154:
69:
22:
814:(Goebel et al., 1993). This early expansion would be more in agreement with an older date for the beginning of the IUP (Marks, 1983) than with those produced at Ksar Akil (Douka et al., 2013) and Üçagızlı (Kuhn et al., 2009). The recent discovery of the femur of Ust-Ischim in Siberia, directly dated at 45 ka BP and indisputably modern both anatomically and genetically, completes the more fragmentary discoveries from Ksar Akil (layer XXV), Üçagızlı and Bacho Kiro (layer 11), and brings support to the notion that the IUP represents a wave of migrations of fully modern humans. This wave, however, might not have been completely successful and apparently did not make it to western Europe.
265:
295:
280:
1030:
1021:, a Siberian individual who showed no genetic continuity to later Eurasians. This contrasts with the ~40,000-year-old East Asian individual from Tianyuan whose genome is more closely related to many present-day Asians and Native Americans than to Europeans. From Europe, only the partial genome of an individual called
809:
Over a geographical domain, covering a large portion of
Eurasia, the IUP displays a number of shared features in terms of blank production. Although its exact chronology is still under investigation, the start of its expansion out of southwest Asia most likely predates 47 ka cal BP, as suggested by
1112:
Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; van de
Loosdrecht, Marieke S.; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Fewlass, Helen; Talamo, Sahra; Yu, He; Aron, Franziska; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Cabello, Lidia; Cantalejo Duarte, Pedro; Ramos-Muñoz, José; Posth, Cosimo; Krause, Johannes; Weniger, Gerd-Christian; Haak, Wolfgang (April 2023).
1039:, p. 253, "They have been directly radiocarbon-dated to between 45,930 and 42,580 calibrated years before present (cal. BP), and their mitochondrial genomes are of the modern human type, suggesting that they are the oldest Upper Palaeolithic modern humans that have been recovered in Europe.".
678:
Archaeological and palaeontological evidence strongly suggest that the initial modern colonization of eastern Europe and central Asia should be related to the spread of techno-complexes assigned to the
Initial Upper Palaeolithic. This first expansion may have started as early as 48 ka cal BP. The
1226:
Whereas the earliest modern humans in Europe did not contribute substantially to present-day
Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans." (...) "First, at least some of the
168:
in the period between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago, probably during the initial phase of their expansion in the Middle East, and they carried ~2–9% Neanderthal ancestry in their genomes. It is also considered that the early modern human coexisted with
Neanderthals in Europe for a period of about
1463:
Hajdinjak, Mateja; Mafessoni, Fabrizio; Skov, Laurits; Vernot, Benjamin; Hübner, Alexander; Fu, Qiaomei; Essel, Elena; Nagel, Sarah; Nickel, Birgit; Richter, Julia; Moldovan, Oana
Teodora; Constantin, Silviu; Endarova, Elena; Zahariev, Nikolay; Spasov, Rosen; Welker, Frido; Smith, Geoff M.;
1464:
Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie; Paskulin, Lindsey; Fewlass, Helen; Talamo, Sahra; Rezek, Zeljko; Sirakova, Svoboda; Sirakov, Nikolay; McPherron, Shannon P.; Tsanova, Tsenka; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Peter, Benjamin M.; Meyer, Matthias; Skoglund, Pontus; Kelso, Janet; Pääbo, Svante (April 2021).
1324:
In many parts of Europe and the Levant, Aurignacian strata postdate a complex array of regionally specific late
Mousterian and Initial Upper Paleolithic assemblages variably attributed to Neanderthals and H. sapiens that likely record an interval of profound behavioral and demographic
679:
earliest phases of the
Aurignacian complex (Protoaurignacian and Early Aurignacian) seem to represent another modern wave of migrations, starting in the Levant area. The expansion of this techno-complex throughout Europe completed the modern colonization of the continent.
1227:
initial modern humans to appear in Europe, exemplified by Ust'-Ishim and Oase1, failed to contribute appreciably to the current
European gene pool. Only from around 37,000 years ago do all the European individuals analyzed share ancestry with present-day Europeans
225:
These individuals (except
Tianyuan) did not contribute substantially to modern humans, but from around 37,000 a new wave of modern humans emerged, creating a single founder population, which became ancestral to modern Europeans, exemplified by individuals such as
258:(42,000-28,000 BP) layers generally postdate late Mousterian and Initial Upper Paleolithic assemblages. Aurignacian seems to have emerged out of the Initial Upper Paleolithic around 43,000 to 42,000 cal BP, in a process that is yet to be determined.
