30, 2017). 6438:Chrysopoulos, Philip (Nov 14, 2016). 6106:"Μια Ακρόπολη στην καρδιά του Σουδάν" 5974: 5964:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 170. 5190:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.13 5171: 5169: 5152: 4978: 4508: 4274: 4272: 4248: 4246: 4188: 4186: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3880: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3745: 3743: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3621:, mother is of Greek-Sudanese descent 2971:Ioannis Deligiannis, who died in 1980 2791:(RSF), and Egypt, which supports the 2660:Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America 2572:, who is best known for his roles in 2336: 2032:regime in Ethiopia after the 1935/36 785:of the latter. Its king was based at 369:has always been central to the Greek 6945: 6892: 6649: 6572:Baldauf, Scott (February 13, 2008). 6373: 6249:Sudanese Catholic Information Office 6245:"SCIO Sudan Monthly Report Aug 2001" 5666:Carapanayotis, B.A. (11 July 1952). 5615: 5575:. SUNY Press. pp. 182–186, 243. 5499: 5371: 5221:: 90 – via Sudan Open Archive. 5062: 5029: 4580: 4496:The History of Sudan Health Services 4459:Glavanis, Pandelis Michalis (1989). 4364:: 94 – via Sudan Open Archive. 4159:. Taylor & Francis. p. 464. 4142:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3932: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 1946:, who favoured an alliance with the 1516:". The same happened in the fertile 1194:later ironically wrote in his diary: 1020:, who is still widely considered a " 144:Regions with significant populations 139:150 + unknown number of descendants. 56:indiscriminate collections of images 26: 6520:Ghanem, Darah (February 26, 2018). 6219:"Greek bishop murdered in Khartoum" 6196:Craig Harris, Lillian (July 2012). 6185:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 6142: 6104:ΔEΛHΓIΩPΓHΣ, ΣΤ. (August 3, 2012). 5987: 5727: 5685: 5561: 5508: 5500:Ding, Daniel Thabo Nyibong (2005). 5380: 5275: 5225: 5116: 5093: 5071: 5053: 4991: 4894: 4885: 4816: 4755: 4705: 4635: 4519: 4449: 4407: 4234: 4069:. Infobase Publishing. pp. xv. 3785:Makris, Gerasimos (November 2007). 3710:Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies 2702:in November 2016 and the naming of 2664:2016 Republican National Convention 2460:The Hellenic Athletics Club in 2018 2389:produced by the Blue Nile Brewery. 1971:Secretary of State for the Colonies 1816:, rather than to northern Sudanese 1367:for protecting a nun, whom he took 1326:by forces of the Ethiopian Emperor 425:reveal that large numbers of Greek 24: 6654:. Public Radio International (PRI) 6471:. November 6, 2014. Archived from 6275:Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien 5944: 5166: 5130:Georgitsoyanni, Evangelia (2003). 5089:. Routledge. pp. 62, 160–163. 4278: 4269: 4243: 4183: 4099:. Peeters Publishers. p. 586. 3987: 3858:Historical Dictionary of the Sudan 3804: 3676: 3632: 855:Analysis of Greek inscriptions on 25: 7938: 6122: 5178:"Urban Society in Colonial Sudan" 5030:Hill, Sir Richard Leslie (1967). 4782:Kalimniou, Dean (21 March 2013). 4509:Ahmed, Hassan Abdel Aziz (1967). 4259:Proceedings Ekklesiastikos Pharos 4253:Tsakos, Alexandros (March 2016). 4110:Gawdat Gabra; Hany Takla (2013). 3951: 3909: 3830: 3765: 3720: 2730:by regularly staging live music. 1407:International airport of Khartoum 1251:Greek families in Omdurman (1898) 928:The Abu Ruf quarter on a 1914 map 729: 7137: 7077: 7052: 7026: 7005:Malagardis, Maria (1 May 2023). 6998: 6973: 6955:Tagaris, Karolina (2023-04-28). 6920: 6873: 6867: 6840: 6807: 6782: 6741: 6716: 6691: 6666: 6643: 6617: 6591: 6565: 6539: 6513: 6487: 6457: 6431: 6406: 6348: 6322: 6307: 6289: 6263: 6237: 6211: 5977:"Greek merchant's shop, Gogrial" 5605:(in Greek). Phytrakēs, Ho Typos. 5136:Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora 5034:. Psychology Press. p. 216. 4599:Davies, H.R.J. (November 1998). 