38:
55:
303:
Paris, Editions du CTHS, 1993, p.125, n.10. See also Adhir
Chakravarti, "The Economic Foundations of Three Ancient Civilizations of South-east Asia: Borobudur, Dvararavati and Angkor: Preliminary Report of a Study Tour in some countries of South-east Asia in April–May 1985", in Haraprasad Ray (ed.),
270:
said in 1531: "in the place where
Ptolemy described Cattigara as projecting far beyond the Equator, and others by quite dubious reasoning as adjoining the kingdoms of Var, Moabar and other places now, following repeated voyages on both this side and the other of the Equator, no continental land was
154:
that the furthest point reached by
Hellenistic navigators is to be found, that is the harbour of Kattigara mentioned by Ptolemy". A.H. Christie said in 1979 that "the presence of objects, however few in number, from the Roman Orient" added some weight to the conjecture that Óc Eo was the Ptolemaic
705:
nunc cum eo loco quo
Ptolemaeus Cattigaram longe vltra Aequatorem prominentem descripsit, et deinde alii adnectentes regnum Var, Moabar et alia incerta fere ratione, nulla post frequentes ultra citraque aequatorem navigationes terra continens inventa fuerit, sed insularum infinitus paene numerus:
575:
Berkeley, University of
California Press, 1966, p.58-59): "Now Fu-nan occupied a key position with regard to the maritime trade routes, and was inevitably a port of call both for the navigators who went through the Straits of Malacca and for those – probably more numerous – who made the
176:
The eminent scholar of ancient Indian civilization, Luciano Petech, concluded: "Kattigara was situated on the Mekong delta… At Go Oc Eo in western
Cochinchina, along with Indian jewelry and Chinese bronze mirrors, several Roman objects were excavated: beads, gems, cammei, and, last but not least,
159:
From the account of the voyage of
Alexander referred to by Ptolemy, Kattigara can actually be located only in the Mekong delta, because Alexander went first along the east coast of the Malacca peninsula, northward to Bangkok, from thence likewise only along the coast toward the south east, and so
164:
Adhir
Chakravarti concluded: "The archaeological remains unearthed at Oc-Eo to the south of Phnom Bà Thên in the Trans-Bassac region of Cochin-China have proved beyond doubt that it was a great port of Fou-nan and, as suggested by Mallaret and Coedès may be identified with Ptolemy's Kattigara
576:
transit over one of the isthmuses of the Malay
Peninsula. Fu-nan may even have been the terminus of voyages from the Eastern Mediterranean, if it is the case that the Kattigara mentioned by Ptolemy was situated on the western coast of Indochina on the Gulf of Siam".
223:, on his fourth and last voyage of 1502–1503, planned to follow the coast of Ciamba southward around the Cape of Cattigara and sail through the strait separating Cattigara from the New World, into the Sinus Magnus to Malacca. This was the route he thought
117:), not far from Óc Eo. The plea in 1979 by Jeremy H.C.S. Davidson for "a thorough study of Hà-tiên in its historical context and in relation to Óc-eo" as indispensable for an accurate understanding and interpretation of the site, still remains unanswered.
482:
The
Princes of Hà-Tiên (1682-1867): the Last of the Philosopher-Princes and the Prelude to the French Conquest of Indochina: a Study of the Independent Rule of the Mac Dynasty in the Principality of Hà-Tiên, and the Establishment of the Empire of
105:
On some medieval maps, for example on the Martellus map of 1489 or the Waldseemüller map from 1507, published in the Ptolemy's Geography, Cattigara was located 8 and a half degrees below the equator and 178 degrees west of the Canary Islands.
160:
came to Kattigara. We hear nothing of any further change of course. In addition, at Óc Eo, an emporium excavated in the western Mekong delta, in the ancient kingdom of Fu-nan, Roman finds from the 2nd century after Christ have come to light.
332:
no.19, April 1975, pp.1-32, p.17. Kasper Hanus and Emilia Smagur, “Kattigara of Claudius Ptolemy and Óc Eo: the issue of trade between the Roman Empire and Funan in the Graeco-Roman written sources”, Helen Lewis (ed.),
394:
552:
The quest for India : a History of Discovery and Exploration from the Expedition to the Land of Punt in 1493 B.C. to the Discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 A.D., in words and pictures,
250:
It was eventually realized that Columbus had not reached Ciamba or any part of the Cape of Cattigara. The search for Cattigara continued during the early years of the sixteenth century.
