Tincture (heraldry)

3345:"I wish I was so ingenious and sage to praise the brilliance of his arms, held by him in honour, according to my volition! His escutcheon is not disfigured by any flaws; it beams a silvery colour, and is divided in two equal parts. One field gleams in the light colour of pearls and rubies, and is polished for radiant, and there lie in the horizontal direction eight picked fesses; another field of blue celeste is redundantly graced by domed golden fleurs-de-lis that stood by the arms many times with their plentiful rays, which are very pleasant to see. The helmet's top decorates a richly decked golden crown with a lot of shining gemstones, smoothed to lustrous; from the crown standing off two ostrich feathers and between them to be seen the ermine neck of the ostrich; his eyes sparkling from the rubies towards the enemy, his bill is golden, in which he beautifully holds a handsomely curved horseshoe-shaped charge made of gold. His head is being richly crowned by gold." This poem is an evidence that in the past there really existed some coat of arms made of gemstones. 2170: 1521: 2250:, a separate hatching represents each metal and colour, while the furs are treated as combinations of metal and colour. Argent is represented by a plain field, while or is represented by a field strewn with dots. Gules is represented by vertical lines, azure by horizontal lines, and sable by a combination of horizontal and vertical lines. Diagonal lines running from dexter chief to sinister base represent vert, while purpure is the reverse, represented by diagonal lines running from sinister chief to dexter base. Sanguine is represented by diagonal lines running in each direction, while tenné is represented by a combination of horizontal lines and diagonal lines running from sinister chief to dexter base. 1535: 2258:

represented by vertical lines combined with diagonal lines running from sinister chief to dexter base; earth-colour by horizontal and vertical lines combined with diagonal lines running from dexter chief to sinister base; iron-grey by diagonal lines running in each direction (the same as sanguine in Petra Sancta's system); water-colour by broken horizontal lines; flesh-colour by broken vertical lines; ashen-grey by a combination of broken horizontal and broken diagonal lines; orange by broken vertical lines interspersed with dots; and the colour of nature by zig-zag lines running from dexter chief to sinister base.

3013: 1833:, typically depicting a fortress successfully captured or defended, or a particular ship, or a battle in which the armiger to whom the augmentation was granted was involved. Such landscapes, usually appearing on a chief, might be blazoned with great particularity as to the things portrayed and the colours used to portray them. Officially, these landscapes appeared on a field of argent, but it was common, and perhaps expected, for the artist to add further details, such as the sky and clouds, by which the field might be wholly obscured. The use of landscapes in heraldry fell out of fashion during the 1436:, "variegated". It is usually depicted as a series of alternating shapes, conventionally known as panes or "vair bells", of argent and azure, arranged in horizontal rows, so that the panes of one tincture form the upper part of the row, while those of the opposite tincture are on the bottom. Succeeding rows are staggered, so that the bases of the panes making up each row are opposite those of the other tincture in the rows above and below. As with ermine, the argent panes may be depicted as either white or silver; silver is used more often with vair than with ermine, but the natural fur is white. 1507: 1366: 38: 1235:, an orange or dark yellow to brownish colour. These were termed "stains" by some of the more influential heraldic writers and supposed to represent some sort of dishonour on the part of the bearer, but there is no evidence that they were ever so employed and they probably originated as mere variations of existing colours. Nevertheless, the belief that they represented stains upon the honour of an armiger served to prevent them receiving widespread use, and it is only in recent times that they have begun to appear on a regular basis. 2189: 5966: 2049: 5998: 442: 2216: 1339:, which is blue-grey above and white below. These furs were commonly used to line the cloaks and robes of the nobility. Both ermine and vair give the appearance of being a combination of metal and colour, but in heraldic convention they are considered a separate class of tincture that is neither metal nor colour. Over time, several variations of ermine and vair have appeared, together with three additional furs typically encountered in continental heraldry, known as 7380: 2952:. During the process of transmutation the light-coloured starting material is transformed to a darker and more reddish one. In astrology the dragon's head is connected to good luck, while the dragon's tail is unlucky. These links indicate that heraldry in the 15th century was strongly under the influence of magical views and alchemistic ideas, which were in turn connected to the lore of sympathies between colours, planets, gemstones, metals, virtues etc. 6332: 262: 1409: 250: 2076: 2563: 7390: 6754: 1312: 974:, "silver". Although sometimes depicted as metallic silver or faint grey, it is more often represented by white, in part because of the tendency for silver paint to oxidize and darken over time, and in part because of the pleasing effect of white against a contrasting colour. Notwithstanding the widespread use of white for argent, some heraldic authorities have suggested the existence of white as a distinct heraldic colour. 1899:

capitalize only the first word or the first tincture appearing in the blazon, but no other words. In the elaborate calligraphy appearing on most grants of arms, all of the tinctures are capitalized, as indeed are the names of the charges, but this is purely a matter of decorative style, and in no way does the manner of capitalization used in the original grant affect how the arms may be described on other occasions.

4762: 849: 1661:

placing metal on metal or colour on colour (see below). This difficulty is avoided if "white" is considered a colour in this particular instance, rather than a synonym of "argent". This interpretation has neither been accepted nor refuted by any heraldic authority, but a counter-argument is that the labels are not intended to represent a heraldic tincture, but are in fact white labels proper.

2273: 2983:(d. 1609) enumerates 14 different methods of blazon: 1. by colours; 2. by planets; 3. by precious stones; 4. by virtues; 5. by celestial signs; 6. by the months of the year; 7. by the days of the week; 8. by the ages of man; 9. by flowers; 10. by the elements; 11. by the seasons of the year; 12. by the complexions of man; 13. by numbers; and 14. by metals. 433:, from the belief that they were used to signify some dishonour on the part of the bearer. Other colours have appeared occasionally since the eighteenth century, especially in continental heraldry, but their use is infrequent, and they have never been regarded as particularly heraldic, or numbered among the tinctures that form the basis of heraldic design. 1903:

combine elements of the same tincture in this manner, more creative descriptions may be used. For example, instead of "gules, on a fess or between three chess-rooks argent, a lion passant gules, armed and langued argent", one might say, "gules, on a fess or between three chess-rooks argent, a lion passant

1660:

or. The use of "white" in place of "argent" would be consistent with the Victorian practice of heraldic blazon that discouraged repeating the name of a tincture in describing a coat of arms, but if it were merely intended as a synonym of "argent", this placement would clearly violate the rule against

1856:

refers only to the group conventionally referred to as "colours". But as the word "colour" seems inapplicable to the heraldic furs, and no other term clearly encompasses all three classes, the word "tincture" has come to be used in this broader sense, while "colour" has acquired the more restricted

1393:

is normally depicted as a white field powdered with black spots, known as "ermine spots", representing the ermine's black tail. The use of white instead of silver is normal, even when silver is available, since this is how the fur naturally appears; but occasionally silver is used to depict ermine.

3038:

to the zodiac sign of Leo (♌︎) . Rudolphi also refers to trefoil (♣) as a designation of colour vert, usually connected with Venus. He also assigned specific variants of astrological signs for dragon's head and dragon's tail (☊ ☋), derived from the sign for Leo, to the tinctures orange

1940:

The main duty of a heraldic device is to be recognized, and the dark colours or light metals are supposed to be too difficult to distinguish if they are placed on top of other dark or light colours, particularly in poor light. Though this is the practical genesis of the rule, the rule is technical

1911:." Similar phrases include "of the last" and "of the like". Alternately, descriptions such as "gold" and "silver" might be substituted for "or" and "argent" on a subsequent occurrence. Another rule of blazon relating to tinctures suggests the placing of a comma after each occurrence of a tincture. 1914:

In recent years, the College of Arms has regularly dispensed with many of these practices, believing them to cause confusion, and in new grants of arms, the names of tinctures are repeated on each instance that they occur. The names of all tinctures and charges are capitalized, although the word

1898:

in order to avoid confusion with the conjunction. However, there are relatively few occasions in which the conjunction "or" would appear in the blazon of a coat of arms, and if properly worded, which meaning is intended should be readily apparent from the context. Another convention has been to

