3393:
country. One example came from former
Czechoslovakia. In the 1970s, the Communist party of Czechoslovakia finally realized that there was a need for underground trains. Czechoslovak designers projected a cheap but technologically innovative underground train. The train was a state-of-the-art project, capable of moving underground or on the surface using standard rails, had a high number of passenger seats, and was lightweight. According to the designers, the train was technologically more advanced than the trains used in New York's Subway, London's Tube or the Paris Metro. However, due to the plan of Comecon, older Soviet trains were used, which guaranteed profit for the Soviet Union and work for workers in Soviet factories. That economical change lead to the cancellation of the R1 trains by A. Honzík. The Comecon plan, though more profitable for the Soviets, if less resourceful for the Czechs and Slovaks, forced the Czechoslovak government to buy trains "Ečs (81-709)" and "81-71", both of which were designed in early 1950s and were heavy, unreliable and expensive. (Materials available only in Czech Republic and Slovakia, video included)
3612:
difference existed between
European and non-European members. The physical size, military power, and political and economic resource base of the Soviet Union made it the dominant member. In trade among Comecon members, the Soviet Union usually provided raw materials, and Central and East European countries provided finished equipment and machinery. The three underdeveloped Comecon members had a special relationship with the other seven. Comecon realized disproportionately more political than economic gains from its heavy contributions to these three countries' underdeveloped economies. Economic integration or "plan coordination" formed the basis of Comecon's activities. In this system, which mirrored the member countries' planned economies, the decisions handed down from above ignored the influences of market forces or private initiative. Comecon had no supranational authority to make decisions or to implement them. Its recommendations could only be adopted with the full concurrence of interested parties and (from 1967) did not affect those members who declared themselves disinterested parties.
817:
3576:
Comecon was an "international protection system" rather than an "international trade system", in contrast with the EEC, which was essentially the latter. Whereas the latter was interested in production efficiency and in allocation via market prices, the former was interested in bilateral aid to fulfill central planning goals. Writing in 1988, Brown stated that many people in both the West and the East had assumed that a trade and efficiency approach was what
Comecon was meant to pursue, which might make it an international trade system more like the EEC, and that some economists in Hungary and Poland had advocated such an approach in the 1970s and 1980s, but that "it would need a transformation of every economy along Hungarian lines to enable a market-guided Comecon to work. And any change along those lines has been ideologically unacceptable up to now."
3344:; within two years he was dead in prison. Instead, what won out was a "physical planning" approach that strengthened the role of central governments over technocrats. At the same time, the effort to create a single regime of planning "common economic organization" with the ability to set plans throughout the Comecon region also came to nought. A protocol to create such a system was signed January 18, 1949, but never ratified. While historians are not unanimous on why this was stymied, it clearly threatened the sovereignty not only of the smaller states but even of the Soviet Union itself, since an international body would have had real power; Stalin clearly preferred informal means of intervention in the other Comecon states. This lack of either rationality or international central planning tended to promote
587:
318:
2705:
803:
551:
3057:
3505:
539:
3162:
3043:
515:
256:
2405:
342:
3177:
3025:
330:
2821:
2342:
789:
242:
3241:
the member countries. All these factors combined to give rise to significant differences in the member states' expectations about the benefits to be derived from membership in
Comecon. Unity was provided instead by political and ideological factors. All Comecon members were "united by a commonality of fundamental class interests and the ideology of Marxism-Leninism" and had common approaches to economic ownership (state versus private) and management (plan versus market). In 1949 the ruling communist parties of the founding states were also linked internationally through the
2761:
3237: – were invited to participate as observers in Comecon sessions. Although Mongolia and Vietnam later gained full membership, China stopped attending Comecon sessions after 1961. Yugoslavia negotiated a form of associate status in the organization, specified in its 1964 agreement with Comecon. Collectively, the members of the Comecon did not display the necessary prerequisites for economic integration: their level of industrialization was low and uneven, with a single dominant member (the Soviet Union) producing 70% of the community national product.
1971:
Bulgaria happily took on an assigned role (also agricultural, but in
Bulgaria's case this had been the country's chosen direction even as an independent country in the 1930s). Essentially, by the time the Soviet Union was calling for tight economic integration, they no longer had the power to impose it. Despite some slow headway – integration increased in petroleum, electricity, and other technical/scientific sectors – and the 1963 founding of an International Bank for Economic Co-operation, Comecon countries all increased trade with
3086:
649:
3473:
the comprehensive examination and a multilateral settlement of the major problems of cooperation among member countries in the economy, science, and technology." All committees were headquartered in Moscow and usually met there. These committees advised the standing commissions, the
Secretariat, the interstate conferences, and the scientific institutes in their areas of specialization. Their jurisdiction was generally wider than that of the standing commissions because they had the right to make policy recommendations to other Comecon organizations.
3002:
527:
1713:
268:
3481:
organizations. Subordinate to the secretary were his deputy and the various departments of the
Secretariat, which generally corresponded to the standing commissions. The Secretariat's responsibilities included preparation and organization of Comecon sessions and other meetings conducted under the auspices of Comecon; compilation of digests on Comecon activities; conduct of economic and other research for Comecon members; and preparation of recommendations on various issues concerning Comecon operations.
491:
2521:
3666:
3372:
will be winners and losers. They argue that this may have been simply an unforeseen consequence of two factors: the slow adjustment of
Comecon prices during a time of rising oil and gas prices, and the fact that mineral resources were abundant in the Comecon sphere, relative to manufactured goods. A possible point of comparison is that there were also winners and losers under EEC agricultural policy in the same period. Russian and Kazakh oil kept the Comecon countries' oil prices low when the
2881:
354:
3355:, and the state agencies and captive trading companies were often corrupt. Even at best, this tended to put several removes between a producer and any foreign customer, limiting the ability to learn to adjust to foreign customers' needs. Furthermore, there was often strong political pressure to keep the best products for domestic use in each country. From the early 1950s to Comecon's demise in the early 1990s, intra-Comecon trade, except for Soviet petroleum, was in steady decline.
503:
563:
2585:
293:
3485:
headquartered in the capital of a member country and headed by one of that country's leading authorities in the field addressed by the commission. The
Secretariat supervised the actual operations of the commissions. The standing commissions had authority only to make recommendations, which had then to be approved by the executive committee, presented to the Session, and ratified by the interested member countries. Commissions usually met twice a year in Moscow.
3204:
3146:
733:
70:
3131:
847:
306:
599:
3071:
2645:
2935:
367:
3116:
3101:
677:
3654:
East
European members frequently invoked this principle in fear that economic interdependence would further reduce political sovereignty. Thus, neither Comecon nor the Soviet Union as a major force within Comecon had supranational authority. Although this fact ensured some degree of freedom from Soviet economic domination of the other members, it also deprived Comecon of necessary power to achieve maximum economic efficiency.
575:
3680:
2461:
280:
3190:
3585:
1984:
allowing the other member states to use Comecon mechanisms to coordinate their activities. In principle, a country could still veto, but the hope was that they would typically choose just to step aside rather than either veto or be a reluctant participant. This aimed, at least in part, at allowing Romania to chart its own economic course without leaving Comecon entirely or bringing it to an impasse (see
1821:
4576:
84:
1886:), the direction appeared to be toward a coordination of national economic plans, but with no coercive authority from Comecon itself. All decisions would require unanimous ratification, and even then governments would separately translate these into policy. Then in summer 1950, probably unhappy with the favorable implications for the effective individual and collective
3477:
planning offices, the Council Committee for Cooperation in Planning drew up draft agreements for joint projects, adopted a resolution approving these projects, and recommended approval to the concerned parties. If its decisions were not subject to approval by national governments and parties, this committee would be considered Comecon's supranational planning body.
2004:(equalization of "differences in relative scarcities of goods and services between states through the deliberate elimination of barriers to trade and other forms of interaction"). Although such equalization had not been a pivotal point in the formation and implementation of Comecon's economic policies, improved economic integration had always been Comecon's goal.
1756:. These requirements, which would inevitably have resulted in stronger economic ties to free European markets than to the Soviet Union, were not acceptable to Stalin, who in July 1947, ordered these communist governments to pull out of the Paris Conference on the European Recovery Programme. This has been described as "the moment of truth" in the post-
1748:'s desire to cooperate and strengthen the international relationships at an economic level with the smaller states of Central Europe, and which were now, increasingly, cut off from their traditional markets and suppliers in the rest of Europe. Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland had remained interested in Marshall aid despite the requirements for a
3464:
each member country, usually a deputy prime minister, the executive committee met quarterly, usually in Moscow. In 1971 and 1974, the executive committee acquired economic departments that ranked above the standing commissions. These economic departments considerably strengthened the authority and importance of the executive committee.
3571:
implied that the interested parties could proceed without the abstaining member, affirming that a country that had declared a lack of interest "may subsequently adhere to the recommendations and decisions adopted by the remaining members of the Council." However, a member country could also declare an "interest" and exercise a veto.
3283:
had a cooperant status with Comecon. Because the governments of these countries were not empowered to conclude agreements in the name of private companies, the governments did not take part in Comecon operations. They were represented in Comecon by commissions made up of members of the government and
3240:
In the late 1980s, there were ten full members: the Soviet Union, six East European countries, and three extra-regional members. Geography, therefore, no longer united Comecon members. Wide variations in economic size and level of economic development also tended to generate divergent interests among
2091:
members of Comecon resented being asked to contribute scarce capital to projects that were chiefly of interest to the Soviet Union…" Furthermore, the liberalization that by June 25, 1988, allowed Comecon countries to negotiate trade treaties directly with the European Community (the renamed EEC), and
3653:
Soviet efforts to exercise political power over its Comecon partners, however, were met with determined opposition. The "sovereign equality" of members, as described in the Comecon Charter, assured members that if they did not wish to participate in a Comecon project, they might abstain. Central and
3575:
Over the years of its functioning, Comecon acted more as an instrument of mutual economic assistance than a means of economic integration, with multilateralism as an unachievable goal. J.F. Brown, a British historian of Eastern Europe, cited Vladimir Sobell, a Czech-born economist, for the view that
3516:
These affiliated agencies were divided into two categories: intergovernmental economic organizations (which worked on a higher level in the member countries and generally dealt with a wider range of managerial and coordinative activities) and international economic organizations (which worked closer
3480:
The international Secretariat, Comecon's only permanent body, was Comecon's primary economic research and administrative organ. The secretary, who has been a Soviet official since Comecon creation, was the official Comecon representative to Comecon member states and to other states and international
3463:
The highest executive organ in Comecon, the executive committee, was entrusted with elaborating policy recommendations and supervising their implementation between sessions. In addition, it supervised work on plan coordination and scientific-technical cooperation. Composed of one representative from
3316:
nor a market economy, Comecon countries had to look to world markets as a reference point for prices, but unlike agents acting in a market, prices tended to be stable over a period of years, rather than constantly fluctuating, which assisted central planning. Also, there was a tendency to underprice
1970:
followed this up with a call for "a common single planning organ." This was resisted by Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland, but most emphatically by increasingly nationalistic Romania, which strongly rejected the notion that they should specialize in agriculture. In Central and Eastern Europe, only
3559:
The Comprehensive Program further emphasized that the processes of integration of members' economies were "completely voluntary and do not involve the creation of supranational bodies." Hence under the provisions of the Charter, each country had the right to equal representation and one vote in all
3454:
Each country appointed one permanent representative to maintain relations between members and Comecon between annual meetings. An extraordinary Session, such as the one in December 1985, might be held with the consent of at least one-third of the members. Such meetings usually took place in Moscow.
3392:
The organization of Comecon was officially focused on common expansion of states, more effective production and building relationships between countries within. And as in every planned economy, operations did not reflect state of market, innovations, availability of items or the specific needs of a
3252:
the previous year. Although the Cominform was disbanded in 1956, interparty links continued to be strong among Comecon members, and all participated in periodic international conferences of communist parties. Comecon provided a mechanism through which its leading member, the Soviet Union, sought to
2015:
One economic success of the 1970s was the development of Soviet oil fields. While doubtless "(Central and) East Europeans resented having to defray some of the costs of developing the economy of their hated overlord and oppressor," they benefited from low prices for fuel and other mineral products.
