Berbers - Knowledge

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and Caliph, which posed a direct challenge to the Umayyad's own claim. The Fatimids gained overlordship over the Idrisids, then launched a conquest of the Maghreb. To counter the threat, the Umayyads crossed the strait to take Ceuta in 931, and actively formed alliances with Berber confederacies, such as the Zenata and the Awraba. Rather than fighting each other directly, the Fatimids and Umayyads competed for Berber allegiances. In turn, this provided a motivation for the further conversion of Berbers to Islam, many of the Berbers, particularly farther south, away from the Mediterranean, being still Christian and pagan. In turn, this would contribute to the establishment of the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad Caliphate, which would have a major impact on al-Andalus and contribute to the end of the Umayyad caliphate.

4465: 4730: 4192:. It is variously referred to as Amazighism, Berberism, the Berber identity movement, or the Berber Culture Movement. The movement does not have a specific organization and cuts across both modern national boundaries and traditional tribal divisions. It is generally consistent in its demands, which include greater linguistic rights for Berber languages and greater official and social recognition of Amazigh culture. These Berberists also aimed to counter the image that Berbers were a mere collection of disparate tribes speaking mutually incomprehensible languages. They did this by introducing "Imazighen" as a collective term of self-referral and claimed that the various Berber languages once constituted a single language. 2777:

true, but shows that hostile anti-Berber propaganda was being used to discredit the sons of al-Mansur. In 1009, Sanchuelo had himself proclaimed Hisham II's successor, and then went on military campaign. However, while he was away a revolt took place. Sanchuelo's palace was sacked and his support fell away. As he marched back to Cordoba his own Berber mercenaries abandoned him. Knowing the strength of ill feeling against them in Cordoba, they thought Sanchuelo would be unable to protect them, and so they went elsewhere in order to survive and secure their own interests. Sanchuelo was left with only a few followers, and was captured and killed in 1009. Hisham II abdicated and was succeeded by

4769: 5483: 2641: 1610:(240–237 BC). The city-state also seemed to reward those leaders known to deal ruthlessly with its subject peoples, hence the frequent Berber insurrections. Moderns fault Carthage for failure "to bind her subjects to herself, as Rome did ", yet Rome and the Italians held far more in common perhaps than did Carthage and the Berbers. Nonetheless, a modern criticism is that the Carthaginians "did themselves a disservice" by failing to promote the common, shared quality of "life in a properly organized city" that inspires loyalty, particularly with regard to the Berbers. Again, the tribute demanded by Carthage was onerous. 2120: 4993: 2809:. Deciding that he was about to lose, Wadih overthrew al-Mahdi and sent his head to the Berbers, replacing him with Hisham II. However, the Berbers did not end the siege. They methodically destroyed Cordoba's suburbs, pinning the inhabitants inside the old Roman walls and destroying the Madinat al-Zahra. Wadih's allies killed him, and the Cordoba garrison surrendered with the expectation of amnesty. However, "a massacre ensued in which the Berbers took revenge for many personal and collective injuries and permanently settled several feuds in the process". The Berbers made Sulayman caliph once again. 4977: 5103: 3222: 2022: 4934: 1020: 4910: 5261: 1803: 1624: 5009: 4956: 4750: 5497: 3023: 5753: 4274: 4153: 856: 842: 2586:

the Banu Mahsa faction in Toledo, promising them the governorship if they betrayed Ibn Hamir. The Banu Mahsa brought Ibn Hamir's head to Amrus in Talavera. However, there was a feud between the Banu Mahsa and the Berbers of Talavera, who killed all the Banu Mahsa. Amrus sent the heads of the Banu Mahsa along with that of Ibn Hamir to Al-Hakam in Cordoba. The Toledo rebellion was sufficiently weakened that Amrus was able to enter Toledo and convince its inhabitants to submit.

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the Arabs already employed forces of the defeated Berbers to carry out their next invasion. This would explain the predominance of Berbers over Arabs in the initial invasion. In addition, Collins argues that Berber social organization made it possible for the Arabs to recruit entire tribal units into their armies, making the defeated Berbers excellent military auxiliaries. The Berber forces in the invasion of Iberia came from Ifriqiya or as far away as Tripolitania.

1973: 1857: 4282: 5230: 5202: 2151:, were elected by leading citizens. The imams gained a reputation for honesty, piety, and justice. The court at Tahert was noted for its support of scholarship in mathematics, astronomy, astrology, theology, and law. The Rustamid imams failed, by choice or by neglect, to organize a reliable standing army. This important factor, accompanied by the dynasty's eventual collapse into decadence, opened the way for Tahert's demise under the assault of the Fatimids. 3676: 3404: 4450: 5218: 1452: 2547:. He was besieged by Umayyads in 774, but the revolt near Seville forced the besieging troops to withdraw. In 775, a Berber garrison in Coria declared allegiance to Shaqya, but Abd ar-Rahman retook the town and chased the Berbers into the mountains. In 776, Shaqya resisted sieges of his two main fortresses at Santaver and Shebat'ran (near Toledo); but in 777 he was betrayed and killed by his own followers, who sent his head to Abd ar-Rahman. 674:. Historically, Berbers across the region did not see themselves as a single cultural or linguistic unit, nor was there a greater "Berber community", due to their differing cultures. They also did not refer to themselves as Berbers/Amazigh but had their own terms to refer to their own groups and communities. They started being referred to collectively as Berbers after the Arab conquests of the 7th century and this distinction was revived by 3739: 3609: 3963: 3910: 3840: 3770: 3704: 3640: 3570: 3535: 3500: 2929: 1537:

mixed ancestry, Berber and Punic, evolved there, and there would develop recognized niches in which Berbers had proven their utility. For example, the Punic state began to field Berber–Numidian cavalry under their commanders on a regular basis. The Berbers eventually were required to provide soldiers (at first "unlikely" paid "except in booty"), which by the fourth century BC became "the largest single element in the Carthaginian army".

2674: 5521: 5292: 2180: 5161:, originally worn by women and girls of different rural Berber groups of Morocco, Algeria and other North African countries. It is usually made of silver and includes elaborate triangular plates and pins, originally used as clasps for garments, necklaces, bracelets, earrings and similar items. In modern times, these types of jewellery are produced also in contemporary variations and sold as a commercial product of ethnic-style 3998: 3934: 3875: 3805: 1495:, later establishing control over productive farmlands for several hundred kilometres. Appropriation of such wealth in land by the Phoenicians would surely provoke some resistance from the Berbers; although in warfare, too, the technical training, social organization, and weaponry of the Phoenicians would seem to work against the tribal Berbers. This social-cultural interaction in early Carthage has been summarily described: 1988:, which was spread by Arabs, was to have extensive and long-lasting effects on the Maghreb. The new faith, in its various forms, would penetrate nearly all segments of Berber society, bringing with it armies, learned men, and fervent mystics, and in large part replacing tribal practices and loyalties with new social norms and political idioms. A further Arabization of the region was in large part due to the arrival of the 3117: 3400:. Berbers comprise 15% to 25% the population of Algeria, 10% of Libya, 31% to 35% of Morocco, and 1% of Tunisia. Berber language speakers in the Maghreb comprise 30% to 40% of the Moroccan population, and 15% to 35% of the Algerian population, with smaller communities in Libya and very small groups in Tunisia, Egypt and Mauritania. Berber languages in total are spoken by around 14 million to 16 million people in Africa. 3922: 1471:'s rule of Egypt (945–715 BC), the Berbers near Carthage commanded significant respect (yet probably appearing more rustic than the elegant Libyan pharaohs on the Nile). Correspondingly, in early Carthage, careful attention was given to securing the most favourable treaties with the Berber chieftains, "which included intermarriage between them and the Punic aristocracy". In this regard, perhaps the legend about 134: 1725: 1210: 1541: 2449:

invaded the peninsula, Berber groups were situated in the northwest. However, due to the Berber revolt, the Umayyad governors were forced to protect their southern flank and were unable to mount an offense against the Asturians. Some presence of Berbers in the northwest may have been maintained at first, but after the 740s there is no more mention of the northwestern Berbers in the sources.

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invasion "was to be stigmatized as of inferior birth". Reilly notes, however, that in practice the two groups had by the 11th century become almost indistinguishable: "both groups gradually ceased to be distinguishable parts of the Muslim population, except when one of them actually ruled a taifa, in which case his low origins were well publicized by his rivals".

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only look to the Umayyad regime for support and patronage and developed solid ties of loyalty to the emirs. However, they were also difficult to control, and by the end of the ninth century the Berber frontier garrisons disappear from the sources. Collins says this might be because they migrated back to north Africa or gradually assimilated.

2570:, where he held out for two years. Finally, Sulayman came to terms with Hisham and went into exile in 790, together with other brothers who had rebelled with him. In north Africa, Sulayman and his brothers forged alliances with local Berbers, especially the Kharijite ruler of Tahert. After the death of Hisham and the accession of 4903:) also has distinctive mosques and houses that are completely whitewashed, but built in rammed earth. The structures here also make frequent use of domes and barrel vaults. Unlike in Jerba, the distinctive minarets in this region are tall and have a square base, tapering towards the end and crowned with "horn"-like corners. 5468: 2477:, but was defeated by forces loyal to Abd ar-Rahman. Yusuf fled to Toledo, and was killed either on the way or after reaching that place. Yusuf's cousin Hisham ibn Urwa continued to resist Abd ar-Rahman from Toledo until 764, and the sons of Yusuf revolted again in 785. These family members of Yusuf, members of the 4196:

Morocco, where Amazigh populations are spread across a wider area, the movement has been less overtly political and confrontational. In the 1990s, both states made concessions to this movement or attempted to ally itself with it, partly in response to the challenge of other political forces such as Islamism.

2288:, it was against a Berber governor. This revolt challenged As-Samh's plans to settle Berbers in the Galician and Cantabrian mountains, and by the middle of the eighth century it seems there was no more Berber presence in Galicia. The expulsion of the Berber garrisons from central Asturias, following the 4599:

Some of the earliest evidence of original Amazigh culture in North Africa has been found in the highlands of the Sahara and dates from the second millennium BC, when the region was much less arid than it is today and when the Amazigh population was most likely in the process of spreading across North

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had its roots before the independence of these countries, it was limited to the Berber elite. It only began to succeed among the greater populace when North African states replaced their European colonial languages with Arabic and identified exclusively as Arabian nations, downplaying or ignoring the

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era, the petty kings came from a variety of ethnic groups; some—for instance the Zirid kings of Granada—were of Berber origin. The Taifa period ended when a Berber dynasty—the Moroccan Almoravids—took over al-Andalus; they were succeeded by the Almohad dynasty of Morocco, during which time al-Andalus

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and forced Muhammad II al-Mahdi to flee to Toledo. They then installed Sulayman as caliph, and based themselves in the Madinat al-Zahra to avoid friction with the local population. Wadih and al-Mahdi formed an alliance with the Counts of Barcelona and Urgell and marched back on Cordoba. They defeated

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The Berbers marched south in three columns, simultaneously attacking Toledo, Cordoba, and the ports on the Gibraltar strait. However, Ibn Qatan's sons defeated the army attacking Toledo, the governor's forces defeated the attack on Cordoba, and Balj defeated the attack on the strait. After this, Balj

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The spread of Islam among the Berbers did not guarantee their support for the Arab-dominated caliphate, due to the discriminatory attitude of the Arabs. The ruling Arabs alienated the Berbers by taxing them heavily, treating converts as second-class Muslims, and, worst of all, by enslaving them. As a

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The first Arabian military expeditions into the Maghreb, between 642 and 669, resulted in the spread of Islam. These early forays from a base in Egypt occurred under local initiative rather than under orders from the central caliphate. But when the seat of the caliphate moved from Medina to Damascus,

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he most ruinous tribute was imposed and exacted with unsparing rigour from the subject native states, and no slight one either from the cognate Phoenician states. ... Hence arose that universal disaffection, or rather that deadly hatred, on the part of her foreign subjects, and even of the Phoenician

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Eventually, the Phoenician trading stations would evolve into permanent settlements, and later into small towns, which would presumably require a wide variety of goods as well as sources of food, which could be satisfied through trade with the Berbers. Yet, here too, the Phoenicians probably would be

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Additionally, genomic analysis found that Berber and other Maghreb communities have a high frequency of an ancestral component that originated in the Near East. This Maghrebi element peaks among Tunisian Berbers. This ancestry is related to the Coptic/Ethio-Somali component, which diverged from these

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textile designs include a wide variety of stripes and, more rarely, geometrical patterns such as triangles and diamonds. Additional decorations such as sequins or fringes, are typical of Berber weave in Morocco. The nomadic and semi-nomadic lifestyle of the Berbers is suitable for weaving kilims. In

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In marriages, the man usually selects the woman, and depending on the tribe, the family often makes the decision. In contrast, in the Tuareg culture, the woman chooses her future husband. The rites of marriage are different for each tribe. Families are either patriarchal or matriarchal, according to

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in western Algeria. This structure consists of columns, a dome, and spiral pathways that lead to a single chamber. A number of "tower tombs" from the Numidian period can also be found in sites from Algeria to Libya. Despite their wide geographic range, they often share a similar style: a three-story

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The Berber identity encompasses language, religion, and ethnicity, and is rooted in the entire history and geography of North Africa. Berbers are not an entirely homogeneous ethnicity, and they include a range of societies, ancestries, and lifestyles. The unifying forces for the Berber people may be

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Throughout the ninth century, the Berber garrisons were one of the main military supports of the Umayyad regime. Although they had caused numerous problems for Abd ar-Rahman I, Collins suggests that by the reign of Al-Hakam the Berber conflicts with Arabs and native Iberians meant that Berbers could

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Collins argues that unassimilated Berber garrisons in al-Andalus engaged in local vendettas and feuds, such as the conflict with the Banu Mahsa. This was due to the limited power of the Umayyad emir's central authority. Collins states that "the Berbers, despite being fellow Muslims, were despised by

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In 797, the Berbers of Talavera played a major part in defeating a revolt against Al-Hakam in Toledo. A certain Ubayd Allah ibn Hamir of Toledo rebelled against Al-Hakam, who ordered Amrus ibn Yusuf, the commander of the Berbers in Talavera, to suppress the rebellion. Amrus negotiated in secret with

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to argue that Berber groups in Iberia retained their own distinctive social organization. According to this traditional view of Arab and Berber culture in the Iberian peninsula, Berber society was highly impermeable to outside influences, whereas Arabs became assimilated and Hispanized. Some support

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of the frontier and beyond, where a minority continued as free 'tribal republics'. While benefiting from Punic material culture and political-military institutions, these peripheral Berbers (also called Libyans)—while maintaining their own identity, culture, and traditions—continued to develop their

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The earliest Phoenician coastal outposts were probably meant merely to resupply and service ships bound for the lucrative metals trade with the Iberians, and perhaps at first regarded trade with the Berbers as unprofitable. However, the Phoenicians eventually established strategic colonial cities in

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In recent decades, Berber communities and culture have become involved in the tourism industries of some North African countries, such as Morocco and Tunisia. Images and descriptions of Berber culture play a central role in the tourism industry of Morocco, where they are prominently featured in the

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In Cordoba, conflicts continued between the Berber rulers and those of the citizenry who saw themselves as Arab. After being installed as caliph with Berber support, Sulayman was pressured into distributing southern provinces to his Berber allies. The Sanhaja departed from Cordoba at this time. The

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Considerable resentment arose in Cordoba against the increasing numbers of Berbers brought from north Africa by al-Mansur and his children Abd al-Malik and Sanchuelo. It was said that Sanchuelo ordered anyone attending his court to wear Berber turbans, which Roger Collins suggests may not have been

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Umayyad influence in western North Africa spread through diplomacy rather than conquest. The Umayyads sought out alliances with various Berber confederacies. These would declare loyalty to the Umayyad caliphate in opposition to the Fatimids. The Umayyads would send gifts, including embroidered silk

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In the 900s, the Umayyad caliphate faced a challenge from the Fatimids in North Africa. The Fatimid Caliphate of the 10th century was established by the Kutama Berbers. After taking the city of Kairouan and overthrowing the Aghlabids in 909, the Mahdi Ubayd Allah was installed by the Kutama as Imam

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was seeking him, he then fled to the more powerful Zenata Berber confederacy, who were enemies of Ibn Habib. Since the Zenata had been part of the initial invasion force of al-Andalus, and were still present in the Iberian peninsula, this gave Abd ar-Rahman a base of support in al-Andalus, although

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suggests that if the forces that invaded the Iberian peninsula were predominantly Berber, it is because there were insufficient Arab forces in Africa to maintain control of Africa and attack Iberia at the same time. Thus, although north Africa had only been conquered about a dozen years previously,

2007:, of Europeans, with some estimates placing the number of European slaves brought to North Africa during the Ottoman period to be as high as 1.25 million. Interactions with neighboring Sudanic empires, traders, and nomads from other parts of Africa also left impressions upon the Berber people. 1499:

Lack of contemporary written records makes the drawing of conclusions here uncertain, which can only be based on inference and reasonable conjecture about matters of social nuance. Yet it appears that the Phoenicians generally did not interact with the Berbers as economic equals, but employed their

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Trombetta, Beniamino; D'Atanasio, Eugenia; Massaia, Andrea; Ippoliti, Marco; Coppa, Alfredo; Candilio, Francesca; Coia, Valentina; Russo, Gianluca; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Moral, Pedro; Akar, Nejat; Sellitto, Daniele; Valesini, Guido; Novelletto, Andrea; Scozzari, Rosaria; Cruciani, Fulvio (24 June

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regions of Morocco, the Aurès and M'zab regions of Algeria, and southern Tunisia. They do not form one single architectural style but rather a diverse variety of local vernacular styles. Berber ruling dynasties also contributed to the formation and patronage of western Islamic art and architecture

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The Punic relationship with the majority of the Berbers continued throughout the life of Carthage. The unequal development of material culture and social organization perhaps fated the relationship to be an uneasy one. A long-term cause of Punic instability, there was no melding of the peoples. It

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Nevertheless, distinctions between Arab, Berber, and slave were not the stuff of serious politics, either within or between the taifas. It was the individual family that was the unit of political activity." The Berber that arrived towards the end of the caliphate as mercenary forces, says Reilly,

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According to Bernard Reilly, during the taifa period genealogy continued to be an obsession of the upper classes in al-Andalus. Most wanted to trace their lineage back to the Syrian and Yemeni Arabs who accompanied the invasion. In contrast, tracing descent from the Berbers who came with the same

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In Morocco, after the constitutional reforms of 2011, Berber has become an official language, and is now taught as a compulsory language in all schools regardless of the area or the ethnicity. In 2016, Algeria followed suit and changed the status of Berber from "national" to "official" language.

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With the help of his new mercenary forces, Abd ar-Rahman launched a series of attacks on parts of the Iberian peninsula that had fallen away from Umayyad allegiance. In the 920s he campaigned against the areas that rebelled under Umar ibn Hafsun and refused to submit until the 920s. He conquered

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from 880 to 915. Ibn Hafsun rebelled in 880, was captured, then escaped in 883 to his base in Bobastro. There he formed an alliance with the Banu Rifa' tribe of Berbers, who had a stronghold in Alhama. He then formed alliances with other local Berber clans, taking the towns of Osuna, Estepa, and

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Roger Collins notes that both modern historians and ancient Arab authors have had a tendency to portray Shaqya as a fanatic followed by credulous fanatics, and to argue that he was either self-deluded or fraudulent in his claim of Fatimid descent. However, Collins considers him an example of the

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emerged there. This term later came to be applied also to Berbers acculturated to urban Phoenician culture. Yet the whole notion of a Berber apprenticeship to the Punic civilization has been called an exaggeration sustained by a point of view fundamentally foreign to the Berbers. A population of

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The Berbers had become involuntary 'hosts' to the settlers from the east, and were obliged to accept the dominance of Carthage for centuries. Nonetheless, therein they persisted largely unassimilated, as a separate, submerged entity, as a culture of mostly passive urban and rural poor within the

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The political outcomes have been different in each country of the Maghreb and are shaped by other factors such as geography and socioeconomic circumstances. In Algeria, the politics of the movement were focused in Kabylie, were more overtly political, and have sometimes been confrontational. In

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New waves of Berber settlers arrived in al-Andalus in the 10th century, brought as mercenaries by Abd ar-Rahman III, who proclaimed himself caliph in 929, to help him in his campaigns to restore Umayyad authority in areas that had overthrown it during the reigns of the previous emirs. These new

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When the Fatimids moved their capital to Egypt in 969, they left north Africa in charge of viceroys from the Zirid clan of Sanhaja Berbers, who were Fatimid loyalists and enemies of the Zenata. The Zirids in turn divided their territories, assigning some to the Hammadid branch of the family to

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Roger Collins argues that the Great Berber revolt facilitated the establishment of the Kingdom of Asturias and altered the demographics of the Berber population in the Iberian peninsula, specifically contributing to the Berber departure from the northwest of the peninsula. When the Arabs first

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After Jugurtha defeated him in open battle, Adherbal fled to Rome for help. The Roman officials, allegedly due to bribes but perhaps more likely out of a desire to quickly end conflict in a profitable client kingdom, sought to settle the quarrel by dividing Numidia into two parts. Jugurtha was

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In 206 BC, the new king of the Massylii, Masinissa, allied himself with Rome, and Syphax, of the Masaesyli, switched his allegiance to the Carthaginian side. At the end of the war, the victorious Romans gave all of Numidia to Masinissa. At the time of his death in 148 BC, Masinissa's territory

4224:, the Libyan leader warned Berber minorities: "You can call yourselves whatever you want inside your homes – Berbers, Children of Satan, whatever – but you are only Libyans when you leave your homes." He denied the existence of Berbers as a separate ethnicity, and called Berbers a "product of 2311:

and was involved in military operations against rebels in Toledo in the late 700s and early 800s. Berbers were also initially settled in the eastern Pyrenees and Catalonia. They were not settled in the major cities of the south, and were generally kept in the frontier zones away from Cordoba.

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distributed land to the conquering forces, apparently by tribe, though it is difficult to determine from the few historical sources available. It was at this time that the positions of Arabs and Berbers were regularized across the Iberian peninsula. Berbers were positioned in many of the most

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and his army crossed from Iberia to North Africa where his army intermarried with the local populace and settled the region permanently, the Medes of his army that married the Libyans formed the Maur people, while the other part of his Army formed the Nomadas or as they are today known as the

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For some years, Hammudids and Umayyads fought one another and the caliphate passed between them several times. Hammudids also fought among themselves. The last Hammudid caliph reigned until 1027. The Hammudids were then expelled from Cordoba, where there was still a great deal of anti-Berber

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Yet the Berbers lacked cohesion; and although 200,000 strong at one point, they succumbed to hunger, their leaders were offered bribes, and "they gradually broke up and returned to their homes". Thereafter, "a series of revolts took place among the Libyans from the fourth century onwards".