1879:

as white or silver. Recently the College of Arms explained, "there are no fixed shades for heraldic colours. If the official description of a coat of arms gives its tinctures as Gules (red), Azure (blue) and Argent (white or silver) then, as long as the blue is not too light and the red not too

1828:

The most extensive use of non-heraldic colours is probably associated with "landscape heraldry", a common feature of British and German armory during the latter part of the eighteenth century, and the early part of the nineteenth. Although rarely used for the field itself, landscapes were often

1807:

is not a tincture in itself, and if, as is sometimes the case, a charge is meant to be depicted in particular colours that are not apparent from the word "proper" alone, they may be specified in whatever detail is necessary. Certain charges are considered "proper" when portrayed with particular

327:

in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The range of tinctures and the manner of depicting and describing them has evolved over time, as new variations and practices have developed. The earliest surviving coloured heraldic illustrations, from the mid-thirteenth century, show the use of the two

1902:

A long-standing heraldic tradition has been to avoid repeating the names of tinctures multiple times in any given blazon. If it is possible to mention multiple charges of the same tincture at once, followed by the name of the tincture, then this problem is avoided, but when it is impossible to

428:

Over time, variations on these basic tinctures were developed, particularly with respect to the furs. Authorities differ as to whether these variations should be considered separate tinctures, or merely varieties of existing ones. Two additional colours appeared, and were generally accepted by

2257:

in 1639, were intended to represent other colours, although none of them correspond with regular heraldic tinctures, and they have never been used in British armory. A combination of vertical lines with diagonal lines running from dexter chief to sinister base represents brown; blood red is

2280:

Another method of depicting tinctures on monchrome depictions of arms is to label them using letter or abbreviations, a practice known as "tricking". The arms are drawn in outline, and the tinctures written in abbreviated form. In English heraldry, the abbreviations are

1495:

they are depicted as scales, resembling those of a butterfly's wings (whence the name is derived). These can be modified with the colour, arrangement, and size variants of vair, though those variants are much less common. In German heraldry there is also a fur known as

1471:, "upside-down crutch vair"). In this form, the familiar "vair bell" is replaced by a T-shaped figure, known as a "potent" due to its resemblance to a crutch. Other furs sometimes encountered in continental heraldry, which are thought to be derived from vair, include 1215:. This expensive dye, known from antiquity, produced a much redder purple than the modern heraldic colour; and in fact earlier depictions of purpure are far redder than recent ones. As a heraldic colour, purpure may have originated as a variation of gules. 314:

Historically, particularly between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, the tinctures were sometimes associated with the planets, precious stones, virtues, and elements. However, in contemporary heraldry they are not assigned any particular meaning.

1849:. With respect to the heraldic tinctures, French heraldry, which is often cited by heraldic authors, uses similar terminology. However, German heraldry, also highly influential, uses a different vocabulary; it calls the colours by their everyday names. 449:

The frequency with which different tinctures have been used over time has been much observed, but little studied. There are some general trends of note, both with respect to the passage of time, and noted preferences from one region to another.

1394:

There is considerable variation in the shape of ermine spots; in the oldest depictions, they were drawn realistically, as long, tapering points; in modern times they are typically drawn as arrowheads, usually topped by three small dots.

2825:

organized nature according to a system of sympathies and antipathies among species and other elements of the natural world. This doctrine influenced medieval medicine, pharmacy, alchemy and also heraldry. During the 1350s, the work of

1974:, the flag and arms of the Vatican, and the bishop's mitre in the arms of Andorra. These uses of gold on silver indicate the exceptional holy and special status of these coats of arms. An example of "colour on colour" is the arms of 1941:

and appearance is not used in determining whether arms conform to the rule. Another reason sometimes given to justify this rule is that it was difficult to paint enamel colours over other enamel colours, or with metal over metal.