3012: 2983:Emmanouel Lagoutaris (1935–2015) 2976: 2964: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2437:lines. A framed letter from the 1866: 1857: 1682: 1668: 1652: 1641:of Nubia, who remained based in 1289: 1277: 1266: 1257: 1167:, the self-proclaimed redeemer ( 1090: 1078: 1064: 1052: 629: 396: 291:, a few hundred Greeks – mostly 283:Following cultural exchanges in 112: 105: 64:Manual of Style on use of images 31: 6189: 6171: 6152:Kotseli, Areti (Jul 21, 2012). 6123:R, Jonathan C. (May 15, 1995). 6116: 6097: 6058: 6043: 5968: 5953: 5938: 5924: 5898: 5883: 5838: 5819: 5794: 5775: 5659: 5624: 5609: 5601:Andrikopoulos, Giannēs (1987). 5594: 5579: 5541: 5526: 5493: 5458: 5443: 5428: 5365: 5350: 5325: 5206: 5176:Sikainga, Ahmad Alawad (2017). 5146: 5103:Sikainga, Ahmad Alawad (1996). 5038: 5023: 4972: 4951: 4928: 4903: 4870: 4848: 4801: 4775: 4618: 4592: 4574: 4559: 4502: 4487: 4368: 4349: 4307: 4228: 4058: 4041: 4035:Hellenistic History and Culture 2233:Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis 1409:is named after Katarina Kakou. 914: 879:from their court was exiled to 7033:Lindijer, Koert (2023-04-29). 6624:Hamid, Rushaa (Aug 28, 2016). 6548:"Cutest Greek Couple in Sudan" 6198:"The Acropole Hotel, Khartoum" 4155:Jacques van der Vliet (2018). 3874: 2539:Sudan People's Liberation Army 2427:non-governmental organizations 2194:Independent Sudan (since 1956) 1570:All Saints' Anglican Cathedral 1445:Colonial stalwarts (1899-1938) 868:was carved in both languages. 819:was adopted from neighbouring 757:("Migit" in Nubian language), 13: 1: 6748:Bureau, Athens (2023-04-16). 6578:The Christian Science Monitor 6336:(in Greek). February 16, 2017 5332:Lentakis, Michael B. (2005). 4912:Italiani in Sudan – Le storie 4283:. Warsaw. pp. 1265–1283. 3933:Hill, Richard Leslie (1967). 3822:Papakyriacou, Marios (2014). 3625: 3170:Constantinople and Asia Minor 2679:diplomatic representative as 2609:2011 secession of South Sudan 2519:Comprehensive Peace Agreement 777:earlier and went on to adopt 738:Brick with Greek letter from 58:or adjusting images that are 6980:Lemos, Rennan (2023-11-10). 6847:Zaidan, Yasir (2023-09-21). 6015:. Athens. pp. 138–158. 5699:. Athens. pp. 202–232. 5518:Santandrea, Stefano (1977). 5357:Sharkey, Heather J. (2003). 5334:Ethiopia: A View from Within 5297:. Athens. pp. 160–201. 5247:. Athens. pp. 233–257. 4877:Thomas, Frederic C. (2009). 4808:Bermann, Richard A. (2010). 4586:Egypt in the Sudan 1820-1881 4566:Moore-Harell, Alice (2013). 4549:Chaldaios, Antonios (2016). 3969:Lobban Jr., Richard (2004). 1698:Balkan wars of 1912 and 1913 707:AD in Nubian cities such as 331:became the stalwarts of the 7: 6650:Baba, Hana (May 16, 2014). 6314:Bosworth, Patricia (2011). 5400:. Athens. pp. 68–137. 4812:. Cosimo, Inc. p. 223. 4314:Tsakos, Alexandros (2010). 4018:E. A. Wallis Budge (2014). 3704:Chaldeos, Antonios (2017). 3410:Greek Byzantine Catholicism 2988: 2767:Another Exodus (since 2023) 2545:, is the wife of President 2489:Transformation (since 2000) 2172:Egyptian revolution of 1952 2165:Minister of Foreign Affairs 2074:, which was supporting the 1318:had two Greeks executed in 844:manuscripts, as well as in 339:. By the time Sudan gained 310:were defeated by the local 10: 7943: 6011:Chaldeos, Antonis (2017). 5960:Berridge, William (2015). 5695:Chaldeos, Antonis (2017). 5396:Chaldeos, Antonis (2017). 5293:Chaldeos, Antonis (2017). 5243:Chaldeos, Antonis (2017). 5007:Chaldeos, Antonis (2014). 4767:Keown-Boyd, Henry (1986). 4677:. Athens. pp. 48–67. 4673:Chaldeos, Antonis (2017). 4625:Wingate, Reginald (1891). 4421:. Athens. pp. 29–48. 4417:Chaldeos, Antonis (2017). 4379:. Athens. pp. 18–20. 4375:Chaldeos, Antonis (2017). 2499:church of the Annunciation 2417:Following the devastating 2396:The Acropole Hotel in 2015 2034:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1916:and its Arabic supplement 1659:View of Khartoum with the 571: 391: 318:in 1898, Greek merchants, 7922:Greek diaspora by country 7878: 7755: 7698: 7633: 7612: 7566: 7525: 7494: 7468: 7440: 7359: 7293: 7239: 7150: 7144:Greek diaspora (Omogenia) 6054:. Routledge. p. 113. 5890:O'Balance, Edgar (2000). 5859:– via ResearchGate. 5857:10.13140/RG.2.1.1856.7848 5085:Warburg, Gabriel (2013). 