876:
Likewise, a relatively high proportion (6–9%) of the genome of a 42–37 Ka-old modern human from Romania, Oase 1, appears to have derived from Neandertals, consistent with this individual having had a Neandertal ancestor some four-to-six generations
553:
Vallini, Leonardo; Zampieri, Carlo; Shoaee, Mohamed Javad; Bortolini, Eugenio; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Pievani, Telmo; Benazzi, Stefano; Barausse, Alberto; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Petraglia, Michael D.; Pagani, Luca (25 March 2024).
149:
Ancient East Eurasians and Ancient West Eurasians diverged around 46,000 years ago, with Ancient East Eurasians rapidly further diverging since 45,000 years ago, which aligns with the timeframe of the Initial Upper Paleolithic.
1017:, Czechia. We found that she belonged to a population that appears to have contributed genetically neither to later Europeans nor to Asians. (...) A complete genome has been produced from the ~45,000-year-old remains of
492:
Sato, Takehiro; Adachi, Noboru; Kimura, Ryosuke; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Yoneda, Minoru; Oota, Hiroki; Tajima, Atsushi; Toyoda, Atsushi; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae (1 September 2021).
1403:
Prüfer, Kay; Posth, Cosimo; Yu, He; Stoessel, Alexander; Spyrou, Maria A.; Deviese, Thibaut; Mattonai, Marco; Ribechini, Erika; Higham, Thomas; Velemínský, Petr; Brůžek, Jaroslav; Krause, Johannes (June 2021).
129:
Initial Upper Paleolithic sites are considered as forming the earliest culture of modern humans in Europe. However, these people do not appear to have been the ancestors of later Europeans as the very few
1387:
At some point, around 43 to 42 ka cal BP, the regional variants of the Initial Upper Paleolithic coalesced into the Aurignacian technocomplex, appearing synchronously across western Eurasia
82:
Modern humans of the Initial Upper Paleolithic (IUP) wave are suggested to have expanded from a population hub through a star-like expansion pattern (>45kya), and are linked to "
610:... and the split between EEC and WEC, with the former leaving the Hub18, 46 kya (allowing the time for them to reach Ust'Ishim and Bacho Kiro by ~45 kya).
264:
437:
294:
238:
The Initial Upper Paleolithic corresponds to the spread of a particular techno-complex in Eurasia, to which possibly relates the European
1115:"A 23,000-year-old southern Iberian individual links human groups that lived in Western Europe before and after the Last Glacial Maximum"
495:"Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan"
1241:"The Initial Upper Paleolithic in Central and East Asia: Blade Technology, Cultural Transmission, and Implications for Human Dispersals"
390:"Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa"
1100:
Ust'-Ishim and Oase1, which predate GoyetQ116-1 and Kostenki14, do not show any distinctive affinity to later Europeans
692:
153:
68:
21:
279:
628:
1025:
and dated to ~40 ka has been recovered, and this showed no evidence of shared ancestry with later Europeans
1532:
1014:
271:
195:
91:
1406:"A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia"
959:"A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia"
891:"A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia"
431:
86:" lineages, broadly ancestral to modern populations in Eastern Eurasia and Oceania, notably
1477:
1417:
1350:
1252:
1191:
1126:
1065:
970:
902:
780:
725:
645:
567:
556:"The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal"
336:
803:
134:(aDNA) samples recovered from this period are not related to later samples. They ended in
8:
1481:
1421:
1354:
1256:
1195:
1155:
1130:
1114:
1069:
974:
906:
784:
729:
649:
596:
571:
555:
340:
1506:
1465:
1446:
1405:
1373:
1338:
1278:
1212:
1179:
1086:
1053:
999:
958:
931:
890:
862:
827:
749:
669:
527:
414:
389:
365:
324:
188:
119:
87:
239:
139:
1511:
1493:
1451:
1433:
1378:
1315:
1297:
1282:
1270:
1217:
1160:
1142:
1091:
1018:
1004:
986:
936:
918:
867:
849:
753:
741:
712:
673:
661:
601:
583:
532:
514:
474:
419:
370:
352:
286:
205:, circa 40,000 BP, who is more closely related to modern Asians and Native Americans;
107:
57:
793:
768:
172:
Among the earliest modern humans which have been directly dated to this period are:
1501:
1485:
1441:
1425:
1368:
1358:
1305:
1260:
1207:
1199:
1150:
1134:
1081:
1073:
994:
978:
926:
910:
857:
839:
798:
788:
733:
653:
636:
591:
575:
522:
506:
464:
409:
401:
360:
344:
177:
135:
1489:
1429:
1265:
1240:
1138:
982:
914:
737:
579:
348:
143:
1310:
1111:
657:
1526:
1497:
1466:"Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry"
1437:
1319:
1274:
1146:
990:
922:
853:
693:"The earliest known humans in Europe may have been found in a Bulgarian cave"
587:
518:
478:
356:
325:"Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry"
83:
77:
1363:
844:
469:
452:
1515:
1455:
1382:
1339:"The early Aurignacian dispersal of modern humans into westernmost Eurasia"
1221:
1164:
1095:
1008:
940:
871:
745:
665:
605:
536:
423:
374:
250:
seems to correspond to another, later, human wave which spread through the
202:
165:
118:, used inland routes, the ancestors of Eastern Asians and Oceanians used a
99:
510:
405:
255:
243:
227:
218:
131:
1203:
1077:
629:"Initial Upper Palaeolithic Homo sapiens from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria"
453:"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia"
123:
111:
828:"Midfacial Morphology and Neandertal–Modern Human Interbreeding"
494:
60:, during which modern human populations expanded throughout Eurasia.