3649:
Soviet domination of Comecon was a function of its economic, political, and military power. The Soviet Union possessed 90 percent of Comecon members' land and energy resources, 70 percent of their population, 65 percent of their national income, and industrial and military capacities second in the
3472:
There were four council committees: Council Committee for Cooperation in Planning, Council Committee for Scientific and Technical Cooperation, Council Committee for Cooperation in Material and Technical Supply, and Council Committee for Cooperation in Machine Building. Their mission was "to ensure
1760:
division of Europe. According to the Soviet view the "Anglo-American bloc" and "American monopolists ... whose interests had nothing in common with those of the European people" had spurned east–west collaboration within the framework agreed within the United Nations, that is, through the Economic
3371:
commentators have viewed this as implicit, politically motivated subsidization of shaky economies to defuse discontent and reward compliance with Soviet wishes. Other commentators say that this may not have been deliberate policy, noting that whenever prices differ from world market prices, there
2007:
While such integration was to remain a goal, and while Bulgaria became yet more tightly integrated with the Soviet Union, progress in this direction was otherwise continually frustrated by the national central planning prevalent in all Comecon countries, by the increasing diversity of its members
3615:
As remarked above, most Comecon foreign trade was a state monopoly, placing several barriers between a producer and a foreign customer. Unlike the EEC, where treaties mostly limited government activity and allowed the market to integrate economies across national lines, Comecon needed to develop
3611:
Comecon joined 450 million people in 10 countries and on 3 continents. The level of industrialization from country to country differed greatly: the organization linked two underdeveloped countries – Mongolia, and Vietnam – with some highly industrialized states. Likewise, a large national income
3429:
Although not formally part of the organization's hierarchy, the Conference of First Secretaries of Communist and Workers' Parties and of the Heads of Government of the Comecon Member Countries was Comecon's most important organ. These party and government leaders gathered for conference meetings
3324:
reserves. In strict economic terms, barter inevitably harmed countries whose goods would have brought higher prices in the free market or whose imports could have been obtained more cheaply and benefitted those for whom it was the other way around. Still, all of the Comecon countries gained some
2067:
increased Soviet influence in Comecon operations and led to attempts to give Comecon some degree of supranational authority. The Comprehensive Program for Scientific and Technical Progress was designed to improve economic cooperation through the development of a more efficient and interconnected
1902:
rights, making each country's technologies available to the others for a nominal charge that did little more than cover the cost of documentation. This, naturally, benefited the less industrialized Comecon countries, and especially the technologically lagging Soviet Union, at the expense of East
3607:
In the 1980s, the EEC incorporated 270 million people in Europe into economic association through intergovernmental agreements aimed at maximizing profits and economic efficiency on a national and international scale. The EEC was a supranational body that could adopt decisions (such as removing
3570:
Although Comecon recognized the principle of unanimity, from 1967 disinterested parties did not have a veto but rather the right to abstain from participation. A declaration of disinterest could not block a project unless the disinterested party's participation was vital. Otherwise, the Charter
3433:
The official hierarchy of Comecon consisted of the Session of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, the executive committee of the council, the Secretariat of the council, four council committees, twenty-four standing commissions, six interstate conferences, two scientific institutes, and
2100:
did not formally end Comecon, and the Soviet government itself lasted until 1991, the March 1990 meeting in Prague was little more than a formality, discussing the coordination of non-existent five-year plans. From January 1, 1991, the countries shifted their dealings with one another to a hard
1983:
From its founding until 1967, Comecon had operated only on the basis of unanimous agreements. It had become increasingly obvious that the result was usually failure. In 1967, Comecon adopted the "interested party principle", under which any country could opt out of any project they chose, still
1965:
failed. In December 1961, a council session approved the Basic Principles of the International Socialist Division of Labour, which talked of closer coordination of plans and of "concentrating production of similar products in one or several socialist countries." In November 1962, Soviet Premier
3484:
In 1956, eight standing commissions were set up to help Comecon make recommendations pertaining to specific economic sectors. The commissions have been rearranged and renamed a number of times since the establishment of the first eight. In 1986 there were twenty-four standing commissions, each
3476:
The Council Committee for Cooperation in Planning was the most important of the four. It coordinated the national economic plans of Comecon members. As such, it ranked in importance only after the Session and the executive committee. Made up of the chairmen of Comecon members' national central
3442:
The Session of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, officially the highest Comecon organ, examined fundamental problems of economic integration and directed the activities of the Secretariat and other subordinate organizations. Delegations from each Comecon member country attended these
1999:
was always avoided because of its connotations of monopolistic capitalist collusion. After the "special" council session of April 1969 and the development and adoption (in 1971) of the Comprehensive Program for the Further Extension and Improvement of Cooperation and the Further Development of
3379:
As one of the Comecon members deemed underdeveloped, Cuba obtained oil in direct exchange for sugar at a rate highly favorable to Cuba. Within the socialist economic paradigm, the subsidies in favor of Cuba and other underdeveloped Comecon members were viewed as rational and fair because they
1683:
The descriptive term was often applied to all multilateral activities involving members of the organization, rather than being restricted to the direct functions of Comecon and its organs. This usage was sometimes extended as well to bilateral relations among members because in the system of
2008:(which by this time included Mongolia and would soon include Cuba) and by the "overwhelming asymmetry" and resulting distrust between the many small member states and the Soviet "superstate" which, in 1983, "accounted for 88 percent of Comecon's territory and 60 percent of its population."
1906:
In a recent paper by Faudot, Nenovsky and Marinova (2022) the functioning and the collapse of the Comecon has been studied. It focuses on the evolution of the monetary mechanisms and some technical problems of multilateral payments and the peculiarities of the transfer ruble. Comecon as an
1807:
Recent research by the Romanian researcher Elena Dragomir suggests that Romania played a rather important role in the Comecon's creation in 1949. Dragomir argues that Romania was interested in the creation of a "system of cooperation" to improve its trade relations with the other people's
2011:
In this period, there were some efforts to move away from central planning, by establishing intermediate industrial associations and combines in various countries (which were often empowered to negotiate their own international deals). However, these groupings typically proved "unwieldy,
3563:
From 1967, the "interestedness" provisions of the Charter reinforced the principle of "sovereign equality." Comecon's recommendations and decisions could be adopted only upon agreement among the interested members, and each had the right to declare its "interest" in any matter under
3325:
stability, and the governments gained some legitimacy, and in many ways this stability and protection from the world market was viewed, at least in the early years of Comecon, as an advantage of the system, as was the formation of stronger ties with other socialist countries.
2054:
faded in the late 1970s, and from 1979 to 1983, all of Comecon experienced a recession from which (with the possible exceptions of East Germany and Bulgaria) they never recovered in the Communist era. Romania and Poland experienced major declines in the standard of living.
3495:
The scientific institutes on standardization and on economic problems of the world economic system concerned themselves with theoretical problems of international cooperation. Both were headquartered in Moscow and were staffed by experts from various member countries.
1903:
Germany and Czechoslovakia and, to a lesser extent, Hungary and Poland. (This principle would weaken after 1968, as it became clear that it discouraged new research – and as the Soviet Union itself began to have more marketable technologies.)
2101:
currency market basis. The result was a radical decrease in trade with one another, as "(Central and) Eastern Europe… exchanged asymmetrical trade dependence on the Soviet Union for an equally asymmetrical commercial dependence on the European Community."
2078:
hoped to make "revolutionary changes" in the economy, foreseeing that "science will increasingly become a 'direct productive force', as Marx foresaw… By the year 2000… the renewal of plant and machinery… will be running at 6 percent or more per year."
3650:
world only to those of the United States. The location of many Comecon committee headquarters in Moscow and the large number of Soviet nationals in positions of authority also testified to the power of the Soviet Union within the organization.
1894:
and internationally toward an "embassy system of meddling in other countries' affairs directly" rather than by "constitutional means". Comecon's scope was officially limited in November 1950 to "practical questions of facilitating trade."
3512:
Several affiliated agencies, having a variety of relationships with Comecon, existed outside the official Comecon hierarchy. They served to develop "direct links between appropriate bodies and organizations of Comecon member countries."
2082:
The program was not a success. "The Gorbachev regime made too many commitments on too many fronts, thereby overstretching and overheating the Soviet economy. Bottlenecks and shortages were not relieved but exacerbated, while the
3604:(EEC) of (Central and) Eastern Europe," important contrasts existed between the two organizations. Both organizations administered economic integration; however, their economic structure, size, balance, and influence differed:
3492:, pricing, and labor affairs) served as forums for discussing shared issues and experiences. They were purely consultative and generally acted in an advisory capacity to the executive committee or its specialized committees.
3616:
agreements that called for positive government action. Furthermore, while private trade slowly limited or erased national rivalries in the EEC, state-to-state trade in Comecon reinforced national rivalries and resentments.
1943:, as the Comecon governments struggled to reestablish their legitimacy and popular support. The next few years saw a series of small steps toward increased trade and economic integration, including the introduction of the "
1785:(although many earlier proposals had been intended to stave off the Russian and/or communist "menace") and the state-to-state trading inherent in centrally planned economies required some sort of coordination: otherwise, a
3420:
and Romania produced French helicopters under license for their own market. In a formal or informal way, often the countries were discouraged from developing their own designs that competed with the main Comecon design.
1919:
policies; now they began again to discuss developing complementary specialties, and in 1956, ten permanent standing committees arose, intended to facilitate coordination in these matters. The Soviet Union began to trade
3443:
meetings. Prime ministers usually headed the delegations, which met during the second quarter of each year in a member country's capital (the location of the meeting was determined by a system of rotation based on
3264:
Yugoslavia was the only country considered to have associate member status. On the basis of the 1964 agreement, Yugoslavia participated in twenty-one of the thirty-two key Comecon institutions as if it were a full
8432:
3518:
1764:
Some say that Stalin's precise motives in establishing Comecon were "inscrutable" They may well have been "more negative than positive", with Stalin "more anxious to keep other powers out of neighbouring
8529:
3552:
Comecon was an interstate organization through which members attempted to coordinate economic activities of mutual interest and to develop multilateral economic, scientific, and technical cooperation:
1688:
international economic relations, multilateral accords – typically of a general nature – tended to be implemented through a set of more detailed, bilateral agreements.
3536:
International economic organizations generally took the form of either joint enterprises, international economic associations or unions, or international economic partnerships. The latter included
1387:
3962:"СОГЛАШЕНИЕ между Правительством Союза Советских Социалистических Республик и Советом Экономической Взаимопомощи об урегулировании вопросов, связанных с месторасположением в СССР учреждений СЭВ"
3567:
Furthermore, in the words of the Charter (as revised in 1967), "recommendations and decisions shall not apply to countries that have declared that they have no interest in a particular matter."
3451:
or other kind of legal agreement implemented adopted recommendations. Comecon itself might adopt decisions only on organizational and procedural matters pertaining to itself and its organs.
1796:
Comecon was established at a Moscow economic conference January 5–8, 1949, at which the six founding member countries were represented; its foundation was publicly announced on January 25;
1085:
3965:
3430:
regularly to discuss topics of mutual interest. Because of the rank of conference participants, their decisions had considerable influence on the actions taken by Comecon and its organs.
4616:
Crump, Laurien, and Simon Godard. "Reassessing Communist International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors."
6514:
3608:
tariffs) and enforce them. Activity by members was based on initiative and enterprise from below (on the individual or enterprise level) and was strongly influenced by market forces.
3404:) were the standard for all Comecon countries, including the USSR, and other countries could develop their own designs but only for their own needs, like Poland (respectively,
3253:
foster economic links with and among its closest political and military allies. The East European members of Comecon were also militarily allied with the Soviet Union in the
7849:
8557:
1898:
One important legacy of this brief period of activity was the "Sofia Principle", adopted at the August 1949 Comecon council session in Bulgaria. This radically weakened
1890:
of the smaller states, Stalin "seems to have taken personnel by surprise," bringing operations to a nearly complete halt, as the Soviet Union moved domestically toward
1907:
organization proved unable to develop multilateralism mainly because of issues related to domestic planning that encouraged autarky and, at best, bilateral exchanges.
775:
761:
747:
719:
705:
691:
663:
2096:" under which the Soviet Union allowed that change would be the exclusive affair of each individual country marked the beginning of the end for Comecon. Although the
1150:
1949:
3627:
2236:
1377:
684:
8567:
4047:
Elena Dragomir, ‘The formation of the Soviet bloc’s Council for Mutual Economic Assistance: Romania’s involvement’, Journal Cold War Studies, xiv (2012), 34–47.
2177:
1382:
1201:
8028:
4683:
Faudot, Adrien, Tsvetelina Marinova and Nikolay Nenovsky. " Comecon Monetary Mechanisms. A history of socialist monetary integration (1949–1991)", MPRA 2022.