4958:Neufeld, Charles (1899). 4881:. iUniverse. p. 161. 4125:G. H. R. Horsley (1989). 3182:Constantinopolitan Greeks 2613:Greece's financial crisis 1132:apparently established a 875:rule over Egypt: a Greek 810:National Museum in Warsaw 640:Moses Georgios of Makuria 582:A Nubian Greek fresco in 568:Axumite conquest of Meroe 484:to move the capital from 301:Egyptian-Turkish conquest 212: 207: 196: 191: 168: 163: 148: 143: 138: 133: 121: 103: 96: 7917:Greek diaspora in Africa 6880:The Washington Institute 6698:Aboulela, Leila (2017). 6050:Khalid, Mansour (2003). 4570:. Routledge. p. 21. 4177:The Rise of Christianity 2638:to a Greek father and a 2323:Greeks of southern Sudan 2292:Central African Republic 2150:Sudanese Communist Party 2014:under the leadership of 1991:King George II of Greece 1798:and other African lands. 890:Funj Sultanate of Sennar 6700:The kindness of enemies 6388:Global Relations Centre 5894:. Springer. p. 21. 5801:Mahjoub, Jamal (2018). 5548:Deckert, Roman (2012). 5533:Nicoll, Fergus (2013). 5435:Fefopoulou, Alexandra. 5215:Sudan Notes and Records 4981:Sudan Notes and Records 4830:Sudan Notes and Records 4494:Bayoumi, Ahmed (1979). 4358:Sudan Notes and Records 4048:Haycock, Bryan (1965). 3405:Greek Roman Catholicism 2756:The Kindness of Enemies 2541:(SPLA), and his sister 2180:Greek diaspora in Egypt 2095:exiled Greek government 1893:Gerasimos Contomichalos 1583:Gordon Memorial College 895:One century later, the 609:Tribal nomads like the 62:in accordance with the 7927:Ethnic groups in Sudan 5153:Artin, Yacoub (1911). 3442:Languages and dialects 2935:no name or dates known 2764: 2691: 2667: 2604: 2565: 2514: 2502: 2461: 2397: 2318: 2278: 2225: 2218: 2208: 2137: 2130: 2090: 2056: 1906:Abd-al-Raḥman Al Mahdi 1897: 1809: 1675:The church around 1910 1587:University of Khartoum 1508: 1486: 1481:George Lorenzato from 1458: 1437: 1391: 1296:Katarina Kakou in 1899 1200: 997: 929: 812: 746: 701: 696: 691: 642: 586: 410: 7692:Demographics of Sudan 5571:Niblock, Tim (1987). 5372:Bell, Gawain (1983). 5063:Daly, Martin (2003). 4193:Łajtar, Adam (2010). 4080:Mohammad Ali (1996). 3399:Greek Orthodox Church 2793:Sudanese Armed Forces 2760: 2694:With the election of 2689: 2653: 2602: 2563: 2527:Sudan National Museum 2512: 2496: 2459: 2395: 2316: 2276: 2223: 2214: 2206: 2199:Peak time (1956-1969) 2135: 2126: 2088: 2054: 1936:Eleftherios Venizelos 1885: 1804: 1796:French Central Africa 1506: 1480: 1452: 1433: 1387: 1238:battle of Thermopylae 1196: 995: 927: 799: 765:. Around 540 AD, the 737: 697: 692: 685: 637: 581: 572:Further information: 535:Simonides the Younger 404: 208:Related ethnic groups 198:Greek Orthodox Church 85:Ethnic group in Sudan 7517:United Arab Emirates 6907:www.ekathimerini.com 6225:. AFP. 2 August 2000 6158:Greek World Reporter 5975:Nadin, Alex (2005). 5616:Daly, M. W. (2002). 5479:10.1162/LEON_a_00832 5156:England in the Sudan 4941:Women-world-churches 4582:Hill, Richard Leslie 4175:W.H.C Frend (1984). 4033:Peter Green (1993). 3415:Greek Evangelicalism 2828:air medical services 2797:Wadi Seidna Air Base 2789:Rapid Support Forces 2785:United Arab Emirates 2750:, the award-winning 2656:Archbishop Demetrios 2654:Priebus (right) and 2235:, who also designed 2059:By the beginning of 2036:started by dictator 2012:4th of August Regime 1715:At the beginning of 1464:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1157:Muhammad Raouf Pasha 1044:Louis Pierre Vossion 850:monastery in Ghazali 769:sent Greek-speaking 316:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 52:improve this article 7168:population exchange 7089:Orthodox Times (en) 6728:Orthodox Times (en) 6678:Haggar Trading DMCC 6605:. February 24, 2014 6394:on 20 February 2019 6334:The National Herald 6297:"Andréas Voutsinas" 6251:. 15 September 2001 6129:The Washington Post 5932:1965 Mideast Mirror 5633:Geographical Review 4235:Shinnie, Margaret. 4095:M Honegger (2018). 