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Although they are the original inhabitants of North Africa, and in spite of numerous incursions by Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantines, Ottomans, and French, Berber groups lived in very contained communities. Having been subject to limited external influences, these populations lived free from

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Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L.; Bokbot, Youssef; Martín-Socas, Dimas; Camalich-Massieu, María D.; Santana, Jonathan; Morales, Jacob; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Shapiro, Beth; Wojcik, Genevieve; Rasmussen, Morten; Soares, Andre E. R.; Kapp, Joshua; Sockell, Alexandra;

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Following Christian missions, the Kabyle community in Algeria has a recently constituted Christian minority, both Protestant and Roman Catholic; and a 2015 study estimates that 380,000 Muslim Algerians have converted to Christianity in Algeria. There are Berbers among the 8,000–40,000

4212:) and North African governments, partly over linguistic and social issues. For example, in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, giving children Berber names was banned. In Morocco, the Arabic language and Arab culture occupied a superior position in official and social domains. The 3342:

by the newcomers and had to share with them pastures and seasonal migration paths. By around the 15th century, the region of modern-day Tunisia had already been almost completely Arabized. As Arab nomads spread, the territories of the local Berber tribes were moved and shrank. The

2574:, Hisham's brothers challenged Al-Hakam for the succession. Abd Allah crossed over to Valencia first in 796, calling on the allegiance of the same Berber garrison that sheltered Sulayman years earlier. Crossing to al-Andalus in 798, Sulayman based himself in Elvira (now Granada), 750:". Historically, Berbers did not refer to themselves as Berbers/Amazigh but had their own terms to refer to themselves. For example, the Kabyles use the term "Leqbayel" to refer to their own people, while the Chaouis identified themselves as "Ishawiyen" instead of Berber/Amazigh. 3183:, replacing French, Spanish, and Italian; although the shift from European colonial languages to Arabic for official purposes continues even to this day. As a result, most Berbers had to study and know Arabic, and had no opportunities until the twenty-first century to use their 2987:

After their loss of Cordoba, the Hammudids had occupied Algeciras and Ceuta. In the mid-11th century, the Hammudids lost control of their Iberian possessions, but retained a small taifa kingdom based in Ceuta. In 1083, Yusuf ibn Tashufin conquered Ceuta. In the same year,

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received the important districts of Ceuta and Algeciras. The Hammudids claimed a family relation to the Idrisids, and thus traced their ancestry to the caliph Ali. In 1016 they rebelled in Ceuta, claiming to be supporting the restoration of Hisham II. They took control of

2543:), and subsequently ravaged the district surrounding Coria. Abd ar-Rahman sent out armies to fight him in 769, 770, and 771; but Shaqya avoided them by moving into the mountains. In 772, Shaqya defeated an Umayyad force by a ruse and killed the governor of the fortress of 4899:. The mosques are often described as "fortified mosques" because the island's flat topography made it vulnerable to attacks and as a result the mosques were designed in part to act as watch posts along the coast or in the countryside. The M'zab region of Algeria (e.g. 3207:

existence and the social specificity of Berbers. However, Berberism's distribution remains uneven. In response to its demands, Morocco and Algeria have both modified their policies, with Algeria redefining itself constitutionally as an "Arab, Berber, Muslim nation".

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Carthage was faulted by her ancient rivals for the "harsh treatment of her subjects" as well as for "greed and cruelty". Her Libyan Berber sharecroppers, for example, were required to pay half of their crops as tribute to the city-state during the emergency of the

2461:, Abd ar-Rahman, escaped to north Africa and hid among the Berbers of north Africa for five years. A persistent tradition states that this is because his mother was Berber and that he first took refuge with the Nafsa Berbers, his mother's people. As the governor 3338:. It also heavily transformed the culture in the Maghreb into Arab culture, and spread nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant. These Bedouin tribes accelerated and deepened the Arabization process, since the Berber population was gradually 1110:

They belong to a powerful, formidable, brave and numerous people; a true people like so many others the world has seen – like the Arabs, the Persians, the Greeks and the Romans. The men who belong to this family of peoples have inhabited the Maghreb since the

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Hoffman, Katherine E.; Miller, Susan Gilson; McDougall, James; El Mansour, Mohamed; Silverstein, Paul A.; Goodman, Jane E.; Crawford, David; Ghambou, Mokhtar; Bernasek, Lisa; Becker, Cynthia (June 2010). Hoffman, Katherine E.; Miller, Susan Gilson (eds.).

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Berbers "lacked any familiarity with the pattern of relationships" that had existed in al-Andalus in the 700s and 800s; thus they were not involved in the same web of traditional conflicts and loyalties as the previously already existing Berber garrisons.

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The areas of North Africa that have retained the Berber language and traditions best have been, in general, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia. Much of Berber culture is still celebrated among the cultural elite in Morocco and Algeria, especially in the

2866:

sentiment. The Hammudids remained in Málaga until expelled by the Zirids in 1056. The Zirids of Granada controlled Málaga until 1073, after which separate Zirid kings retained control over the taifas of Granada and Malaga until the Almoravid conquest.

3046:, and the principality of Aït Jubar. The Kingdom of Ait Abbas was a Berber state of North Africa, controlling Lesser Kabylie and its surroundings from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century. It is referred to in the Spanish historiography as 2107:

and Tlemcen, which straddled the principal trade routes, proved more viable and prospered. In 750, the Abbasids, who succeeded the Umayyads as Muslim rulers, moved the caliphate to Baghdad and reestablished caliphal authority in Ifriqiya, appointing

1764:), about 160 kilometres (100 mi) west of Oran. The Numidians were conceived of as two great groups: the Massylii in eastern Numidia, and the Masaesyli in the west. During the first part of the Second Punic War, the eastern Massylii, under King 1570:

Yet in times of stress at Carthage, when a foreign force might be pushing against the city-state, some Berbers would see it as an opportunity to advance their interests, given their otherwise low status in Punic society. Thus, when the Greeks under

2164:

in 921, and made the capital city of Ifriqiya by caliph Abdallah El Fatimi. It was chosen as the capital because of its proximity to the sea, and the promontory on which an important military settlement had been since the time of the Phoenicians.

2438:

seized power by marching on Cordoba and executing Ibn Qatan. Collins points out that Balj's troops were away from Syria just when the Abbasid revolt against the Umayyads broke out, and this may have contributed to the fall of the Umayyad regime.

2231:. Due to subsequent antagonism between Arabs and Berbers, and due to the fact that most of the histories of al-Andalus were written from an Arab perspective, the Berber role is understated in the available sources. The biographical dictionary of 11353:

Zavadovskij gives statistics for the percentage of Berber words in North African Muslim Arabic dialects: 10–15 percent Berber components in the Moroccan Arabic lexicon, 8–9 percent in Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and only 2–3 percent in Libyan

5180:, curated by Susan Gilson Miller and Lisa Bernasek, with an accompanying catalogue on artifacts from the Berber regions Kabylia in northeastern Algeria, the Rif mountains of northeastern Morocco and the Tuareg regions of the Algerian Sahara. 2714:, and al-Nakur—occasionally issued coins with the names of Umayyad caliphs, showing the extent of Umayyad diplomatic influence. The text of a letter of friendship from a Berber leader to the Umayyad caliph has been preserved in the work of 7947:

Henn, Brenna M.; Botigué, Laura R.; Gravel, Simon; Wang, Wei; Brisbin, Abra; Byrnes, Jake K.; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Moreno-Estrada, Andres; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Comas, David (12 January 2012).

5122:, and seeking water and shelter. They are thus assured of an abundance of wool, cotton, and plants used for dyeing. For their part, women look after the family and handicrafts – first for their personal use, and secondly for sale in the 2492:

faced persistent opposition from Berber groups, including the Zenata. Berbers provided much of Yusuf's support in fighting Abd ar-Rahman. In 774, Zenata Berbers were involved in a Yemeni revolt in the area of Seville. Andalusi Berber

2414:, Uqba carried out an attack against Berber fortresses in Africa. Initially, these attacks were unsuccessful; but eventually Uqba destroyed the rebels, secured all the crossing points to Spain, and then returned to his governorship. 3187:

at school or university. This may have accelerated the existing process of Arabization of Berbers, especially in already bilingual areas, such as among the Chaouis of Algeria. Tamazight is now taught in Aurès since the march led by

2358:

was occupied by a Berber garrison. An eighth-century cemetery has been discovered with 190 burials all according to Islamic custom, testifying to the presence of this garrison. In 798, however, Pamplona is recorded as being under a

4427:). These Berber speakers are mainly concentrated in Morocco and Algeria, followed by Mali, Niger, and Libya. Smaller Berber-speaking communities are also found as far east as Egypt, with a southwestern limit today at Burkina Faso. 2582:, apparently drawing support from the Berbers in these mountainous southern regions. Sulayman was defeated in battle in 800 and fled to the Berber stronghold in Mérida, but was captured before reaching it and executed in Cordoba. 5638:

dances, which each begin with a chanted prayer. Ritual music is performed at regular ceremonies to celebrate marriages and other important life events, and is also used as protection against evil spirits. Professional musicians

2737:

noble families also became common. However, an "immediately detrimental consequence of this acute consciousness of ancestry was the revival of ethnic disparagement, directed in particular against the Berbers and the Saqaliba".

2320:

for the view that Berbers assimilated less comes from an excavation of an Islamic cemetery in northern Spain, which reveals that the Berbers accompanying the initial invasion brought their families with them from north Africa.

2235:

preserves the record of the Berber predominance in the invasion of 711, in the entry on Tariq ibn Ziyad. A second mixed army of Arabs and Berbers came in 712 under Ibn Nusayr himself. They supposedly helped the Umayyad caliph

1012: 2813:

said that the installation of Sulayman in 1013 was the moment when "the rule of the Berbers began in Cordoba and that of the Umayyads ended, after it had existed for two hundred and sixty eight years and forty-three days".

6686:"Militarev A (2005) Once more about glottochronology and comparative method: the Omotic-Afrasian case, Аспекты компаративистики – 1 (Aspects of comparative linguistics – 1). FS S. Starostin. Orientalia et Classica II" 4087:– 17th century). The results of a study from 2017 suggest that these Arab migrations to the Maghreb were mainly a demographic process that heavily implied gene flow and remodeled the genetic structure of the Maghreb. 2038:(a Muslim dynasty ruling from 661 to 750) recognized that the strategic necessity of dominating the Mediterranean dictated a concerted military effort on the North African front. In 670, therefore, an Arab army under 3272:

who openly show their political orientations rarely reach high positions, Berbers have reached high positions in the social and political hierarchies across the Maghreb. Examples are the former president of Algeria,

1404:. Hence, the interactions between Berbers and Phoenicians were often asymmetrical. The Phoenicians worked to keep their cultural cohesion and ethnic solidarity, and continuously refreshed their close connection with 1598:(d. 202 BC) had supported Carthage. The Romans, too, read these cues, so that they cultivated their Berber alliances and, subsequently, favored the Berbers who advanced their interests following the Roman victory. 911:

and richly depicted in the Tassili n'Ajjer paintings, developed and predominated in the Saharan and Mediterranean region (the Maghreb) of northern Africa between 6000 and 2000 BC (until the classical period).

4604:

have been found in the Fezzan (in present-day Libya), attesting to the existence of small villages, towns, and tombs. At least one settlement dates from as early as 1000 BC. The structures were initially built in

2804:

Al-Mahdi swore to exterminate the Berbers and pursued them. However, he was defeated in battle near Marbella. With Wadih, he fled back to Cordoba while his Catalan allies went home. The Berbers turned around and

1337: 10993: 7084:

It is difficult to speak of any cultural unity among the Berbers. Historically the indigenous Berbers of Morocco did not see themselves as a single linguistic unit, nor was there any greater "Berber community".

4668:

structure topped by a convex pyramid. They may have initially been inspired by Greek monuments but they constitute an original type of structure associated with Numidian culture. Examples of these are found at

4168:

According to a 2004 estimate, there were about 2.2 million Berber immigrants in Europe, especially the Riffians in Belgium, the Netherlands, and France; and Algerians of Kabyles and Chaouis heritage in France.

2430:. By this time, the Berbers controlled most of the north of the Iberian peninsula, except for the Ebro valley, and were menacing Toledo. Ibn Qatan invited Balj and his Syrian troops, who were at that time in 1512:

Thousands of rebels streamed down from the mountains and invaded Punic territory, carrying the serfs of the countryside along with them. The Carthaginians were obliged to withdraw within their walls and were

5086:

in Kabylie gives tribes the right to fine criminal offenders. In areas of Chaoui, tribal leaders enact sanctions against criminals. The Tuareg have a king who decides the fate of the tribe and is known as

2417:

Although Masayra was killed by his own followers, the revolt spread and the Berber rebels defeated three Arab armies. After the defeat of the third army, which included elite units of Syrians commanded by

2590:

those who claimed Arab descent". As well as having feuds with Arab factions, the Berbers sometimes had major conflicts with the local communities where they were stationed. In 794, the Berber garrison of

3094:

broke out in 1871 in the Kabylie and spread through much of Algeria. By April 1871, 250 tribes had risen, or nearly a third of Algeria's population. In the aftermath of this revolt and until 1892, the

2651:

New frontier settlements were built for the new Berber mercenaries. Written sources state that some of the mercenaries were placed in Calatrava, which was refortified. Another Berber settlement called

1791:, of Berber origin, who was very popular among the Numidians. Hiempsal and Jugurtha quarreled immediately after the death of Micipsa. Jugurtha had Hiempsal killed, which led to open war with Adherbal. 731:

appear in Egyptian inscriptions of 1700 and 1300 B.C, and the Berbers were probably intimately related with the Egyptians in very early times. Thus the true ethnical name may have become confused with

2845:, attempted to seize Granada from the Zirids in 1018, but failed. Khayran then executed Abd ar-Rahman IV. Khayran's son, Zuhayr, also made war on the Zirid kingdom of Granada, but was killed in 1038. 1594:

BC) joined with the invading Roman general Scipio, resulting in the war-ending defeat of Carthage at Zama, despite the presence of their renowned general Hannibal; on the other hand, the Berber King

1879:(known also as Botr and Barnès), descended from Mazigh ancestors, who were themselves divided into tribes and subtribes. Each region of the Maghreb contained several fully independent tribes (e.g., 1620:

remained a source of stress and a point of weakness for Carthage. Yet there were degrees of convergence on several particulars, discoveries of mutual advantage, occasions of friendship, and family.

1615:

dependencies, toward Carthage, on which every invader of Africa could safely count as his surest support. ... This was the fundamental, the ineradicable weakness of the Carthaginian Empire ...

4554:

Until the 1960s, there was also a significant Jewish Berber minority in Morocco, but emigration (mostly to Israel and France) dramatically reduced their number to only a few hundred individuals.

1606:. The normal exaction taken by Carthage was likely "an extremely burdensome" one-quarter. Carthage once famously attempted to reduce the number of its Libyan and foreign soldiers, leading to the 5630:). There are three varieties of Berber folk music: village music, ritual music, and the music performed by professional musicians. Village music is performed collectively for dancing, including 4813:, some architectural styles and structures in North Africa are distinctively associated with areas that have maintained strong Berber populations and cultures, including but not limited to the 615:

dynasties came to rule parts of the Maghreb after the 7th century, Berber tribes remained powerful political forces and founded new ruling dynasties in the 10th and 11th centuries, such as the

3004:

to Alfonso VI in 1085, al-Mutamid appealed again to Yusuf. This time, financed by the taifa kings of Iberia, Yusuf crossed to al-Andalus and took direct personal control of Algeciras in 1086.

738:

The plural form Imazighen is sometimes also used in English. While Berber is more widely known among English-speakers, its usage is a subject of debate, due to its historical background as an

2698:, and met Ramiro II in an inconclusive battle. From 935 to 937, he confronted the Tujibids, defeating them in 937. In 939, Ramiro II defeated the combined Umayyad and Tujibid armies in the 4188:

Since the 1970s, a political movement, initially led by the Kabyles of Algeria, has developed among various parts of the Berber populations of North Africa to promote a collective Amazigh

2913:

amounted to only about 20 thousand people in a total al-Andalusi population of six million. Their high visibility was due to their foundation of taifa dynasties rather than large numbers.

2064:, became a Muslim and moved his headquarters to Takirwan, near Al Qayrawan. This harmony was short-lived; Arabian and Berber forces controlled the region in turn until 697. Umayyad forces 11864: 4992: 2000:. The Banu Hilal reduced the Zirids to a few coastal towns and took over much of the plains, resulting in the spread of nomadism to areas where agriculture had previously been dominant. 4768: 11037: 5037:

The traditional social structure of the Berbers has been tribal. A leader is appointed to command the tribe. In the Middle Ages, many women had the power to govern, such as Dihya and

5142:-woven carpets), whose designs maintain the traditional appearance and distinctiveness of the region of origin of each tribe, which has in effect its own repertoire of drawings. The 3307:

which began since the 7th century, in addition to changing the population's demographics. The early wave of migration prior to the 11th century contributed to the Berber adoption of

4801:

developed in the region. Various dynasties, either based in North Africa or beyond it, contributed to the architecture of the region, including the Aghlabids, the Fatimids, and the

2837:

Among the Berbers who were brought to al-Andalus by al-Mansur were the Zirid family of Sanhaja Berbers. After the fall of Cordoba, the Zirids took over Granada in 1013, forming the

1678:

doctrine and being a Berber, ascribed to the doctrine matching their culture, as well as their being alienated from the dominant Roman culture of the Catholic church), some perhaps

1090:(1332–1406), recounting the oral traditions prevalent in his day, sets down two popular opinions as to the origin of the Berbers: according to one opinion, they are descended from 678:

administrators in the 19th century. Today, the term "Berber" is viewed as pejorative by many who prefer the term "Amazigh". Since the late 20th century, a trans-national movement

2765:(chief justice) to the Berber groups that had accepted Umayyad authority. Ibn Abī ‘Āmir was treasurer of the household of the caliph's wife and children, director of the mint at 7898:"Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent" 4729: 7308: 3172:, being as it was at the centre of the anti-colonial struggle. From the moment of Algerian independence, tensions developed between Kabyle leaders and the central government. 3374: 12725:"Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area" 5008: 1832:

In antiquity, Mauretania (3rd century BC – 44 BC) was an ancient Mauri Berber kingdom in modern Morocco and part of Algeria. It became a client state of the

1772:

extended from Mauretania to the boundary of Carthaginian territory, and southeast as far as Cyrenaica, so that Numidia entirely surrounded Carthage except towards the sea.

1366:, now Morocco and central Algeria). The Numidians occupied the regions between the Mauri and the city-state of Carthage. Both the Mauri and the Numidians had significant 10501:↑ Turchi et al. (2009), "Polymorphisms of mtDNA control region in Tunisian and Moroccan populations: An enrichment of forensic mtDNA databases with Northern Africa data" 6720:

Berber: A collective term for the indigenous peoples of North Africa who predate the arrival of Arabs during the expansion of the Arab empire in the seventeenth century.

4891:

in Tunisia, traditionally dominated by Ibadi Berbers, has a traditional style of mosque architecture that consists of low-lying structures built in stone and covered in

11001: 4818:

through their political domination of the region between the 11th and 16th centuries (during the rule of the Almoravids, Almohads, Marinids and Hafsids, among others).

1575:(361–289 BC) of Sicily landed at Cape Bon and threatened Carthage (in 310 BC), there were Berbers, under Ailymas, who went over to the invading Greeks. During the long 1487:

drawn into organizing and directing such local trade, and also into managing agricultural production. In the 5th century BC, Carthage expanded its territory, acquiring

1743:. The kingdom was located on the eastern border of modern Algeria, bordered by the Roman province of Mauretania (in modern Algeria and Morocco) to the west, the Roman 2920:

populace. Ethnic rivalry was one of the most important factors driving Andalusi politics. Berbers made up as much as 20% of the population of the occupied territory.

2272:. Collins suggests this may be because some Berbers were familiar with mountain terrain, whereas the Arabs were not. By the late 710s, there was a Berber governor in 1350:

The great tribes of Berbers in classical antiquity (when they were often known as ancient Libyans) were said to be three (roughly, from west to east): the Mauri, the

655:– continued to rule until the 16th century. From the 16th century onward, the process continued in the absence of Berber dynasties; in Morocco, they were replaced by 10388: 1247:

Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern Berbers, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area. Additionally, fossils excavated at the

4909: 13456: 3419:, a historical autonomous region of northern Algeria—who number about six million and have kept, to a large degree, their original language and society; and the 1760:

and other historians during the third century BC to indicate the territory west of Carthage, including the entire north of Algeria as far as the river Mulucha (

1370:

populations living in villages, and their peoples both tilled the land and tended herds. The Gaetulians lived to the near south, on the northern margins of the

9235:

Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord et de l'Espagne musulmane intitulée Kitab al-Bayan al-Mughrib par Ibn 'Idhari al-Marrakushi et fragments de la chronique de 'Arib

8753: 3319:

into extinction in the cities. The Arabization took place around Arab centres through the influence of Arabs in the cities and rural areas surrounding them.

2327:. Munnuza attempted a Berber uprising against the Arabs in Spain, citing mistreatment of Berbers by Arabic judges in north Africa, and made an alliance with 11831:

Polimeni, Beniamino (2018). "Describing a Unique Urban Culture: Ibadi Settlements of North Africa". In Calabrò, F.; Della Spina, L.; Bevilacqua, C. (eds.).

3245:

were quick to revolt against the Gaddafi regime. The mountains became a stronghold of the rebel movement, and were a focal point of the conflict, with much

11408: 9843: 1522:

civil structures created by Punic rule. In addition, and most importantly, the Berber peoples also formed quasi-independent satellite societies along the

13236: 12556:

Myles, S; Bouzekri; Haverfield; Cherkaoui; Dugoujon; Ward (June 2005). "Genetic evidence in support of a shared Eurasian-North African dairying origin".

9358:

Lazreg, Marnia. “The Reproduction of Colonial Ideology: The Case of the Kabyle Berbers.” Arab Studies Quarterly, vol. 5, no. 4, 1983, pp. 380–95. JSTOR,

4955: 4562:

who have converted to Christianity in the last decades, some of whom explain their conversion as an attempt to go back to their "Christian sources". The

1444:

dye at Mogador. For their part, most Berbers maintained their independence as farmers or semi-pastorals, although, due to the example of Carthage, their

9150: 13121: 13059: 5065: 5038: 2652: 2473:, refused to submit. After losing the initial battle near Cordoba, Yusuf fled to Mérida, where he raised a large Berber army, with which he marched on 13069: 3134: 2559:

in 788, and to Salih ibn Tarif, who ruled the Bargawata Berber in the 770s. He also compares these leaders to pre-Islamic leaders Dihya and Kusaila.

2076:. By 711, Umayyad forces helped by Berber converts to Islam had conquered all of North Africa. Governors appointed by the Umayyad caliphs ruled from 6312: 13216: 10776:

Arauna, Lara R.; Mendoza-Revilla, Javier; Mas-Sandoval, Alex; Izaabel, Hassan; Bekada, Asmahan; Benhamamouch, Soraya; et al. (February 2017).

2594:

massacred the inhabitants of the city. Tarragona was uninhabited for seven years until the Frankish conquest of Barcelona led to its reoccupation.