811:
769:"The modern human colonization of western Eurasia: when and where?"
301:
247:
181:
164:
These early Eurasian populations probably mated episodically with
95:
826:
Churchill, Steven E.; Keys, Kamryn; Ross, Ann H. (August 2022).
1022:
251:
212:
208:
158:
115:
103:
713:"Ancient genomes show how humans escaped Europe's deep freeze"
552:
72:
Repetitive expansions into Eurasia from a population Hub OoA.
1462:
1036:
810:
the dates obtained at Bohunice (Richter et al., 2009) and
491:
246:(Protoaurignacian and Early Aurignacian) with its famous
627:
Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Sirakov, Nikolay (11 May 2020).
176:
the individual from 46,000 to 43,000 years ago in the
1402:
323:
Hajdinjak, Mateja; Mafessoni, Fabrizio (April 2021).
142:, but this wave of colonization did not go as far as
387:
711:
322:
825:
1524:
1302:Palethnologie. Archéologie et sciences humaines
952:
950:
25:Main Initial Upper Paleolithic human remains (
626:
947:
956:
888:
485:
436:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
304:, a probable Initial Upper Paleolithic site
215:(no shared ancestry with later Eurasians);
1505:
1445:
1372:
1362:
1309:
1264:
1211:
1154:
1085:
998:
930:
861:
843:
802:
792:
595:
526:
468:
413:
364:
1296:Tryon, Christian A. (12 December 2015).
957:Prüfer, Kay; Posth, Cosimo (June 2021).
889:Prüfer, Kay; Posth, Cosimo (June 2021).
709:
622:
620:
618:
152:
67:
20:
1180:"The genetic history of Ice Age Europe"
1054:"The genetic history of Ice Age Europe"
1525:
766:
457:Human Population Genetics and Genomics
1295:
1238:
1047:
1045:
767:Hublin, Jean-Jacques (15 June 2015).
690:
615:
233:
198:(no continuity with later Eurasians);
191:(no continuity with later Eurasians);
1336:
1298:"The Aurignacian Viewed from Africa"
548:
546:
450:
16:First stage of the Upper Paleolithic
882:
703:
451:Yang, Melinda A. (6 January 2022).
388:Vallini et al. 2022 (4 July 2022).
146:and apparently was not successful.
13:
1245:Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology
1177:
1051:
1042:
157:Forensic facial reconstruction of
14:
1544:
543:
98:. While ancient samples found in
293:
278:
263:
56:) covers the first stage of the
1330:
1289:
1239:Zwyns, Nicolas (20 June 2021).
1232:
1171:
1105:
819:
794:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.08.011
710:Callaway, Ewen (1 March 2023).
26:
1410:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1119:Nature Ecology & Evolution
963:Nature Ecology & Evolution
895:Nature Ecology & Evolution
804:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-11F6-F
760:
684:
444:
381:
316:
31:) and stone assemblage sites (
1:
309:
50:
32:
691:Bower, Bruce (11 May 2020).
499:Genome Biology and Evolution
394:Genome Biology and Evolution
7:
126:, rapidly diverging there.
63:
10:
1549:
1490:10.1038/s41586-021-03335-3
1430:10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x
1396:
1337:Haws, Jonathan A. (2020).