1808:
democracies, especially with those able to export industrial equipment and machinery to Romania. According to Dragomir, in December 1948, the Romanian leader
6700:
5001:
4782:
3537:
1457:
8494:
6131:
4063:"The creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance as seen from the Romanian archives: The creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance"
3287:
After 1956, Comecon allowed certain countries with communist or pro-Soviet governments to attend sessions as observers. In November 1986, delegations from
1944:
8500:
1255:
1186:
8573:
6179:
3541:
8685:
7834:
7361:
6111:
2176:
in 2013. To date, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany (former GDR), Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia are now members of the
5678:
3961:
1441:
4680:
Zwass, Adam. "The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance: The Thorny Path from Political to Economic Integration", M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY 1989.
8615:
7920:
5429:
5238:
1940:
1601:
8625:
8001:
3526:
3284:
the business community. The commissions were empowered to sign various "framework" agreements with Comecon's Joint Commission on Cooperation.
8640:
8366:
7910:
923:
8600:
7884:
6771:
1191:
1015:
1915:
After Stalin's death in 1953, Comecon again began to find its footing. In the early 1950s, all Comecon countries had adopted relatively
8690:
8670:
8620:
7874:
3642:
8680:
4500:
7963:
5030:
4835:
3943:
3556:
The Charter (1959) stated that "the sovereign equality of all members" was fundamental to the organization and procedures of Comecon.
2347:
1797:
968:
782:
247:
7915:
5948:
4873:
4777:
3246:
3234:
3007:
1091:
8650:
8645:
8110:
7351:
5995:
4613:
Brine, Jenny J., ed. Comecon: the rise and fall of an international socialist organization. Vol. 3. Transaction Publishers, 1992.
2074:("restructuring"), the last attempt to put the Comecon economies on a sound economic footing. Gorbachev and his economic mentor
8675:
8535:
7844:
6116:
4977:
4729:
3693:
2250:
1770:
1302:
883:
4632:
Godard, Simon. "Only One Way to Be a Communist? How Biographical Trajectories Shaped Internationalism among COMECON Experts."
8252:
7839:
5774:
5461:
5439:
5056:
4943:
4476:
4345:
1985:
6862:
8407:
8184:
6681:
6606:
6266:
5866:
4915:
1319:
1136:
1020:
913:
878:
8421:
7879:
6286:
5419:
3859:
3729:
1925:
938:
918:
142:
5528:
5456:
4804:
1421:
8635:
8630:
7968:
7321:
6416:
5394:
5279:
5233:
5228:
5174:
5036:
4792:
4547:
4441:
Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 570 makes the assertion about this being the dominant view, and cites several examples.
3703:
3288:
3167:
3151:
2196:
2063:
The 1985 Comprehensive Program for Scientific and Technical Progress and the rise to power of Soviet general secretary
1594:
1339:
1210:
1045:
963:
893:
888:
873:
642:
8540:
8426:
7994:
7053:
6616:
5886:
5827:
5041:
4651:
4607:
3759:
2200:
1861:
1773:'s notion of ostensibly nondiscriminatory treatment of trade partners was thought to be incompatible with notions of
1030:
995:
933:
908:
903:
5624:
2016:
As a result, Comecon economies generally showed strong growth in the mid-1970s. They were largely unaffected by the
8665:
8660:
8655:
8523:
8322:
6756:
6751:
6246:
6209:
5938:
5384:
5026:
4907:
4843:
2410:
1725:
1363:
1131:
984:
898:
550:
260:
6434:
6296:
5980:
8610:
8134:
8098:
7476:
6857:
6786:
6686:
6564:
6336:
6326:
5913:
5300:
5114:
4997:
4848:
4787:
3593:
3560:
organs of Comecon, regardless of the country's economic size or the size of its contribution to Comecon's budget.
2526:
1729:
1558:
1265:
1219:
1005:
943:
928:
526:
418:
272:
6251:
6138:
6126:
2046:); other investment was wasted on luxuries for the party elite, and most Comecon countries ended up indebted to
6907:
6676:
6256:
6158:
5891:
5335:
5330:
4858:
4468:
3226:
3121:
2710:
2650:
1733:
1483:
1040:
1025:
974:
796:
586:
562:
322:
310:
6576:
6306:
5817:
5589:
7854:
6869:
6822:
6586:
6509:
6241:
5119:
4868:
3522:
2826:
1741:
1587:
1573:
1307:
1061:
979:
857:
538:
346:
6301:
6010:
5933:
5604:
4048:
3544:(textile machinery producers), and Haldex (a Hungarian-Polish joint enterprise for reprocessing coal slag).
8438:
8010:
7987:
6887:
6847:
6817:
6766:
6626:
6544:
6540:
6411:
6341:
6106:
5923:
5689:
5584:
5516:
5104:
4968:
4958:
4797:
1936:
1568:
1523:
1478:
1287:
1282:
1277:
613:
4625:
Economic Entanglements in East-Central Europe and the Comecon´s Position in the Global Economy (1949-1991)
8456:
8271:
8151:
7859:
7331:
7326:
7043:
6721:
6449:
6194:
6153:
6097:
6000:
5881:
5839:
5744:
5269:
5223:
5089:
4863:
4585:
3734:
3708:
3601:
2766:
1737:
1055:
670:
656:
514:
334:
2012:
conservative, risk-averse, and bureaucratic," reproducing the problems they had been intended to solve.
8562:
8506:
8310:
8266:
7696:
6917:
6902:
6892:
6746:
6346:
5834:
5637:
5404:
4722:
3333:
2108:, and led to an agreement to dissolve in 90 days. The Soviet Union was dissolved on December 26, 1991.
1879:
1538:
1349:
1066:
2000:
Socialist Economic Integration by Comecon Member Countries, Comecon activities were officially termed
8511:
8386:
8327:
8203:
8180:
8163:
8077:
7925:
7801:
7746:
7566:
6554:
6261:
5822:
5434:
5351:
4591:
2267:
1451:
8169:
8049:
7551:
7118:
6381:
6271:
6025:
5569:
4465:
The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba
3488:
The six interstate conferences (on water management, internal trade, legal matters, inventions and
1839:
7291:
4062:
3517:
to the operational level of research, production, or trade). A few examples of the former are the
8483:
8462:
8276:
8227:
6781:
6726:
6711:
6651:
6459:
6439:
6199:
5876:
5481:
5084:
5010:
4814:
3713:
2216:
1626:
1533:
8488:
8345:
5684:
4963:
3504:
1932:
1260:
8472:
8339:
7571:
7075:
6469:
6143:
5619:
5379:
5374:
5167:
5051:
1809:
1392:
1292:
8209:
8104:
7781:
4953:
3260:
There were three kinds of relationships – besides the 10 full memberships – with the Comecon:
2979:
1272:
603:
8605:
8304:
8146:
7806:
7090:
7085:
6852:
6741:
6696:
6656:
6591:
6535:
6454:
6236:
6050:
5928:
5846:
5754:
5719:
5629:
5574:
5471:
5312:
5134:
5046:
5005:
4819:
4715:
4333:
3348:
in each Comecon country because none fully trusted the others to deliver goods and services.
2745:
1899:
1563:
1548:
1426:
1181:
1162:
591:
20:
3328:
Within Comecon, there were occasional struggles over how this system should work. Early on,
3317:
raw materials relative to the manufactured goods produced in many of the Comecon countries.
8467:
8450:
8392:
8281:
7346:
7113:
6968:
6922:
6837:
6832:
6631:
6530:
6479:
6474:
6366:
6321:
6276:
6214:
6045:
6020:
5970:
5898:
5812:
5662:
5264:
5243:
4982:
4492:
3739:
1749:
1493:
1488:
1468:
1234:
8233:
4701:
3947:
3217:
In the late 1950s, a number of communist-ruled non-member countries – the
1673:
69:
8:
8380:
8298:
7791:
7706:
7701:
7601:
7464:
7261:
7145:
7060:
6948:
6801:
6796:
6776:
6761:
6671:
6666:
6571:
6504:
6494:
6406:
6401:
6391:
6291:
6231:
6204:
6030:
6015:
5985:
5963:
5749:
5739:
5466:
5389:
5359:
5343:
5099:
5078:
5072:
3856:
3671:
3329:
2984:
2565:
2097:
1954:", revised efforts at national specialization, and a 1959 charter modeled after the 1957
1875:
1831:
1782:
1528:
531:
205:
6646:
6559:
3447:). All interested parties had to consider recommendations handed down by the Session. A
3401:
1329:
8351:
8316:
8293:
8040:
7945:
7741:
7726:
7651:
7631:
7626:
7611:
7458:
7206:
6958:
6842:
6596:
6499:
6484:
6396:
6386:
6361:
6356:
6121:
6075:
5990:
5975:
5918:
5734:
5657:
5533:
5424:
5414:
5109:
4992:
3530:
2750:
2694:
2450:
1518:
1224:
1171:
185:
180:
165:
8287:
8140:
7641:
7470:
4124:"Comecon Monetary Mechanisms. A history of socialist monetary integration (1949–1991)"
2034:
cultural attitudes, especially in Central Europe. However, many undertakings based on
8517:
8333:
8189:
8122:
8066:
8061:
8055:
7958:
7811:
7756:
7731:
7686:
7616:
7591:
7556:
7546:
7515:
7402:
7286:
7256:
6993:
6983:
6897:
6791:
6636:
6351:
6148:
6005:
5958:
5856:
5807:
5781:
5759:
5599:
5579:
5523:
5511:
5325:
5160:
5094:
4647:
4603:
4543:
4472:
4341:
4337:
3272:
3091:
3034:
2870:
2394:
2224:
2064:
1967:
1962:
1446:
1372:
1229:
195:
7935:
7606:
4685:
Comecon Monetary Mechanisms. A history of socialist monetary integration (1949–1991)
3774:
3508:
1974 Medallion 10th Anniversary of Intermetall, that was founded in 1964 in Budapest
2181:
754:
8595:
8157:
7721:
7646:
7576:
7561:
7541:
7488:
7271:
7266:
7246:
7196:
7186:
7013:
6978:
6963:
6912:
6641:
6581:
6421:
6080:
6060:
5769:
5711:
5705:
5672:
5652:
5642:
5491:
5292:
5284:
4772:
4627:
4074:
3821:
3744:
3723:
3381:
3341:
2689:
2629:
2093:
1239:
567:
507:
160:
1712:
1691:
Comecon was the Eastern Bloc's response to the formation in Western Europe of the
8215:
8193:
8128:
8089:
7940:
7796:
7786:
7771:
7751:
7736:
7711:
7656:
7421:
7389:
7281:
7241:
7003:
6998:
6938:
6879:
6611:
6489:
6316:
6281:
6189:
6184:
5908:
5802:
5476:
5409:
5399:
5364:
5320:
5307:
5259:
4987:
4948:
4809:
4537:
3754:
3749:
3698:
3444:
3409:
3373:
2810:
2634:
2574:
2075:
2043:
2017:
1781:
and economic integration of Central and Eastern Europe date back at least to the
1677:
1431:
1334:
740:
190:
175:
5903:
1939:
led to major social and economic changes, including the 1957 abandonment of the
519:
8477:
8444:
8433:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Austria-Hungary and Japan
8116:
7766:
7691:
7681:
7676:
7536:
7276:
7065:
6988:
6716:
6621:
6371:
6311:
5943:
5861:
5764:
5724:
5694:
5594:
5549:
5129:
5124:
3718:
3685:
3352:
3337:
2570:
2145:
2125:
2084:
1955:
1753:
1543:
1354:
267:
218:
170:
4673:
Radisch, Erik. "The Struggle of the Soviet Conception of Comecon, 1953–1975."
2266:
Albania had stopped participating in Comecon activities in 1961 following the
2199:
which consists of most of the ex-Soviet republics. The country also leads the
8589:
8248:
8221:
8071:
7930:
7776:
7671:
7636:
7621:
7581:
7123:
6953:
6691:
6601:
6464:
6444:
6331:
6092:
6070:
6035:
5614:
5609:
5564:
5486:
5446:
5195:
5139:
4973:
4639:
4580:
4467:. Critical environments: nature, science, and politics. Oakland, California:
4326:
4029:, London: Pinter (1986), p. 1, quoted by Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 536.
4025:
3779:
3412:
jets). Poland was a manufacturer of light helicopters for Comecon countries (
3368:
3340:, Voznesensky lost his patron and was soon accused of treason as part of the
3321:
3313:
3062:
2921:
2510:
2445:
2129:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
1972:
1778:
1745:
1692:
1668:) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under the leadership of the
1553:
1416:
1344:
1297:
1081:
768:
555:
200:
4078:
7716:
7666:
7596:
7586:
7440:
7428:
7415:
7221:
7048:
6549:
5797:
5647:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5202:
4853:
4750:
4738:
4646:, Royal Institute of International Affairs/ Oxford University Press, 1967.