3999:Gargarin, Michael; 3883:The Classical World 2822:cargo plane of the 2809:French Armed Forces 2781:Savvas Cheimonettos 2411:The Washington Post 2072:Sudan Defence Force 1975:National Government 1637:of bishops elect a 1244:Mahdiya (1885–1898) 1085:Xenophon Xenoudakis 920:Turkiya (1821–1885) 470:Alexander the Great 93: 7644:Greek colonization 7240:New Greek Diaspora 7151:Old Greek Diaspora 6820:The New York Times 6774:has generic name ( 6475:on 22 October 2016 6444:Greek USA Reporter 6179:Scroggins, Deborah 5910:The New York Times 5672:Venizelos Archives 5013:Aeolian Chronicles 4279:Ochała, Grzegorz. 3494:Constantinopolitan 3074:Russia and Ukraine 3043:Native communities 2824:Hellenic Air Force 2692: 2676:austerity packages 2668: 2605: 2566: 2515: 2513:Papa Costa in 2018 2503: 2462: 2398: 2337:Exodus (1969-1999) 2319: 2279: 2226: 2209: 2176:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2157:Sofoklis Venizelos 2138: 2091: 2070:Subsequently, the 2057: 1967:James Henry Thomas 1932:close relationship 1925:Graduates Congress 1810: 1689:The church in 2015 1548:, came to work as 1509: 1487: 1459: 1403:Battle of Omdurman 1378:exploded in 1891. 1071:Georgios Douloghlu 998: 930: 813: 747: 643: 587: 411: 98:Έλληνες του Σουδάν 91: 7904: 7903: 7879:Foreign nationals 7658: 7657: 7649:Hellenistic world 7263:Greek Australians 7158:Asia Minor Greeks 6630:500words Magazine 6303:. 12 August 2010. 6085:Missing or empty 6022:978-618-82334-5-4 5748:978-82-7453-079-9 5706:978-618-82334-5-4 5407:978-618-82334-5-4 5343:978-1-85756-558-4 5304:978-618-82334-5-4 5254:978-618-82334-5-4 4921:978-88-95897-87-5 4862:. Harmondsworth: 4784:"Greeks of Sudan" 4684:978-618-82334-5-4 4428:978-618-82334-5-4 4386:978-618-82334-5-4 4127:Linguistic essays 3980:978-0-8108-4784-2 3944:978-0-7146-1037-5 3867:978-0-8108-6180-0 3610: 3609: 3562:History of Greece 3536:Karamanli Turkish 3280:Megleno-Romanians 2830:. On April 27, a 2570:Andréas Voutsinas 1983:Georgios Kondylis 1728:long-term lease. 1455:Duke of Connaught 1425:Herbert Kitchener 1142:Panayotis Potagos 1130:Kingdom of Greece 800:Wall painting of 661:; it served as a 293:military officers 235: 234: 83: 82: 75: 16:(Redirected from 7934: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7662: 7661: 7229:prison shootings 7207:Ukrainian Greeks 7142: 7141: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7107: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7064:Greek City Times 7056: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6952: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6899: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6773: 6769: 6767: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6603:-turningsudanese 6599:"The Greek Club" 6595: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6380: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6202: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6149: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6088: 6083: 6081: 6073: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6034: 6026: 6008: 5985: 5984: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5945:McCall, Storrs. 5942: 5936: 5935: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5874: 5870: 5868: 5860: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5766: 5762: 5760: 5752: 5734: 5725: 5724: 5718: 5710: 5692: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5568: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5515: 5506: 5505: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5419: 5411: 5393: 5378: 5377: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5316: 5308: 5290: 5273: 5272: 5266: 5258: 5240: 5223: 5222: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5173: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5127: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5100: 5091: 5090: 5082: 5069: 5068: 5060: 5051: 5050: 5047:An Arabian Diary 5042: 5036: 5035: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5004: 4989: 4988: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4892: 4883: 4882: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4825: 4814: 4813: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4764: 4753: 4752: 4746: 4742: 4740: 4732: 4724: 4703: 4702: 4696: 