2406:

in 739, governor Uqba planned a punitive attack against the Franks, but news of a Berber revolt in north Africa made him turn back when he reached

11389: 6250: 6245: 4317:

is a generic name for all of the Berber languages, which consist of many closely related varieties and dialects. Among these Berber languages are

2753: 2426:, the Berber revolt spread further. At this time, the Berber military colonies in Spain revolted. At the same time, Uqba died and was replaced by 13226: 8179: 5972:

Warmington uses "Libyans of Tunisia" (an anachronistic term) on page 46; compare with page 61 (citing Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, and Polybius).

5352:

Berber cuisine is a traditional cuisine that has evolved little over time. It differs from one area to another between and within Berber groups.

2968:

where he trained a highly motivated and disciplined fighting force. In 1054 and 1055, employing these specially trained forces, Almoravid leader

2103:

After the revolt, Ibadis established a number of theocratic tribal kingdoms, most of which had short and troubled histories. But others, such as

11273: 5054: 12924: 12418: 11856: 9248: 9219: 6527: 1400:. Accordingly, the material culture of Phoenicia was likely more functional and efficient, and their knowledge more advanced, than that of the 11685: 1735:

Numidia (202 – 46 BC) was an ancient Berber kingdom in modern Algeria and part of Tunisia. It later alternated between being a

1279:. These ancient individuals likewise bore the Berber-associated Maghrebi genomic component. This altogether indicates that the late-Neolithic 9550: 5191:(Art of Berber women), and published an accompanying catalogue. The exhibition highlighted the originality of these pieces compared to urban 3189: 3462:), Niger, and Burkina Faso number some 850,000, 1,620,000, and 50,000, respectively. Tuaregs are a Berber ethnic group with a traditionally 11455: 8108:

Secher, Bernard; Fregel, Rosa; Larruga, José M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Endicott, Phillip; Pestano, José J.; González, Ana M. (19 May 2014).

8076: 10564:; Zerjal, Tatiana; Dahmani, M. Fathallah; Makrelouf, Mohamed; Vincenzo, L. Pascali; Novelletto, Andrea; Tyler-Smith, Chris (7 June 2004). 10216: 5184: 2733:

tribe. This led to a fashion, in Cordoba, for claiming pure Arab ancestry as opposed to descent from freed slaves. Claims of descent from

1306:. The authors of the study suggested that the Berbers of Morocco carried a substantial amount of EEF ancestry before the establishment of 13391: 13054: 12949: 12887: 6993: 5169: 4564: 4551:

during the medieval period. Some of the ancient Berber beliefs still subtly exist today within the Berber popular culture and tradition.

1436:(now in Morocco). As in Tunisia, these centres were trading hubs, and later offered support for resource development, such as processing 12832: 7198: 4976: 2690:, after inconclusively confronting al-Tujibi on the Ebro, Abd ar-Rahman briefly forced the Kingdom of Pamplona into submission, ravaged 10719:

Elkamel, Sarra; Marques, Sofia L.; Alvarez, Luis; Gomes, Veronica; Boussetta, Sami; Mourali-Chebil, Soufia; et al. (August 2021).

4057:. E1b1b1b accounts for 45% of North Africans, while Haplogroup J1-M267 accounts for 30% of North Africans, and has spread from Arabia. 3237:

was a series of violent disturbances and political demonstrations by Kabyle activists in the Kabylie region of Algeria in 2001. In the

2721:

During Abd ar-Rahman's reign, tensions increased between the three distinct components of the Muslim community in al-Andalus: Berbers,

2529: 3330:

in the 11th century had a much greater influence on the process of Arabization of the population. It played a major role in spreading

2100:. The Ibadi had been fighting Umayyad rule in the East, and many Berbers were attracted by the sect's seemingly egalitarian precepts. 1918:. Berber Christian communities within the Maghreb all but disappeared under Islamic rule. The indigenous Christian population in some 13461: 13176: 13126: 13104: 13084: 13064: 13039: 13029: 13019: 6750:

Berber is a generic name given to numerous heterogenous ethnic groups that share similar cultural, political, and economic practices.

5998:

The Picards, however, remark that the resulting Greek defeat showed "how strong was the hold of Carthage over her African territory".

2343:. Because of the alliance with Munnuza, Abd ar-Rahman wanted to punish Eudo, and his punitive expedition ended in the Arab defeat at 1907: 9395:

Miller, S. (2013). France and Spain in Morocco. In A History of Modern Morocco (pp. 88–119). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

7316: 3253:

was waged against the Malian government by rebels with the goal of attaining independence for the northern region of Mali, known as

3000:

of Castile. Earlier, in 1079, the king of Badajoz, al-Mutawakkil, had appealed to Yusuf for help against Alfonso. After the fall of

13421: 13034: 13024: 8630:"Berbers: ... The best known of them were the Roman author Apuleius, the Roman emperor Septimius Severus, and St. Augustine", 5050: 1179:. All of the specimens belonged to maternal clades associated with either North Africa or the northern and southern Mediterranean 13049: 2980:

pursued an Almoravid expansion. Forced to resolve a Sanhaja civil war, he left control of the Moroccan conquests to his brother,

2441:

In Africa, the Berbers were hampered by divided leadership. Their attack on Kairouan was defeated, and a new governor of Africa,

2363:

governor, Mutarrif ibn Musa. Ibn Musa lost control of Pamplona to a popular uprising. In 806 Pamplona gave its allegiance to the

1747:(modern Tunisia) to the east, the Mediterranean to the north, and the Sahara Desert to the south. Its people were the Numidians. 9422: 3210:

There is an identity-related debate about the persecution of Berbers by the Arab-dominated regimes of North Africa through both

1152:

analysis has established ties between Berbers and other Afroasiatic speakers in Africa. Most of these populations belong to the

13451: 13431: 12376:

Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern Influences on Rome and the Papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752

10945: 8110:"The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents" 5260: 4464: 2336: 2307:, Mérida becoming a major Berber stronghold in the eighth century. The Berber garrison in Talavera would later be commanded by 12322:"Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa" 10721:"Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: high prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population" 9480: 6452: 4933: 2830:

After the fall of Cordoba in 1013, the Saqaliba fled from the city to secure their own fiefdoms. One group of Saqaliba seized

2528:, an area of Spain that is mountainous and difficult to traverse. Shaqya first killed the Umayyad governor of the fortress of 12237: 12189: 12160: 12131: 12121: 12104: 12069: 12036: 11840: 11566: 11346: 11293: 11256: 11229: 11202: 11172: 11142: 11115: 11088: 10977: 10891: 10862: 10368: 9932: 9787: 9760: 9636: 9609: 9582: 9536: 9464: 9380: 9347: 7608: 7544: 7452: 7259: 7224: 7175: 7139: 7112: 7077: 7050: 6869: 6836: 6776: 6743: 6713: 6048: 4749: 4228:" created by the West to divide Libya. As a result of the persecution suffered under Gaddafi's rule, many Berbers joined the 12148: 12094: 11366: 11078: 4216:

ideology was popular among Moroccan society, as well as within bureaucratic cadres and the political parties. The regime of

2773:

of the frontier. During his time as qadi in north Africa, Ibn Abi Amir developed close ties with the North African Berbers.

2390:

calls these rebels Arures, which Collins translates as 'heretics', arguing it is a reference to the Berber rebels' Ibadi or

13401: 12177: 10015: 7469: 6096: 5444:(brains, tripe, lungs, and heart) rolled up with the intestines on an oak stick and cooked on embers in specially designed 4221: 2470: 2445:, proceeded to defeat the rebels in Africa and then to impose peace between Balj's troops and the existing Andalusi Arabs. 1464: 1445: 414: 11969: 11105: 10827: 5099:

between the Maliki and Ibadite movements, the heads of each tribe began talks to end the crisis and resolved the problem.

4523:. Many ancient Berber beliefs were developed locally. Whereas others were influenced over time through contact with other 3218:. Some activists have claimed that "t is time—long past overdue—to confront the racist arabization of the Amazigh lands." 10926: 10396: 9106: 5083: 3161: 2725:(European slaves), and those of Arab or mixed Arab and Gothic descent. Following Abd ar-Rahman's proclamation of the new 1527:

own agricultural skills and village societies, while living with the newcomers from the east in an asymmetric symbiosis.

418: 2323:

In 731, the eastern Pyrenees were under the control of Berber forces garrisoned in the major towns under the command of

13466: 11886: 8779: 8599:(1996) at 24–25 (Berber adoption of elements of Punic culture), 49–50 (Berber persistence in their traditional belief). 7129: 7003: 6620: 6559: 3165: 1290:

The late-Neolithic Kehf el Baroud inhabitants were modelled as being of about 50% local North African ancestry and 50%

1094:, and have for ancestors Berber, son of Temla, son of Mazîgh, son of Canaan, son of Ham, a son of Noah; alternatively, 13416: 13406: 13396: 12783: 12713: 12694: 12546: 12527: 12508: 12488: 12469: 12439: 12402: 12383: 12283: 12218: 11815: 11695: 11653: 11591: 11541: 10703: 10677: 10651: 10624: 10234: 9959: 9175: 9133: 8716:. Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. J. Currey. p. 34. 8514: 8310: 7759: 7733: 7691: 7633: 7292: 5894: 5568: 5339: 4372:, as well as from other languages. For example, Arabic loanwords represent 35% to 46% of the total vocabulary of the 2793: 2469:

Abd ar-Rahman crossed to Spain in 756 and declared himself the legitimate Umayyad ruler of al-Andalus. The governor,

1580: 84: 5550: 5482: 5321: 2997: 12859: 8757: 5981:"Pro-Berber" viewpoints (contrary to prevailing "Punicophilia" literature) are presented by Abdullah Laroui in his 5154: 4774: 4673: 4252: 2462: 827:

populations of antiquity are typically understood to refer to approximately the same population as modern Berbers.

8175:"Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe" 7442: 6285: 3175:

Soon after gaining independence in the middle of the twentieth century, the countries of North Africa established

55: 13441: 13436: 13411: 11427: 9510: 8173:

Rodríguez-Santos, Francisco J.; Mikdad, Abdeslam; Trujillo-Mederos, Aioze; Bustamante, Carlos D. (12 June 2018).

5618:

music of Algeria, and the widespread Tuareg music of Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali. Instruments used include the

3285:, a feminist and Berberist militant, who has been nominated as head of the Ministry of Communication in Algeria. 3098:, which supposed a variety of stereotypes based on a binary between Arabs and Kabyle people, reached its climax. 2427: 1307: 1243:, all of which are frequent among present-day communities in the Maghreb. These ancient individuals also bore an 1002: 940: 7852: 7648:

Histoire de l'émigration kabyle en France au XXe siècle: réalités culturelles ... De Karina Slimani-Direche

6633:

Ehret, C; Keita, SOY; Newman, P (2004). "The Origins of Afroasiatic a response to Diamond and Bellwood (2003)".

6613:

The Archaeology of the First Farmer-Herders in Egypt: New Insights into the Fayum Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic.

3145:, a former officer of the Spanish administration. In July 1921, the Spanish army in northeastern Morocco, under 2984:. Yusuf continued to conquer territory; and following Abu Bakr's death in 1087, he became the Almoravid leader. 13426: 11737: 9847: 8721: 6133: 5546: 5317: 5244: 4794: 4548: 4077: 3304: 3246: 2466:

he seems to have drawn most of his support from portions of Balj's army that were still loyal to the Umayyads.

1463:

In fact, for a time their numerical and military superiority (the best horse riders of that time) enabled some

1283:

inhabitants were ancestral to contemporary populations in the area, but also likely experienced gene flow from

990: 608: 461: 17: 10334: 9725: 8688: 6861:

We are Imazigen : the development of Algerian Berber identity in twentieth-century literature and culture

6783:

It must be said that modern Berbers are a very diverse group of peoples whose main connections are linguistic.

2112:

as governor in Kairouan. Though nominally serving at the caliph's pleasure, Al Aghlab and his successors, the

764:, this definition remains disputed and is largely seen as an undue extrapolation. The term Amazigh also has a 5217: 4664: 3261:

have spread across Moroccan Berber communities in the Rif region. Another escalation took place in May 2017.

2784:

Having abandoned Sanchuelo, the Berbers who had formed his army turned to support another ambitious Umayyad,

2419: 2252: 1468: 7488:

Bereberes y Hebreos en Marruecos: sus orígenes, según las leyendas, tradiciones y fuentes hebraicas antiguas

6979: 3146: 13386: 12723:

Semino, O.; Magri, P. J.; Benuzzi; Lin; Al-Zahery; Battaglia; MacCioni; Triantaphyllidis; Shen (May 2004).

12673: 8495: 7902: 4874: 4631:

Further west, the kingdom of Numidia was contemporary with the Phoenician civilization of Carthage and the

4524: 2442: 1319: 1231:

BC. Ancient DNA analysis of these specimens indicates that they carried paternal haplotypes related to the

1011: 9206:

Anales Palatinos del Califa de Córdoba al-Hakam II, por 'Isa ibn Ahmad al-Razi (360–364 H. = 971–975 J.C.)

7626:

The State of Social Progress of Islamic Societies: Social, Economic, Political, and Ideological Challenges

5195:, underlining their African roots as well as close relationship with the ancient art of the Mediterranean. 2940:

During the taifa period, the Almoravid empire developed in northwest Africa, whose core was formed by the

883:

region in northwestern Africa is believed to have been inhabited by Berbers from at least 10,000 BC.

690:

has emerged among various parts of the Berber populations of North Africa to promote a collective Amazigh

13289: 10539: 9949: 8355:

The Life and Death of Carthage: A Survey of Punic History and Culture from Its Birth to Its Final Tragedy

6190:. Chaire pour le développement de la recherche sur la culture d'expression française en Amérique du Nord. 4508: 4440: 4385: 4290: 3168:'s reorganisation of the country created, for the first time, a unified Kabyle administrative territory, 2691: 1765: 1683: 1456: 591:

of the 7th and 8th centuries CE. This started a process of cultural and linguistic assimilation known as

11631:, 6 (1989), document A264, published online on December 1, 2012, accessed on April 10, 2020. URL : 1860: 782:

Abraham Isaac Laredo proposes that the term Amazigh could be derived from "Mezeg", which is the name of

13331: 12320:

Cruciani, F.; La Fratta, B.; Santolamazza; Sellitto; Pascone; Moral; Watson; Guida; Colomb (May 2004).

11974: 11179:

Most Berber languages have a high percentage of borrowing from Arabic, as well as from other languages.

6577: 4704: 4644: 4635:. Among other things, the Numidians have left thousands of pre-Christian tombs. The oldest of these is 4256: 4108: 3214:

and Islamism, their issue of identity is due to the pan-Arabist ideology of former Egyptian president,

2632:. The site was used during the Muslim period from about 785 until the fall of the Caliphate of Cordova. 2551:

messianic leaders that were not uncommon among Berbers at that time and earlier. He compares Shaqya to

2423: 1784: 1095: 923:

region. During the pre-Roman era, several successive independent states (Massylii) existed before King

703: 9095:

Excavaciones en la ciudad hispanomusulmana de Vascos (Navalmoralejo, Toledo) : campañas 1983-1988

2806: 2566:

succeeded Abd ar-Rahman as emir; but his brother Sulayman revolted and fled to the Berber garrison of

2116:, ruled independently until 909, presiding over a court that became a center of learning and culture. 1467:

to impose a tribute on Carthage, a condition that continued into the 5th century BC. Also, due to the

1298:

colonists from Iberia sometime between 5000 and 3000 BC. They were found to be closely related to the

13381: 12800: 9652: 7444:

Essai sur les origines des Touaregs: herméneutique culturelle des Touaregs de la région de Tombouctou

5496: 4528: 4342: 4298: 4204:

Over the past few decades, political tensions have arisen between some Berber groups (especially the

3351:

were pushed to the north. The Berbers took refuge in the mountains whereas the plains were Arabized.

3169: 2969: 2481:

tribe, were effective in obtaining support from Berbers in their revolts against the Umayyad regime.

1232: 1153: 10854:

Politics and Power in the Maghreb: Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco from Independence to the Arab Spring

6520: 5229: 2715: 2682:

Mérida in 928–929, Ceuta in 931, and Toledo in 932. In 934 he began a campaign in the north against

1768:, were allied with Carthage, while the western Masaesyli, under King Syphax, were allied with Rome. 1530:

As the centuries passed, a society of Punic people of Phoenician descent but born in Africa, called

12805: 11934: 9101:] (in Spanish). Toledo: Servicio de Publicaciones, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha. 8555: 8114: 5542: 5531: 5313: 5302: 5201: 4038: 2789: 2196: 2132: 2065: 1401: 1392:) came from perhaps the most advanced multicultural sphere then existing, the western coast of the 1045: 966:

were one of the few peoples in North Africa who remained independent during successive rule by the

836: 523:

Descended from Stone Age tribes of North Africa, accounts of the Imazighen were first mentioned in

62: 31: 12813: 11776: 6992:

Fischer-Lichte, Erika; Sugiera, Małgorzata; Jost, Torsten; Hartung, Holger; Soltani, Omid (2022).

2746:. With the withdrawal of the Fatimids to Egypt, however, the rivalry with the Umayyads decreased. 2119: 11055: 9338:

Bernard Droz, «Insurrection de 1871: la révolte de Mokrani», dans Jeannine Verdès-Leroux (dir.),

6345: 5535: 5426:, light and spongy pancake made from flour, yeast, and salt; served hot and soaked in butter and 5306: 5076: 4585: 4581: 4496:

in Algeria and some Libyan Berbers in the Nafusa Mountains and Zuwara are primarily adherents of

4346: 3983: 3250: 2859: 2798: 2458: 2224: 2201: 1915: 1875:

According to historians of the Middle Ages, the Berbers were divided into two branches, Butr and

1811: 1744: 1149: 944: 908: 776: 12603:"Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa" 11998:"Artistry of the Everyday: Beauty and Craftsmanship in Berber Art Lisa Bernasek Susan G. Miller" 9192:"Algeria, a Country StudyBy American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies: Pg 15" 8083: 4802: 2726: 2640: 2619: 2056:, Uqba's successor, pushed westward into Algeria and eventually worked out a modus vivendi with 1156:

paternal haplogroup, with Berber speakers having among the highest frequencies of this lineage.

576: 8632: 7749: 7491:(in Spanish). Instituto de Estudios Africanos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. 5832: 4708: 4624:

and more sophisticated tombs associated with the aristocracy of this society, in particular at

3234: 3153:. The Spaniards may have lost up to 22,000 soldiers at Annual and in subsequent fighting. 2060:, the ruler of an extensive confederation of Christian Berbers. Kusaila, who had been based in 1642: 709: 603:

among the Berbers, leading to the adoption of Arabic as the primary language and conversion to

588: 385: 11409:"'House-Churches' and Silent Masses—The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret" 11336: 11162: 10967: 10852: 9312: 8736: 7723: 7708: 7681: 7598: 6733: 6703: 6187: 4424: 4423:

Berber languages in total are spoken by around 14 million to 16 million people in Africa (see

4133: 3334:

to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the

2563: 1412:

many Berber areas, including sites outside of present-day Tunisia, such as the settlements at

13282: 13153: 12149:"Dancing for the Moroccan state: ethnic folk dances and the production of national hybridity" 11246: 11219: 11192: 11132: 10879: 10778:"Recent Historical Migrations Have Shaped the Gene Pool of Arabs and Berbers in North Africa" 9922: 9777: 9750: 9599: 9572: 9191: 9123: 8711: 7790: 7775: 7067: 6826: 6766: 6038: 5467: 5102: 4589: 4233: 3363: 3339: 3238: 3221: 3091: 2785: 2109: 1841: 1500:

agricultural labour, and their household services, whether by hire or indenture; many became

1291: 1206:, which points to population continuity in the region dating from the Iberomaurusian period. 1199: 1191: 1006: 469: 10529: 9673: 7425: 7390: 7165: 7102: 5091:; it is a very hierarchical society. The Mozabites are governed by the spiritual leaders of 3072: 2174: 1336: 12852: 11632: 11459: 10732: 8196: 8188: 8123: 4806: 4798: 4788: 4700: 4544: 3039: 2778: 2666:

occupation of Toledo in 1085. The Berber inhabitants took all their possessions with them.

2300: 2281: 2053: 1671: 1327: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1240: 1236: 1203: 1195: 1135: 1019: 580: 524: 9975: 8498:

also met with instances of "disloyalty" by Berber leaders, witness their long war against

6911: 6220: 2683: 1508:

For a period, the Berbers were in constant revolt, and in 396 there was a great uprising.

1455:

Berber kingdoms in Numidia, c. 220 BC (green: Masaesyli under Syphax; gold: Massyli under

635:. Islam later provided the ideological stimulus for the rise of fresh Berber empires, the 8: 12653: 9300: 6270: 5070: 4512: 4404:

vocabulary, it contains a few Berber loanwords which represent 2–3% of the vocabulary of

4060:

The Semitic-speaking presence in the Maghreb is mainly due to the migratory movements of

2657: 2383: 2289: 2285: 2021: 2004: 1903: 1795:

assigned the western half. However, soon after, conflict broke out again, leading to the

801: 675: 12310: 12123:

Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

10736: 10257: 9779:

Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

9125:

African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century, Volume 1: Pg 92

8192: 8127: 6040:

Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

5707:

on rabab, which also gives the notes of the melody which follows. The next phase is the

5187:

in Paris showed an exhibition on the history of traditional ceramics in Algeria, titled

5082:

The majority of Berber tribes currently have men as heads of the tribe. In Algeria, the

2886: 13348: 13316: 12757: 12724: 12589: 12412: 12371: 12354: 12321: 12009: 10802: 10777: 10753: 10720: 10590: 10565: 10534: 9242: 9213: 8221: 8174: 8146: 8109: 8031: 8002: 7978: 7949: 7924: 7897: 7347:"Who Conquered Spain? The Role of the Berbers in the Conquest of the Iberian Peninsula" 7192: 6658: 6291: 5765: 5757: 5173: 4961: 4862: 4477:

their shared language or a collective identification with Berber heritage and history.

4104: 3215: 3150: 2961: 2894: 2699: 2663: 2629: 2552: 2368: 2351: 2332: 1958: 1691: 1667: 1635: 1627: 1244: 1126:

As of about 5000 BC, the populations of North Africa were descended primarily from the

1091: 888: 849: 800:

says the Berbers were descendants of Barbar, the son of Tamalla, son of Mazigh, son of

739: 473: 12635: 12602: 10045: 9488: 9208:(Spanish translation by Emilio García Gómez ed.). Madrid. 1967. pp. 160–161. 8077:"Mitochondrial DNA and Phylogenetic Analysis of Prehistoric North African Populations" 8060: 8047: 8001:

Hodgson, Jason A.; Mulligan, Connie J.; Al-Meeri, Ali; Raaum, Ryan L. (12 June 2014).