2886:
2865:
2805:
2590:
2389:
2275:
2271:
2121:
2117:
1843:
1801:
1766:
1757:
1721:
1669:
1010:
836:
810:
543:
502:
495:
490:
359:
298:
4697:
4684:
4123:
1924:
for Comecon manufactured goods. There was much discussion of coordinating
1874:
At first, planning seemed to be moving along rapidly. After pushing aside
8412:
7761:
7366:
7336:
7191:
7181:
7080:
6943:
6736:
6225:
6055:
6040:
5851:
5699:
5667:
5554:
5369:
5274:
5213:
4902:
4049:
http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/JCWS_a_00190#.VQKof9KsX65
3784:
3619:
3417:
3364:
3300:
3254:
3222:
3209:
3048:
3033:(1949; stopped participating in Comecon activities in 1961 following the
2727:
2611:
2116:
After the fall of the Soviet Union and communist rule in Eastern Europe,
2088:
2070:
1887:
1473:
1463:
1113:
1072:
1050:
109:
4661:
3944:"Appendix B: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance: Germany (East)"
1991:
Also until the late 1960s, the official term for Comecon activities was
7520:
7231:
7201:
7155:
7070:
7038:
7030:
6973:
6661:
6376:
6065:
5953:
5559:
3764:
3589:
3249:
2505:
2228:
2212:
2208:
2204:
1436:
1314:
579:
7979:
6174:
4122:
Faudot, Adrien; Marinova, Tsvetelina; Nenovsky, Nikolay (2022-07-20).
3803:
Stopped participating in Comecon activities in 1961, withdrew in 1987.
3367:
were routinely transferred within Comecon at below-market rates. Most
2022:
7816:
7661:
7510:
7483:
7296:
7251:
7160:
7128:
7108:
7100:
6429:
6219:
4892:
4755:
3280:
3242:
3136:
2847:
2141:
1921:
1790:
1774:
1685:
1324:
1126:
4305:
Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, pp. 580–82; the quotation is on p. 582.
7395:
7236:
7133:
7008:
6827:
6731:
5871:
5729:
5183:
3413:
3397:
3320:
International barter helped preserve the Comecon countries' scarce
2671:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2105:
2026:
brought opportunities for investment and technology transfers from
1786:
1498:
1196:
385:
317:
255:
6515:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
3351:
With few exceptions, foreign trade in the Comecon countries was a
2104:
The final Comecon council session took place on June 28, 1991, in
8019:
7226:
7216:
7165:
6706:
4938:
4579:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3579:
3489:
3405:
3345:
3268:
3230:
3076:
2940:
2242:
2232:
2220:
2192:
2188:
2173:
2169:
2149:
2133:
1916:
1891:
1744:. The primary factors in Comecon's formation appear to have been
1176:
1077:
598:
372:
341:
305:
4323:
1812:
sent a letter to Stalin, proposing the creation of the Comecon.
7409:
7211:
7150:
6085:
4707:
4287:
Abel Aganbegyan, quoted in Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 580.
3679:
3448:
3276:
3106:
2903:
2787:
2547:
2487:
2371:
2153:
2137:
329:
138:
3584:
3363:
Beginning no later than the early 1970s, Soviet petroleum and
2042:
tractor factory did not do well with technology licensed from
7894:
7850:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
7356:
7139:
5218:
3634:
3336:
price-based approach. However, with the August 1948 death of
3218:
3030:
2961:
2427:
989:
726:
4666:
Libbey, James. "CoCom, Comecon, and the Economic Cold War."
3592:
as of the late 1980s. EEC member states are marked in blue,
2038:
technology were less than successful (for example, Poland's
7434:
7316:
5208:
5152:
3769:
3296:
3292:
3195:
3181:
2466:
2246:
2020:. Another short-term economic gain in this period was that
1696:
1035:
1000:
863:
712:
698:
574:
285:
3416:
of the Soviet design). The USSR developed their own model
2223:, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Along with Ukraine,
2180:. All four Central European states are now members of the
83:
7889:
7869:
7864:
4419:
4417:
4389:
4387:
4368:
4366:
4247:
4245:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4154:
4152:
4108:
4106:
4009:
4007:
3628:
Comprehensive Program for Socialist Economic Integration
3979:
3977:
3975:
2111:
4702:
Appendix B: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
4656:
Lányi, Kamilla. "The collapse of the COMECON market."
4644:
Comecon: Integration Problems of the Planned Economies
4121:
3844:
Comecon: Integration problems of the planned economies
3620:
Prices, exchange rates, coordination of national plans
2971:
2966:
2913:
2908:
2857:
2852:
2797:
2792:
2737:
2732:
2681:
2676:
2621:
2616:
2557:
2552:
2497:
2492:
2437:
2432:
2381:
2376:
2178:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
4414:
4384:
4363:
4242:
4197:
4149:
4103:
4004:
2187:
Russia, the successor to the Soviet Union along with
1631:
1458:
De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania
4704:, Library of Congress Call Number DD280.6 .E22 1988.
4493:"Zašlapané projekty: Pražské metro – Česká televize"
3972:
3726:
also as Friendship Pipeline also as Comecon Pipeline
3661:
3946:. Library of Congress Country Study. Archived from
2068:scientific and technical base. This was the era of
4628:online at (H-Soz-u-Kult, H-Net Reviews. Jam. 2013)
4325:
3770:Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America
713:Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America
4328:The USSR and Iraq: The Soviet Quest for Influence
3600:Although Comecon was loosely referred to as the "
1883:
88:Map of Comecon member states as of November 1986
8587:
7835:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
2517:
6272:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
5679:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
3303:attended the 42nd Council Session as observers.
1882:, price-based approach (see further discussion
8558:Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1922–1946)
4600:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change
3580:Comecon versus the European Economic Community
3521:(managed the transferable rouble system), the
2877:
2581:
449:25,400,231 km (9,807,084 sq mi)
441:23,422,281 km (9,043,393 sq mi)
7995:
5168:
4723:
4658:Russian & East European Finance and Trade
4531:
4529:
4527:
3862:that is heavily cited in the present article.
3525:(in charge of financing joint projects), and
3158:
2278:and withdrew from Comecon on 2 October 1990.
1637:
1619:
1595:
35:
7911:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
5462:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
3142:
2998:
2894:(Союз Советских Социалистических Республик)
1842:. There might be a discussion about this on
8568:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
6772:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
4324:Smolansky, Oleg; Smolansky, Bettie (1991).
3519:International Bank for Economic Cooperation
2359:Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë
2128:(then the European Community) in 1990. The
1716:Former USSR Comecon headquarters in Moscow.
8002:
7988:
7875:United States involvement in regime change
5430:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
5175:
5161:
4730:
4716:
4524:
4230:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, pp. 564, 566.
3643:International relations within the Comecon
3635:International relations within the Comecon
2701:
2401:
1777:solidarity. In any event, proposals for a
1602:
1588:
8574:Treaties of the Third Republic of Hungary
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3387:
2931:
2817:
2641:
2338:
1862:Learn how and when to remove this message
238:
4874:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
4462:
4450:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, pp. 570–71.
4411:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, pp. 540–41.
4269:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, pp. 571–72.
4251:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, pp. 568–69.
4194:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, pp. 560–61.
4146:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, pp. 543–34.
4112:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, pp. 542–43.
4100:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, pp. 541–42.
4091:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, pp. 539–41.
4060:
4038:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, pp. 536–37.
3992:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, pp. 534–35.
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3583:
3503:
3112:
2757:
1931:However, once again, trouble arose. The
1910:
1793:buyer, with no structure to set prices.
1769:… than to integrate them." Furthermore,
1711:
8686:1949 establishments in the Soviet Union
8009:
6001:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
4458:
4456:
3396:On the other hand, Czechoslovak trams (
2253:(ASEAN) in 1995 and 1997 respectively.
1975:relatively more than with one another.
1720:The Comecon was founded in 1949 by the
8588:
7845:Russian espionage in the United States
6117:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
4978:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
3855:For example, this is the usage in the
3694:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
3547:
3499:
3458:
3082:
2536:Československá socialistická republika
2457:
2355:People's Socialist Republic of Albania
2251:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
1978:
1616:Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
31:Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
16:1949–1991 international economic union
8616:Former territorial entities in Europe
8050:Personal union of Hungary and Croatia
7983:
7840:Soviet espionage in the United States
5996:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
5775:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
5440:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
5156:
4944:1949 East German State Railway strike
4916:World Federation of Democratic Youth
4711:
4535:
3865:
3332:pushed for a more "law-governed" and
2030:. This also led to an importation of
1986:de-satellization of Communist Romania
1961:Once again, efforts at transnational
1695:and the OEEC, which later became the
8626:Organizations disestablished in 1991
8495:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Ukraine
7916:Soviet Union–United States relations
6267:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
4815:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan
4562:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 567.
4453:
4432:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 569.
4423:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 565.
4402:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 540.
4393:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 539.
4381:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 538.
4372:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 537.
4314:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 582.
4296:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 580.
4278:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 579.
4260:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 568.
4239:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 564.
4221:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 566.
4212:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 561.
4185:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 553.
4176:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 560.
4167:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 559.
4158:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 544.
4013:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 535.
3983:Bideleux and Jeffries, 1998, p. 536.
2112:Post-Cold War activity after Comecon
1814:
1672:that comprised the countries of the
1633:Sovét Ekonomícheskoy Vzaimopómoshchi
1137:World Federation of Democratic Youth
44:Sovét Ekonomícheskoy Vzaimopómoshchi
8641:Foreign relations of Czechoslovakia
8422:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
7880:Soviet involvement in regime change
3730:Five-year plans of the Soviet Union
2992:
2892:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2164:joined the EU in 2004, followed by
1621:Сове́т Экономи́ческой Взаимопо́мощи
13:
8601:Former international organizations
8536:U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921)
7921:Soviet Union–United States summits
5395:1947 Polish parliamentary election
5280:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
5037:Sovietization of the Baltic states
4598:Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries,
3704:Commonwealth of Independent States
3434:several associated organizations.
3015:
2950:Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam
2197:Commonwealth of Independent States
1211:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
643:Commonwealth of Independent States
14:
8702:
8691:1991 disestablishments in Hungary
8671:Foreign relations of East Germany
8621:Organizations established in 1949
8541:Covenant of the League of Nations
6682:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
6617:United States invasion of Grenada
5887:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
5828:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
4908:World Federation of Trade Unions
4690:
4539:Eastern Europe and Communist Rule
4503:from the original on 19 June 2010
3760:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
3467:
2270:, but formally withdrew in 1987.
2201:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
52:Sovet Ekonomičeskoj Vzaimopomošči
8323:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
6757:United States invasion of Panama
6607:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
6247:1971 Turkish military memorandum
6210:Communist insurgency in Thailand
6180:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
6112:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
5939:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
5867:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
5385:Restatement of Policy on Germany
5125:January 1991 events in Lithuania
4783:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
4737:
4574:
3968:from the original on 2021-06-12.
3846:(Oxford University Press, 1967).
3678:
3664:
3358:
3312:Working with neither meaningful
3202:
3188:
3175:
3160:
3144:
3129:
3114:
3099:
3084:
3069:
3055:
3041:
3023:
3000:
2933:
2879:
2819:
2759:
2718:(Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс)
2703:
2643:
2583:
2519:
2459:
2403:
2340:
1819:
1132:World Federation of Trade Unions
845:
815:
801:
787:
773:
759:
745:
731:
717:
703:
689:
675:
661:
647:
597:
585:
573:
561:
549:
537:
525:
513:
501:
489:
397:• Organization established
365:
352:
340:
328:
316:
304:
291:
278:
266:
254:
240:
82:
68:
37:Совет Экономической Взаимопомощи
8135:Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt
7477:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
6858:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
6787:Fall of the inner German border
6687:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
6337:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
6327:Spanish transition to democracy
6287:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
5914:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
5420:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
5301:Occupation of the Baltic states
4849:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
4556:
4515:
4485:
4444:
4435:
4426:
4405:
4396:
4375:
4354:
4317:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4281:
4272:
4263:
4254:
4233:
4224:
4215:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4161:
4140:
4115:
4094:
4085:
4054:
4041:
4032:
4016:
3828:national language of the Union.
3815:
3540:(nuclear machinery producers),
3376:quadrupled Western oil prices.