4688: 4670: 4633: 4632: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4605: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4546: 4517: 4516: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4476:. Archived from 4467: 4456: 4447: 4446: 4440: 4432: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4339: 4333: 4329: 4327: 4319: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4298: 4294: 4292: 4284: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4206: 4198: 4190: 4181: 4180: 4172: 4161: 4160: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3996: 3985: 3984: 3966: 3949: 3948: 3930: 3907: 3906: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3853: 3828: 3827: 3819: 3802: 3801: 3791: 3782: 3763: 3762: 3756: 3747: 3718: 3717: 3701: 3674: 3673: 3661: 3614:History of Sudan 3602: 3595: 3588: 3541:Megleno-Romanian 3229:Ethiopian Greeks 3139:Groups by region 3016: 2993: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2956: 2944: 2932: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2476:Hassan Al Turabi 2400:Since then, the 2182:moved to Sudan. 2038:Benito Mussolini 1944:King Constantine 1870: 1861: 1772:Western Kordofan 1722:big-game hunting 1710:Greek parliament 1706:George Fragoudis 1686: 1672: 1656: 1361:Teresa Grigolini 1293: 1281: 1270: 1261: 1236:fighters at the 1232:them to the 300 1161:Reginald Wingate 1097:Consul Leontides 1094: 1082: 1068: 1056: 962:Spiros Laskaris 767:Empress Theodora 725: 706: 249:from modern-day 230:Ethiopian Greeks 134:Total population 126: 117: 116: 110: 109: 94: 90: 78: 71: 67: 60:sandwiching text 35: 34: 27: 21: 7942: 7941: 7937: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7900: 7874: 7751: 7694: 7689: 7659: 7654: 7653: 7629: 7608: 7562: 7521: 7490: 7464: 7436: 7355: 7336:North Macedonia 7289: 7278:Greek Canadians 7247:Greek Americans 7235: 7195:Egyptian Greeks 7146: 7136: 7134: 7104: 7103: 7094: 7092: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7069: 7067: 7058: 7057: 7053: 7044: 7042: 7031: 7027: 7018: 7016: 7003: 6999: 6990: 6988: 6978: 6974: 6965: 6963: 6953: 6946: 6937: 6935: 6926: 6925: 6921: 6912: 6910: 6901: 6900: 6893: 6884: 6882: 6872: 6868: 6859: 6857: 6845: 6841: 6832: 6830: 6812: 6808: 6799: 6797: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6771: 6770: 6761: 6760: 6754: 6752: 6746: 6742: 6733: 6731: 6722: 6721: 6717: 6710: 6702:. Grove Press. 6696: 6692: 6682: 6680: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6657: 6655: 6648: 6644: 6634: 6632: 6622: 6618: 6608: 6606: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6582: 6580: 6570: 6566: 6556: 6554: 6544: 6540: 6530: 6528: 6518: 6514: 6504: 6502: 6492: 6488: 6478: 6476: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6397: 6395: 6382: 6381: 6374: 6364: 6362: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6312: 6308: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6280: 6278: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6254: 6252: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6223:news25 archives 6217: 6216: 6212: 6207:. 23–46: 23–26. 6200: 6194: 6190: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6150: 6143: 6133: 6131: 6121: 6117: 6102: 6098: 6086: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6048: 6044: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6009: 5988: 5973: 5969: 5958: 5954: 5943: 5939: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5912:. 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R. 4893: 4886: 4875: 4871: 4856:Moorehead, Alan 4853: 4849: 4826: 4817: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4790: 4780: 4776: 4765: 4756: 4744: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4725: 4706: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4671: 4636: 4623: 4619: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4579: 4575: 4564: 4560: 4547: 4520: 4507: 4503: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4465: 4457: 4450: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4415: 4408: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4373: 