7881:

Editora Vozes, Petrópolis (Brasil) 1985, pp. 42f., 77f. Giordani references Bousquet,

6370: 5042: 4878: 4647:

further east, or built with the help of Greek craftsmen, the tomb consists of a large

4045:, which is typical of the indigenous Berbers of North-West Africa. On the other hand, 3510: 2964:

accepted the invitation. Traveling to Morocco, he established a military monastery or

2544: 13326: 13294: 12827: 12779: 12762: 12744: 12709: 12690: 12684: 12640: 12622: 12581: 12573: 12542: 12523: 12504: 12484: 12465: 12450: 12435: 12398: 12379: 12359: 12341: 12279: 12233: 12214: 12185: 12156: 12127: 12100: 12075: 12065: 12042: 12032: 11958:

ABC Amazigh. An editorial experience in Algeria, 1996–2001 experience, Smaïl Medjeber

11836: 11811: 11757: 11691: 11649: 11562: 11537: 11342: 11289: 11252: 11225: 11198: 11168: 11138: 11111: 11084: 10973: 10887: 10858: 10807: 10758: 10699: 10673: 10647: 10620: 10595: 10561: 10364: 10230: 9955: 9928: 9893: 9869: 9783: 9756: 9632: 9605: 9578: 9460: 9430: 9376: 9343: 9171: 9129: 9102: 8717: 8579: 8306: 8226: 8151: 8036: 7983: 7929: 7832: 7755: 7729: 7687: 7629: 7604: 7550: 7540: 7515: 7448: 7406: 7402: 7368: 7288: 7265: 7255: 7230: 7220: 7171: 7135: 7108: 7073: 7046: 6999: 6875: 6865: 6832: 6772: 6739: 6709: 6650: 6616: 6594: 6555: 6493: 6320: 6129: 6044: 4924: 4540: 4469: 4436: 4397: 4389: 4358: 4350: 4294: 4229: 4096: 4054: 4046: 3790: 3180: 2981: 2977: 2949: 2916:

In the power hierarchy, Berbers were situated between the Arabic aristocracy and the

2603: 2209: 2161: 2073: 2035: 2016: 1993: 1962: 1946: 1942: 1845: 1802: 1703: 1623: 1386: 1256: 1221: 1138:. The proto-Berber tribes evolved from these prehistoric communities during the late 1053: 845: 805: 662:

Berbers are divided into several diverse ethnic groups and Berber languages, such as

644: 640: 636: 572: 12593: 7582: 6675:

Bender ML (1997), Upside Down Afrasian, Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 50, pp. 19–34

6445: 1706:, who was a North African of Roman/Punic ancestry (perhaps with some Berber blood). 1294:(EEF) ancestry. It was suggested that EEF ancestry had entered North Africa through 753: 13446: 13376: 13336: 13321: 12828:

Number Systems and Calendars of the Berber Populations of Grand Canary and Tenerife

12752: 12736: 12630: 12614: 12565: 12349: 12333: 12260: 11749: 11281: 11038:"Libyan rebels seize western border crossing, as fighting in mountains intensifies" 10797: 10789: 10748: 10740: 10585: 10577: 10443: 10283: 10222: 10190: 10165: 10140: 10096: 9528: 9396: 9099:

Excavations in the Spanish-Muslim city of Vascos (Navalmoralejo, Toledo): 1983-1988

9080:

Villes et campagnes de Tarraconaise et d'al-Andalus (VIe-XIe siècle): la transition

9065:

Villes et campagnes de Tarraconaise et d'al-Andalus (VIe-XIe siècle): la transition

8216: 8206: 8141: 8131: 8055: 8026: 8016: 7973: 7963: 7919: 7911: 7577: 7576:. Vol. 28–29 | Kirtēsii – Lutte. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. pp. 4361–4363. 7398: 7358: 6940: 6662: 6646: 6642: 6586: 6575:

Diakonoff, Igor (1 October 1998). "The Earliest Semitic Society: Linguistic Data".

6417: 6383: 5919: 5853: 5607: 5590: 5586: 4983: 4916: 4883: 4866: 4810: 4684: 4381: 4362: 4268: 4112: 4100: 3815: 3749: 3661: 3520: 3466:

pastoralist lifestyle and are the principal inhabitants of the vast Sahara Desert.

3448: 3242: 3110: 3102: 3052:; sometimes more commonly referred to by its ruling family, the Mokrani, in Berber 2993: 2933: 2898: 2874: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2766: 2743: 2591: 2375: 2144: 1980:

Before the eleventh century, most of Northwest Africa had become a Berber-speaking

1966: 1954: 1938: 1815: 1576: 1393: 1355: 1024: 975: 967: 887:, which have been dated to twelve millennia before present, have been found in the 769: 761: 648: 528: 465: 330: 12265: 12248: 11374: 10566:"A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa" 7503: 5059: 4946: 4840: 4392:/ṣ/. In turn, Berber languages have influenced local dialects of Arabic. Although 3038:

rule in North Africa. They lived primarily in three states or confederations: the

3022: 2686:

of Leon and Muhammad ibn Hashim al-Tujibi, the governor of Zaragoza. According to

2304: 13311: 13306: 13221: 12998: 12845: 12817: 12686:

Noah's Flood: The new scientific discoveries about the event that changed history

11023: 10831: 10693: 10667: 10641: 10614: 9698: 9626: 9400: 9165: 8305:. Translated by Manheim, Ralph. Princeton University Press. pp. 55, 60, 65. 8021: 7968: 7486: 7040: 6545: 6531: 6254: 6202: 6123: 5823: 5666: 5236: 4814: 4569: 4485: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4393: 4373: 4368:

Most Berber languages have a high percentage of borrowing and influence from the

4354: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4306: 4217: 4189: 4157: 4041:

is the most frequent among Maghrebi groups, especially the downstream lineage of

3825: 3797: 3762: 3724: 3555: 3444: 3355: 3294: 3274: 3149:, were routed by the forces of Abd el-Krim, in what became known in Spain as the 3125: 3059: 3043: 3013: 3001: 2890: 2870: 2598: 2556: 2494: 2489: 2344: 2316: 2308: 2269: 2237: 2228: 2213: 1985: 1603: 1476: 1248: 1131: 959: 691: 480:

region of North Africa, where they live in scattered communities across parts of

10023: 9989: 9803: 9327:

Afrique barbaresque dans la littérature française aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles (l')

8610: 6313:"Au cœur des réseaux djihadistes européens, le passé douloureux du Rif marocain" 5773: 5752: 4691:

left their mark in the material culture of North Africa as well. Phoenician and

61:

The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of

12153:

North African Mosaic: A Cultural Reappraisal of Ethnic and Religious Minorities

11738:"Mission scientifique de Masqueray dans l'Aurès et ses dépendances (1875-1878)" 10824: 10744: 9825: 8696: 8670: 7828: 6551: 5281: 4632: 4532: 4273: 4152: 4037:

Genetically, the Berbers form the principal indigenous ancestry in the region.

3731: 3391: 3331: 3194: 3184: 3087: 3083: 3035: 2395: 2184: 1950: 1807: 1796: 1736: 1719: 1303: 1280: 1184: 1127: 1052:

and the Libyans, they were the prehistoric peoples that crossed to Africa from

983: 979: 896: 884: 652: 611:

from the 7th century to the 17th century accelerated this process. While local

66: 12569: 11316: 10121: 9052:(Spanish translation of French original ed.). Barcelona: Barral Editores. 8410:(New York: Simon & Schuster 1990) at 18–20, observes imperial pretensions. 7709:"Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux Walmsley: Pg 118" 7554: 6590: 2579: 2273: 1220:

Human fossils excavated at the Ifri n'Amr ou Moussa site in Morocco have been

1083:, the Barber (i.e. Berbers) comprised one of seven principal races in Africa. 855: 13370: 13256: 13241: 13211: 13181: 12917: 12748: 12626: 12577: 12345: 12079: 12046: 12031:. Cambridge Mass: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University. pp. 60–111. 11761: 11478: 11285: 11164:

Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: Aaronsohn-Cyril VI

9434: 9237:(French translation by Edmond Fagnan ed.). Algiers. pp. II, ah 403. 8693:

Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale

8667:

Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale

8420: 8136: 8007: 7954: 7836: 7825:

Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale

7519: 7410: 7372: 7269: 7234: 6879: 6685: 6598: 6497: 6324: 5458: 4405: 4334: 4322: 4205: 4161: 4018: 3990: 3902: 3895: 3696: 3562: 3545: 3492: 3455: 3436: 3420: 3412: 3348: 3282: 3226: 2882: 2525: 2509: 2379: 2328: 2296: 2292:, contributed to the eventual formation of the independent Asturian kingdom. 2244: 2232: 2124: 2093: 2039: 1930: 1914:(present-day Algeria) which controlled much of the ancient Roman province of 1699: 1607: 1563: 1501: 1492: 1441: 1405: 1172: 1065:

which later on united all of Berber tribes of North Africa under the rule of

904: 783: 757: 667: 663: 595:, which influenced the Berber population. Arabization involved the spread of 388: 315: 11890: 11583: 11454: 10793: 10016:"Who are the Tuareg? | Art of Being Tuareg: Sahara Nomads in a Modern World" 8783: 8211: 7569: 7023:"Berber | Definition, People, Languages, & Facts | Britannica" 6432:

The Dual Heritage: Immigrants from the Atlas Mountains in an Israeli Village

4053:

origins, and has its highest distribution among populations in the southern

4049:

is the second most frequent among Maghrebi groups and is more indicative of

2944:

branch of the Sanhaja Berber. In the mid-11th century, they allied with the

2858:, then marched on Cordoba, taking it and executing Sulayman and his family. 841: 13201: 12766: 12644: 12585: 12363: 10811: 10762: 10599: 10418: 10308: 10071: 8611:"The Last Christians of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today" 8230: 8155: 8040: 7987: 7933: 7534: 6654: 5698: 5603: 5582: 4836: 4692: 4688: 3973: 3601: 3431:

Valley of Morocco—who number about eight million. Other groups include the

3308: 3278: 3157: 2973: 2707: 2706:

ceremonial cloaks. During this time, mints in cities on the Moroccan coast—

2521: 2085: 1925:

Several Berber dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages in the Maghreb and

1833: 1740: 1631: 1417: 1331: 1295: 1028: 971: 820: 773: 717: 600: 509: 453: 449: 361: 242: 12182:

Between Resistance and Expansion: Explorations of Local Vitality in Africa

10468: 10226: 9050:

Al-andalus: estructura antropológica de una sociedad islámica en occidente

8048:"Supplementary Text S1: Affinities of the Ethio-Somali ancestry component" 7249: 7214: 7069:

Between Resistance and Expansion: Explorations of Local Vitality in Africa

7022: 6859: 6800: 6070: 4032: 2624: 2339:

attacked Munnuza before he was ready, and, besieging him, defeated him at

13353: 13301: 13246: 13206: 11753: 10519:↑ Fadhlaoui-Zid et al., 2004; Cherni et al., 2005; Loueslati et al., 2006 8684: 8662: 8538:(Paris: Hachette 1958; London: Geo. Allen & Unwin 1961), p. 123. The 7915: 7820: 7471:

Catalogue des tribus africaines de l'antiquité classique à l'ouest du Nil

7042:

Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches

6995:

Entangled Performance Histories: New Approaches to Theater Historiography

6896:

Vourlias, Christopher (25 January 2010). "Moroccan minority's net gain".

5651:). The amydaz recites improvised poems, often accompanied by drums and a 5611: 5192: 5143: 5092: 4839:

and decorated with local geometric motifs, as with the famous example of

4656: 4497: 4481: 4444: 4244: 4225: 4213: 4073: 4050: 3867: 3327: 3300: 3211: 3142: 3120: 3106: 3095: 2749: 2534: 2097: 1856: 1840:, then a full Roman province in AD 40, after the death of its last king, 1679: 1663:

area of modern-day Libya in the Sahara desert between 400 BC and 600 AD.

1375: 1323: 1176: 1087: 797: 592: 369: 365: 347: 232: 139: 12013: 11997: 11318:

Du Punique au Maghribi :Trajectoires d'une langue sémito-méditerranéenne

10775: 9411:

David S. Woolman, page 96 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press

7667: 7657:

Les cultures du Maghreb. Maria Àngels Roque, Paul Balta, Mohammed Arkoun

5015: 4900: 4493: 4121: 3303:

of the indigenous Berber populations was a result of the centuries-long

3116: 2881:

valley. The area of Aftasid control was very large, stretching from the

2742:

govern. The Hammadids became independent in 1014, with their capital at

2729:, the Umayyads placed a great emphasis on the Umayyad membership of the 2003:

Besides the Arabian influence, North Africa also saw an influx, via the

1779:. When Micipsa died in 118 BC, he was succeeded jointly by his two sons 1098:(947 CE) held that they are descended from Berber, the son of Keloudjm ( 694:

and to militate for greater linguistic rights and cultural recognition.

13148: 13044: 12954: 12934: 12897: 12822: 9359: 9295: 8082:. International Society for Applied Biological Sciences. Archived from 7950:"Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations" 6156: 4822: 4740: 4601: 4516: 4449: 4281: 4069: 3885: 3681: 3584: 3580: 3424: 3403: 3323: 3269: 3034:

The Kabylians were independent of outside control during the period of

3027: 2989: 2960:

preachers in Kairouan, and invited them to his land. Malikite disciple

2810: 2801:

in 1010. To avoid being destroyed, the Berbers fled towards Algeciras.

2687: 2571: 2498: 2391: 2217: 1989: 1972: 1926: 1896: 1837: 1827: 1780: 1656: 1572: 1363: 1214: 1188: 1139: 1079: 1066: 1049: 632: 568: 560: 517: 497: 262: 12029:

Artistry of the everyday : beauty and craftsmanship in Berber art

11711: 11390:"Christian Converts in Morocco Fear Fatwa Calling for Their Execution" 9951:

Berbers and Blacks: Impressions of Morocco, Timbuktu and Western Sudan

9514: 7894: 7363: 7346: 7285:

The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States

7254:(First ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 979, 990. 7167:

The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States

7131:

The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States

4220:

in Libya also banned the teaching of Berber languages, and, in a 2008

3249:

occurring between rebels and loyalists for control of the region. The

2602:

Ecija in 889. He captured Jaen in 892. He was only defeated in 915 by

2555:, a descendant of Ali accepted by the Zenata Berbers, who founded the 13343: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12944: 12427: 12319: 11412: 10643:

Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey

8442:

General History of Africa, volume II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa

7864:

J. Desanges, "The proto-Berbers", pp. 236–245, especially p. 237, in

5804: 5158: 5115: 5046: 4920: 4892: 4759: 4720: 4640: 4636: 4606: 4559: 4504: 4458: 4454: 4248: 4240: 4183: 4061: 3258: 3203: 3017: 2734: 2403: 2399: 2360: 2265: 2113: 2104: 1652: 1544: 1540: 1437: 1425: 1397: 1382: 1367: 1351: 1062: 924: 900: 816: 747: 683: 656: 620: 552: 544: 11493: 10393:

Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc

8567:

The Mercenary revolt occurred after the First Punic War (see below).

8440:

B. H. Warmington, "The Carthaginian Period" at 246–260, 248–249, in

8408:

Carthage. Uncovering the mysteries and splendours of ancient Tunisia

6481: 5737:. There is some variation in the order of the presentation, but the 5520: 5291: 4887:

s of which numerous examples can be found in Morocco. The island of

4825:

valleys and oases of the Atlas and the south are marked by numerous

2928: 2855: 2673: 2295:

Many Berbers were settled in what were then the frontier lands near

2179: 1451: 993:, the Kabyle people still maintained possession of their mountains. 756:

proposed the translation "noble/free" for the term Amazigh based on

13277: 13231: 13191: 13186: 13158: 13099: 13079: 12986: 12961: 12929: 12907: 12740: 12618: 12601:

Nebel, A.; Landau-Tasseron; Filon; Oppenheim; Faerman (June 2002).

12337: 11432: 10581: 9631:. Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen). p. 9. 8551: 8499: 8201: 7866:

General History of Africa, vol. II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa

6100: 6008: 5769: 5488: 5452:

to make it even tastier. This dish is served mainly at festivities.

5375: 5363: 5359: 5251: 5148: 5139: 5096: 5088: 5019: 4858: 4712: 4696: 4677: 4617: 4489: 4388:/ʕ/ and /ħ/, the (nongeminated) uvular stop /q/, and the voiceless 3832: 3780: 3632: 3527: 3459: 3440: 2917: 2878: 2831: 2722: 2567: 2540: 2407: 2355: 2340: 2261: 2221: 2077: 2043: 1984:

area. Unlike the conquests of previous religions and cultures, the

1934: 1919: 1868: 1864: 1788: 1757: 1687: 1675: 1488: 1421: 1340: 1299: 1276: 1180: 1168: 1161: 1143: 1099: 1057: 916: 892: 772:"Amajegh", meaning noble. "Mazigh" was used as a tribal surname in 422: 408: 12600: 9574:

The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation)

2575: 2524:, who wrote that Shaqya's revolt originated in the area of modern 2434:, to cross to the Iberian peninsula to fight against the Berbers. 2277: 2088:(the western part of modern Libya), Tunisia, and eastern Algeria. 955: 760:'s translation of "awal amazigh" as "noble language" referring to 13261: 13196: 13136: 13131: 13114: 13109: 13089: 12991: 12892: 12882: 12096:

Routledge Handbook on Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa

11477:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

10907: 10616:

Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East: L to Z

9167:

Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Africa: Pg 329

8518: 8275: 6247:

Les langues de France: un patrimoine méconnu, une réalité vivante

6013: 5984: 5799: 5794: 5635: 5623: 5415: 5267: 5162: 5119: 4896: 4848: 4755: 4660: 4648: 4536: 4520: 4377: 4318: 4209: 4065: 4008: 3968: 3915: 3860: 3845: 3775: 3744: 3714: 3709: 3645: 3614: 3575: 3540: 3505: 3432: 3416: 3397: 3378: 3138: 2941: 2730: 2645: 2513: 2505: 2478: 2474: 2257: 2140: 2068:

in 698, expelling the Byzantines, and in 703 decisively defeated

2061: 2057: 1996:

of Egypt to punish the Berber Zirid dynasty for having abandoned

1981: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1776: 1729: 1715: 1559: 1433: 1429: 1359: 1344: 1134:

cultures, with a more recent intrusion being associated with the

1103: 963: 951: 928: 880: 765: 713: 671: 564: 556: 548: 493: 485: 481: 477: 438: 252: 222: 172: 162: 12555: 12497: 11801: 11799: 11797: 8074: 6991: 6843:

Most languages of the Berber branch are mutually unintelligible.

4895:. Their prayer halls are domed and they have short, often round 2834:

from its Berber garrison and took control of the entire region.

2457:

When the Umayyad Caliphate was overthrown in 750, a grandson of

1483:

might be indicative of the complexity of the politics involved.

1255:

were found to carry the broadly-distributed paternal haplogroup

1167:

In 2013, Iberomaurusian skeletons from the prehistoric sites of

13143: 13094: 13074: 13003: 12902: 11494:"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census" 11104:

Lyovin, Anatole; Kessler, Brett; Leben, William Ronald (2017).

9625:

Farida, Benouis; Houria, Chérid; Lakhdar, Drias; Amine, Semar.

8645: 7251:

Oxford Arabic dictionary : Arabic-English · English-Arabic

6482:"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census" 5688: 5674: 5656: 5631: 5619: 5503: 5474: 5449: 5369: 4999: 4966: 4888: 4853: 4835:(fortified villages), typically flat-roofed structures made of 4826: 4716: 4652: 4480:

As a legacy of the spread of Islam, the Berbers are now mostly

4401: 4369: 4302: 3944: 3668: 3619: 3344: 3335: 3312: 3254: 3176: 3076: 2996:, traveled to Morocco to appeal to Yusuf for help against King 2957: 2945: 2364: 2324: 2158: 2154: 2136: 2081: 1997: 1911: 1892: 1884: 1761: 1724: 1660: 1595: 1523: 1480: 1389: 1371: 1284: 1272: 1209: 872: 791: 743: 624: 616: 596: 536: 334: 305: 295: 272: 192: 10946:"The Amazigh of Libya revive their previously banned language" 9699:"Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language" 8595:

Compare the contradictions described in Brett & Fentress,

8171: 7191: 6203:"Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language" 6055:

The Berber population numbers approximately 36 million people.

5883: 5874: 2976:

and the Zenata Berber. After Yahya ibn Umar died, his brother

2371:. These events put an end to the Berber garrison in Pamplona. 1271:, the latter of which were common mtDNA lineages in Neolithic 468:, most of them mutually unintelligible, which are part of the 133: 13251: 12939: 11806:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Berber".

11794: 10994:"Small rebel victory big moment for persecuted Berber tribes" 9067:. Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Midi. pp. 114–124. 5670: 5652: 5615: 5441: 5404: 5400: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5208: 5135: 5079:

was a Berber woman in Kabylie who fought against the French.

4736: 4625: 4621: 4620:

instead. By the second century AD there is evidence of large

4042: 4003: 3939: 3880: 3810: 3463: 3359: 3316: 2965: 2902: 2823: 2695: 2613: 2431: 2069: 2047: 2026: 1459:, father of Masinissa; further east: city-state of Carthage). 1252: 987: 860: 787: 643:

in the 11th to 13th centuries. Their Berber successors – the

628: 612: 604: 584: 540: 513: 505: 489: 457: 381: 353: 285: 212: 182: 10559: 10492:↑ Rando et al., 1998; Brakez et al., 2001; Kéfi et al., 2005 9082:. Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Midi. pp. 97–138. 8000: 7219:(2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 2191: 2168: 12912: 12312:

Grammaire de la langue basque (d'apres celle de Larramendi)

11110:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 198–208. 11024:"Libya: Gaddafi Rails Against 'No Fly' Attacks and Berbers" 10389:"Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004" 8075:

Kefi, R.; Bouzaid, E.; Stevanovitch, A.; Beraud-Colomb, E.

6705:

The Missiology behind the Story: Voices from the Arab World

6397:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017).

5886: 5865: 5684: 5627: 5445: 5123: 4941: 4870: 4831: 4669: 4507:

faiths into North Africa, the Berber people adhered to the

3927: 3588: 3458:

in Mali (early settlement near the old imperial capital of

3428: 2953: 2862:

declared himself caliph, a position he held for two years.

2770: 2759: 2711: 2485: 2452: 2148: 2029:, a 7th-century female Berber religious and military leader 1695: 1472: 920: 864: 824: 809: 532: 501: 357: 202: 12837: 12501:

Berbers and Others: Beyond Tribe and Nation in the Maghrib

12178:"Trading Cultures: Berbers and Tuareg as Souvenir Vendors" 11367:"Udayen imazighen — Les Juifs amazighs — The Amazigh Jews" 11248:

Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook

10718: 8107: 5606:

has a wide variety of regional styles. The best known are

4639:

in present-day Algeria, believed to date from the time of

4600:

Africa. Numerous archaeological sites associated with the

3396:

Ethnically, Berbers comprise a minority population in the

735:, the designation naturally used by classical conquerors. 464:. Their main connections are identified by their usage of 11912: 11191:

Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (1 January 2007).