2600:Deutsche Demokratische Republik
2532:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
2261:
2050:when capital flows died out as
419:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
6257:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
5892:Mozambican War of Independence
5331:Indonesian National Revolution
4696:Germany (East) Country Study (
4469:University of California Press
3995:
3986:
3954:
3849:
3836:
3806:
3797:
3437:
2058:
407:• Dissolution of Comecon
1:
8681:People's Republic of Bulgaria
8676:Socialist Republic of Romania
8427:Croatian–Hungarian Settlement
7855:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
6870:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
6823:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
6545:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
6510:Seven Days to the River Rhine
6242:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
5529:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
5457:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
5130:January 1991 events in Latvia
5120:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
4869:Socialist Republic of Romania
4844:People's Republic of Bulgaria
4836:People's Republic of Albania
4805:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
4618:Contemporary European History
4568:
3523:International Investment Bank
2946:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
2832:Socialist Republic of Romania
2418:(Народна република България)
2416:People's Republic of Bulgaria
2256:
1941:1956–60 Soviet five-year plan
1707:
1574:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
8439:League of the Three Emperors
8367:Principality of Transylvania
8056:Hungarian–Byzantine Treaties
6848:Fall of communism in Albania
6818:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
6767:Polish Round Table Agreement
6107:1968 Polish political crisis
5924:Eritrean War of Independence
5690:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
5585:East German uprising of 1953
5517:Chinese Communist Revolution
5182:
5115:Collapse of the Soviet Union
5105:Fall of communism in Albania
3424:
2836:Republica Socialistă România
2776:Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa
1569:Fall of communism in Albania
1524:Polish Round Table Agreement
1479:Cuban intervention in Angola
108: Members that left the
7:
8651:Mongolian People's Republic
8646:Hungarian People's Republic
8457:Budapest Convention of 1877
8272:Treaty of Adrianople (1568)
8111:Hungarian–Neapolitan Treaty
8105:Hungarian–Lithuanian Treaty
6722:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
6450:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
6195:Corrective Movement (Syria)
6159:New People's Army rebellion
6154:Sino-Soviet border conflict
5882:Angolan War of Independence
5745:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
5625:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
5270:Jamaican political conflict
5090:End of communism in Hungary
4859:Hungarian People's Republic
3735:History of the Soviet Union
3709:Economy of the Soviet Union
3657:
3602:European Economic Community
3596:– green, and Comecon – red.
3529:(encouraged cooperation in
3307:
2716:Mongolian People's Republic
2656:Hungarian People's Republic
2124:) automatically joined the
1632:
957:Allied and satellite states
671:European Economic Community
657:Eurasian Economic Community
91:Comecon as of November 1986
10:
8707:
8563:Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
8507:Treaty of Bucharest (1918)
8267:Truce of Adrianople (1547)
8088:1302–1526 (Middle ages to
6918:Sino-Indian border dispute
6747:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
6677:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
6435:1976 Argentine coup d'état
6347:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
6297:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
5981:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
5949:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
5638:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
5405:Asian Relations Conference
4854:German Democratic Republic
4022:W. Wallace and R. Clarke,
3219:People's Republic of China
3031:People's Republic of China
2596:German Democratic Republic
1702:
18:
8636:Economy of Czechoslovakia
8631:Foreign relations of Cuba
8550:
8512:Armistice of Villa Giusti
8406:
8376:
8361:
8328:First Partition of Poland
8262:
8243:
8204:Franco-Hungarian alliance
8179:
8087:
8038:
8029:Legend of the white horse
8017:
7954:
7903:
7825:
7802:William Appleman Williams
7747:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
7529:
7501:
7450:
7382:
7375:
7309:
7174:
7099:
7029:
7022:
6931:
6878:
6810:
6523:
6262:Bangladesh Liberation War
6252:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
6167:
6139:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
6127:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
5790:
5565:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
5542:
5252:
5190:
5065:
5042:Information dissemination
5019:
4969:1956 Hungarian Revolution
4959:1953 East German uprising
4927:
4885:
4828:
4765:
4745:
4700:), Data as of July 1987,
4592:Federal Research Division
4542:, Duke University Press,
4463:Cederlöf, Gustav (2023).
1800:joined a month later and
1638:
1620:
1494:1984 Los Angeles Olympics
622:
612:
476:
472:
462:
458:
453:
445:
437:
432:
428:
415:
405:
395:
391:
381:
224:
214:
148:
134:
81:
65:
60:
36:
28:
8170:First Congress of Vienna
6577:1980 Turkish coup d'état
6412:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
6382:1978 Somali coup attempt
6342:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
6307:1973 Chilean coup d'état
6132:Revolutionary Government
6026:South African Border War
5818:1960 Turkish coup d'état
5735:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
5590:1953 Iranian coup d'état
5570:1952 Egyptian revolution
5027:Emigration and defection
4864:Polish People's Republic
4061:Dragomir, Elena (2015).
3790:
2772:Polish People's Republic
1680:elsewhere in the world.
1315:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990
19:Not to be confused with
8666:Economy of East Germany
8661:20th century in Albania
8656:20th century in Vietnam
8501:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
8484:Treaty of London (1913)
8463:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
8277:Treaty of Vienna (1606)
8222:Confessio Pentapolitana
8018:9–10th century (age of
6782:Fall of the Berlin Wall
6727:People Power Revolution
6712:Central American crisis
6652:1986 Black Sea incident
6302:1973 Afghan coup d'état
6200:Western Sahara conflict
6011:1966 Syrian coup d'état
5934:1963 Syrian coup d'état
5877:Portuguese Colonial War
5840:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
5605:1954 Syrian coup d'état
5482:Annexation of Hyderabad
5425:1947–1949 Palestine war
5085:Fall of the Berlin Wall
5011:1981 protests in Kosovo
4949:Rebellion of Cazin 1950
4634:Critique internationale
4623:Falk, Flade. Review of
4128:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de
4079:10.1111/1468-2281.12083
3714:Eurasian Economic Union
2217:Eurasian Economic Union
1761:Commission for Europe.
1676:along with a number of
1644:; English abbreviation
1559:End of the Soviet Union
1534:Fall of the Berlin Wall
1094: (until 1948)
1069: (until 1977)
1058: (until 1989)
992: (until 1961)
971: (until 1961)
119: Associate members
8611:Cold War organizations
8524:Armistice with Romania
8473:Triple Alliance (1882)
8340:Treaty of Campo Formio
7076:Neoclassical economics
6587:Gulf of Sidra incident
6144:1969 Libyan revolution
5835:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
5620:1954 Geneva Conference
5380:Turkish straits crisis
5375:Corfu Channel incident
4521:Zwass, 1989, pp. 14–21
4001:Kaser, 1967, pp. 9–10.
3597:
3509:
3388:Ineffective production
1810:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
1717:
1248:Protests and uprisings
8305:Treaty of Passarowitz
8147:Treaty of Brno (1478)
7926:Russia–NATO relations
7807:Jonathan Reed Winkler
7091:Democratic capitalism
7086:Supply-side economics
7054:American conservatism
6853:Breakup of Yugoslavia
6742:Bougainville conflict
6657:South Yemen civil war
6592:Martial law in Poland
6455:Nicaraguan Revolution
6430:Dirty War (Argentina)
6237:1971 JVP insurrection
6051:Years of Lead (Italy)
5929:North Yemen civil war
5847:Berlin Crisis of 1961
5823:Albanian–Soviet split
5755:1959 Tibetan uprising
5720:Syrian Crisis of 1957
5575:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
5435:1948 Arab–Israeli War
5135:Breakup of Yugoslavia
4677:27.5-6 (2017): 26–47.
4670:37.2 (2010): 133–152.
4334:Duke University Press
3587:
3507:
2660:Magyar Népköztársaság
2268:Soviet–Albanian split
2235:are also part of the
1911:Nikita Khrushchev era
1900:intellectual property
1715:
1564:Post-Soviet conflicts
1549:Breakup of Yugoslavia
1452:Albanian–Soviet split
1163:Anti-Soviet partisans
1106:Related organizations
21:Comic book convention
8530:Bill of dethronement
8489:Armistice of Focșani
8468:Dual Alliance (1879)
8451:Reichstadt Agreement
8346:Treaty of Schönbrunn
8282:Peace of Zsitvatorok
7347:Non-Aligned Movement
6969:Peaceful coexistence
6923:North Borneo dispute
6838:German reunification
6833:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
6531:Salvadoran Civil War
6480:Grand Mosque seizure
6475:Yemenite War of 1979
6367:Mozambican Civil War
6322:Carnation Revolution
6277:Yemenite War of 1972
6215:1970 Polish protests
6046:1967 Hong Kong riots
6021:Argentine Revolution
5971:Guatemalan Civil War
5899:Cuban Missile Crisis
5813:Bay of Pigs Invasion
5685:1956 Poznań protests
5663:Geneva Summit (1955)
5265:Hukbalahap Rebellion
5244:Non-Aligned Movement
4983:1970 Polish protests
4964:1956 Poznań protests
4829:Soviet-allied states
4660:29.1 (1993): 68–86.
4620:27.1 (2018): 85–109.
4536:Brown, J.F. (1988),
4024:Comecon, Trade, and
3740:Non-Aligned Movement
3400:) and jet trainers (
1832:confusing or unclear
1789:seller would face a
1750:convertible currency
1544:Barricades in Latvia
1489:1980 Moscow Olympics
1469:Cuban Missile Crisis
8387:Treaty of Pressburg
8381:Peace of Nikolsburg
8299:Treaty of Karlowitz
8210:Treaty of Nagyvárad
8164:Treaty of Pressburg
8078:Treaty of Pressburg
8011:Treaties of Hungary
7792:Alex von Tunzelmann
7782:Vladimir Tismăneanu
7707:Thomas J. McCormick
7702:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
7602:Robert Hugh Ferrell
7465:Crusade for Freedom
7262:Illiberal democracy
7146:Ho Chi Minh Thought
6949:Eisenhower Doctrine
6802:Peaceful Revolution
6797:Romanian Revolution
6777:Revolutions of 1989
6762:1988 Polish strikes
6672:Operation INFEKTION
6667:1987 Lieyu massacre
6572:Eritrean Civil Wars
6555:Peruvian Revolution
6505:1979 Herat uprising
6495:Sino-Vietnamese War
6460:Uganda–Tanzania War
6440:Egyptian–Libyan War
6407:Third Indochina War
6402:Sino-Albanian split
6392:Ethiopian Civil War
6292:Eritrean Civil Wars
6232:Ping-pong diplomacy
6205:Cambodian Civil War
6031:Korean DMZ Conflict
6016:Cultural Revolution
5986:Dominican Civil War
5964:Tlatelolco massacre
5750:1959 Mosul uprising
5740:1958 Lebanon crisis
5467:Al-Wathbah uprising
5390:First Indochina War
5360:Iran crisis of 1946
5100:Romanian revolution
5073:Revolutions of 1989
4954:1953 Plzeň uprising
4602:, Routledge, 1998.