2072:, seen here, the field is divided with the left half white (argent) and the right half green (vert), and the counterchanged tree is green where it lies on the white part of the field, and white where it lies on the green part. 1870:

In most heraldic tradition, the various metals and colours have no fixed appearance, hue, or shade. The heraldic artist is free to choose a lighter or darker blue or green, a deeper or brighter red; to choose between depicting

1812:

is green, even though wild parrots occur in a variety of colours. In some cases, a charge depicted in a particular set of colours may be referred to as "proper", even though it consists entirely of heraldic tinctures; a rose

2838:(1387) that the metal gold (Or) is the noblest in the world because, due to its very nature, it is bright and shining and full of virtues. During the late medieval period and Renaissance, there was an occasional practice of 3335:

The odd terminology of colours used by Heraldus Britannus, as mentioned by Spener, can partly reflect the view of alchemy: aurum–cytrine, argentum–aspre, rubeus–coccine, caeruleus– veneto, Niger–mauro, viridis–prasino, and

1447:

of the tinctures used. Normally vairé consists of one metal and one colour, although ermine or one of its variants is sometimes used, with an ermine spot appearing in each pane of that tincture. Vairé of four colours (Ger.

2955:

The work of Jean Courtois was distributed in manuscripts and later in one of the first books printed in French. During the Tudor and Stuart dynasties in England (1485–1702), it appeared in heraldry manuals. In his book

2169: 1500:, or "vair bellies", consisting of panes depicted hairy and brown. Here the phrase "vair bellies" may be a misnomer, as the belly of the red squirrel is always white, although its summer coat is indeed reddish brown. 501:, still the most common, became less dominant. A survey of French arms granted during the seventeenth century reveals a distinct split between the trends for the arms granted to nobles and commoners. Among nobles, 1775:

which is either treated separate or as a specific shade of azure or céleste. Differing from most heraldic practice, the Institute of Heraldry often specifies the exact shades to be used in depicting various arms.

1251:, "blood red", one the so-called "stains" in British armory, is a dark blood red between gules and purpure in hue. It probably originated as a mere variation of red and may in fact represent the original hue of 3325:

The Spanish and Dutch languages, in common with English, also use heraldic terminology derived from Norman French; while Portuguese, Italian, Swedish, Polish and Czech, like German, use everyday names for the

1767:, as in some cases it is treated as a separate tincture, while in others it is used to specify the shade of gules to be employed by the artist. Similar issue exists about a blue-green colour referred to as 925:, "gold". It may be depicted using either yellow or metallic gold, at the artist's discretion; "yellow" has no separate existence in heraldry, and is never used to represent any tincture other than or. 1894:

Most heraldic authors do not capitalize the names of the various tinctures, although a few do (sometimes inconsistently), and some who do not capitalize the other tinctures recommend capitalizing

1299:, "to tan". It is most often depicted as orange, but sometimes as tawny yellow or brown. In earlier times it was occasionally used in continental heraldry, but in England largely confined to 2857:, together with the virtues, metals, months, the zodiac, and weekdays. His main contribution was the development of a gemstone-planetary blazon that related colour to gemstone to planet: 2235:

for the purpose of depicting heraldic designs without the use of colour. Intended chiefly for printing and engraving, the system which eventually gained widespread acceptance was that of

2110:; it becomes more frequently applied from the seventeenth century onward, especially with the substantial number of newly created coats of arms, of which some notable examples include 1549: 2095:) in which the colours are reversed (i.e., the bend is counterchanged). The 2nd and 3rd quarters are themselves quartered between white (argent) and red (gules) with a counterchanged 1255:, which is now treated as a much bluer colour than when it first appeared in heraldry. It was long shunned in the belief that it represented some dishonour on the part of the bearer. 2160:. In this case, three martlets argent rest on a chief gules, while three martlets gules rest on the argent field. Some heraldic authorities regard the use of this term as erroneous. 3301:

Or the universal symbol for a woman pendant from its crosspiece a pair of scales Rose and in base three bars wavy Azure on a canton the mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada

2091:, who founded the colony of Maryland in 1632. In the 1st and 4th quarters, the field is divided into six vertical bands of gold (or) and black (sable) with a diagonal band (a 1955: 1323:

The use of heraldic furs alongside the metals and colours dates to the beginning of the art. In this earliest period, there were only two furs, ermine and vair.