9551:"Scores arrested in connection with Morocco Rif protests" 6900:. Vol. 417, no. 10. Penske Business Media, LLC. 5859: 5595: 5002:(Tunisia), an example of a traditional "fortified mosque" 4064:

in the 3rd century BC and large scale migrations of Arab

3850: 3651: 2520:. He is mainly known from the work of the Arab historian 2517: 1413: 1160:

and other West Eurasian-affiliated components before the

720:

are collectively known as Berbers or Amazigh in English.

539:

into the Maghreb. A series of Berber peoples such as the

11833:

International Symposium on New Metropolitan Perspectives

11633:

http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2582

10640:

Veenhoven, Willem Adriaan; Ewing, Winifred Crum (1975).

8542:

contract "gave the landowner four-fifths of the income".

8003:"Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa" 7104:

Berber Culture on the World Stage: From Village to Video

6257:, originally published by CultureComm unication.gouv.fr. 5958: 5952: 5933: 5927: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5692: 5678: 5660: 5646: 5640: 5435: 5427: 5421: 5409: 5394: 4865:, which are typically built with loose stone bound by a 4312: 3053: 2841:. The Saqaliba Khayran, with his own Umayyad figurehead 2508:

Berber named Shaqya ibn Abd al-Walid declared himself a

1674:(there is a strong correlation between adherence to the 1479:

is apposite. Her refusal to wed the Mauritani chieftain

1015:

Berber ancient Libyan; as depicted in the tomb of Seti I

657:

Arabs claiming descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad

116: 12002:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

7504:"Origin of the Berber Tribal Confederation of Ṣanhādja" 4277:

Areas in North Africa where Berber languages are spoken

4239:

In contrast, many Berber students in Morocco supported

2948:

and Massufa Berber. At that time, the Almoravid leader

12823:

The New Mass Media and the Shaping of Amazigh Identity

12810: 11808:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

11056:"Amid a Berber Reawakening in Libya, Fears of Revenge" 9947: 9529:"Mali Tuareg rebels declare independence in the north" 7202:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 764–767. 7159: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7017: 7015: 6371:

Tunisia Population. (2023-03-12). Retrieved 2020-02-27

4251:. Many educated Berbers were attracted to the leftist 2792:. Marching on Cordoba, they defeated Saqaliba general 2212:

in 711 were mainly Berbers, and were led by a Berber,

1651:(Amazigh) as tribal people raiding the monasteries of 12722: 10258:"Algérie: situation géographique et démolinguistique" 9481:"Official request for an autonomy status for Kabylia" 9314:

E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936

7946: 6967:

Siwa: Jewelry, Costume, and Life in an Egyptian Oasis

6801:"Berber | Definition, People, Languages, & Facts" 6605: 6182: 6180: 6178: 5895: 5877: 5871: 5856: 2923: 1187:. The ancient Taforalt individuals carried the mtDNA 1183:, indicating gene flow between these areas since the 571:. Other kingdoms appeared in late antiquity, such as 11492:

Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015).

11460:

Tunisia: International Religious Freedom Report 2007

10834:, Les Actes du Colloque Paris – Inalco, octobre 2004 9888: 9886: 9830:

World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples

9624: 7474:(in French). Dakar: Université de Dakar. p. 63. 6795: 6793: 6791: 6480:

Miller, Duane Alexander; Johnstone, Patrick (2015).

6396: 6265: 6263: 5913: 5837: 4843:. Likewise, southern Tunisia is dotted with hilltop 2817: 1659:

was a notable Berber kingdom that flourished in the

587:. Berber kingdoms were eventually suppressed by the 12155:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 215–216. 11341:. State University of New York Press. p. 174. 10908:"Amazigh: Morocco Upholds Ban of Traditional Names" 9968: 9836: 9818: 8282:(c. 42 BC), 19–20, translated by S. A. Handford as 7148: 7012: 6115: 6097:"North Africa's Berbers get boost from Arab Spring" 5868: 5862: 4384:. Almost all Berber languages took from Arabic the 627:principalities in the western Maghreb, and several 12776:Algeria in France: Transpolitics, Race, and Nation 11103: 9927:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 45. 9151:"An Atlas of African History by J. D. Fage: Pg 11" 8167: 8165: 7624:Tiliouine, Habib; Estes, Richard J., eds. (2016). 6175: 5382:(fledgling pigeon); today often made using chicken 4076:, as well as other waves that occurred during the 1641:The Berbers gain historicity gradually during the 11498:Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 11387: 9883: 9022:(Paperback ed.). Wiley Blackwell. p. 9. 8353:Picard, Gilbert Charles; Picard, Colette (1968). 8303:The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay 7340: 7338: 7336: 7334: 6788: 6486:Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 6260: 6091: 6089: 6087: 5118:. They migrate by following the natural cycle of 13368: 11805: 11419: 11244: 10510:↑ Côrte-Real et al., 1996; Macaulay et al., 1999 10363:. Amsterdam; Heidelberg: Elsevier. p. 155. 9628:An Architecture of Light. Islamic Art in Algeria 9454: 9285:(1995 Paperback ed.). Blackwell. p. 4. 9092: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8265:(2nd ed.). London: Robert Hale. p. 46. 7879:História da África. Anterior aos descobrimentos. 7791:"The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93" 7666:Dialogues d'histoire ancienne à l'Université de 7600:Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen) 7216:Historical dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen) 6964: 6891: 6889: 6864:. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. 6632: 6157:"Le berbère enseigné dans les écoles marocaines" 6036: 5701:. These performances begin with an instrumental 5178:Imazighen! Beauty and Artisanship in Berber Life 4547:. The most recent influence came from Islam and 3947:, northern Mali and Niger, and southern Algeria 2597:Berber groups were involved in the rebellion of 2240:in al-Andalus, because his mother was a Berber. 1531: 12053: 11627:L. Golvin, « Architecture berbère », 11623: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11613: 11611: 11609: 11491: 11156: 11154: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10840: 9455:Le Saout, Didier; Rollinde, Marguerite (1999). 9317:, Volume 4, publié par M. Th. Houtsma, Page 600 9283:Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain 1031–1157 8931: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8713:Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century 8471:(in French). Paris: Librairie François Maspero. 8180:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8162: 7536:Amazigh politics in the wake of the Arab Spring 7107:. Indiana University Press. pp. 7 and 11. 7096: 7094: 7092: 6825:Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (2007). 6479: 6065: 6063: 5691:, with any number of vocalists. The leader, or 4572:Berber Muslims have converted to Christianity. 4376:and represent 51.7% of the total vocabulary of 3358:identify as Berber, although the prominence of 2877:, controlled a large territory centered on the 2187:, a Berber empire that lasted from 1121 to 1269 2092:result, widespread opposition took the form of 508:. Smaller Berber communities are also found in 13457:Ethnic groups divided by international borders 11995: 11527: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11519: 10961: 10959: 10825:Pour une histoire sociale du berbèRe en France 10646:. Vol. 1. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 263. 10639: 9916: 9914: 9342:, Paris, Robert Laffont 2009, p. 474–475 9276: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9258: 8575: 8573: 7815: 7813: 7623: 7596: 7532: 7427:Histoire ancienne de l'Afrique du Nord. Tome 5 7384: 7382: 7331: 7309:""Respecting Identity: Amazigh Versus Berber"" 7282: 7163: 7127: 7065: 6760: 6758: 6084: 5731:, a dance, and finally the rhythmically swift 5095:and lead communal lives. During the crisis of 2788:. They obtained logistical support from Count 2195:Castillian ambassadors meeting Almohad caliph 2050:and used it as a base for further operations. 1910:Berber kingdom centred in the capital city of 1235:(E-M81) subclade and the maternal haplogroups 1048:, the original people of North Africa are the 12853: 12208: 12175: 11531: 11308: 11190: 11107:An Introduction to the Languages of the World 10857:. Oxford University Press. pp. 209–217. 9566: 9564: 8586:(London: Longmans, Green 1878, 1908) at 45–46 8328: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8240: 7888: 7287:. University of Texas Press. pp. 14–17. 6886: 6853: 6851: 6824: 6678: 6475: 6473: 6338: 6121: 4472:, a custom dating from the pre-Abrahamic era. 3047: 2501:Berber confederation in Morocco in the 770s. 12434:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 12246: 12209:Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1997). 12151:. In Boudraa, Nabil; Krause, Joseph (eds.). 11606: 11532:Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1996). 11456:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 11338:The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews 11151: 11076: 10837: 10382: 10380: 10332: 8910: 8906:(Paperback ed.). Blackwell. p. 97. 8798: 8352: 8324: 8322: 7751:The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568 7590: 7502:Stepanova, Anastasia V. (5 September 2018). 7089: 6443: 6122:Bhatia, Tej K.; Ritchie, William C. (2006). 6060: 4782: 4777:, example of a "tower tomb" (2nd century BC) 4707:can be found across the region, such as the 3369: 3066: 2757: 2354:, and possibly as early as 714, the city of 1374:, and were less settled, with predominantly 1362:. The Mauri inhabited the far west (ancient 122: 12773: 12651: 12423:(as cited in Michael Harrison's work, 1974) 12180:. In Probst, Peter; Spittler, Gerd (eds.). 11735: 11516: 11278:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics 10972:. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. 10956: 10672:. Oxford Business Group. 2008. p. 10. 10214: 9924:Language Empires in Comparative Perspective 9911: 9680:, Central Intelligence Agency, 14 June 2023 9255: 8683: 8570: 8469:L'Histoire du Maghreb: Un essai de synthèse 8329:Brett, Michael; Fentress, E. W. B. (1996). 7994: 7819: 7810: 7379: 7247: 7170:. University of Texas Press. pp. 7–9. 7034: 7032: 6755: 6547:Archaeology, Language, and the African Past 5677:Berbers have professional musicians called 5645:) travel in groups of four, led by a poet ( 5549:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5320:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4609:, but around the middle of the millennium ( 3411:Prominent Berber ethnic groups include the 1922:villages persisted until the 14th century. 1751: 1702:, served during the reign of Roman emperor 1646: 1475:, the foundress of Carthage, as related by 12860: 12846: 12703: 12682: 12417:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 12064:(in French). Paris: Musée du quai Branly. 12060:Vivier, Marie-France; et al. (2007). 11077:Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth (2020). 10698:. Oxford Business Group. 2011. p. 9. 10361:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 9660:International Journal of Frontier Missions 9561: 9247:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9232: 9218:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8444:(UNESCO 1981, 1990), edited by G. Mokhtar. 8260: 8237: 7848: 7846: 7670:, Centre de recherches d'histoire ancienne 7642: 7567: 7430:(in French). Paris: Hachette. p. 119. 6934: 6932: 6848: 6669: 6537: 6470: 6415: 6381: 6213: 5170:Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology 5018:, an example of local architecture in the 4289:The Berber languages form a branch of the 2936:realm at its greatest extent, c. 1120 2614:In al-Andalus during the Umayyad caliphate 1031:depicting a tattooed ancient Libyan chief 132: 12778:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 12756: 12658:. New York: New York, C. Scribner's sons. 12634: 12455:(in French). Beyonne: Bayonne Lamaignère. 12392: 12353: 12264: 12249:"The Stone Age Races of Northwest Africa" 10801: 10752: 10589: 10377: 9163: 8699:. Imprimerie du Gouvernement. p. ii. 8382:History of Ancient Egypt. An introduction 8348: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8319: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8220: 8210: 8200: 8145: 8135: 8059: 8030: 8020: 7977: 7967: 7923: 7855:, BBC World Service | The Story of Africa 7776:"The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45" 7581: 7501: 7362: 7344: 6626: 6574: 6525:, Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001 6030: 5569:Learn how and when to remove this message 5340:Learn how and when to remove this message 4821:In Morocco, the largely Berber-inhabited 4531:), or borrowed during antiquity from the 2497:declared himself a prophet and ruled the 2169:In al-Andalus under the Umayyad governors 1949:(Morocco and al-Andalus, 1147–1248), the 1945:(Morocco and al-Andalus, 1040–1147), the 85:Learn how and when to remove this message 12478: 12370: 12273: 12228:Celenko, Theodore, ed. (December 1996). 12026: 11968:Stewart, Courtney A. (4 December 2017). 11830: 11643: 11556: 11271: 11245:Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (2009). 11217: 11167:. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 463. 11083:(3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 223. 10927:"Morocco lifts the ban on Amazigh names" 10262:L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde 9597: 9457:Émeutes et Mouvements sociaux au Maghreb 9164:Gall, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (2009). 9047: 9032: 8695:(in French). Vol. 1. Translated by 7940: 7827:(in French). Vol. 1. Translated by 7706: 7683:The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156 7467: 7212: 7134:. University of Texas Press. p. 2. 7029: 6895: 5751: 5594: 5101: 4463: 4448: 4280: 4272: 4151: 3402: 3373: 3277:; the former prime minister of Morocco, 3220: 3115: 3021: 2927: 2672: 2639: 2623: 2453:In al-Andalus during the Umayyad emirate 2190: 2178: 2118: 2020: 1971: 1855: 1801: 1723: 1622: 1579:(218–201 BC) with Rome (see below), the 1539: 1450: 1335: 1208: 1018: 1010: 854: 840: 12667:(in French). Paris: La société berbère. 12536: 12227: 12092: 11967: 11668: 11581: 11448: 11406: 11221:The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber 11130: 10218:Languages of the World: An Introduction 9870:"Historical Dictionaries: North Africa" 9352: 9121: 9035:Tribus arabes et berbères en al-Andalus 9017: 8901: 8756:. Commune-mahdia.gov.tn. Archived from 8661: 8525:(Penguin 1963), translated by Handford. 8384:(; Cornell University 1999) at 128–131. 8357:. Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 15ff. 7843: 7440: 7100: 7045:. Oxford University Press. p. 42. 6929: 6731: 6701: 5418:containing flour, eggs, yeast, and salt 5168:From December 2004 to August 2006, the 4695:(Carthaginian) remains can be found at 4511:. This traditional religion emphasized 2901:in the northwest, and nearly as far as 2769:, commander of the Cordoba police, and 2135:ruled most of the central Maghreb from 1787:and Masinissa's illegitimate grandson, 1666:Roman-era Cyrenaica became a center of 1448:increased in scope and sophistication. 419:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 27:Ethnic group indigenous to North Africa 14: 13369: 12683:Ryan, William; Pitman, Walter (1998). 12671: 12517: 12459: 12213:(1996 hardcover ed.). Blackwell. 12184:. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 70–77. 12119: 12059: 11970:"Remarkable Berber Jewelry at The Met" 11774: 11687:Art et Architectures berbères du Maroc 11594:from the original on 12 September 2014 11584:"North Africa's Roman art. Its future" 11425: 11334: 11314: 11194:Language Planning and Policy in Africa 11160: 10877: 10850: 10612: 10215:Pereltsvaig, Asya (3 September 2020). 9775: 9306: 9280: 8772: 8466: 8337: 8300: 8289: 7721: 7484: 7388: 7066:Probst, Peter; Spittler, Gerd (2004). 6828:Language Planning and Policy in Africa 6764: 6735:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 6543: 6399:"Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada" 6310: 6273:. The World Factbook. 5 November 2021. 6128:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 860. 5683:s who play in ensembles consisting of 5151:is typical Berber masculine clothing. 5134:The Berber tribes traditionally weave 4565:International Religious Freedom Report 4068:tribes in the 11th century AD such as 2256:mountainous regions of Spain, such as 2157:was founded by the Fatimids under the 2084:(province) of Ifriqiya, which covered 1175:in the Maghreb were also analyzed for 891:region of southeastern Algeria. Other 697: 563:gave rise to Berber kingdoms, such as 12841: 12662: 12652:Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1915–1923). 12308: 12176:Scholze, Marko; Bartha, Ingo (2004). 10969:Nation Building in Turkey and Morocco 10965: 10560:Arredi, Barbara; Poloni, Estella S.; 10358: 9920: 9539:from the original on 30 October 2012. 9420: 9077: 9062: 8709: 8333:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 24f. 7788: 7561: 7539:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 7423: 7345:Stepanova, Anastasia (15 June 2018). 7038: 6969:. American University in Cairo Press. 6857: 5785:marketing of products and locations. 5764:Traditional Berber festivals include 5378:, a meat pie traditionally made with 5223:Detail of a traditional Berber carpet 4881:region of Algeria, or in the form of 4809:prevalent in North Africa during the 4643:(202–148 BC). Possibly influenced by 4568:for 2007 estimates that thousands of 4199: 3407:Berber village in the Atlas mountains 2756:to north Africa in 973–974 to act as 2046:about 160 kilometres south of modern 871:II (19th Dynasty) in 1279–1213 BCE. ( 448:, are a diverse grouping of distinct 12522:. London & New York: Routledge. 12448: 12426: 12247:Cabot-Briggs, L. (28 October 2009). 12146: 11683: 11673:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. 11561:. Simon & Schuster. p. 50. 11430:[Morocco invisible church]. 11426:Topper, Ilya U. (27 December 2008). 11131:Strazny, Philipp (1 February 2013). 10943: 10522: 10386: 10141:"Berber, Southern Shilha in Morocco" 9846:. The World Factbook. Archived from 9723: 9570: 9365: 9360:http://www.jstor.org/stable/41857696 9148: 8608: 7725:The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner 7722:Wysner, Glora M. (30 January 2013). 6831:. Multilingual Matters. p. 49. 6458:from the original on 13 January 2004 6434:. Manchester University Press, 1971. 6361:, Burkina Faso: 1.9% of 21.4 million 6287:Libya's Berbers fear ethnic conflict 6283: 5743:is always at the beginning, and the 5547:adding citations to reliable sources 5514: 5318:adding citations to reliable sources 5285: 4797:in the 7th and early 8th centuries, 4503:In antiquity, before the arrival of 4293:, a large family that also includes 4116: 3366:them into the Arab cultural sphere. 3315:spread during this period and drove 2797:Sulayman and the Berber forces in a 2677:Origin and conquests of the Fatimids 2367:, and in 824 became the independent 2131:Just to the west of Aghlabid lands, 1976:Berber dynasties in the 15th century 1694:were born in Numidia, as were three 1259:as well as the maternal haplogroups 157:Regions with significant populations 38: 12537:Martins, J. P. de Oliveira (1930). 12211:The Berbers (The Peoples of Africa) 11690:. Editions la Croisée des Chemins. 11671:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 11272:Kossmann, Maarten (29 March 2017), 11080:Compendium of the World's Languages 10924: 10619:. Infobase Publishing. p. 21. 10138: 9978:. The World Factbook. 3 March 2022. 9776:Danver, Steven L. (10 March 2015). 9598:el-Hasan, Hasan Afif (1 May 2019). 8780:"MAHDIA:Finger pointing at the sea" 8746: 8301:Laroui, Abdallah (19 April 2016) . 8261:Warmington, Brian Herbert (1969) . 7831:. Paris: P. Geuthner. p. 176. 7441:Hureiki, Jacques (1 January 2003). 7315:. 23 September 2019. Archived from 7313:Society for Linguistic Anthropology 6938: 5906: 5827: 5760:festival, 19th-century illustration 5697:, leads the group in its music and 5027: 4795:Arab-Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 3137:into French and Spanish zones. The 3101:In 1902, the French penetrated the 3063: 2382:in north Africa in 740–741, led by 2010: 1941:(Western Ifriqiya, 1014–1152), the 1775:Masinissa was succeeded by his son 279:(including those of mixed ancestry) 123: 24: 13392:Indigenous peoples of North Africa 12729:American Journal of Human Genetics 12689:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 12607:American Journal of Human Genetics 12326:American Journal of Human Genetics 12201: 11218:Kossmann, Maarten (18 July 2013). 10570:American Journal of Human Genetics 9093:Izquierdo Bonito, Ricardo (1994). 9020:Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796–1031 8397:(Cambridge University 1971) at 20. 7072:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 71. 5779: 2924:In al-Andalus under the Almoravids 2199:, contemporary depiction from the 1836:in 33 BC, after the death of king 25: 13478: 12794: 12678:. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 12539:A History of Iberian Civilization 11996:Cynthia Becker (1 January 2010). 11646:The Almoravid and Almohad Empires 11251:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 56. 9921:Stolz, Christel (10 March 2015). 9604:. Algora Publishing. p. 82. 8782:. Lexicorient.com. Archived from 8483:Le Berbère, lumière de l'Occident 8061:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393.s017 7707:Walmsley, Hugh Mulleneux (1858). 6311:Truong, Nicolas (23 March 2016). 6188:"Les Berbères en Afrique du Nord" 5183:From June to September 2007, the 5032: 3007: 2818:In al-Andalus in the Taifa period 2147:imamate (761–909), each an Ibadi 1343:wrestling with the Libyan giant 1044:According to the Roman historian 742:and present equivalence with the 13462:Ethnic groups in the Middle East 12169: 12140: 12113: 12093:Timothy, Dallen J., ed. (2018). 12086: 12020: 11989: 11961: 11952: 11927: 11905: 11879: 11867:from the original on 7 June 2021 11849: 11824: 11768: 11729: 11704: 11677: 11662: 11637: 11575: 11550: 11485: 11400: 11388:Morning Star News (9 May 2013). 11381: 11359: 11335:Wexler, Paul (1 February 2012). 11328: 11274:"Berber-Arabic Language Contact" 11265: 11238: 11211: 11184: 11124: 11097: 11070: 11048: 11030: 11016: 10986: 10937: 10918: 10900: 10884:Historical Dictionary of Algeria 10871: 10818: 10769: 10712: 10686: 10660: 10633: 10606: 10553: 10513: 10504: 10495: 10486: 10461: 10436: 10411: 10352: 10326: 10301: 10276: 10250: 10208: 10183: 10158: 10132: 10114: 10089: 10064: 10038: 10008: 9982: 9941: 9862: 9796: 9769: 9743: 9717: 9691: 9666: 9645: 9618: 9591: 9543: 9521: 9513:. 9 October 2008. Archived from 9503: 9473: 9448: 9414: 9405: 9389: 9375:. OUP India. 2018. p. 250. 9332: 9320: 9289: 9226: 9198: 9184: 9157: 9142: 9115: 9086: 9071: 9056: 9041: 9026: 8730: 8703: 8677: 8655: 8639: 8624: 8602: 8589: 8561: 8545: 8528: 8488: 8475: 8380:The 22nd Dynasty. Erik Hornung, 7603:. Scarecrow Press. p. 112. 7447:(in French). KARTHALA Editions. 7403:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2465 6384:"Tuareg, Tamasheq in Mauritania" 6192:, Université Laval Québec, 2016. 6001: 5992: 5852: 5519: 5495: 5481: 5466: 5290: 5259: 5243: 5228: 5216: 5200: 5114:Traditionally, men take care of 5007: 4991: 4975: 4954: 4932: 4908: 4767: 4748: 4728: 4711:and the archaeological sites of 4663:. Another famous example is the 4253:National Union of Popular Forces 4120: 3996: 3982:Including 2,300,000 speakers of 3961: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3873: 3859:Including 1,271,000 speakers of 3838: 3803: 3768: 3737: 3723:Including 3,000,000 speakers of 3702: 3674: 3638: 3607: 3568: 3533: 3519:Including 2,130,000 speakers of 3498: 3385: 3347:were pushed to the west and the 3075:, an impregnable citadel in the 2315:Roger Collins cites the work of 1670:. Some pre-Islamic Berbers were 1645:. Byzantine authors mention the 1072: 1027:tile from the throne of Pharaoh 867:Berber from the reign of Rameses 863:statuette representing a Libyan 399: 43: 13422:Ethnic groups in Western Sahara 12801:Portail des Amazighs (Berbères) 12483:. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press. 11935:"The Berber Community, a story" 11777:"Collective Granaries, Morocco" 11775:Strebe, Matthew (12 May 2018). 11407:Goverde, Rick (23 March 2015). 11026:. allAfrica.com. 20 March 2011. 10886:. Scarecrow Press. p. 76. 10782:Molecular Biology and Evolution 10050:www.centrederechercheberbere.fr 9948:David Prescott Barrows (2004). 9894:"Berber languages | Britannica" 9755:. Oxford Business Group. 2012. 9421:Stora, Benjamin (5 July 2004). 9329:. Par Guy Turbet-Delof. page 25 8904:Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797 8754:"Mahdia: Historical Background" 8737:European slaves in North Africa 8460: 8447: 8434: 8413: 8406:E.g., Soren, Ben Khader, Slim, 8400: 8387: 8374: 8361: 8269: 8101: 8068: 7871: 7858: 7797: 7782: 7768: 7742: 7715: 7700: 7679: 7673: 7660: 7651: 7617: 7597:Hsain Ilahiane (17 July 2006). 7583:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.319 7526: 7495: 7478: 7461: 7434: 7417: 7389:Chaker, S. (1 September 1986). 7351:Written Monuments of the Orient 7301: 7276: 7241: 7206: 7184: 7121: 7059: 6985: 6973: 6958: 6904: 6818: 6725: 6695: 6615:Leiden University Press, 2010. 6568: 6511: 6437: 6424: 6409: 6390: 6375: 6364: 6304: 6277: 5975: 5966: 5941: 5845: 5817: 4575: 4380:. The least influenced are the 3439:people of eastern Algeria, the 2227:and his North African Viceroy, 2096:in 739–740 under the banner of 1871:to Ferdinand and Isabella, 1497 1684:traditional polytheist religion 1469:Berbero-Libyan Meshwesh dynasty 1308:Roman colonies in Berber Africa 1224:to the Early Neolithic period, 1003:Genetic history of North Africa 941:Genetic history of North Africa 919:inscriptions were found in the 686:or the Berber Culture Movement 12393:Entwistle, William J. (1936). 12278:. People of the world series. 12232:. Indianapolis Museum of Art. 12062:Ideqqi, art de femmes berbères 11835:. Springer. pp. 416–425. 11648:. Edinburgh University Press. 10444:"Berber, Imazighen in Morocco" 10221:. Cambridge University Press. 9726:"Berbers fear ethnic conflict" 9487:. 28 June 2004. Archived from 8584:Carthage and the Carthaginians 7533:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2022). 7485:Laredo, Abraham Isaac (1954). 7283:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011). 7164:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011). 7128:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011). 6647:10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c 6550:. African Archaeology Series. 6239: 6195: 6149: 5372:, a stew made in various forms 5189:Ideqqi, art de femmes berbères 5129: 4964:, an example of a multi-level 4659:columns and an Egyptian-style 4616:) they began to be built with 4594: 4078:Arab migrations to the Maghreb 3824:Including 140,000 speakers of 3789:Including 150,000 speakers of 3305:Arab migrations to the Maghreb 3288: 1851: 1086:The medieval Tunisian scholar 609:Arab migrations to the Maghreb 462:Arab migrations to the Maghreb 13: 1: 13452:Ethnic groups in North Africa 13432:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso 12774:Silverstein, Paul A. (2004). 12266:10.1525/aa.1956.58.3.02a00390 11428:"Marokkos unsichtbare Kirche" 10284:"Berber, Mozabite in Algeria" 10052:. Centre de Recherche Berbère 9577:. Routledge. pp. 70–74. 8503: 6980:History of the Amazigh People 6768:Roman Conquests: North Africa 6024: 5403:soaked in butter and natural 4805:. In addition to the general 4610: 4525:traditional African religions 4255:rather than the Berber-based 4081: 3894:Including 20,000 speakers of 3660:Including 10,000 speakers of 3554:Including 76,000 speakers of 3470:List of Berber ethnic groups 2869:During the taifa period, the 2378:wrote that there was a major 1965:(Morocco, 1248–1465) and the 1821: 1584: 1548: 1225: 1213:Ancient Libyan delegation at 1121: 1032: 830: 12503:. Indiana University Press. 12452:Eléments de grammaire basque 11742:Études et Documents Berbères 11736:Ould-Braham, Ouahmi (1999). 11716:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 11588:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 11582:Ennabli, Abdelmajid (2000). 10191:"Berber, Ghomara in Morocco" 10166:"Amazigh, Djerba in Tunisia" 9423:"Veillée d'armes en Kabylie" 9401:10.1017/CBO9781139045834.008 9122:Nanjira, Daniel Don (2010). 8022:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393 7969:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002397 7903:Genome Biology and Evolution 7789:Field, Henry Martyn (1893). 6236:, Niger: 11% of 23.6 million 6125:The Handbook of Bilingualism 5948: 5923: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5693: 5679: 5661: 5647: 5641: 5436: 5428: 5422: 5410: 5395: 5355:Principal Berber foods are: 4775:Numidian mausoleum of Dougga 4655:masonry and featuring sixty 4262: 4177: 3392:Maghreb § Ethnic groups 3054: 2727:Umayyad caliphate in Cordoba 2512:imam, claiming descent from 2410:. Instead, according to the 2374:Medieval Egyptian historian 2350:By the time of the governor 2208:The Muslims who invaded the 1682:, and some adhered to their 1320:History of Roman-era Tunisia 1313: 1039: 117: 7: 13402:Ethnic groups in Mauritania 12867: 12541:. Oxford University Press. 11810:. Oxford University Press. 11644:Bennison, Amira K. (2016). 11134:Encyclopedia of Linguistics 10878:Naylor, Phillip C. (2006). 10540:Central Intelligence Agency 10395:(in French). Archived from 9281:Reilly, Bernard F. (1992). 9037:. Paris: De Gruyter Mouton. 8697:de Slane, William MacGuckin 8671:de Slane, William MacGuckin 8669:(in French). Translated by 8485:(Nouvelles Editions, 1984). 7829:de Slane, William MacGuckin 6691:. Moscow. pp. 339–408. 6446:"The Arab Population: 2000" 6350:Central Intelligence Agency 6225:Central Intelligence Agency 6007:Warmington page 83, citing 5914: 5838: 5788: 5713:, or sung poetry, and then 4857:), such as the examples in 4665:Tomb of the Christian Woman 4509:traditional Berber religion 4441:Traditional Berber religion 4430: 4349:(Central Atlas Tamazight), 4291:Afroasiatic language family 4172: 4090: 4026: 3443:in western Algeria and the 3067: 2843:Abd ar-Rahman IV al-Murtada 2758: 2072:'s Berber coalition at the 1953:(Ifriqiya, 1229–1574), the 1929:. The most notable are the 1096:Abou-Bekr Mohammed es-Souli 470:Afroasiatic language family 456:who predate the arrival of 10: 13483: 12811:Culture Amazighe (Berbère) 12479:Harrison, Michael (1974). 12120:Danver, Steven L. (2015). 11975:Metropolitan Museum of Art 11889:. El Watan. Archived from 10745:10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x 8455:Carthage must be destroyed 7397:(in French) (4): 562–568. 6738:. Routledge. p. 211. 6702:Andrews, Jonathan (2019). 6578:Journal of Semitic Studies 5959: 5953: 5934: 5928: 5580: 5448:. The meat is coated with 5279: 5275: 5155:Traditional Berber jewelry 4847:and multi-story fortified 4786: 4579: 4434: 4266: 4181: 4109:Berbers in the Netherlands 4094: 4030: 3389: 3292: 3086:against colonial power in 3011: 2617: 2172: 2014: 1825: 1806:Mauretanian cavalry under 1799:between Rome and Numidia. 1713: 1709: 1317: 1000: 996: 938: 934: 834: 704:Names of the Berber people 701: 29: 13467:Ancient peoples of Africa 13270: 13169: 13012: 12875: 12570:10.1007/s00439-005-1266-3 11939:African American Registry 11669:Marçais, Georges (1954). 11137:. Routledge. p. 35. 10335:"Nefusa Berbers of Libya" 9048:Guichard, Pierre (1976). 9033:Guichard, Pierre (1973). 8467:Laroui, Abdullah (1970). 8457:(NY: Viking 2010), p. 80. 8423:was anciently called the 7628:. Springer. p. 115. 7248:Tressy Arts, ed. (2014). 7101:Goodman, Jane E. (2005). 6965:Margaret M. Vale (2015). 6507:– via academia.edu. 6043:. Routledge. p. 23. 6037:Steven L. Danver (2015). 