4369: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4296: 4295: 4286: 4285: 4277: 4270: 4251: 4244: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4200: 4199: 4191: 4184: 4173: 4164: 4153: 4149: 4138: 4134: 4123: 4119: 4108: 4104: 4093: 4089: 4078: 4074: 4063: 4059: 4046: 4042: 4031: 4027: 4016: 4012: 4001:Fantham, Elaine 3997: 3988: 3981: 3967: 3952: 3945: 3931: 3910: 3895:10.2307/4349596 3879: 3875: 3868: 3854: 3831: 3820: 3805: 3789: 3783: 3766: 3754: 3748: 3721: 3702: 3677: 3662: 3633: 3628: 3606: 3564: 3556: 3555: 3520:Other languages 3443: 3435: 3434: 3393: 3385: 3384: 3305: 3295: 3294: 3234:Sudanese Greeks 3140: 3132: 3131: 3040: 2991: 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533:, Basilis, and 399: 394: 345:nationalisation 337:colonial regime 243:Greeks in Sudan 239:Sudanese Greeks 222:Egyptian Greeks 178:Sudanese Arabic 129: 111: 104: 99: 92:Sudanese Greeks 89: 86: 79: 68: 45: 36: 32: 23: 22: 18:Greeks in Sudan 15: 12: 11: 5: 7940: 7930: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7843:Sudanese Arabs 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7704: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7688: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7665: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7472: 7470: 7466: 7465: 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5705: 5684: 5658: 5645:10.2307/212333 5623: 5608: 5593: 5578: 5560: 5540: 5525: 5507: 5492: 5473:(3): 291–297. 5457: 5442: 5427: 5406: 5379: 5364: 5349: 5342: 5324: 5303: 5274: 5253: 5224: 5205: 5198: 5165: 5145: 5115: 5092: 5070: 5052: 5037: 5022: 4990: 4971: 4950: 4927: 4920: 4902: 4884: 4869: 4866:. p. 278. 4860:The White Nile 4847: 4815: 4800: 4774: 4754: 4704: 4683: 4634: 4617: 4591: 4573: 4558: 4518: 4501: 4486: 4483:on 2020-07-25. 4448: 4427: 4406: 4385: 4367: 4348: 4306: 4268: 4242: 4227: 4182: 4179:. p. 847. 4162: 4147: 4132: 4117: 4102: 4087: 4072: 4057: 4040: 4025: 4010: 3986: 3979: 3950: 3943: 3908: 3889:(5): 300–303. 3873: 3866: 3829: 3803: 3764: 3719: 3675: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3619:Reince Priebus 3616: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3122:United Kingdom 3119: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3086:Greek diaspora 3082: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3052: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3018: 3017: 3009: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2832:C-130 Hercules 2768: 2765: 2748:Leila Aboulela 2708:Chief of Staff 2704:Reince Priebus 2672:European Union 2490: 2487: 2472:Omar al-Bashir 2421:in Darfur and 2402:Acropole Hotel 2378:September Laws 2351:Gaafar Nimeiry 2338: 2335: 2321:Moreover, the 2263:Ibrahim Abboud 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2170:Following the 2161:Prime Minister 2009:anti-communist 2007:and staunchly 1979:United Kingdom 1948:Central Powers 1912:in Sudan, the 1901: 1898: 1872: 1865: 1864: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1788:Bahr El Ghazal 1780:Nuba Mountains 1741:Constantinople 1688: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1667: 1666: 1658: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1627:Greek Orthodox 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1295: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1265: 1264: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1192:Charles Gordon 1165:Muhammad Ahmad 1146:Bahr El Ghazal 1096: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1022:philanthropist 1018:George Averoff 985:feathers, and 942:conquered the 921: 918: 916: 913: 846:wall paintings 823:Egypt and the 817:Greek alphabet 775:evangelisation 731: 730:Medieval times 728: 720:Constantinople 647:Egyptian Greek 631: 628: 591:Axumite Empire 574:Axumite Empire 569: 566: 398: 395: 393: 390: 359:anthropologist 320:administrators 289:medieval times 233: 232: 214:African Greeks 210: 209: 205: 204: 194: 193: 189: 188: 166: 165: 161: 160: 146: 145: 141: 140: 136: 135: 131: 130: 127: 119: 118: 101: 100: 97: 87: 84: 81: 80: 39: 37: 