4067:Historical Research
3857:Library of Congress
3672:Soviet Union portal
3548:Nature of operation
3538:Interatominstrument
3500:Affiliated agencies
3459:Executive committee
3330:Nikolai Voznesensky
2274:reunified with the
2098:Revolutions of 1989
1979:Leonid Brezhnev era
1876:Nikolai Voznesensky
1840:clarify the article
1783:Revolutions of 1848
1529:Revolutions of 1989
532:Czechoslovak koruna
8551:Modern age (1922–)
8393:Treaty of Nymwegen
8352:Congress of Vienna
8317:Treaty of Belgrade
8311:Pragmatic Sanction
8294:Holy League (1684)
8185:Ottoman vassalship
8152:Treaty of Piotrków
7946:Russian Revolution
7742:Mary Elise Sarotte
7727:William B. Pickett
7652:Patrick J. Hearden
7632:Gabriel Gorodetsky
7627:Timothy Garton Ash
7612:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
7207:Ethnic nationalism
6959:Hallstein Doctrine
6843:Yemeni unification
6632:1985 Geneva Summit
6597:Casamance conflict
6500:New Jewel Movement
6485:Iranian Revolution
6470:Chadian–Libyan War
6417:Cambodian conflict
6397:Lebanese Civil War
6387:Western Sahara War
6362:June 1976 protests
6357:Cambodian genocide
6122:17 July Revolution
6076:Nigerian Civil War
5991:Rhodesian Bush War
5976:Colombian conflict
5919:Ramadan Revolution
5658:Bandung Conference
5534:Operation Valuable
5415:Partition of India
5110:Singing Revolution
4993:June 1976 protests
4778:Soviet occupations
3842:Michael C. Kaser,
3598:
3531:ferrous metallurgy
3510:
2120:(now unified with
1945:convertible rouble
1937:Hungarian uprising
1718:
1519:Singing Revolution
1293:Novocherkassk 1962
149:Official languages
46:(BGN/PCGN Russian)
8583:
8582:
8518:Treaty of Trianon
8402:
8401:
8334:Treaty of Sistova
8234:Treaty of Szatmár
8123:Treaty of Lubowla
8067:Concordat of 1169
8062:Concordat of 1161
7977:
7976:
7964:List of conflicts
7812:Rudolph Winnacker
7757:Giles Scott-Smith
7732:Ronald E. Powaski
7687:Melvyn P. Leffler
7617:John Lewis Gaddis
7592:Robert D. English
7557:Warren H. Carroll
7547:Michael Beschloss
7516:Nuclear arms race
7497:
7496:
7403:Neues Deutschland
7305:
7304:
7287:White nationalism
7257:Liberal democracy
6994:Ulbricht Doctrine
6984:Brezhnev Doctrine
6792:Velvet Revolution
6536:Soviet–Afghan War
6352:Angolan Civil War
6149:Goulash Communism
6006:ASEAN Declaration
5959:Mexican Dirty War
5857:Annexation of Goa
5808:1960 U-2 incident
5782:Sino-Soviet split
5760:Laotian Civil War
5600:Bricker Amendment
5580:Mau Mau rebellion
5524:Malayan Emergency
5512:Chinese Civil War
5472:Tito–Stalin split
5326:Division of Korea
5150:
5149:
5095:Velvet Revolution
5057:Telephone tapping
5031:list of defectors
4820:Tito–Stalin split
4478:978-0-520-39313-4
4360:Zwass, 1989, p. 4
4347:978-0-8223-1116-4
3250:had been expelled
3035:Sino-Soviet split
2990:
2989:
2476:República de Cuba
2322:
2065:Mikhail Gorbachev
1968:Nikita Khrushchev
1872:
1871:
1864:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1630:
1612:
1611:
1447:Sino-Soviet split
1427:Tito–Stalin split
1422:Czechoslovak coup
1400:
1399:
1340:Ukraine 1989–1991
1278:East Germany 1953
1220:Soviet occupation
831:
830:
827:
826:
823:
822:
8698:
8241:
8240:
8228:Treaty of Speyer
8158:Peace of Olomouc
8004:
7997:
7990:
7981:
7980:
7722:David S. Painter
7647:John Earl Haynes
7577:Nicholas J. Cull
7562:Adrian Cioroianu
7542:Thomas A. Bailey
7489:Voice of America
7380:
7379:
7292:White separatism
7272:Social democracy
7267:Guided democracy
7247:Authoritarianism
7197:Ultranationalism
7187:Anti-imperialism
7114:Marxism–Leninism
7027:
7026:
7014:Kinmen Agreement
6979:Johnson Doctrine
6964:Kennedy Doctrine
6880:Frozen conflicts
6863:1991 August Coup
6752:Afghan Civil War
6647:Reykjavík Summit
6642:Somali Rebellion
6582:Ugandan Bush War
6560:Gdańsk Agreement
6081:Protests of 1968
6061:War of Attrition
5770:Cuban Revolution
5706:We will bury you
5673:Cyprus Emergency
5653:Kashmir Princess
5643:Jebel Akhdar War
5492:Western betrayal
5177:
5170:
5163:
5154:
5153:
4939:Goryani Movement
4919:
4911:
4877:
4839:
4773:Yalta Conference
4732:
4725:
4718:
4709:
4708:
4636:1 (2015): 69–83.
4595:
4578:
4577:
4563:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4533:
4522:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4460:
4451:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4433:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4412:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4382:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4361:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4331:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4240:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4195:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4147:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4101:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4073:(240): 355–379.
4058:
4052:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4030:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4002:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3970:
3969:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3940:
3863:
3853:
3847:
3840:
3829:
3819:
3813:
3812:Withdrew in 1990
3810:
3804:
3801:
3745:State capitalism
3724:Druzhba pipeline
3688:
3683:
3682:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3542:Intertekstilmash
3382:unequal exchange
3342:Leningrad Affair
3208:
3206:
3205:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2993:Associate status
2973:
2968:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2915:
2910:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2859:
2854:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2799:
2794:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2739:
2734:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2683:
2678:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2623:
2618:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2559:
2554:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2499:
2494:
2472:Republic of Cuba
2469:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2439:
2434:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2383:
2378:
2362:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2320:
2281:
2280:
2094:Sinatra doctrine
1963:central planning
1953:
1867:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1754:market economies
1678:socialist states
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1513:
1460:
1411:
1256:Poland 1944–1989
1240:Operation Jungle
1159:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1107:
958:
868:
866:
860:
849:
848:
839:
833:
832:
819:
818:
805:
804:
791:
790:
777:
776:
763:
762:
749:
748:
735:
734:
721:
720:
707:
706:
693:
692:
679:
678:
665:
664:
651:
650:
639:
638:
624:
623:
602:
601:
592:Mongolian tögrög
590:
589:
578:
577:
568:Hungarian forint
566:
565:
554:
553:
542:
541:
530:
529:
518:
517:
508:East German mark
506:
505:
494:
493:
424:26 December 1991
401:5–8 January 1949
371:
369:
368:
358:
356:
355:
345:
344:
333:
332:
321:
320:
309:
308:
297:
295:
294:
284:
282:
281:
271:
270:
259:
258:
250:
246:
244:
243:
129:
127:
123:
120:
118:
113:
107:
103:
100:
98:
86:
72:
55:
48:
47:
39:
38:
32:
26:
25:
8706:
8705:
8701:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8696:
8695:
8586:
8585:
8584:
8579:
8546:
8410:
8408:Austria-Hungary
8398:
8372:
8357:
8288:Peace of Vasvár
8258:
8239:
8216:Treaty of Gyalu
8196:
8194:Napoleonic Wars
8188:
8175:
8141:Treaty of Ófalu
8129:Peace of Szeged
8083:
8034:
8013:
8008:
7978:
7973:
7950:
7941:Second Cold War
7899:
7827:
7821:
7797:Odd Arne Westad
7787:Patrick Vaughan
7772:Athan Theoharis
7752:Ellen Schrecker
7737:Yakov M. Rabkin
7712:Timothy Naftali
7657:Tvrtko Jakovina
7642:Jussi Hanhimäki
7525:
7503:
7493:
7471:Paix et Liberté
7446:
7390:Active measures
7371:
7301:
7282:White supremacy
7242:Totalitarianism
7170:
7095:
7018:
7004:Reagan Doctrine
6999:Carter Doctrine
6939:Truman Doctrine
6927:
6874:
6806:
6701:Soviet reaction
6612:Ndogboyosoi War
6519:
6490:Saur Revolution
6317:1973 oil crisis
6282:Munich massacre
6190:Alcora Exercise
6185:Black September
6163:
5909:Sino-Indian War
5803:Simba rebellion
5786:
5630:Capture of the
5538:
5477:Berlin Blockade
5410:May 1947 crises
5400:Truman Doctrine
5365:Greek Civil War
5354:Blacklist Forty
5321:Gouzenko Affair
5308:Cursed soldiers
5260:Morgenthau Plan
5248:
5186:
5181:
5151:
5146:
5061:
5015:
5002:Soviet reaction
4988:Croatian Spring
4932:
4930:
4923:
4917:
4909:
4881:
4875:
4837:
4824:
4810:Berlin Blockade
4761:
4760:
4741:
4736:
4693:
4668:Russian History
4587:Country Studies
4584:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4534:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4506:
4504:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4461:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4132:
4130:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4059:
4055:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3973:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3942:
3941:
3866:
3854:
3850:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3755:Planned economy
3750:State socialism
3699:Bilateral trade
3684:
3677:
3670:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3637:
3622:
3582:
3550:
3502:
3470:
3461:
3445:Cyrillic script
3440:
3427:
3390:
3374:1973 oil crisis
3361:
3310:
3215:
3203:
3201:
3189:
3187:
3176:
3174:
3161:
3159:
3145:
3143:
3130:
3128:
3115:
3113:
3100:
3098:
3085:
3083:
3070:
3068:
3056:
3054:
3042:
3040:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3016:Observer status
3001:
2999:
2995:
2947:
2934:
2932:
2893:
2880:
2878:
2833:
2820:
2818:
2773:
2760:
2758:
2717:
2704:
2702:
2657:
2644:
2642:
2605:September 1950
2597:
2584:
2582:
2573:
2533:
2520:
2518:
2473:
2460:
2458:
2417:
2404:
2402:
2356:
2354:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2264:
2259:
2114:
2076:Abel Aganbegyan
2061:
2044:Massey Ferguson
2018:1973 oil crisis
1981:
1947:
1933:Polish protests
1926:five-year plans
1913:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1837:
1824:
1820:
1710:
1705:
1608:
1579:
1578:
1514:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1456:
1432:Berlin Blockade
1412:
1410:Cold War events
1409:
1402:
1401:
1325:Kazakhstan 1986
1156:
1151:
1149:
1142:
1141:
1108:
1105:
1098:
1097:
959:
956:
949:
948:
869:
864:
858:
856:
846:
837:
816:
802:
788:
774:
760:
746:
741:Baltic Assembly
732:
718:
704:
690:
676:
662:
648:
608:
604:Vietnamese đồng
596:
584:
572:
560:
548:
536:
524:
512:
500:
488:
485:
484:
465:
421:
408:
398:
377:
366:
364:
353:
351:
339:
327:
315:
303:
292:
290:
279:
277:
265:
253:
241:
239:
235:
234:
210:
157:
156:
130:
128: Observers
125:
124:
121:
116:
115:
114:
105:
104:
101:
96:
95:
94:
89:
77:
76:
73:
56:
50:
49:
42:
41:
40:
33:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8704:
8694:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8581:
8580:
8578:
8577:
8571:
8565:
8560:
8554:
8552:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8544:
8538:
8533:
8527:
8521:
8515:
8509:
8504:
8498:
8492:
8486:
8481:
8478:Boxer Protocol
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8454:
8448:
8445:Treaty of Bern
8442:
8436:
8430:
8424:
8418:
8416:
8411:to the end of
8404:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8396:
8390:
8384:
8377:
8374:
8373:
8371:
8370:
8362:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8355:
8349:
8343:
8337:
8331:
8325:
8320:
8314:
8308:
8302:
8296:
8291:
8285:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8244:
8238:
8237:
8231:
8225:
8219:
8213:
8207:
8200:
8198:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8173:
8167:
8161:
8155:
8149:
8144:
8138:
8132:
8126:
8120:
8117:Treaty of Zara
8114:
8108:
8102:
8099:Treaty of Enns
8095:
8093:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8075:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8053:
8046:
8044:
8036:
8035:
8033:
8032:
8025:
8023:
8015:
8014:
8007:
8006:
7999:
7992:
7984:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7907:
7905:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7831:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7767:Timothy Snyder
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7697:Vojtech Mastny
7694:
7692:Geir Lundestad
7689:
7684:
7682:Walter Laqueur
7679:
7677:Walter LaFeber
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7607:André Fontaine
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7537:Gar Alperovitz
7533:
7531:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7507:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7491:
7486:
7480:
7479:
7474:
7467:
7462:
7454:
7452:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7437:
7432:
7425:
7418:
7413:
7406:
7399:
7392:
7386:
7384:
7377:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7313:
7311:
7307:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7277:Third-Worldism
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7178:
7176:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7105:
7103:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7066:Libertarianism
7063:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7046:
7044:Chicago school
7041:
7035:
7033:
7024:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6989:Nixon Doctrine
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6935:
6933:
6932:Foreign policy
6929:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6884:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6814:
6812:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6717:Operation RYAN
6714:
6709:
6704:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6622:Able Archer 83
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6538:
6533:
6527:
6525:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6372:Oromo conflict
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6312:Yom Kippur War
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6095:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5944:Aden Emergency
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5862:Papua conflict
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5767:
5765:Kitchen Debate
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5725:Sputnik crisis
5722:
5717:
5709:
5702:
5697:
5695:Polish October
5692:
5687:
5682:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5595:Pact of Madrid
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5550:Bamboo Curtain
5546:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5349:
5341:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5290:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5199:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5180:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5157:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5075:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4735:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4692:
4691:External links
4689:
4688:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4654:
4637:
4630:
4621:
4614:
4611:
4596:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4555:
4549:978-0882308418
4548:
4523:
4514:
4497:Česká televize
4484:
4477:
4452:
4443:
4434:
4425:
4413:
4404:
4395:
4383:
4374:
4362:
4353:
4346:
4316:
4307:
4298:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4262:
4253:
4241:
4232:
4223:
4214:
4196:
4187:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4148:
4139:
4114:
4102:
4093:
4084:
4053:
4040:
4031:
4015:
4003:
3994:
3985:
3971:
3953:
3950:on 1 May 2009.