341:, Papers from the Fourteenth International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Summertown (Oxford), Archaeopress, 2020, pp.140-145, p.144.
413:
Calcutta, University of Calcutta Centre of Advanced Study in Ancient Indian History and Culture, Lectures and Seminars, no. VIII-A, part I, 1972, pp. 101-117; also in
139:
also concluded, from the sailing directions given by the ancient merchant and seafarer Alexander, that Cattigara lay at the mouth of the Mekong.
185:
Guided by Ptolemy, the discoverers of the New World were initially trying to find their way to Cattigara. On the 1489 map of the world made by
537:
312:
vol. XXIX, part I, January–June 1981, pp1-23, nb p.9. An alternative proposed by J. L. Moens was that the name derived from the Sanskrit,
58:
Cattigara located at the outlet of the river Mekong (Cotiaris), by d' Anville, Orbis Veteribus Notus (The World Known to the Ancients).
354:
Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Bd.XIV, 1930, S.214-250, nb 239-243. Erich Polaschek, ‘Ptolemy's "Geography" in a New Light’,
189:, revising Ptolemy's work, Asia terminated in its southeastern point in a cape, the Cape of Cattigara. Writing of his 1499 voyage,
258:
that the Pacific Ocean was the Sinus Magnus and located Cattigara on the west coast of South America. In this he was followed by
266:
but eventually geographers and cartographers had to admit that Cattigara could not be found. The mathematician and cosmographer
726:
320:, the southern point of Indochina: J. L. Moens, "De Noord-Sumatraanse Rijken der Parfums en specerijen in Voor-Moslimse Tijd,"
121:
328:
LXXXV, 3, 1955, pp. 437-48, p.448; and also W.J. van der Meulen, "Ptolemy's Geography of Mainland Southeast Asia and Borneo,"
679:
2nd. edn., Madrid, Imprenta Nacional, 1858, p.430; the covering letter to Columbus is published in A. Millares Carlo (ed.),
731:
239:, and carried letters of credence from the Spanish monarchs to present to da Gama. On reaching Cariay on the coast of
494:
John Caverhill, "Some Attempts to ascertain the utmost Extent of the Knowledge of the Ancients in the East Indies",
741:
324:
LXXXV, 3, 1955, pp.325-336, p.335; also J. L. Moens, "Kotinagara het antieke handescentrum op Yava's. Eindpunt,"
227:
had gone from China to India in 1292. Columbus planned to meet up with the expedition sent at the same time from
664:
The Invention of America: An Inquiry into the Historical Nature of the New World and the Meaning of its History,
308:
Kolkata, R.N. Bhattacharya, 2007, p.89; and Adhir Chakravarti, "International Trade and Towns of Ancient Siam",
94:
Scholarship has determined that Ptolemy's Cattigara was at 8½° north of the Equator and was the forerunner of
511:
Jeremy H.C.S. Davidson, "Archaeology in Southern Viet-Nam since 1954", in R. B. Smith and W. Watson (eds.),
310:
Our Heritage: Bulletin of the Department of Post-graduate Training and Research, Sanskrit College, Calcutta,
37:
26:
described by various antiquity sources. Modern scholars have linked Cattigara to the archaeological site of
280:
247:: "I reached the land of Cariay...Here I received news of the gold mines of Ciamba which I was seeking".
186:
150:
had already established relations with China and India, and it is doubtless on the west coast of the
41:
Mr Caverhill "proves" the ancient Cattigara to be the same with the modern Ponteamass (Banteaymeas),
155:
Cattigara. The distinguished German classical scholar, Albrecht Dihle, supported this view, saying:
350:
Paul Schnabel, „Die Entstehungsgeschichte des kartographischen Erdbildes des Klaudios Ptolemaios",
563:
George Coedès, "Some Problems in the Ancient History of the Hinduized States of South-East Asia",
301:
Claude Ptolémée, Astronome, Astrologue, Géographe: Connaissance et Représentation du Monde habité,
213:), of which the Cape of Cattigara formed the southeastern point. The Sinus Magnus was the actual
352:
Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Philosophisch-Historische Klasse,
499:
299:"Oc-Eo dans le delta du Mékong serait donc une identification plus probable": Germaine Aujac,
306:
Studies on India, China, and South East Asia: Posthumous Papers of Prof. Adhir Chakravarti,
243:, Columbus thought he was close to the gold mines of Ciamba. On 7 July 1503, he wrote from
220:
136:
8:
409:
Adhir K. Chakravarti, "Early Sino-Indian Maritime Trade and Fu-Nan", D.C. Sircar (ed.),
251:
458:"The mystery of Cattigara, the city located at the ends of the ancient world • Neperos"
385:
255:
399:
Rome, Arnoldus Buckinck, 1508 (same map reproduced in the Rome 1478 and 1490 edition).