30: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7939: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7877: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7858:Baggara Arabs 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7756:Ethnic groups 7754: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7686: 7681: 7679: 7674: 7672: 7667: 7666: 7663: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7639:Hellenization 7637: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7567:Latin America 7565: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7257:New York City 7256: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7238: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7219:Soviet Greeks 7217: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7140: 7131: 7126: 7124: 7119: 7117: 7112: 7111: 7108: 7090: 7086: 7080: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7040: 7036: 7029: 7014: 7013: 7008: 7001: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6949: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6908: 6904: 6898: 6896: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6856: 6855: 6850: 6843: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6777: 6765: 6751: 6744: 6729: 6725: 6719: 6711: 6709:9780802126245 6705: 6701: 6694: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6653: 6646: 6631: 6627: 6620: 6604: 6600: 6594: 6579: 6575: 6568: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6527: 6526:roam magazine 6523: 6516: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6474: 6470: 6469:hellenext.org 6466: 6460: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6317: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6206: 6205:Sudan Studies 6199: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6146: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6100: 6092: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6053: 6046: 6038: 6032: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5963: 5956: 5948: 5941: 5933: 5927: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5866: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5814: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5770: 5758: 5750: 5744: 5740: 5733: 5731: 5722: 5716: 5708: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5689: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5627: 5619: 5612: 5604: 5597: 5589: 5582: 5574: 5567: 5565: 5553: 5552: 5544: 5536: 5529: 5521: 5514: 5512: 5503: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5446: 5438: 5431: 5423: 5417: 5409: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5375: 5368: 5360: 5353: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5320: 5314: 5306: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5270: 5264: 5256: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5199:9780190277734 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5170: 5158: 5157: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5108: 5107: 5099: 5097: 5088: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5066: 5059: 5057: 5048: 5041: 5033: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4891: 4889: 4880: 4873: 4865: 4864:Penguin Books 4861: 4857: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4804: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4750: 4738: 4730: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4700: 4694: 4686: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4630: 4629: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4608:Sudan Studies 4602: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4569: 4562: 4554: 4553: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4505: 4497: 4490: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4463: 4455: 4453: 4444: 4438: 4430: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4411: 4402: 4396: 4388: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4344: 4337: 4325: 4317: 4310: 4302: 4290: 4282: 4275: 4273: 4265:(1): 220–230. 