3864:
3848:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3814:
3805:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3775:Visegrád Group
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:European Union
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3686:Economy portal
3675:
3659:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3621:
3618:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:consideration.
3561:
3557:
3549:
3546:
3501:
3498:
3469:
3468:Other entities
3466:
3460:
3457:
3439:
3436:
3426:
3423:
3389:
3386:
3360:
3357:
3353:state monopoly
3338:Andrei Zhdanov
3314:exchange rates
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3285:
3266:
3214:
3213:
3199:
3185:
3172:
3156:
3140:
3126:
3110:
3096:
3080:
3066:
3052:
3038:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2944:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2900:Europe / Asia
2898:
2895:
2890:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2830:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2770:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2654:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2594:
2578:
2577:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2530:
2527:Czechoslovakia
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2484:North America
2482:
2479:
2470:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2352:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2182:Visegrád Group
2146:Czech Republic
2126:European Union
2113:
2110:
2060:
2057:
1980:
1977:
1956:Treaty of Rome
1912:
1909:
1870:
1869:
1827:
1825:
1818:
1730:Czechoslovakia
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1618:(Russian:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1539:January Events
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1350:Lithuania 1991
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1006:Czechoslovakia
1003:
998:
993:
987:
982:
977:
972:
966:
960:
955:
954:
951:
950:
947:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
870:
855:
854:
851:
850:
842:
841:
829:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
813:
807:
806:
799:
793:
792:
785:
779:
778:
771:
765:
764:
757:
755:Visegrád Group
751:
750:
743:
737:
736:
729:
723:
722:
715:
709:
708:
701:
695:
694:
687:
681:
680:
673:
667:
666:
659:
653:
652:
645:
636:
633:
632:
627:
620:
619:
616:
610:
609:
607:
606:
594:
582:
570:
558:
546:
534:
522:
510:
498:
482:
481:
480:
478:
474:
473:
470:
469:
466:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
451:
450:
447:
443:
442:
439:
435:
434:
430:
429:
426:
425:
422:
416:
413:
412:
409:
406:
403:
402:
399:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
383:
382:Historical era
379:
378:
376:
375:
362:
349:
337:
325:
313:
301:
288:
275:
273:Czechoslovakia
263:
251:
230:
229:
228:
226:
222:
221:
219:Economic union
216:
212:
211:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
154:
153:
152:
150:
146:
145:
136:
132:
131:
87:
79:
78:
74:
67:
66:
63:
62:
58:
57:
54:(GOST Russian)
34:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8703:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8575:
8572:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8549:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8525:
8522:
8519:
8516:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8502:
8499:
8496:
8493:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8458:
8455:
8452:
8449:
8446:
8443:
8440:
8437:
8434:
8431:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8409:
8405:
8394:
8391:
8388:
8385:
8382:
8379:
8378:
8375:
8368:
8364:
8363:
8360:
8353:
8350:
8347:
8344:
8341:
8338:
8335:
8332:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8318:
8315:
8312:
8309:
8306:
8303:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8289:
8286:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8261:
8254:
8250:
8249:Royal Hungary
8246:
8245:
8242:
8235:
8232:
8229:
8226:
8223:
8220:
8217:
8214:
8211:
8208:
8205:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8171:
8168:
8165:
8162:
8159:
8156:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8142:
8139:
8136:
8133:
8130:
8127:
8124:
8121:
8118:
8115:
8112:
8109:
8106:
8103:
8100:
8097:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8086:
8079:
8076:
8073:
8072:Oath of Bereg
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8057:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8041:Árpád dynasty
8037:
8030:
8027:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8016:
8012:
8005:
8000:
7998:
7993:
7991:
7986:
7985:
7982:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7953:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7931:War on terror
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7902:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7826:Espionage and
7824:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7777:Andrew Thorpe
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7672:Gabriel Kolko
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7637:Fred Halliday
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7622:Lloyd Gardner
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7582:Norman Davies
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7567:John Costello
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7528:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7502:Technological
7500:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7460:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7424:
7423:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7411:
7407:
7405:
7404:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7383:Pro-communist
7381:
7378:
7374:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7310:Organizations
7308:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7173:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7124:Eurocommunism
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7098:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7028:
7025:
7021:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6954:Domino theory
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6908:South Ossetia
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6692:8888 Uprising
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6637:Iran–Iraq War
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6602:Falklands War
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6522:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6465:NDF Rebellion
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6445:German Autumn
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6332:Metapolitefsi
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6096:
6094:
6093:Prague Spring
6091:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6071:Al-Wadiah War
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6036:12-3 incident
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5783:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5615:Domino theory
5613:
5611:
5610:Petrov Affair
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5487:Madiun Affair
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:Marshall Plan
5445:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5196:United States
5193:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5166:
5164:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5141:
5140:Yugoslav Wars
5138:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4974:Prague Spring
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4926:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:Organizations
4884:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4788:Baltic states
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4728:
4726:
4721:
4719:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4652:0-192-14956-3
4649:
4645:
4641:
4640:Michael Kaser
4638:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4608:0-415-16111-8
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4582:
4581:public domain
4573:
4572:
4559:
4553:, pp. 145–56.
4551:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4518:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4480:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4457:
4447:
4438:
4429:
4420:
4418:
4408:
4399:
4390:
4388:
4378:
4369:
4367:
4357:
4349:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4320:
4311:
4302:
4293:
4284:
4275:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4246:
4236:
4227:
4218:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4191:
4182:
4173:
4164:
4155:
4153:
4143:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4109:
4107:
4097:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4044:
4035:
4028:
4027:
4019:
4010:
4008:
3998:
3989:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3861:
3860:Country Study
3858:
3852:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:Craiova Group
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3676:
3673:
3662:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3577:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3506:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3465:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3435:
3431:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3385:
3383:
3380:counteracted
3377:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3359:Oil transfers
3356:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3322:hard currency
3318:
3315:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3245:, from which
3244:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3211:
3200:
3197:
3186:
3183:
3173:
3169:
3157:
3153:
3141:
3138:
3127:
3123:
3111:
3108:
3097:
3093:
3081:
3078:
3067:
3064:
3063:North Vietnam
3053:
3050:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3021:
3020:
3009:
2997:
2996:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:Official name
2287:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2130:Baltic States
2127:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2089:East European
2086:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1866:
1863:
1855:
1852:December 2016
1845:
1844:the talk page
1841:
1835:
1833:
1828:This article
1826:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:customs union
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:buffer states
1762:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:Joseph Stalin
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1693:Marshall Plan
1689:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1617:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1554:Yugoslav Wars
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:Secret Speech
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1417:Marshall Plan
1415:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:North Vietnam
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
953:
952:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
867:
861:
853:
852:
844:
843:
840:
835:
834:
814:
812:
809:
808:
800:
798:
795:
794:
786:
784:
781:
780:
772:
770:
769:Craiova Group
767:
766:
758:
756:
753:
752:
744:
742:
739:
738:
730:
728:
725:
724:
716:
714:
711:
710:
702:
700:
697:
696:
688:
686:
683:
682:
674:
672:
669:
668:
660:
658:
655:
654:
646:
644:
641:
640:
637:
635:
634:
631:
628:
626:
625:
621:
617:
615:
611:
605:
600:
595:
593:
588:
583:
581:
576:
571:
569:
564:
559:
557:
556:Bulgarian lev
552:
547:
545:
540:
535:
533:
528:
523:
521:
516:
511:
509:
504:
499:
497:
492:
487:
486:
483:10 currencies
479:
475:
471:
467:
461:
457:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
427:
423:
420:
414:
410:
404:
400:
394:
390:
387:
384:
380:
374:
363:
361:
350:
348:
343:
338:
336:
331:
326:
324:
319:
314:
312:
307:
302:
300:
289:
287:
276:
274:
269:
264:
262:
257:
252:
249:
237:
236:
233:
227:
225:Member states
223:
220:
217:
213:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
151:
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
111:
99: Members
92:
85:
80:
71:
64:
59:
53:
45:
27:
22:
8606:Eastern Bloc
8253:Independence
8090:Tripartition
7936:Brinkmanship
7828:intelligence
7717:Marius Oprea
7667:Harvey Klehr
7597:Herbert Feis
7587:Willem Drees
7552:Archie Brown
7469:
7457:
7439:
7429:Trybuna Ludu
7427:
7420:
7416:Radio Moscow
7408:
7401:
7394:
7341:
7222:Anti-Zionism
7138:
7061:Keynesianism
7049:Conservatism
6913:Transnistria
6893:China-Taiwan
6550:Gera Demands
6423:
6224:
6099:
5904:El Porteñazo
5798:Congo Crisis
5713:
5648:Algerian War
5631:
5507:Western Bloc
5502:Eastern Bloc
5497:Iron Curtain
5451:
5353:
5345:
5337:
5314:
5294:
5286:
5203:Soviet Union
5201:
5194:
5077:
4897:
4751:Soviet Union
4739:Eastern Bloc
4674:
4667:
4657:
4643:
4633:
4624:
4617:
4599:
4586:
4558:
4538:
4517:
4505:. Retrieved
4496:
4487:
4464:
4446:
4437:
4428:
4407:
4398:
4377:
4356:
4327:
4319:
4310:
4301:
4292:
4283:
4274:
4265:
4256:
4235:
4226:
4217:
4190:
4181:
4172:
4163:
4142:
4131:. Retrieved
4127:
4117:
4096:
4087:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4043:
4034:
4023:
4018:
3997:
3988:
3956:
3948:the original
3851:
3843:
3838:
3825:
3817:
3808:
3799:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3625:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3574:
3551:
3535:
3515:
3511:
3494:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3462:
3453:
3441:
3432:
3428:
3395:
3391:
3378:
3362:
3350:
3334:technocratic
3327:
3319:
3311:
3259:
3239:
3216:
2949:
2887:Soviet Union
2835:
2775:
2659:
2599:
2591:East Germany
2535:
2475:
2358:
2272:East Germany
2265:
2262:Full members
2241:
2195:founded the
2186:
2172:in 2007 and
2122:West Germany
2118:East Germany
2115:
2103:
2081:
2069:
2062:
2051:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1982:
1960:
1930:
1914:
1905:
1897:
1880:technocratic
1873:
1858:
1849:
1838:Please help
1829:
1806:
1802:East Germany
1795:
1763:
1758:World War II
1722:Soviet Union
1719:
1690:
1682:
1674:Eastern Bloc
1670:Soviet Union
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1615:
1613:
1388:to Hong Kong
1383:East Germany
1335:Tbilisi 1989
1320:Romania 1977
1288:Hungary 1956
1283:Georgia 1956
1120:
1119:
1112:
1011:East Germany
838:Eastern Bloc
811:Turkmenistan
630:Succeeded by
629:
544:Romanian leu
520:Polish złoty
496:Soviet ruble
464:• 1989
411:28 June 1991
360:Soviet Union
299:East Germany
231:
155:10 languages
143:Soviet Union
135:Headquarters
90:
51:
43:
8415:(1848–1922)
8413:World War I
8197:(1526–1848)
8058:(1153–1167)
8039:1000–1301 (
7762:Shen Zhihua
7572:Michael Cox
7504:competition
7451:Pro-Western
7441:Soviet Life
7367:Safari Club
7337:Warsaw Pact
7192:Nationalism
7182:Imperialism
7081:Reaganomics
6944:Containment
6737:Perestroika
6226:Realpolitik
6056:Six-Day War
6041:Greek junta
5852:Berlin Wall
5700:Suez Crisis
5668:Vietnam War
5555:McCarthyism
5370:Baruch Plan
5315:Unthinkable
5275:Dekemvriana
5214:Warsaw Pact
5066:Dissolution
5006:Martial law
4929:Revolts and
4903:Warsaw Pact
3785:Warsaw Pact
3590:trade blocs
3527:Intermetall
3438:The Session
3418:Kamov Ka-26
3365:natural gas
3301:South Yemen
3289:Afghanistan
3255:Warsaw Pact
3223:North Korea
3210:South Yemen
3168:Afghanistan
3049:North Korea
2914:286,730,819
2728:Ulaanbaatar
2612:East Berlin
2312:Population
2249:joined the
2071:perestroika
2059:Perestroika
2002:integration
1997:integration
1995:. The term
1993:cooperation
1948: [
1888:sovereignty
1791:monopsonist
1474:Vietnam War
1464:Berlin Wall
1393:North Korea
1330:Brașov 1987
1298:Prague 1968
1261:Poznań 1956
1114:Warsaw Pact
1073:South Yemen
1051:North Korea
964:Afghanistan
884:Byelorussia
468:504 million
110:Warsaw Pact
8590:Categories
8190:reconquest
8181:Dual reign
7530:Historians
7521:Space Race
7422:Rudé právo
7376:Propaganda
7232:Neo-Nazism
7202:Chauvinism
7156:Trotskyism
7071:Monetarism
7039:Liberalism
7031:Capitalism
7023:Ideologies
6974:Ostpolitik
6697:Solidarity
6662:Toyota War
6565:Solidarity
6422:Operation
6377:Ogaden War
6066:Dhofar War
5954:Shifta War
5712:Operation
5560:Korean War
5352:Operation
5344:Operation
5336:Operation
5313:Operation
5293:Operation
5285:Operation
5020:Conditions
4998:Solidarity
4931:opposition
4675:Comparativ
4569:References
4336:. p.