2968:, the seven planets, the 12 celestial signs, gemstones, weekdays, the three elements etc. This book is among the earliest writings on heraldry available today. 3191:

Murrey within an Orle of eight Crosses crosslet Argent a Lion rampant Or holding in the forepaws a Book bound Azure the spine and the edges of the pages Gold

1857:

sense originally given to "tincture". Thus, when consulting various heraldic authorities, care must be taken to determine which meaning each term is given.

1763:

appears as a colour in the arms of the Special Troops Battalion of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division. There seems to be some confusion about the colour

1960:"arms of enquiry"; any violation was presumed to be intentional, to the point that one was supposed to enquire how it came to pass. One of the most famous 2227:

During the first half of the seventeenth century, the proliferation of the printing press coupled with the persistence of difficulties in and expense of

7006: 1271:, "mulberry", it has found some use in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Murrey is also the official colour of the Order of the Bath ribbon. 4488: 2385:

are in colour, the practice of tricking is used in all other cases, even after the widespread adoption of hatching for printing and engraving arms.

3821: 3125:), for example describing the arms of the king of England as an escutcheon covered with Arabian gold with leopards made of rubies (lines 310–320). 1947: 3871: 3846: 290: 3267:

de Brunâtre, a cross patée argent supporting a raven rising sable, and holding in its beak a horse-shoe proper, its points towards the chief

3939: 2133:

In Scottish heraldry, charges are sometimes blazoned as counterchanged of different colours from the field – for instance,

1985:

The "rule of tincture" has had an influence reaching far beyond heraldry. It has been applied to the design of flags, so that the flag of

445:

A diagram of various tinctures in heraldry:First row: Metals; Second row: Colours; Third row: Stains; Fourth row: Nontraditional tinctures

2817:

The lore of sympathies originated with the Babylonians, who saw gems and rare minerals as the concentrates of cosmic powers. Later,

1520: 7157: 3896: 1738: 2615:

Heraldry has been influenced by allegorical and astrological views, including the idea of sympathies and antipathies among stars,

5022: 3921: 3799: 7147: 7011: 6376: 5364: 1656:. In a number of instances, a label or collar blazoned as "white" rather than "argent" appears on a supporter blazoned argent 4305: 3777: 3176:

A rare exception of sanguine in older heraldry, cited by Woodward and Burnett, was the arms of the Clayhills of Invergowrie:

2188: 3158:

At one point, aluminum paint was used for argent, as it was more resistant to oxidation; but its effect also faded with age.

2087:

is another example of counterchanging. The only U.S. state flag to be directly based on English heraldry, it is the arms of

1971: 409:

The tinctures are not standardised, with any shade being acceptable so long as it cannot be confused with another tincture.

5328: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 2580: 1534: 328:

metals, five colours, and two furs. Since that time, the great majority of heraldic art has employed these nine tinctures.

3195:

Murrey a Snow Wolf's Head erased proper on a Chief Argent a Boar's Head coped at the neck between two Fleurs de Lys Azure.

1845:

In the English-speaking world, heraldic terminology is based largely on that of British armory, which in turn is based on

7223: 4766: 2088: 370:, does make the distinction between colours and metals and lists the seven in contemporary use in addition to the colour 4794: 4164: 331:

The distinction between colours and metals is not made in many medieval heraldic treatises, including the Anglo-Norman

283: 1837:, when heraldic scholars and artists began looking to earlier and simpler periods of armorial design for inspiration. 1031:

is of uncertain derivation; outside of the heraldic context, the modern French word refers to the mouth of an animal.

4722: 4685: 4666: 4628: 4592: 4541: 4373: 2602: 2176: 489:, although present from the formative period of heraldic design, was relatively scarce. Over time, the popularity of 4006: 3964: 2254: 7168: 4020: 2045:), meaning that the charges are divided the same way as the field upon which they rest, with the colours reversed. 3992: 3978: 3209:

is also named after the dark pelt of a type of marten, it has always been regarded as a colour, rather than a fur.

7393: 7347: 3679: 598:, pavilions, and the lining of crowns and caps. In fact, furs occur infrequently in German and Nordic heraldry. 7228: 7163: 7152: 5080: 4744: 4300:. Formisano, Marco, Eijk, Ph. J. van der (Philip J.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 236–251. 2584: 2099:

that is red where it lies on the white part of the field and white where it lies on the red part of the field.