5176:presented the exhibition 5106:Berber wedding in Morocco 4783:After the Muslim conquest 4683:Mediterranean empires of 4549:pre-Islamic Arab religion 4529:Ancient Egyptian religion 4361:, as well as the ancient 4299:Ancient Egyptian language 4156:French former footballer 3591:valley, southern Morocco 3454:Outside the Maghreb, the 3435:of northern Morocco, the 3381:Berber women in the 1970s 3370:Contemporary demographics 3123:featured in the magazine 2956:. On his way back he met 531:spread westward from the 525:Ancient Egyptian writings 492:, and to a lesser extent 380: 375: 345: 340: 329: 324: 314: 304: 294: 284: 271: 261: 251: 241: 231: 221: 211: 201: 191: 181: 171: 161: 156: 151: 146: 131: 115: 114: 13417:Ethnic groups in Tunisia 13407:Ethnic groups in Algeria 13397:Ethnic groups in Morocco 12816:25 February 2021 at the 12708:. New York: Croom Helm. 12655:Men of the Old Stone Age 11712:"Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou" 11557:Davidson, Basil (1995). 11464:U.S. Department of State 11197:. Multilingual Matters. 11058:. NYTimes. 8 August 2011 10851:Willis, Michael (2014). 10695:The Report: Algeria 2011 10669:The Report: Algeria 2008 9990:"Q&A: Tuareg unrest" 9752:The Report: Morocco 2012 9459:. Karthala. p. 46. 9362:. Accessed 31 Aug. 2022. 9078:Sénac, Philippe (2007). 9063:Sénac, Philippe (2007). 8395:A History of the Maghrib 8137:10.1186/1471-2148-14-109 8115:BMC Evolutionary Biology 7807:, Book I, pp. 35–36 7468:Desanges, Jehan (1962). 7424:Gsell, Stéphane (1929). 7391:"Amaziɣ (le/un Berbère)" 7213:Ilahiane, Hsain (2017). 6998:. Taylor & Francis. 5810: 5510: 5147:Algeria, the cloak-like 4651:constructed in well-cut 4390:pharyngealized consonant 3783:Valley, central Algeria 3251:Tuareg Rebellion of 2012 2839:Zirid kingdom of Granada 2790:Sancho Garcia of Castile 2197:Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada 2133:Abd ar Rahman ibn Rustam 2042:established the town of 1863:presenting the captured 1686:. The Roman-era authors 1046:Gaius Sallustius Crispus 991:conquest of North Africa 899:in the Libyan desert. A 837:Prehistoric North Africa 177:9 million to ~13 million 167:15 million to 20 million 32:Berbers (disambiguation) 12704:Saltarelli, M. (1988). 12665:De l'Origine du Langage 12663:Renan, Ernest (1873) . 12481:The Roots of Witchcraft 12460:Hachid, Malika (2001). 12294:Encyclopædia Britannica 12274:Hiernaux, Jean (1975). 12253:American Anthropologist 12027:Bernasek, Lisa (2008). 11161:Mattar, Philip (2004). 9601:Killing the Arab Spring 9128:. Bloomsbury Academic. 9018:Collins, Roger (2014). 8902:Collins, Roger (1994). 8286:(Penguin 1963), p. 55f. 8212:10.1073/pnas.1800851115 7877:Mário Curtis Giordani, 7568:Zimmermann, K. (2008). 7199:Encyclopædia Britannica 6941:"Berber, Siwa in Egypt" 6916:Encyclopædia Britannica 6771:. Casemate Publishers. 6591:10.1093/jss/XLIII.2.209 6523:Christianity in Kabylie 6418:"Berber, Siwa in Egypt" 4998:The Fadhloun Mosque in 4586:Architecture of Algeria 4582:Architecture of Tunisia 4313: 4222:leaked diplomatic cable 4033:Maghreb § Genetics 3984:Central Atlas Tamazight 3071:). Its capital was the 2860:Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir 2644:An old Amazigh room in 2225:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 2202:Cantigas de Santa Maria 1916:Mauretania Caesariensis 1532: 945:History of North Africa 909:subsistence agriculture 895:has been discovered at 777:Mauretania Caesariensis 527:. From about 2000 BCE, 437:, also called by their 13442:Ethnic groups in Egypt 13437:Ethnic groups in Niger 13412:Ethnic groups in Libya 12833:World Haplogroups Maps 12806:Amazigh/Berber Culture 12672:Ripley, W. Z. (1899). 12518:Hualde, J. I. (1991). 12432:The Origin of Language 11315:Elimam, Abdou (2009). 11286:10.14711/spcol/b706487 10613:Stokes, Jamie (2009). 9804:"Q&A: The Berbers" 9653:"The Arabized Berbers" 9340:L'Algérie et la France 8633:Encyclopedia Americana 8536:Daily life in Carthage 8515:Berber King of Numidia 6732:Skutsch, Carl (2013). 6708:. Langham Publishing. 6544:Blench, Roger (2006). 5987:: Un essai de synthèse 5772:marriage festival and 5761: 5622:(large drums) and the 5600: 5388:made with traditional 5107: 5014:The central mosque in 4982:Subterranean house in 4709:amphitheatre of El Jem 4703:. Numerous remains of 4672:, Soumaa d'el Khroub, 4473: 4461: 4286: 4278: 4165: 3487:Linguistic population 3423:or Chleuh—in High and 3408: 3382: 3230: 3130: 3048: 3031: 3026:Berber village in the 2937: 2754:Muhammad Ibn Abī ‘Āmir 2678: 2648: 2633: 2220:of the Arab Caliph of 2205: 2188: 2128: 2123:The Maghreb after the 2030: 1992:, a tribe sent by the 1977: 1969:(Morocco, 1471–1554). 1872: 1818: 1752: 1732: 1647: 1638: 1617: 1567: 1515: 1506: 1460: 1347: 1217: 1119: 1036: 1016: 927:unified the people of 876: 852: 723:Tribal titles such as 710:indigenous populations 407:This article contains 13427:Ethnic groups in Mali 12903:Koidamousii/Ucutumani 12462:Les Premiers Berberes 12309:Blanc, S. H. (1854). 11857:"Sites and monuments" 11684:Naji, Salima (2009). 11458:(14 September 2007). 11224:. BRILL. p. 98. 10966:Aslan, Senem (2015). 10794:10.1093/molbev/msw218 10359:Brown, E. K. (2006). 10227:10.1017/9781108783071 8431:(1992, 1995), p. 270. 7039:Holes, Clive (2018). 6858:Aïtel, Fazia (2014). 5755: 5725:, an energetic song, 5719:, a danced overture, 5598: 5105: 4787:Further information: 4743:(first millennium BC) 4590:Moroccan architecture 4467: 4452: 4425:population estimation 4386:pharyngeal fricatives 4301:. Most Berbers speak 4284: 4276: 4234:2011 Libyan civil war 4155: 4011:, northwestern Libya 3957:Central Atlas Amazigh 3406: 3377: 3362:influences has fully 3239:2011 Libyan civil war 3224: 3119: 3025: 3012:Further information: 2931: 2893:in the south, to the 2676: 2643: 2627: 2194: 2182: 2122: 2110:Ibrahim ibn al Aghlab 2080:, capital of the new 2024: 1975: 1859: 1842:Ptolemy of Mauretania 1805: 1756:was first applied by 1727: 1626: 1612: 1543: 1510: 1497: 1454: 1339: 1318:Further information: 1292:Early European Farmer 1212: 1108: 1022: 1014: 1007:Proto-Berber language 1001:Further information: 858: 844: 386:Afro-Asiatic speaking 376:Related ethnic groups 12449:Gèze, Louis (1873). 12395:The Spanish Language 12315:. Lyons & Paris. 12276:The people of Africa 12147:Boum, Aomar (2009). 11887:"Honneur à la tribu" 11781:Global Heritage Fund 11754:10.3917/edb.017.0019 11629:Encyclopédie berbère 11324:. Synergies Tunisie. 11004:on 25 September 2015 10097:"Chenoua in Algeria" 10026:on 27 September 2011 9571:Duri, A. A. (2012). 9149:Fage, J. D. (1958). 8710:Hrbek, Ivan (1992). 8453:Cf., Richard Miles, 8393:Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, 7686:. Psychology Press. 7574:Encyclopédie berbère 7395:Encyclopédie berbère 6765:Fields, Nic (2011). 6346:"The World Factbook" 6221:"The World Factbook" 5543:improve this section 5314:improve this section 5185:Musée du quai Branly 5077:Lalla Fatma N'Soumer 4799:Islamic architecture 4789:Moorish architecture 4545:Hellenistic religion 4396:has a predominantly 4297:like Arabic and the 4285:Tifinagh in Tifinagh 4164:parents from Algeria 4017:247,000 speakers of 3686:Southern Mauritania 3229:in Paris, April 2016 3040:Kingdom of Ait Abbas 3030:mountains of Morocco 2779:Muhammad II al-Mahdi 2620:Caliphate of Córdoba 2335:. However, governor 2243:English medievalist 2143:. The rulers of the 2054:Abu al-Muhajir Dinar 1381:For their part, the 1328:Mauretania Tingitana 1136:Neolithic Revolution 535:across the northern 30:For other uses, see 13387:Afroasiatic peoples 12675:The Races of Europe 12428:Gans, Eric Lawrence 12378:. Lexington Books. 12372:Ekonomou, Andrew J. 11377:on 27 October 2005. 11042:The Washington Post 10737:2021NatSR..1115728E 10387:Maaroufi, Youssef. 9517:on 11 January 2010. 9491:on 20 February 2009 9301:Library of Congress 9233:Ibn Idhari (1901). 8786:on 26 December 2016 8193:2018PNAS..115.6774F 8128:2014BMCEE..14..109S 6403:www12.statcan.gc.ca 5749:always at the end. 5673:for the group. The 5126:in their locality. 4970:in southern Tunisia 4927:in the 12th century 4875:Fortified granaries 4803:Umayyads of Cordoba 4739:, a capital of the 4513:ancestor veneration 4468:Traditional Berber 3853:, northern Morocco 3752:, southern Tunisia 3717:, northern Algeria 3654:, northern Morocco 3622:, southern Tunisia 3471: 3311:. Furthermore, the 3257:. Since late 2016, 3135:Morocco was divided 2962:Abd Allah ibn Yasin 2799:battle near Cordoba 2398:attacked Arab ally 2369:Kingdom of Pamplona 2290:battle of Covadonga 2005:Barbary slave trade 1906:was an independent 1904:Mauro-Roman Kingdom 1408:, the mother city. 1056:, then much later, 903:society, marked by 698:Names and etymology 111: 13349:Kabyle nationalism 11394:Christianity Today 10998:The Globe and Mail 10944:Zurutuza, Karlos. 10914:. 2 November 2009. 10830:2012-11-12 at the 10725:Scientific Reports 10562:Paracchini, Silvia 10535:The World Factbook 10333:PeopleGroups.org. 9996:. 7 September 2007 9898:www.britannica.com 9826:"Morocco – Berber" 9724:Zurutuza, Karlos. 9678:The World Factbook 9296:Spain – Al Andalus 8760:on 9 November 2013 8636:, 2005, v.3, p.569 8609:Phillips, Andrew. 8523:The Jugurthine War 8284:The Jugurthine War 8280:Bellum Iugurthinum 7916:10.1093/gbe/evv118 7319:on 25 October 2022 6805:www.britannica.com 6611:Shirai, Noriyuki. 6530:2017-10-18 at the 6444:US Census Bureau. 6284:Zurutuza, Karlos, 6253:2014-09-29 at the 6209:. 7 February 2016. 5947:Berber languages: 5762: 5601: 5254:scripts in Algeria 5174:Harvard University 5108: 4962:Ksar Ouled Soltane 4877:also exist in the 4863:Ksar Ouled Soltane 4705:Roman architecture 4645:Greek architecture 4474: 4462: 4287: 4279: 4200:Political tensions 4166: 4132:. You can help by 4105:Berbers in Belgium 4085: 7th century 3548:, western Algeria 3513:, eastern Algeria 3484:Ethnic population 3469: 3409: 3383: 3231: 3216:Gamal Abdel Nasser 3151:Disaster of Annual 3131: 3090:since the time of 3073:Kalâa of Ait Abbas 3032: 2938: 2905:in the northeast. 2895:Campo de Calatrava 2885:and the taifas of 2744:Qal'at Beni-Hammad 2700:Battle of Simancas 2679: 2649: 2634: 2630:Calatrava la Vieja 2443:Hanzala ibn Safwan 2394:sympathies. After 2206: 2189: 2175:Emirate of Córdoba 2129: 2066:conquered Carthage 2031: 1978: 1961:, 1235–1556), the 1873: 1844:, a member of the 1819: 1745:province of Africa 1739:and being a Roman 1733: 1668:early Christianity 1639: 1636:Roman North Africa 1630:was the bishop of 1568: 1461: 1446:organized politics 1348: 1218: 1106:, the son of Ham. 1092:Canaan, son of Ham 1037: 1017: 877: 853: 140:Berber ethnic flag 100: 13364: 13363: 13237:Sanhajas de Srayr 12239:978-0-253-33269-1 12191:978-3-8258-6980-9 12162:978-1-4438-0768-5 12133:978-1-317-46399-3 12106:978-1-317-22923-0 12071:978-2-915133-59-2 12038:978-0-87365-405-0 11842:978-3-319-92101-3 11568:978-0-684-82667-7 11559:Africa in History 11348:978-1-4384-2393-7 11295:978-0-19-938465-5 11258:978-3-11-021843-5 11231:978-90-04-25309-4 11204:978-1-84769-011-1 11174:978-0-02-865769-1 11144:978-1-135-45522-4 11117:978-0-19-514988-3 11090:978-1-136-25846-6 10979:978-1-107-05460-8 10893:978-0-8108-6480-1 10864:978-0-19-936820-4 10530:"Africa: Algeria" 10370:978-0-08-044299-0 10139:Project, Joshua. 9934:978-3-11-040847-8 9850:on 6 January 2019 9789:978-1-317-46400-6 9762:978-1-907065-54-5 9730:www.aljazeera.com 9705:. 7 February 2016 9638:978-3-902966-14-8 9611:978-1-62894-349-8 9584:978-0-415-62286-8 9555:www.aljazeera.com 9466:978-2-865-37998-9 9382:978-0-19-909366-3 9373:Islam in the West 9348:978-2-221-10946-5 8580:R. Bosworth Smith 8187:(26): 6774–6779. 7754:. Grolier. 1990. 7610:978-0-8108-6490-0 7546:978-1-4773-2482-0 7454:978-2-84586-442-9 7364:10.17816/wmo35149 7261:978-0-19-958033-0 7226:978-1-4422-8182-0 7177:978-0-292-74505-6 7141:978-0-292-74505-6 7114:978-0-253-21784-4 7079:978-3-8258-6980-9 7052:978-0-19-100506-0 6945:joshuaproject.net 6939:Project, Joshua. 6871:978-0-8130-4895-6 6838:978-1-84769-011-1 6778:978-1-84884-704-0 6745:978-1-135-19388-1 6715:978-1-78368-599-8 6050:978-1-317-46400-6 5912: 5836: 5579: 5578: 5571: 5399:, fine yeastless 5350: 5349: 5342: 5084:el Kseur platform 5022:region (Algeria) 4829:(fortresses) and 4541:Iberian mythology 4470:penannular brooch 4437:Berbers and Islam 4295:Semitic languages 4230:Libyan opposition 4160:, born to Berber 4150: 4149: 4097:Berbers in France 4055:Arabian Peninsula 4024: 4023: 3791:Mozabite language 3322:The migration of 3241:, Berbers in the 3225:Demonstration of 3181:official language 3160:(1954–1962), the 3141:rebelled, led by 3109:in the battle of 3082:The most serious 2982:Yusuf ibn Tashfin 2978:Abu Bakr ibn Umar 2950:Yahya ibn Ibrahim 2897:in the west, the 2604:Abd ar-Rahman III 2210:Iberian Peninsula 2162:Abdallah al-Mahdi 2074:Battle of Tabarka 2017:Berbers and Islam 1943:Almoravid dynasty 1937:, 973–1148), the 1861:Fernández de Lugo 1846:Ptolemaic dynasty 1704:Septimius Severus 1440:at Volubilis and 1222:radiocarbon dated 1077:According to the 986:. Even after the 415:rendering support 395: 394: 280: 95: 94: 87: 16:(Redirected from 13474: 13382:Arabized Berbers 13307:Arabized Berbers 12862: 12855: 12848: 12839: 12838: 12789: 12770: 12760: 12735:(5): 1023–1034. 12719: 12700: 12679: 12668: 12659: 12648: 12638: 12613:(6): 1594–1596. 12597: 12552: 12533: 12520:Basque Phonology 12514: 12494: 12475: 12456: 12445: 12422: 12416: 12408: 12389: 12367: 12357: 12332:(5): 1014–1022. 12316: 12305: 12297: 12289: 12270: 12268: 12243: 12224: 12196: 12195: 12173: 12167: 12166: 12144: 12138: 12137: 12117: 12111: 12110: 12090: 12084: 12083: 12057: 12051: 12050: 12024: 12018: 12017: 11993: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11982: 11965: 11959: 11956: 11950: 11949: 11947: 11945: 11931: 11925: 11924: 11922: 11920: 11909: 11903: 11902: 11900: 11898: 11883: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11872: 11853: 11847: 11846: 11828: 11822: 11821: 11803: 11792: 11791: 11789: 11787: 11772: 11766: 11765: 11733: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11722: 11708: 11702: 11701: 11681: 11675: 11674: 11666: 11660: 11659: 11641: 11635: 11625: 11604: 11603: 11601: 11599: 11579: 11573: 11572: 11554: 11548: 11547: 11529: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11489: 11483: 11475: 11473: 11471: 11452: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11441: 11423: 11417: 11416: 11404: 11398: 11397: 11385: 11379: 11378: 11373:. Archived from 11371:Mondeberbere.com 11363: 11357: 11356: 11332: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11312: 11306: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11269: 11263: 11262: 11242: 11236: 11235: 11215: 11209: 11208: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11158: 11149: 11148: 11128: 11122: 11121: 11101: 11095: 11094: 11074: 11068: 11067: 11065: 11063: 11052: 11046: 11045: 11044:. 21 April 2011. 11034: 11028: 11027: 11020: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11009: 11000:. Archived from 10990: 10984: 10983: 10963: 10954: 10953: 10941: 10935: 10934: 10925:Arbaoui, Larbi. 10922: 10916: 10915: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10875: 10869: 10868: 10848: 10835: 10822: 10816: 10815: 10805: 10773: 10767: 10766: 10756: 10716: 10710: 10709: 10690: 10684: 10683: 10664: 10658: 10657: 10637: 10631: 10630: 10610: 10604: 10603: 10593: 10557: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10546: 10526: 10520: 10517: 10511: 10508: 10502: 10499: 10493: 10490: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10479: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10440: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10429: 10415: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10384: 10375: 10374: 10356: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10345: 10339:peoplegroups.org 10330: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10305: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10280: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10212: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10162: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10136: 10130: 10129: 10118: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10068: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10057: 10042: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10022:. Archived from 10012: 10006: 10005: 10003: 10001: 9986: 9980: 9979: 9972: 9966: 9965: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9918: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9904: 9890: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9866: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9840: 9834: 9833: 9822: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9811: 9800: 9794: 9793: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9747: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9721: 9715: 9714: 9712: 9710: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9670: 9664: 9663: 9657: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9622: 9616: 9615: 9595: 9589: 9588: 9568: 9559: 9558: 9547: 9541: 9540: 9535:. 6 April 2012. 9525: 9519: 9518: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9496: 9485:Kabylia Observer 9477: 9471: 9470: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9441: 9418: 9412: 9409: 9403: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9369: 9363: 9356: 9350: 9336: 9330: 9324: 9318: 9310: 9304: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9278: 9253: 9252: 9246: 9238: 9230: 9224: 9223: 9217: 9209: 9202: 9196: 9195: 9188: 9182: 9181: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9146: 9140: 9139: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9090: 9084: 9083: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9060: 9054: 9053: 9045: 9039: 9038: 9030: 9024: 9023: 9015: 8908: 8907: 8899: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8765: 8750: 8744: 8741:Washington Times 8734: 8728: 8727: 8707: 8701: 8700: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8659: 8653: 8643: 8637: 8628: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8606: 8600: 8593: 8587: 8577: 8568: 8565: 8559: 8549: 8543: 8534:Charles-Picard, 8532: 8526: 8512: 8508: 8505: 8492: 8486: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8464: 8458: 8451: 8445: 8438: 8432: 8417: 8411: 8404: 8398: 8391: 8385: 8378: 8372: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8350: 8335: 8334: 8326: 8317: 8316: 8298: 8287: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8258: 8235: 8234: 8224: 8214: 8204: 8169: 8160: 8159: 8149: 8139: 8105: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8089:on 11 March 2016 8088: 8081: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8044: 8034: 8024: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7981: 7971: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7927: 7910:(7): 1940–1950. 7892: 7886: 7875: 7869: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7841: 7840: 7817: 7808: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7704: 7698: 7697: 7677: 7671: 7664: 7658: 7655: 7649: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7508:Oriental Studies 7499: 7493: 7492: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7386: 7377: 7376: 7366: 7342: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7305: 7299: 7298: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7195: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7161: 7146: 7145: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7098: 7087: 7086: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7036: 7027: 7026: 7019: 7010: 7009: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6936: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6893: 6884: 6883: 6855: 6846: 6845: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6797: 6786: 6785: 6762: 6753: 6752: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6682: 6676: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6630: 6624: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6541: 6535: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6477: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6457: 6450: 6441: 6435: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6416:Joshua Project. 6413: 6407: 6406: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6382:Joshua Project. 6379: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6267: 6258: 6243: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6184: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6161:BBC News Afrique 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6093: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6067: 6058: 6057: 6034: 6018: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5990: 5979: 5973: 5970: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5955: 5945: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5930: 5920:Berber languages 5917: 5911:romanized: 5910: 5908: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5849: 5843: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5821: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5696: 5682: 5664: 5659:), along with a 5655:(a one-stringed 5650: 5644: 5591:music of Morocco 5587:music of Algeria 5574: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5554: 5523: 5515: 5499: 5485: 5470: 5439: 5431: 5425: 5413: 5398: 5345: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5325: 5294: 5286: 5263: 5247: 5232: 5220: 5204: 5074: 5066:Fatma Tazoughert 5063: 5039:Tazoughert Fatma 5028:Culture and arts 5011: 4995: 4979: 4958: 4936: 4917:Kutubiyya Mosque 4912: 4771: 4752: 4732: 4615: 4612: 4416:, and 10–15% of 4382:Tuareg languages 4363:Guanche language 4316: 4269:Berber languages 4257:Popular Movement 4145: 4142: 4124: 4117: 4113:Berber Americans 4101:Berber Canadians 4086: 4083: 4039:Haplogroup E1b1b 4002: 4000: 3999: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3888:, western Egypt 3879: 3877: 3876: 3861:Tarifit language 3844: 3842: 3841: 3818:, western Libya 3809: 3807: 3806: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3662:Ghomara language 3644: 3642: 3641: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3521:Shawiya language 3504: 3502: 3501: 3472: 3468: 3449:Nafusa Mountains 3356:Arabized Berbers 3354:Currently, most 3243:Nafusa Mountains 3198: 3147:Manuel Silvestre 3103:Hoggar Mountains 3079:mountain range. 3070: 3065: 3057: 3051: 2994:Taifa of Seville 2974:Kingdom of Ghana 2899:Montes de Toledo 2807:besieged Cordoba 2767:Madinat al-Zahra 2764: 2661: 2628:Old fortress at 2538: 2412:Chronicle of 754 2388:Chronicle of 754 2139:, south-west of 2011:Islamic conquest 1816:Column of Trajan 1810:fighting in the 1755: 1650: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1577:Second Punic War 1566:and Roman script 1557: 1553: 1550: 1535: 1491:and the fertile 1394:Fertile Crescent 1387:Semitic-speaking 1230: 1227: 1117: 1034: 870: 762:Berber languages 529:Berber languages 466:Berber languages 423:Tifinagh letters 421: instead of 403: 402: 333:(Tamazight) and 331:Berber languages 278: 147:Total population 136: 126: 125: 120: 112: 99: 90: 83: 79: 76: 70: 47: 46: 39: 21: 13482: 13481: 13477: 13476: 13475: 13473: 13472: 13471: 13367: 13366: 13365: 13360: 13312:Berber diaspora 13266: 13165: 13008: 12999:Quinquegentiani 12871: 12866: 12818:Wayback Machine 12797: 12792: 12786: 12716: 12697: 12549: 12530: 12511: 12491: 12472: 12442: 12410: 12409: 12405: 12386: 12300: 12292: 12286: 12240: 12230:Egypt In Africa 12221: 12204: 12202:Further reading 12199: 12192: 12174: 12170: 12163: 12145: 12141: 12134: 12118: 12114: 12107: 12091: 12087: 12072: 12058: 12054: 12039: 12025: 12021: 11994: 11990: 11980: 11978: 11966: 11962: 11957: 11953: 11943: 11941: 11933: 11932: 11928: 11918: 11916: 11911: 11910: 11906: 11896: 11894: 11893:on 18 June 2010 11885: 11884: 11880: 11870: 11868: 11855: 11854: 11850: 11843: 11829: 11825: 11818: 11804: 11795: 11785: 11783: 11773: 11769: 11734: 11730: 11720: 11718: 11710: 11709: 11705: 11698: 11682: 11678: 11667: 11663: 11656: 11642: 11638: 11626: 11607: 11597: 11595: 11580: 11576: 11569: 11555: 11551: 11544: 11530: 11517: 11507: 11505: 11490: 11486: 11469: 11467: 11453: 11449: 11439: 11437: 11424: 11420: 11405: 11401: 11386: 11382: 11365: 11364: 11360: 11349: 11333: 11329: 11321: 11313: 11309: 11300: 11298: 11296: 11270: 11266: 11259: 11243: 11239: 11232: 11216: 11212: 11205: 11189: 11185: 11175: 11159: 11152: 11145: 11129: 11125: 11118: 11102: 11098: 11091: 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10090: 10080: 10078: 10076:Ethnologue Free 10070: 10069: 10065: 10055: 10053: 10044: 10043: 10039: 10029: 10027: 10014: 10013: 10009: 9999: 9997: 9988: 9987: 9983: 9974: 9973: 9969: 9962: 9946: 9942: 9935: 9919: 9912: 9902: 9900: 9892: 9891: 9884: 9874: 9872: 9868: 9867: 9863: 9853: 9851: 9844:"Ethnic groups" 9842: 9841: 9837: 9832:. 19 June 2015. 9824: 9823: 9819: 9809: 9807: 9806:. 12 March 2004 9802: 9801: 9797: 9790: 9774: 9770: 9763: 9749: 9748: 9744: 9734: 9732: 9722: 9718: 9708: 9706: 9697: 9696: 9692: 9683: 9681: 9672: 9671: 9667: 9655: 9651: 9650: 9646: 9639: 9623: 9619: 9612: 9596: 9592: 9585: 9569: 9562: 9549: 9548: 9544: 9527: 9526: 9522: 9509: 9508: 9504: 9494: 9492: 9479: 9478: 9474: 9467: 9453: 9449: 9439: 9437: 9419: 9415: 9410: 9406: 9394: 9390: 9383: 9371: 9370: 9366: 9357: 9353: 9337: 9333: 9325: 9321: 9311: 9307: 9294: 9290: 9279: 9256: 9240: 9239: 9231: 9227: 9211: 9210: 9204: 9203: 9199: 9190: 9189: 9185: 9178: 9162: 9158: 9147: 9143: 9136: 9120: 9116: 9109: 9108:978-847788301-2 9091: 9087: 9076: 9072: 9061: 9057: 9046: 9042: 9031: 9027: 9016: 8911: 8900: 8799: 8789: 8787: 8778: 8777: 8773: 8763: 8761: 8752: 8751: 8747: 8743:, 10 March 2004 8735: 8731: 8724: 8708: 8704: 8682: 8678: 8660: 8656: 8644: 8640: 8629: 8625: 8615: 8613: 8607: 8603: 8594: 8590: 8578: 8571: 8566: 8562: 8550: 8546: 8533: 8529: 8521:(86-c. 35 BC), 8510: 8506: 8493: 8489: 8480: 8476: 8465: 8461: 8452: 8448: 8439: 8435: 8418: 8414: 8405: 8401: 8392: 8388: 8379: 8375: 8366: 8362: 8351: 8338: 8327: 8320: 8313: 8299: 8290: 8274: 8270: 8259: 8238: 8170: 8163: 8106: 8102: 8092: 8090: 8086: 8079: 8073: 8069: 8046: 8015:(6): e1004393. 7999: 7995: 7962:(1): e1002397. 7945: 7941: 7893: 7889: 7876: 7872: 7863: 7859: 7851: 7844: 7818: 7811: 7802: 7798: 7787: 7783: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7762: 7748: 7747: 7743: 7736: 7720: 7716: 7705: 7701: 7694: 7678: 7674: 7665: 7661: 7656: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7622: 7618: 7611: 7595: 7591: 7566: 7562: 7547: 7531: 7527: 7500: 7496: 7483: 7479: 7466: 7462: 7455: 7439: 7435: 7422: 7418: 7387: 7380: 7343: 7332: 7322: 7320: 7307: 7306: 7302: 7295: 7281: 7277: 7262: 7246: 7242: 7227: 7211: 7207: 7193:"Berbers" 7190: 7189: 7185: 7178: 7162: 7149: 7142: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7099: 7090: 7080: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7037: 7030: 7021: 7020: 7013: 7006: 6990: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6963: 6959: 6949: 6947: 6937: 6930: 6920: 6918: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6894: 6887: 6872: 6856: 6849: 6839: 6823: 6819: 6809: 6807: 6799: 6798: 6789: 6779: 6763: 6756: 6746: 6730: 6726: 6716: 6700: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6670: 6631: 6627: 6610: 6606: 6573: 6569: 6562: 6542: 6538: 6532:Wayback Machine 6517: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6478: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6442: 6438: 6430:Moshe Shokeid: 6429: 6425: 6414: 6410: 6395: 6391: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6365: 6354: 6352: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6309: 6305: 6296: 6294: 6282: 6278: 6269: 6268: 6261: 6255:Wayback Machine 6244: 6240: 6229: 6227: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6186: 6185: 6176: 6166: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6095: 6094: 6085: 6075: 6073: 6071:"Berber people" 6069: 6068: 6061: 6051: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6006: 6002: 5997: 5993: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5967: 5946: 5942: 5900: 5896: 5882: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5791: 5782: 5780:Role in tourism 5667:double clarinet 5593: 5581:Main articles: 5575: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5540: 5524: 5513: 5506: 5500: 5491: 5486: 5477: 5471: 5346: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5311: 5295: 5284: 5278: 5271: 5270:region, Algeria 5264: 5255: 5248: 5239: 5237:Berber calendar 5233: 5224: 5221: 5212: 5205: 5132: 5068: 5057: 5049:in the Hoggar, 5043:Aurès Mountains 5035: 5030: 5023: 5012: 5003: 4996: 4987: 4980: 4971: 4959: 4950: 4937: 4928: 4923:, built by the 4913: 4807:"Moorish" style 4791: 4785: 4778: 4772: 4763: 4762:(c. 200-150 BC) 4753: 4744: 4733: 4723:, among others. 