377:
232:
206:
66:
528:
Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1753, pp.160-161; Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d' Anville,
457:
369:
214:
190:
69:
567:
vol.5, no.2, September 1964, pp.1-14. Coedès clarified what he meant in his book,
143:
210:
675:
The letter, dated 14 March 1502, is published in Martin Fernandez de Navarrete,
587:
Early South East Asia: Essays in Archaeology, History, and Historical Geography,
513:
Early South East Asia: Essays in Archaeology, History, and Historical Geography,
736:
530:
A Geographical Illustration of the Map of India, Translated by William Herbert,
198:
720:
381:
267:
236:
639:
Comptes Rendus du 15me Congrès International de Géographie, Amsterdam, 1938,
585:
A.H. Christie, "Lin-i, Fu-nan, Java", in R. B. Smith and W. Watson (eds.),
254:
concluded after the circumnavigation of the world by the expedition led by
202:
151:
114:
110:
73:
23:
600:
Umstrittene Daten: Untersuchenen zum Auftreten der Griechen an Roten Meer,
54:
317:
263:
259:
654:
George E. Nunn, ‘The Three Maplets attributed to Bartholomew Columbus’,
569:
Les Peuples de la Péninsule Indochinoise: Histoire – Civilisations
240:
224:
63:
389:
197:(Melaka) by sailing westward from Spain across the Western Ocean (the
611:
Adhir Chakravarti, "International Trade and Towns of Ancient Siam",
683:
México, Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1951, Lib.2, cap.iv, pp.219-20.
637:
Albert Herrmann, "Der Magnus Sinus und Cattigara nach Ptolemaeus",
430:
Albert Herrmann, "Der Magnus Sinus und Cattigara nach Ptolemaeus",
417:(Gaya, India), vol. 20, nos.1 & 2, 1995, pp.5-14, p.10; and in
373:
360:
Bagrow, L. (1 January 1945). "The Origin of Ptolemy's Geographia".
228:
421:
edited by N.N. Bhattacharyya, Kolkata, Punthi Pustak, 1998, p.413.
27:
244:
194:
77:
31:
515:
New York, Oxford University Press, 1979, pp.215-222, see p.216.
147:
99:
95:
658:
vol.9, 1952, 12-22, p.15; Helen Wallis, ‘What Columbus Knew’,
589:
New York, Oxford University Press, 1979, pp.281-7, see p. 286.
83:
The name "Cattigara" was probably derived from the Sanskrit
432:
Comptes Rendus du 15me Congrès International de Géographie,
434:
Amsterdam, 1938, Leiden, Brill, 1938, tome II, sect. IV,
666:
Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1961, pp.106-122.
571:(Paris, Dunod, 1962, pp.62, translated by H.M. Wright,
419:
India and South-East Asia Socio-econo-cultural Contacts,
681:
Historia de las Indias por Fray Bartólome de las Casas,
446:
Paris, 1962, chap.XXV, "Oc-Èo et Kattigara", pp.421-54.
692:
Letter dated 7 July 1503; quoted in J.M. Cohen (ed.),
526:
Eclaircissements géographiques sur la carte de l'Inde,
326:
Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde,
322:
Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde,
109:
John Caverhill deduced in 1767 that Cattigara was the
368:. Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 27: 318–387, nb 322–323.
643:
Géographie Historique et Histoire de la Géographie,
436:
Géographie Historique et Histoire de la Géographie,
98:as the main port and entrepot at the mouth of the
615:(Gaya, India), vol. 20, nos.1 & 2, 1995, p.20
602:Köln und Opladen, Westdeutsch Verlag, 1964, S.30.