1880:

orange, purple or pink, it is up to the artists to decide which particular shades they think are appropriate."

884:, representing gold and silver respectively, although in practice they are often depicted as yellow and white. 17: 6341: 303:

Where the tinctures are not depicted in full colour, they may be represented using one of several systems of

276: 4204: 7031: 6691: 5602: 5597: 4160: 1715: 3357:

smaragden und karvunkel ,/ jachande und crisolîten ,/ die wurden bi den zîten/ getengelt ûz den schilten.

7414: 6465: 1780: 1683: 386:

in 1562, also distinguishes between colours and metals, listing the seven in contemporary use as well as

5467: 3825: 1506: 7233: 6891: 6820: 6549: 6369: 1664:

Other exceptional colours have occasionally appeared during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries:

551:

is so scarce in French heraldry that some authorities do not regard it as a "real heraldic tincture".

7419: 7208: 7026: 6998: 4506: 4484: 4188: 3875: 3850: 1643: 1456:, "gay-coloured" or "checked vair") is also known, usually consisting of two metals and two colours. 471:, at least one of which necessarily appeared on the majority of arms (see below). Among the colours, 7213: 7203: 7198: 7193: 6676: 6409: 6161: 5657: 5184: 3296: 3139: 2119: 1741:. The armorial designs of the Institute of Heraldry include a number of novel tinctures, including 1688: 1668: 4620: 4336: 2842:

by gemstones, or by references to the seven classical "planets" (including the sun and the moon).

413:, in particular, has been depicted in a range of shades; many grants by the Tudor officer of arms 7260: 7218: 6324: 6286: 5678: 5617: 5557: 4944: 4889: 4854: 4736: 4344: 2827: 2822: 2573: 1756: 856:

The colours and patterns of the heraldic palette are divided into three groups, usually known as

6128: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 3943: 2830:(1313/1314–1357) linked Or to the sun, Azure to the element air, and Gules to the element fire. 6441: 5060: 5037: 4993: 4932: 4787: 3012: 2949: 2846: 2236: 2002: 1830: 1808:

colours, even though a range of different colours is found in nature; for instance, a popinjay

1723: 1711: 215: 140: 6616: 3104: 7142: 6897: 6798: 6786: 6362: 5065: 5015: 5010: 4988: 4872: 1998: 1944:

This "rule" has at times been followed so pedantically that arms that violate it were called

1915:"proper", indicating the colour of nature, is not, and internal commas are entirely omitted. 159: 4730: 1970:, which had gold crosses on silver. This use of white and gold together is also seen on the 1351:, the origins of which are more mysterious, but which probably began as variations of vair. 7115: 6184: 4971: 4937: 4829: 4726: 3027: 2932:) were in use from ancient times. In heraldry the dragon's head symbolizes a light colour ( 2854: 2220: 2115: 2107: 1986: 1967: 1634: 2961: 8: 7245: 6930: 6762: 6651: 6453: 6042: 5840: 5612: 5195: 5147: 5122: 4824: 4704: 4510: 4447: 4365: 2839: 2679: 2210: 2006: 1239: 780: 675: 324: 304: 42: 4639: 4552: 3900: 3167:

Despite the origin of the name, sable is always regarded as a colour, rather than a fur.

1624:, a strong violet-red, found in at least one grant of arms to a Bohemian knight in 1701; 1365: 6659: 6611: 6559: 6544: 6539: 6517: 6446: 6236: 6209: 5537: 5482: 5432: 5343: 5333: 5270: 5245: 5180: 5155: 5127: 5027: 4814: 4641:

Pimbley's Dictionary of Heraldry: An Authoritative Guide to the Terminology of Heraldry

1734: 1566:

Several other tinctures are occasionally encountered, usually in continental heraldry:

1316: 414: 3925: 2853:(1414), Courtois developed a heraldic system consisting of the tinctures, planets and 7424: 7355: 7308: 7036: 6905: 6803: 6720: 6681: 6598: 6554: 6153: 6084: 6075: 5969: 5698: 5303: 5175: 5114: 5092: 5070: 4954: 4906: 4780: 4740: 4710: 4691: 4681: 4662: 4645: 4624: 4610: 4598: 4588: 4558: 4537: 4516: 4494: 4472: 4466: 4453: 4425: 4379: 4369: 4311: 4301: 3807: 3134: 2991: 2987: 1699: 1694: 1360: 1324: 375: 235: 222: 201: 129: 100: 2975:(1564–1641) used the symbols of the planets to designate tinctures in his 1654 book 7303: 7298: 7278: 7273: 6858: 6631: 6626: 6606: 6564: 6522: 6500: 6424: 5965: 5921: 5909: 5830: 5632: 5437: 5384: 5379: 5313: 5298: 5240: 5205: 5055: 5050: 4983: 4949: 4877: 3082: 2735: 2659: 2654: 2240: 2153: 2084: 1979: 1924: 1101: 1059: 1034: 758: 655: 650: 625: 479: 473: 208: 180: 166: 119: 88: 76: 2986:

As well as the main tinctures, tricking abbreviations for other tinctures such as

2048: 7333: 7323: 7318: 7283: 7185: 7021: 6968: 6885: 6880: 6791: 6686: 6336: 6248: 5933: 5778: 5763: 5758: 5693: 5374: 5338: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5165: 5137: 4911: 4834: 4614: 3773: 3683: 3017: 3007: 2910: 2818: 2664: 2382: 2232: 2228: 2127: 2123: 2111: 2103: 2092: 1846: 1114: 1094: 660: 484: 266: 82: 37: 5997: 5452: 4358: 2831: 2627:, and people. Some tinctures were considered to represent astrological symbols. 2135:

per fess gules and azure, a sun in splendour counterchanged or and of the first.

1223:

Three more tinctures were eventually acknowledged by most heraldic authorities:

229: 7383: 7328: 7313: 7293: 7288: 7071: 6853: 6739: 6708: 6664: 6621: 6493: 6458: 6431: 6260: 6226: 6219: 5773: 5738: 5530: 5457: 5442: 5422: 5160: 5005: 5000: 4894: 4882: 4706:

A treatise on heraldry, British and foreign: with English and French glossaries

4530: 4417: 2898: 1722:, while (possibly yellow but more likely red) ochre appears in the arms of the 715: 3189:

For instance, the arms of Lewes Old Grammar School, granted October 25, 2012:

7408: 7268: 7066: 6848: 6840: 6773: 6641: 6581: 6505: 6488: 6394: 6308: 6243: 6214: 5874: 5798: 5730: 4819: 4602: 4476: 4429: 4315: 3314:

a dapple-grey horse proper, the mane and tail sable, and both hind feet white

3254:

Argent, a lion rampant sable, the head, paws, and half of the tail ash colour

2972: 2945: 2644: 2096: 2069: 1834: 1743: 1730: 1212: 1157: 887: 768: 640: 467: 441: 58: 5683: 4383: 4156: 429:

heraldic writers, although they remained scarce, and were eventually termed

7240: 7103: 7059: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6781: 6734: 6703: 6636: 6480: 6321:

Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)

6298: 6276: 6231: 6109: 5768: 5673: 5308: 5235: 5200: 5045: 4978: 4901: 4839: 4457: 3292: 3100: 2215: 1602: 1336: 1331:, a type of weasel, in its white winter coat, when it is called an ermine. 1108: 724: 243: 148: 115: 5710: 5427: 5406: 1737:, which makes extensive use of heraldry, does have its own authority, the 366:

A fourteenth-century English treatise, possibly by the same author as the

7098: 6921: 6825: 6669: 6574: 6532: 6527: 6470: 6436: 6303: 6145: 5642: 5622: 5490: 5369: 5132: 2995: 2929: 2139:

per fess gules and azure, a sun in splendour per fess or and of the first

1439:

When the pattern of vair is used with other colours, the field is termed

1311: 383: 6118: 5715: 5190: 3822:"11th Transportation Battalion Insignia Page, The Institute of Heraldry" 3355: 3020:

used trefoil to designate colours other than the seven main tinctures ("