4613: 4597: 4592: 4578: 4492:in the town of 4488:Berbers of the 4484:. However, the 4447: 4435:Main articles: 4433: 4418:Moroccan Arabic 4414:Tunisian Arabic 4410:Algerian Arabic 4394:Maghrebi Arabic 4374:Kabyle language 4370:Arabic language 4271: 4265: 4218:Muammar Gaddafi 4202: 4190:ethnic identity 4186: 4180: 4175: 4158:Zinedine Zidane 4146: 4140: 4137: 4130:needs expansion 4115: 4093: 4084: 4035: 4029: 4019:Zuwara language 3997: 3995: 3962: 3960: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3909: 3907: 3874: 3872: 3839: 3837: 3826:Nafusi language 3804: 3802: 3769: 3767: 3738: 3736: 3725:Kabyle language 3703: 3701: 3675: 3673: 3639: 3637: 3608: 3606: 3569: 3567: 3556:Shenwa language 3534: 3532: 3511:Aurès Mountains 3499: 3497: 3394: 3388: 3372: 3313:Arabic language 3297: 3295:Arabized Berber 3291: 3275:Liamine Zeroual 3192: 3044:Kingdom of Kuku 3020: 3014:Arabized Berber 3010: 2926: 2871:Aftasid dynasty 2820: 2655: 2622: 2616: 2599:Umar ibn Hafsun 2557:Idrisid dynasty 2532: 2495:Salih ibn Tarif 2490:Abd ar-Rahman I 2488:of al-Andalus, 2455: 2317:Pierre Guichard 2309:Amrus ibn Yusuf 2238:Abd ar-Rahman I 2229:Musa ibn Nusayr 2214:Tariq ibn Ziyad 2177: 2171: 2019: 2013: 1986:coming of Islam 1854: 1830: 1824: 1722: 1714:Main articles: 1712: 1698:, one of whom, 1628:Saint Augustine 1604:First Punic War 1591: 1587: 1555: 1551: 1533:Libyphoenicians 1465:Berber kingdoms 1334: 1316: 1249:Kelif el Boroud 1228: 1150:Uniparental DNA 1124: 1118: 1115: 1075: 1042: 1035:1184 to 1153 BC 1009: 999: 960:Atlas Mountains 947: 937: 889:Tassili n'Ajjer 868: 850:Tassili n'Ajjer 839: 833: 706: 700: 692:ethnic identity 676:French colonial 607:. Notably, the 597:Arabic language 428: 427: 426: 413:Without proper 404: 400: 351: 142: 127: 121: 110: 98: 91: 80: 74: 71: 60: 54:has an unclear 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13480: 13470: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13362: 13361: 13359: 13358: 13357: 13356: 13351: 13341: 13340: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13298: 13297: 13287: 13286: 13285: 13274: 13272: 13271:Related topics 13268: 13267: 13265: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13173: 13171: 13167: 13166: 13164: 13163: 13162: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13141: 13140: 13139: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13118: 13117: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13016: 13014: 13010: 13009: 13007: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12995: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12958: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12921: 12920: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12879: 12877: 12873: 12872: 12865: 12864: 12857: 12850: 12842: 12836: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12808: 12803: 12796: 12795:External links 12793: 12791: 12790: 12784: 12771: 12741:10.1086/386295 12720: 12714: 12701: 12695: 12680: 12669: 12660: 12649: 12619:10.1086/340669 12598: 12558:Human Genetics 12553: 12547: 12534: 12528: 12515: 12509: 12495: 12489: 12476: 12470: 12457: 12446: 12440: 12424: 12403: 12390: 12384: 12368: 12338:10.1086/386294 12317: 12306: 12298: 12290: 12284: 12271: 12259:(3): 584–585. 12244: 12238: 12225: 12219: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12197: 12190: 12168: 12161: 12139: 12132: 12112: 12105: 12085: 12070: 12052: 12037: 12019: 12008:(1): 200–202. 11988: 11960: 11951: 11926: 11904: 11878: 11848: 11841: 11823: 11816: 11793: 11767: 11728: 11703: 11696: 11676: 11661: 11654: 11636: 11605: 11574: 11567: 11549: 11542: 11515: 11484: 11447: 11418: 11399: 11380: 11358: 11347: 11327: 11307: 11294: 11264: 11257: 11237: 11230: 11210: 11203: 11183: 11173: 11150: 11143: 11123: 11116: 11096: 11089: 11069: 11047: 11029: 11015: 10985: 10978: 10955: 10936: 10917: 10899: 10892: 10870: 10863: 10836: 10817: 10788:(2): 318–329. 10768: 10711: 10704: 10685: 10678: 10659: 10652: 10632: 10625: 10605: 10582:10.1086/423147 10552: 10521: 10512: 10503: 10494: 10485: 10460: 10448:Joshua Project 10435: 10410: 10399:on 5 July 2011 10376: 10369: 10351: 10325: 10300: 10288:Joshua Project 10275: 10249: 10235: 10207: 10195:Joshua Project 10182: 10170:Joshua Project 10157: 10145:Joshua Project 10131: 10113: 10101:Joshua Project 10088: 10063: 10037: 10007: 9981: 9967: 9960: 9940: 9933: 9910: 9882: 9861: 9835: 9817: 9795: 9788: 9768: 9761: 9742: 9716: 9690: 9665: 9644: 9637: 9617: 9610: 9590: 9583: 9560: 9557:. 30 May 2017. 9542: 9520: 9502: 9472: 9465: 9447: 9413: 9404: 9388: 9381: 9364: 9351: 9331: 9319: 9305: 9288: 9254: 9225: 9197: 9183: 9176: 9156: 9141: 9134: 9114: 9107: 9085: 9070: 9055: 9040: 9025: 8909: 8797: 8771: 8745: 8729: 8722: 8702: 8689:"Introduction" 8676: 8654: 8650:The Punic Wars 8638: 8623: 8601: 8588: 8569: 8560: 8544: 8527: 8487: 8474: 8459: 8446: 8433: 8412: 8399: 8386: 8373: 8371:(1986), p. 15. 8360: 8336: 8318: 8311: 8288: 8268: 8236: 8202:10.1101/191569 8161: 8100: 8067: 7993: 7939: 7887: 7870: 7868:(UNESCO 1990). 7857: 7842: 7809: 7803:Ibn al-Nadim. 7796: 7781: 7767: 7760: 7741: 7734: 7728:. Read Books. 7714: 7699: 7692: 7672: 7659: 7650: 7641: 7634: 7616: 7609: 7589: 7560: 7545: 7525: 7510:(in Russian). 7494: 7477: 7460: 7453: 7433: 7416: 7378: 7330: 7300: 7293: 7275: 7260: 7240: 7225: 7205: 7183: 7176: 7147: 7140: 7120: 7113: 7088: 7078: 7058: 7051: 7028: 7025:. 23 May 2023. 7011: 7005:978-1000825923 7004: 6984: 6972: 6957: 6928: 6903: 6885: 6870: 6847: 6837: 6817: 6787: 6777: 6754: 6744: 6724: 6714: 6694: 6677: 6668: 6641:(5702): 1680. 6625: 6621:978-9087280796 6604: 6585:(2): 209–219. 6567: 6561:978-0759104662 6560: 6552:AltaMira Press 6536: 6521:Sadek Lekdja: 6510: 6469: 6436: 6423: 6408: 6389: 6374: 6363: 6337: 6303: 6276: 6259: 6238: 6212: 6194: 6174: 6148: 6134: 6114: 6083: 6059: 6049: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6000: 5991: 5983:L'Histoire du 5974: 5965: 5940: 5844: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5790: 5787: 5781: 5778: 5687:, rababs, and 5669:and acts as a 5610:, the popular 5608:Moroccan music 5577: 5576: 5527: 5525: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5501: 5494: 5492: 5487: 5480: 5478: 5472: 5465: 5454: 5453: 5433: 5419: 5407: 5392: 5383: 5373: 5367: 5348: 5347: 5298: 5296: 5289: 5282:Berber cuisine 5280:Main article: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5215: 5213: 5206: 5199: 5157:is a style of 5131: 5128: 5075:in the Aurès. 5034: 5033:Social context 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5013: 5006: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4972: 4960: 4953: 4951: 4938: 4931: 4929: 4914: 4907: 4815:Atlas Mountain 4811:Islamic period 4784: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4773: 4766: 4764: 4754: 4747: 4745: 4734: 4727: 4699:itself and at 4633:Roman Republic 4596: 4593: 4577: 4574: 4533:Punic religion 4432: 4429: 4267:Main article: 4264: 4261: 4247:, rather than 4201: 4198: 4182:Main article: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4148: 4147: 4127: 4125: 4092: 4089: 4031:Main article: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4006: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3942: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3778: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3648: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3578: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3390:Main article: 3387: 3384: 3371: 3368: 3332:Bedouin Arabic 3293:Main article: 3290: 3287: 3107:Ahaggar Tuareg 3088:French Algeria 3049:reino de Labes 3036:Ottoman Empire 3009: 3008:Modern history 3006: 2992:, king of the 2970:Yahya ibn Umar 2925: 2922: 2879:Guadiana River 2849:Zenata Berber 2819: 2816: 2618:Main article: 2615: 2612: 2454: 2451: 2396:Charles Martel 2185:Almohad Empire 2173:Main article: 2170: 2167: 2012: 2009: 1853: 1850: 1826:Main article: 1823: 1820: 1808:Lusius Quietus 1797:Jugurthine War 1737:Roman province 1720:Jugurthine War 1711: 1708: 1315: 1312: 1304:Canary Islands 1281:Kehf el Baroud 1185:Epipaleolithic 1128:Iberomaurusian 1123: 1120: 1113: 1102:), the son of 1074: 1071: 1041: 1038: 998: 995: 936: 933: 897:Tadrart Acacus 885:Cave paintings 835:Main article: 832: 829: 754:Stéphane Gsell 702:Main article: 699: 696: 589:Arab conquests 452:indigenous to 435:Berber peoples 417:, you may see 405: 398: 397: 396: 393: 392: 378: 377: 373: 372: 346:Predominantly 343: 342: 338: 337: 327: 326: 322: 321: 318: 312: 311: 308: 302: 301: 298: 292: 291: 288: 282: 281: 275: 269: 268: 265: 259: 258: 255: 249: 248: 245: 239: 238: 235: 229: 228: 225: 219: 218: 215: 209: 208: 205: 199: 198: 195: 189: 188: 185: 179: 178: 175: 169: 168: 165: 159: 158: 154: 153: 149: 148: 144: 143: 137: 129: 128: 109: 108: 105: 101: 96: 93: 92: 56:citation style 51: 49: 42: 26: 18:Berber culture 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13479: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13374: 13372: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13346: 13345: 13342: 13338: 13337:United States 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13314: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13296: 13293: 13292: 13291: 13288: 13284: 13281: 13280: 13279: 13276: 13275: 13273: 13269: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13174: 13172: 13168: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13146: 13145: 13142: 13138: 13135: 13134: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13116: 13113: 13112: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13017: 13015: 13011: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12979: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12919: 12916: 12915: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12880: 12878: 12874: 12870: 12863: 12858: 12856: 12851: 12849: 12844: 12843: 12840: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12815: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12798: 12787: 12785:0-253-34451-4 12781: 12777: 12772: 12768: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12750: 12746: 12742: 12738: 12734: 12730: 12726: 12721: 12717: 12715:0-7099-3353-3 12711: 12707: 12702: 12698: 12696:0-684-81052-2 12692: 12688: 12687: 12681: 12677: 12676: 12670: 12666: 12661: 12657: 12656: 12650: 12646: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12628: 12624: 12620: 12616: 12612: 12608: 12604: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12579: 12575: 12571: 12567: 12563: 12559: 12554: 12550: 12548:0-8154-0300-3 12544: 12540: 12535: 12531: 12529:0-415-05655-1 12525: 12521: 12516: 12512: 12510:9780253222008 12506: 12502: 12496: 12492: 12490:0-426-15851-2 12486: 12482: 12477: 12473: 12471:2-7449-0227-6 12467: 12463: 12458: 12454: 12453: 12447: 12443: 12441:0-520-04202-6 12437: 12433: 12429: 12425: 12420: 12414: 12406: 12404:0-571-06404-3 12400: 12396: 12391: 12387: 12385:9780739119778 12381: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12365: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12331: 12327: 12323: 12318: 12314: 12313: 12307: 12303: 12299: 12295: 12291: 12287: 12285:0-684-14040-3 12281: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12258: 12254: 12250: 12245: 12241: 12235: 12231: 12226: 12222: 12220:0-631-16852-4 12216: 12212: 12207: 12206: 12193: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12172: 12164: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12143: 12135: 12129: 12126:. Routledge. 12125: 12124: 12116: 12108: 12102: 12099:. Routledge. 12098: 12097: 12089: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12067: 12063: 12056: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12034: 12030: 12023: 12015: 12011: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11992: 11977: 11976: 11971: 11964: 11955: 11940: 11936: 11930: 11914: 11908: 11892: 11888: 11882: 11866: 11862: 11861:Djerba Museum 11858: 11852: 11844: 11838: 11834: 11827: 11819: 11817:9780195309911 11813: 11809: 11802: 11800: 11798: 11782: 11778: 11771: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11748:(1): 19–129. 11747: 11744:(in French). 11743: 11739: 11732: 11717: 11713: 11707: 11699: 11697:9782352700579 11693: 11689: 11688: 11680: 11672: 11665: 11657: 11655:9780748646821 11651: 11647: 11640: 11634: 11630: 11624: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11616: 11614: 11612: 11610: 11593: 11589: 11585: 11578: 11570: 11564: 11560: 11553: 11545: 11543:9780631207672 11539: 11536:. Blackwell. 11535: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11522: 11520: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11488: 11482: 11480: 11479:public domain 11465: 11461: 11457: 11451: 11435: 11434: 11429: 11422: 11414: 11410: 11403: 11395: 11391: 11384: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11362: 11355: 11350: 11344: 11340: 11339: 11331: 11320: 11319: 11311: 11297: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11268: 11260: 11254: 11250: 11249: 11241: 11233: 11227: 11223: 11222: 11214: 11206: 11200: 11196: 11195: 11187: 11180: 11176: 11170: 11166: 11165: 11157: 11155: 11146: 11140: 11136: 11135: 11127: 11119: 11113: 11109: 11108: 11100: 11092: 11086: 11082: 11081: 11073: 11057: 11051: 11043: 11039: 11033: 11025: 11019: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10989: 10981: 10975: 10971: 10970: 10962: 10960: 10951: 10950:middleeasteye 10947: 10940: 10932: 10928: 10921: 10913: 10909: 10903: 10895: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10874: 10866: 10860: 10856: 10855: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10833: 10829: 10826: 10821: 10813: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10772: 10764: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10715: 10707: 10705:9781907065378 10701: 10697: 10696: 10689: 10681: 10679:9781902339092 10675: 10671: 10670: 10663: 10655: 10653:9789024717804 10649: 10645: 10644: 10636: 10628: 10626:9781438126760 10622: 10618: 10617: 10609: 10601: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10576:(2): 338–45. 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10556: 10541: 10537: 10536: 10531: 10525: 10516: 10507: 10498: 10489: 10474: 10470: 10464: 10449: 10445: 10439: 10424: 10420: 10414: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10383: 10381: 10372: 10366: 10362: 10355: 10340: 10336: 10329: 10314: 10310: 10304: 10289: 10285: 10279: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10238: 10236:9781108783071 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10219: 10211: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10171: 10167: 10161: 10146: 10142: 10135: 10127: 10123: 10117: 10102: 10098: 10092: 10077: 10073: 10067: 10051: 10047: 10041: 10025: 10021: 10020:africa.si.edu 10017: 10011: 9995: 9991: 9985: 9977: 9971: 9963: 9961:9781417917426 9957: 9954:. Kessinger. 9953: 9952: 9944: 9936: 9930: 9926: 9925: 9917: 9915: 9899: 9895: 9889: 9887: 9871: 9865: 9849: 9845: 9839: 9831: 9827: 9821: 9805: 9799: 9791: 9785: 9782:. Routledge. 9781: 9780: 9772: 9764: 9758: 9754: 9753: 9746: 9731: 9727: 9720: 9704: 9700: 9694: 9679: 9675: 9669: 9662:. April 1997. 9661: 9654: 9648: 9640: 9634: 9630: 9629: 9621: 9613: 9607: 9603: 9602: 9594: 9586: 9580: 9576: 9575: 9567: 9565: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9524: 9516: 9512: 9511:"Arabization" 9506: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9476: 9468: 9462: 9458: 9451: 9436: 9432: 9429:(in French). 9428: 9424: 9417: 9408: 9402: 9398: 9392: 9384: 9378: 9374: 9368: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9328: 9323: 9316: 9315: 9309: 9303: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9284: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9250: 9244: 9236: 9229: 9221: 9215: 9207: 9201: 9193: 9187: 9179: 9177:9781414448831 9173: 9169: 9168: 9160: 9152: 9145: 9137: 9135:9780313379826 9131: 9127: 9126: 9118: 9110: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9089: 9081: 9074: 9066: 9059: 9051: 9044: 9036: 9029: 9021: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9006: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8905: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8785: 8781: 8775: 8759: 8755: 8749: 8742: 8738: 8733: 8725: 8719: 8715: 8714: 8706: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8680: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8651: 8647: 8642: 8635: 8634: 8627: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8592: 8585: 8581: 8576: 8574: 8564: 8557: 8556:The Histories 8553: 8548: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8501: 8497: 8491: 8484: 8478: 8470: 8463: 8456: 8450: 8443: 8437: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8421:Wadi Majardah 8416: 8409: 8403: 8396: 8390: 8383: 8377: 8370: 8367:Cf. Perkins, 8364: 8356: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8332: 8325: 8323: 8314: 8312:9780691635859 8308: 8304: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8272: 8264: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8232: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8168: 8166: 8157: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8104: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8062: 8057: 8053: 8052:PLOS Genetics 8049: 8042: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8009: 8008:PLOS Genetics 8004: 7997: 7989: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7955:PLOS Genetics 7951: 7943: 7935: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7891: 7885:(Paris 1961). 7884: 7880: 7874: 7867: 7861: 7854: 7853:"The Berbers" 7849: 7847: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7806: 7800: 7792: 7785: 7777: 7771: 7763: 7761:9780717201211 7757: 7753: 7752: 7745: 7737: 7735:9781447483526 7731: 7727: 7726: 7718: 7710: 7703: 7695: 7693:9781857431322 7689: 7685: 7684: 7676: 7669: 7663: 7654: 7645: 7637: 7635:9783319247724 7631: 7627: 7620: 7612: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7593: 7584: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7570:"Lebou/Libou" 7564: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7498: 7490: 7489: 7481: 7473: 7472: 7464: 7456: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7437: 7429: 7428: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7383: 7374: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7296: 7294:9780292745056 7290: 7286: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7257: 7253: 7252: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7209: 7201: 7200: 7194: 7187: 7179: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7143: 7137: 7133: 7132: 7124: 7116: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7071: 7070: 7062: 7054: 7048: 7044: 7043: 7035: 7033: 7024: 7018: 7016: 7007: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6988: 6981: 6976: 6968: 6961: 6946: 6942: 6935: 6933: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6899: 6892: 6890: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6854: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6821: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6761: 6759: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6728: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6698: 6687: 6681: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6571: 6563: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6540: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6514: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6474: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6427: 6419: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6385: 6378: 6372: 6367: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6326: 6322: 6319:(in French). 6318: 6314: 6307: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6280: 6272: 6266: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6242: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6137: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6118: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6072: 6066: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6016: 6015: 6011:(46–120 CE), 6010: 6004: 5995: 5988: 5986: 5978: 5969: 5950: 5944: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5904: 5903: 5891: 5848: 5840: 5834: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5786: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5614:, Kabyle and 5613: 5609: 5605: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5573: 5570: 5562: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5528:This section 5526: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5505: 5498: 5493: 5490: 5484: 5479: 5476: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459:acculturating 5451: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5344: 5341: 5333: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5299:This section 5297: 5293: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5269: 5266:Jewelry from 5262: 5257: 5253: 5246: 5241: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4947:Aït Benhaddou 4944: 4943: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4841:Ait Benhaddou 4838: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4776: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4614: 500 BC 4608: 4603: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4527:(such as the 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4471: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406:Libyan Arabic 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4283: 4275: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4193: 4191: 4185: 4170: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4144: 4135: 4131: 4128:This section 4126: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4047:Haplogroup J1 4044: 4040: 4034: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4005: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3929: 3917: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3896:Siwi language 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3766: 3764: 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3185:mother tongue 3182: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3105:and defeated 3104: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3084:native revolt 3080: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3068:Ouled Moqrane 3061: 3056: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2972:defeated the 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2930: 2921: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883:Sierra Morena 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2828: 2825: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2710:, Sijilmasa, 2709: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2665: 2659: 2654: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2587: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 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Retrieved 6054: 6039: 6032: 6012: 6003: 5994: 5982: 5977: 5968: 5943: 5938:), singular. 5847: 5819: 5783: 5774:Udayn n Acur 5763: 5699:choreography 5665:who plays a 5662:bou oughanim 5604:Berber music 5602: 5583:Berber music 5565: 5556: 5541:Please help 5529: 5455: 5354: 5351: 5336: 5327: 5312:Please help 5300: 5188: 5182: 5177: 5167: 5153: 5133: 5113: 5109: 5081: 5036: 4965: 4940: 4882: 4852: 4844: 4837:rammed earth 4830: 4820: 4792: 4682: 4630: 4598: 4576:Architecture 4563: 4556: 4553: 4502: 4490:M'zab Valley 4482:Sunni Muslim 4479: 4475: 4422: 4367: 4353:(Mozabite), 4311: 4288: 4238: 4203: 4194: 4187: 4167: 4141:October 2012 4138: 4134:adding to it 4129: 4059: 4036: 3974:Middle Atlas 3816:Jabal Nafusa 3453: 3410: 3395: 3353: 3321: 3309:Arab culture 3298: 3279:Driss Jettou 3267: 3263: 3235:Black Spring 3232: 3209: 3201: 3174: 3158:Algerian War 3155: 3132: 3124: 3100: 3092:Abd al-Qadir 3081: 3033: 2986: 2939: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2868: 2864: 2847: 2836: 2829: 2827:flourished. 2821: 2803: 2783: 2775: 2748: 2740: 2720: 2716:'Isa al-Razi 2704: 2680: 2668: 2650: 2635: 2608: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2561: 2549: 2539:(near Roman 2522:Ibn al-Athir 2503: 2483: 2468: 2456: 2447: 2440: 2436: 2416: 2411: 2387: 2373: 2349: 2322: 2314: 2294: 2284:revolted in 2250: 2242: 2216:, under the 2207: 2200: 2153: 2130: 2102: 2090: 2086:Tripolitania 2052: 2032: 2025:A statue of 2002: 1979: 1924: 1901: 1874: 1834:Roman empire 1831: 1793: 1774: 1770: 1749: 1741:client state 1734: 1665: 1640: 1632:Hippo Regius 1618: 1613: 1600: 1569: 1529: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1498: 1485: 1462: 1424:(in Libya), 1418:Leptis Magna 1410: 1380: 1349: 1332:Mauri people 1296:Cardial Ware 1289: 1229: 5,000 1219: 1166: 1158: 1148: 1142:- and early 1125: 1109: 1085: 1078: 1076: 1043: 1029:Ramesses III 948: 915:Prehistoric 914: 878: 814: 796: 781: 752: 737: 732: 728: 724: 722: 718:North Africa 707: 687: 679: 661: 631:kingdoms in 601:Arab culture 522: 510:Burkina Faso 454:North Africa 445: 441: 434: 430: 429: 406: 362:Christianity 243:Burkina Faso 97:Ethnic group 81: 72: 53: 36: 13332:Netherlands 13207:Berber Jews 11534:The Berbers 11462:. Archive. 11436:(in German) 10264:(in French) 9810:12 December 9735:12 December 9427:Le Monde.fr 8685:Ibn Khaldun 8663:Ibn Khaldun 8597:The Berbers 8554:(203–120), 8331:The Berbers 7821:Ibn Khaldun 7514:(2): 2–13. 6810:13 December 6518:(in French) 6330:16 November 6317:Le Monde.fr 6297:11 November 6163:(in French) 5473:Customized 5366:staple dish 5193:earthenware 5144:plain weave 5130:Visual arts 5111:the tribe. 5069: [ 5058: [ 4735:Remains of 4498:Ibadi Islam 4445:Berber Jews 4226:colonialism 4074:Banu Sulaym 4062:Phoenicians 4051:Middle East 3364:assimilated 3340:assimilated 3328:Banu Sulaym 3301:Arabization 3289:Arabization 3212:Pan-Arabism 3193: [ 3190:Salim Yezza 3156:During the 3143:Abd el-Krim 3139:Rif Berbers 3121:Abd el-Krim 3096:Kabyle myth 3064:أولاد مقران 2873:, based in 2822:During the 2750:Al-Hakam II 2656: [ 2533: [ 2098:Ibadi Islam 2094:open revolt 1883:, Houaras, 1852:Middle Ages 1814:, from the 1812:Dacian wars 1583:Masinissa ( 1581:Berber King 1558:), King of 1383:Phoenicians 1324:Roman Libya 1189:haplogroups 1177:ancient DNA 1116:Ibn Khaldun 1088:Ibn Khaldun 798:Ibn Khaldun 593:Arabization 533:Nile Valley 500:, northern 472:. They are 366:Catholicism 352:Minorities 348:Sunni Islam 233:Netherlands 187:2.6 million 13371:Categories 13149:Banu Ifran 13045:Barghawata 12955:Mauretania 12935:Marmaridae 12898:Garamantes 12464:. EdiSud. 12397:. London. 11981:30 January 11944:20 October 11915:. El Watan 11913:"A la une" 11786:11 January 11598:11 January 11508:30 October 11440:5 November 10545:7 December 10478:4 November 10473:Ethnologue 10423:Ethnologue 10313:Ethnologue 10126:Ethnologue 10072:"Tachawit" 9854:24 January 8723:0852550936 8511: 104 8509: – c. 8507: 160 8427:. Lancel, 7805:Al-Fiḥrist 7555:1255524815 7323:25 October 6355:12 October 6167:20 January 6135:0631227350 6107:8 December 6025:References 5963:), plural. 5905:; Arabic: 5432:('honey'). 5211:decoration 5055:Aït Iraten 4949:in Morocco 4793:After the 4741:Garamantes 4602:Garamantes 4580:See also: 4543:, and the 4517:polytheism 4408:, 8–9% of 4095:See also: 4070:Banu Hilal 3979:2,867,000 3976:, Morocco 3950:4,000,000 3886:Siwa Oasis 3856:1,500,000 3720:6,000,000 3594:3,500,000 3585:Anti-Atlas 3581:High Atlas 3516:2,870,000 3425:Anti-Atlas 3324:Banu Hilal 3270:Berberists 3170:wilaya III 3028:High Atlas 2998:Alfonso VI 2990:al-Mutamid 2952:went on a 2811:Ibn Idhari 2735:Visigothic 2688:Ibn Hayyan 2504:In 768, a 2218:suzerainty 2015:See also: 1990:Banu Hilal 1927:al-Andalus 1897:Barghawata 1895:, Awraba, 1838:Bocchus II 1828:Mauretania 1822:Mauretania 1781:Hiempsal I 1672:Christians 1657:Garamantia 1592: 148 1590: – c. 1588: 240 1573:Agathocles 1556: 148 1554: – c. 1552: 240 1396:region of 1390:Canaanites 1378:elements. 1364:Mauretania 1360:Gaetulians 1358:, and the 1251:site near 1215:Persepolis 1122:Scientific 1111:beginning. 1080:Al-Fiḥrist 1067:Massinissa 1050:Gaetulians 976:Byzantines 939:See also: 848:painting, 831:Prehistory 746:word for " 729:Beraberata 716:region of 651:, and the 637:Almoravids 633:al-Andalus 623:, various 569:Mauretania 561:Garamantes 518:Siwa Oasis 498:Mauritania 474:indigenous 384:and other 263:Mauritania 152:36 million 67:footnoting 13344:Berberism 13222:Mozabites 13055:Fendelawa 12982:Masaesyli 12972:Nasamones 12967:Musulamii 12950:Makanitae 12945:Bakouatae 12888:Banioubae 12749:0002-9297 12627:0002-9297 12578:0340-6717 12413:cite book 12346:0002-9297 12080:147638431 12047:182662537 11762:0295-5245 11413:Vice News 10309:"Tumzabt" 10242:26 August 10046:"Chaouia" 9674:"Algeria" 9435:1950-6244 9243:cite book 9214:cite book 8558:at I, 72. 8540:Khamessat 8513:BC), the 8278:(86–35), 7837:556514510 7520:2619-1008 7411:1015-7344 7373:2410-0145 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