455:
358:, Vol. 14, (1959), pp. 17-37, nb pp.25 & 35.
271:found but an almost infinite number of islands".
718:
124:, located Cattigara at the mouth of the Mekong (
62:Cattigara was the name given by the 2nd-century
22:is the name of a major port city located on the
142:The "father of Early Southeast Asian history",
662:vol.42, May 1992, pp.17-23; Edmundo O'Gorman,
180:
146:, has said: "By the middle of the 3rd century
76:at (due to a scribal error) 8½° south of the
316:"Cape City", referring to its location near
72:to the land on the easternmost shore of the
708:De Principiis Astronomiae et Cosmographiae,
628:, Year II, no.2, July 1951, pp.72-76, p.74.
205:("Great Gulf") that lay to the east of the
16:Vietnamese port city described in antiquity
677:Coleccion de los Viages y Descubrimientos,
694:The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus,
624:Luciano Petech, “Rome and Eastern Asia”,
397:India extra Gangem fluvium Sinarum situs,
43:The Monthly Review, Or, Literary Journal,
641:Leiden, Brill, 1938, tome II, sect. IV,
201:) around the Cape of Cattigara into the
53:
49:
36:
128:) River, where it is shown on his map,
719:
554:London, Allen & Unwin, 1964, p.56.
524:Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d' Anville,
359:
696:Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1969, p.287.
120:The 18th-century French geographer,
565:Journal of Southeast Asian History,
132:(The World Known to the Ancients).
122:Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville
13:
485:Brussels, Thanh-long, 1983, p.164.
14:
753:
440:L’Archéologie du delta du Mékong,
135:The Swedish yachtsman and writer
456:lostcivilizations (2023-12-04).
411:Early Indian Trade and Industry,
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605:
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177:Roman coins of the Antonines".
87:कीर्ति- नगर "Renowned City" or
573:The Making of South East Asia,
518:
505:
488:
474:
449:
424:
403:
344:
293:
1:
727:Lost ancient cities and towns
339:Ancient and Living Traditions
286:
7:
613:The South East Asian Review
496:Philosophical Transactions,
415:The South East Asian Review
274:
193:said he had hoped to reach
187:Henricus Martellus Germanus
181:Columbus' search for Ciamba
10:
758:
438:pp.123-8; Louis Malleret,
732:History of Southeast Asia
710:Louvain, 1530, caput xxx.
281:Dragon's Tail (peninsula)
706:Reinerus Gemma Frisius,
91:कोटि-नगर "Strong City".
742:Ancient Greek geography
262:and the makers of the
162:
113:port Banteaymeas (now
59:
46:
45:Volume 40, 1769, p.98.
539:Orbis Veteribus Notus
444:La culture du Fu-nan,
157:
130:Orbis Veteribus Notus
57:
50:Ptolemy's description
40:
532:London, 1759, p.78;
221:Christopher Columbus
534:Atlas de d'Anville,
362:Geografiska Annaler
498:vol.57, 1767, pp.
480:Nicholas Sellers,
395:Claudius Ptolemy,
256:Ferdinand Magellan
60:
47:
550:Bjorn Landström,
233:Cape of Good Hope
207:Golden Chersonese
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215:Gulf of Thailand
191:Amerigo Vespucci
165:emporium (= Skt
70:Claudius Ptolemy
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24:Magnus Sinus
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462:Neperos.com
356:Imago Mundi
335:EurASEAA14,
318:Cape Ca Mau
314:Koti-nagara
264:Dieppe Maps
260:Oronce Fine
231:around the
171:Kottanagara
167:Kirtinagara
64:Alexandrian
721:Categories
467:2024-04-07
330:Indonesia,
287:References
241:Costa Rica
225:Marco Polo
74:Indian Sea
67:geographer
645:pp. 123-8
382:1651-3215
126:Cottiaris
20:Cattigara
483:Vietnam,
275:See also
229:Portugal
199:Atlantic
500:155-174
337:Vol.1,
245:Jamaica
195:Malacca
115:Hà Tiên
78:Equator
32:Vietnam
536:1786.
390:520071
388:
380:
235:under
148:Fu-nan
100:Mekong
96:Saigon
737:Funan
386:JSTOR
28:Óc Eo
378:ISSN
173:)".
370:doi
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