4133:2023-04-20
3765:Spartakiad
3408:trams and
3247:Yugoslavia
3235:Yugoslavia
3152:Mozambique
3008:Yugoslavia
2985:Vietnamese
2972:66,757,401
2955:June 1978
2909:22,402,200
2897:Jan. 1949
2858:23,472,562
2841:Jan. 1949
2798:38,094,812
2781:Jan. 1949
2721:June 1962
2682:10,375,323
2665:Jan. 1949
2622:16,586,490
2558:15,658,079
2541:Jan. 1949
2498:10,486,110
2481:July 1972
2421:Jan. 1949
2365:Feb. 1949
2332:languages
2257:Membership
2229:Azerbaijan
2213:Uzbekistan
2209:Kyrgyzstan
2205:Kazakhstan
1834:to readers
1787:monopolist
1708:Foundation
1484:Afghan War
1437:Korean War
1273:Plzeň 1953
1152:Opposition
1092:Yugoslavia
1046:Mozambique
944:Uzbekistan
929:Tajikistan
899:Kazakhstan
879:Azerbaijan
580:Cuban peso
454:Population
206:Vietnamese
8570:(1949–89)
7817:Ken Young
7662:Tony Judt
7511:Arms race
7484:Red Scare
7352:NN States
7297:Apartheid
7252:Autocracy
7161:Stalinism
7129:Guevarism
7119:Castroism
7109:Communism
7101:Socialism
6627:Star Wars
6220:Koza riot
5346:Beleaguer
5338:Masterdom
5079:Die Wende
5052:Economies
4893:Cominform
4876:(to 1948)
4838:(to 1961)
4766:Formation
4756:Communism
3588:European
3425:Structure
3281:Nicaragua
3243:Cominform
3137:Nicaragua
2848:Bucharest
2751:Mongolian
2738:2,125,463
2733:1,564,116
2695:Hungarian
2451:Bulgarian
2438:9,009,018
2382:3,512,317
2298:Continent
2292:Accession
2142:Lithuania
1804:in 1950.
1775:socialist
1686:communist
1627:romanized
1355:Riga 1991
1345:Baku 1990
1235:Lithuania
1127:Cominform
1031:Kampuchea
934:Turkmenia
914:Lithuania
904:Kirghizia
859:Republics
614:Drives on
186:Mongolian
181:Hungarian
166:Bulgarian
112:(Albania)
61:1949–1991
7969:Timeline
7959:Category
7904:See also
7396:Izvestia
7237:Islamism
7134:Hoxhaism
7009:Rollback
6888:Abkhazia
6828:Gulf War
6732:Glasnost
6102:incident
5872:Sand War
5730:Ifni War
5239:Rio Pact
5184:Cold War
5047:Politics
4501:Archived
4026:the West
3966:Archived
3826:de facto
3658:See also
3398:Tatra T3
3308:Exchange
3293:Ethiopia
3227:Mongolia
3182:Ethiopia
2871:Romanian
2711:Mongolia
2672:Budapest
2411:Bulgaria
2395:Albanian
2330:Official
2326:Currency
2321:(per km)
2318:Density
2215:and the
2166:Bulgaria
2162:Slovenia
2158:Slovakia
2106:Budapest
2048:the West
2028:the West
1973:the West
1917:autarkic
1726:Bulgaria
1499:Gulf War
1303:Invasion
1177:Bulgaria
1041:Mongolia
1016:Ethiopia
985:Bulgaria
919:Moldavia
797:Mongolia
477:Currency
386:Cold War
323:Mongolia
261:Bulgaria
232:See list
196:Romanian
8596:Comecon
8576:(1989–)
8020:Magyars
7459:Amerika
7342:Comecon
7227:Fascism
7217:Zionism
7166:Titoism
6707:Contras
6175:Détente
5452:Comecon
4898:COMECON
4798:Romania
4793:Hungary
3822:Russian
3490:patents
3406:Konstal
3369:Western
3346:autarky
3269:Finland
3265:member.
3231:Vietnam
3077:Finland
2967:332,698
2941:Vietnam
2853:238,391
2844:Europe
2827:Romania
2793:312,685
2784:Europe
2668:Europe
2651:Hungary
2617:108,333
2608:Europe
2553:127,900
2544:Europe
2511:Spanish
2493:109,884
2433:110,994
2424:Europe
2368:Europe
2348:Albania
2302:Capital
2243:Vietnam
2233:Moldova
2225:Georgia
2221:Armenia
2193:Belarus
2189:Ukraine
2174:Croatia
2170:Romania
2150:Hungary
2134:Estonia
2085:Central
2052:détente
2036:Western
2032:Western
2023:détente
1892:autarky
1830:may be
1798:Albania
1742:Romania
1734:Hungary
1703:History
1647:COMECON
1364:Dissent
1266:1980–89
1225:Estonia
1202:Ukraine
1192:Romania
1182:Croatia
1172:Albania
1121:Comecon
1078:Vietnam
1067:Somalia
1062:Romania
1026:Hungary
1021:Grenada
969:Albania
939:Ukraine
894:Georgia
889:Estonia
874:Armenia
862:of the
783:Albania
417:•
373:Vietnam
347:Romania
311:Hungary
248:Albania
201:Spanish
161:Russian
8543:(1922)
8532:(1921)
8526:(1920)
8520:(1920)
8514:(1918)
8503:(1918)
8497:(1918)
8491:(1917)
8480:(1901)
8459:(1877)
8453:(1876)
8447:(1874)
8441:(1873)
8435:(1869)
8429:(1868)
8395:(1679)
8389:(1626)
8383:(1621)
8354:(1815)
8348:(1809)
8342:(1797)
8336:(1791)
8330:(1772)
8319:(1739)
8313:(1723)
8307:(1718)
8301:(1699)
8290:(1664)
8284:(1606)
8236:(1711)
8230:(1570)
8224:(1549)
8218:(1541)
8212:(1538)
8206:(1526)
8172:(1515)
8166:(1491)
8160:(1479)
8154:(1479)
8143:(1474)
8137:(1463)
8131:(1444)
8125:(1412)
8119:(1358)
8113:(1352)
8107:(1351)
8101:(1336)
8080:(1271)
8074:(1233)
8052:(1102)
7410:Pravda
7212:Racism
7151:Maoism
6903:Kosovo
6424:Condor
6100:Pueblo
6086:May 68
5714:Gladio
5632:Tuapse
5295:Jungle
5287:Priboi
4918:(WFDY)
4910:(WFTU)
4662:online
4650:
4606:
4583:.
4546:
4475:
4344:
3449:treaty
3299:, and
3279:, and
3277:Mexico
3233:, and
3212:(1986)
3207:
3198:(1986)
3193:
3184:(1986)
3171:(1986)
3165:
3155:(1985)
3149:
3139:(1984)
3134:
3125:(1976)
3122:Angola
3119:
3109:(1975)
3107:Mexico
3104:
3095:(1975)
3089:
3079:(1973)
3074:
3065:(1949)
3060:
3051:(1949)
3046:
3028:
3011:(1964)
3005:
2976:200.7
2938:
2922:Rouble
2904:Moscow
2884:
2824:
2811:Polish
2802:121.8
2788:Warsaw
2767:Poland
2764:
2746:Tögrög
2708:
2690:Forint
2686:111.5
2677:93,030
2648:
2635:German
2626:153.1
2588:
2575:Slovak
2566:Koruna
2562:122.4
2548:Prague
2524:
2488:Havana
2464:
2408:
2386:122.2
2377:28,748
2372:Tirana
2345:
2314:(1989)
2160:, and
2154:Poland
2138:Latvia
1740:, and
1738:Poland
1378:Poland
1373:Soviet
1308:Moscow
1230:Latvia
1197:Serbia
1187:Poland
1056:Poland
975:Angola
924:Russia
909:Latvia
370:
357:
335:Poland
296:
283:
245:
191:Polish
176:German
139:Moscow
126:
122:
117:
106:
102:
97:
8031:(894)
7895:Stasi
7362:SAARC
7357:ASEAN
7322:SEATO
7175:Other
7140:Juche
6898:Korea
6811:1990s
6524:1980s
6168:1970s
5791:1960s
5543:1950s
5253:1940s
5234:NEATO
5229:SEATO
5219:ANZUS
4507:8 May
3791:Notes
3641:See:
3626:See:
3410:TS-11
2962:Hanoi
2958:Asia
2926:None
2918:12.8
2862:98.5
2806:Zloty
2724:Asia
2571:Czech
2502:95.4
2442:81.2
2428:Sofia
2219:with
2203:with
2092:the "
2087:and)
2040:Ursus
1952:]
1884:below
1662:, or
996:Congo
990:China
980:Benin
727:ASEAN
618:right
171:Czech
8192:and
7435:TASS
7327:METO
7317:NATO
6543:and
6541:1980
6098:USS
5224:METO
5209:NATO
4648:ISBN
4604:ISBN
4544:ISBN
4509:2018
4473:ISBN
4342:ISBN
3824:was
3594:EFTA
3414:Mi-2
3402:L-29
3297:Laos
3273:Iraq
3196:Laos
3092:Iraq
2980:Đồng
2742:1.4
2630:Mark
2506:Peso
2467:Cuba
2308:(km)
2306:Area
2294:date
2284:Name
2276:West
2247:Laos
2245:and
2237:GUAM
2231:and
2211:and
2191:and
2168:and
2140:and
1935:and
1771:GATT
1752:and
1697:OECD
1665:CAME
1659:CEMA
1653:CMEA
1614:The
1512:Fall
1036:Laos
1001:Cuba
865:USSR
699:OECD
685:GUAM
446:1989
438:1960
433:Area
286:Cuba
215:Type
75:Logo
8251:to
7890:KGB
7885:MVD
7870:MI6
7865:MI5
7860:CIA
7332:EEC
4698:TOC
4075:doi
3533:).
2866:Leu
2446:Lev
2390:Lek
2144:),
1988:).
1922:oil
1878:'s
1640:СЭВ
1086:PRG
8592::
8183:,
5004:/
5000:/
4976:/
4642:,
4590:.
4526:^
4499:.
4495:.
4471:.
4455:^
4416:^
4386:^
4365:^
4340:.
4338:25
4332:.
4244:^
4199:^
4151:^
4126:.
4105:^
4071:88
4069:.
4065:.
4006:^
3974:^
3964:.
3867:^
3384:.
3295:,
3291:,
3275:,
3271:,
3257:.
3229:,
3225:,
3221:,
2952:)
2838:)
2778:)
2662:)
2602:)
2538:)
2478:)
2239:.
2227:,
2207:,
2184:.
2156:,
2152:,
2148:,
2136:,
1958:.
1950:ru
1928:.
1736:,
1732:,
1728:,
1724:,
1699:.
1656:,
1650:,
1636:,
1624:,
1084:,
141:,
8369:)
8365:(
8255:)
8247:(
8187:,
8092:)
8043:)
8022:)
8003:e
7996:t
7989:v
6703:)
6699:(
5708:"
5704:"
5681:"
5677:"
5176:e
5169:t
5162:v
5033:)
5029:(
4731:e
4724:t
4717:v
4610:.
4594:.
4511:.
4481:.
4350:.
4136:.
4081:.
4077::
4051:.
3037:)
2948:(
2834:(
2774:(
2658:(
2598:(
2534:(
2474:(
2361:)
2357:(
2132:(
2083:(
1865:)
1859:(
1854:)
1850:(
1846:.
1836:.
1629::
1603:e
1596:t
1589:v
1088:)
1080:(
93::
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.