4264: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4247: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4216: 4204: 4196: 4189: 4187: 4178: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4158: 4151: 4143: 4136: 4128: 4121: 4113: 4106: 4098: 4091: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4061: 4053: 4052: 4044: 4036: 4029: 4021: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3982: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3825: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3799: 3795: 3794:Sudan Studies 3788: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3760: 3759:Sudan Studies 3753: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3671: 3668:(in German). 3667: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3631: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3303:Greek culture 3299: 3298: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3240:Other regions 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3143:Modern Greece 3136: 3135: 3128: 3127:United States 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2938: 2931: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2907: 2902: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2727:Mediterranean 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2706:as his first 2705: 2701: 2697: 2688: 2684: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2617:intermarriage 2614: 2610: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2495: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2326: 2324: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2275: 2271: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2191: 2189: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2087: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026:Fascist Italy 2022: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1918:Raid Al Sudan 1915: 1911: 1907: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1889:social ladder 1884: 1881: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1792:Belgian Congo 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1735:and the 1923 1734: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1685: 1671: 1662: 1655: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1598:(see above), 1596: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1456: 1451: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1418:Angelo Capato 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1383:Mahdist State 1379: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1292: 1280: 1269: 1260: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1215:Rudolf Slatin 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205:William Hicks 1199: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1093: 1081: 1067: 1059:Marcopoli Bey 1055: 1045: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 994: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 938: 935: 926: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 891: 886: 882: 878: 874: 869: 867: 863: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 811: 807: 803: 798: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 761:(Dotawo) and 760: 756: 752: 745: 741: 736: 727: 721: 716: 714: 713:Byzantine art 710: 700: 695: 690: 689: 684: 681: 679: 675: 670: 668: 664: 663:lingua franca 660: 656: 652: 648: 641: 636: 630:Nubian Greeks 627: 625: 620: 616: 612: 607: 605: 601: 597: 592: 585: 580: 575: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 502: 498: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 434: 432: 429:served under 428: 424: 420: 416: 408: 403: 397:Ancient times 389: 387: 383: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 357: 352: 351:law in 1983. 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 247:ethnic Greeks 244: 240: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 206: 203: 199: 195: 190: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 162: 159: 155: 151: 147: 142: 137: 132: 125: 120: 115: 108: 102: 95: 77: 74: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 43: 40:This article 38: 29: 28: 19: 7803:Dar Fur Daju 7725:Christianity 7613:Asia-Pacific 7543:South Africa 7469:Central Asia 7093:. 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