1266:10.1007/s41982-021-00085-6
1139:10.1038/s41559-023-01987-0
983:10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x
915:10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x
773:Quaternary Science Reviews
738:10.1038/d41586-023-00611-2
580:10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7
349:10.1038/s41586-021-03335-3
270:Skeletal remains from the
75:
1311:10.4000/palethnologie.693
1013:A female individual from
658:10.1038/s41586-020-2259-z
180:, located in present-day
43:Initial Upper Paleolithic
120:southern dispersal route
1364:10.1073/pnas.2016062117
845:10.3390/biology11081163
470:10.47248/hpgg2202010001
54: 50,000–40,000 BP
161:
92:Aboriginal Australians
73:
38:
1037:Hajdinjak et al. 2021
560:Nature Communications
156:
71:
24:
1178:Fu, Qiaomei (2016).
1052:Fu, Qiaomei (2016).
194:the 43,000-year-old
187:the 45,000-year-old
1482:2021Natur.592..253H
1422:2021NatEE...5..820P
1355:2020PNAS..11725414H
1349:(41): 25414–25422.
1257:2021JPalA...4...19Z
1204:10.1038/nature17993
1196:2016Natur.534..200F
1131:2023NatEE...7..597V
1078:10.1038/nature17993
1070:2016Natur.534..200F
975:2021NatEE...5..820P
907:2021NatEE...5..820P
785:2015QSRv..118..194H
730:2023Natur.615..197C
650:2020Natur.581..299H
572:2024NatCo..15.1882V
511:10.1093/gbe/evab192
406:10.1093/gbe/evac045
341:2021Natur.592..253H
244:Aurignacian complex
169:3,000–5,000 years.
234:Technology and art
221:, circa 40,000 BP.
162:
88:East Asian peoples
74:
39:
1533:Upper Paleolithic
1476:(7853): 253–257.
1190:(7606): 200–205.
1064:(7606): 200–205.
724:(7951): 197–198.
644:(7808): 299–302.
335:(7853): 253–257.
58:Upper Paleolithic
1540:
1519:
1509:
1459:
1449:
1390:
1389:
1376:
1366:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1313:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1268:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1215:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1089:
1049:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1002:
954:
945:
944:
934:
886:
880:
879:
865:
847:
823:
817:
816:
806:
796:
764:
758:
757:
715:
707:
701:
700:
688:
682:
681:
633:
624:
613:
612:
599:
550:
541:
540:
530:
489:
483:
482:
472:
448:
442:
441:
435:
427:
417:
385:
379:
378:
368:
320:
297:
282:
267:
55:
52:
36:
35:
30:
29:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1523:
1522:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1335:
1331:
1294:
1290:
1237:
1233:
1176:
1172:
1110:
1106:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1031:
955:
948:
887:
883:
824:
820:
765:
761:
708:
704:
689:
685:
631:
625:
616:
551:
544:
490:
486:
449:
445:
429:
428:
386:
382:
321:
317:
312:
305:
298:
289:
285:Femur from the
283:
274:
272:Zlatý kůň woman
268:
240:Châtelperronian
236:
196:Zlatý kůň woman
178:Bacho Kiro cave
136:Bacho Kiro cave
80:
66:
53:
33:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1546:
1536:
1535:
1521:
1520:
1460:
1416:(6): 820–825.
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1329:
1288:
1231:
1170:
1125:(4): 597–609.
1104:
1041:
1029:
969:(6): 820–825.
946:
901:(6): 820–825.
881:
818:
759:
702:
683:
614:
542:
505:(9): evab192.
484:
443:
400:(4): evac045.
380:
314:
313:
311:
308:
307:
306:
299:
292:
290:
287:Ust'-Ishim man
284:
277:
275:
269:
262:
235:
232:
223:
222:
216:
206:
199:
192:
189:Ust’-Ishim man
185:
144:Western Europe
108:Ust'-Ishim man
106:, such as the
65:
62:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1545:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
951:
942:
938:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
885:
878:
873:
869:
864:
859:
855:
851:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
822:
815:
813:
805:
800:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
763:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
706:
698:
694:
687:
680:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
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638:
630:
623:
621:
619:
611:
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603:
598:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
549:
547:
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534:
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516:
512:
508:
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500:
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488:
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458:
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439:
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425:
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411:
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403:
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391:
384:
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372:
367:
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358:
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350:
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326:
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303:
296:
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288:
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276:
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253:
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137:
133:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:East-Eurasian
79:
78:East-Eurasian
70:
61:
59:
48:
44:
23:
19:
1473:
1469:
1413:
1409:
1386:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1323:
1301:
1291:
1248:
1244:
1234:
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