1579: 1548: 7250: 7093: 6813: 6569: 6510: 5803: 5793: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5688: 5562: 5520: 5500: 5472: 5462: 4849: 3075: 2980: 2917: 2906: 2894: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2587: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2388:

French heraldry also uses tricking to depict heraldic tinctures, using

355:

list the seven common metals and colours of contemporary heraldry, the

6137: 4364:(2nd ed.). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 2546:(purple). These abbreviations may be either capitalized or lowercase. 1571: 7110: 7083: 7078: 6587: 6204: 5808: 5788: 5783: 5592: 5577: 5394: 5099: 3676: 2999: 2925: 2921: 2065: 2053: 1408: 763: 517:

at nearly equal levels; sable was a very distant fifth choice, while

173: 118:. The use of other tinctures varies depending on the time period and 5447: 5323: 2562: 2349:

for "blue" being used in older trickings to avoid confusion between

343:, which dates from shortly after 1394, or the mid-fifteenth century 335:, which has been dated to between 1280–1300 or 1341–45, the Italian 311:, in which each tincture is designated by a letter or abbreviation. 7365: 7088: 6696: 6293: 5835: 5720: 5647: 5627: 5572: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5075: 4803: 3114:– 1287) also mentioned coats of arms made of gemstones in his poem 3055: 3035: 2937: 2845:

The work of Bonet influenced the 15th century Burgundian heraldist

2804: 2799: 2794: 2784: 2267: 2075: 1692:

as a colour in 1997. In 2002, the Authority granted arms including

1459:

Several variant shapes exist, of which the most common is known as

1161: 807: 595: 308: 194: 137: 53: 28: 6753: 6054: 6006: 3178:

per bend sanguine and vert, two greyhounds courant bendways argent

3031: 2933: 2684: 1638:, often used in French heraldry as the colour of white human skin. 1276: 680: 7137: 6419: 5945: 5703: 5637: 5607: 5587: 5582: 5567: 5547: 5401: 5389: 5359: 5318: 5282: 5215: 5170: 4966: 4927: 3540:

Chrisopher von Warnstedt, "The Heraldic Provinces of Europe", in

3363: 3067: 2994:– er etc. existed in English and some other languages during the 2965: 2941: 2890: 2809: 2789: 2779: 2723: 2669: 2616: 1975: 1173: 665: 547: 94: 6354: 4714: 4695: 4649: 4562: 4520: 4498: 3650:, (editors), Funk & Wagnalls Company, Inc., New York (1962). 3366:

and cryolites,/ these were in that time/ mixed upon the shield."

3092:– 1395) used gemstones to designate the tinctures even earlier ( 570:, and unlike French heraldry, it has always made regular use of 390:, the natural colour of any animal, bird, or herb. Legh rejects 249: 7360: 6963: 6953: 6281: 6255: 6030: 5862: 5652: 5542: 5525: 5495: 5275: 5230: 5220: 4961: 4844: 4761: 3079: 3071: 3059: 3003: 2717: 2674: 2639: 2620: 2102:

Counterchanging is rare in early heraldry; early examples from

1889: 1672: 1652: 1300: 1260: 1165: 930: 753: 728: 670: 635: 461: 64: 4413:

Beheim Mihály élete és művei a magyar történelem szempontjából

1791:

A charge that is coloured as it naturally appears is blazoned

1733:, heraldry is not governed by any official authority; but the 1594:, or brown, occasionally used in German heraldry, in place of 6988: 6983: 6973: 6943: 6414: 6385: 5897: 5552: 5225: 5104: 5087: 3993:"SPECIAL TROOPS BATTALION, 1ST BRIGADE, 1ST CAVALRY DIVISION" 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3051: 2769: 2764: 2729: 2649: 2624: 2057: 1935:

metal should not be placed upon metal, nor colour upon colour

1706: 1328: 1053: 1007: 748: 738: 719: 645: 455: 187: 105: 70: 3899:. Aeronautical Systems Center History Office. Archived from 848: 541:, which was used more by commoners than among the nobility; 459:

was by far the most common tincture, followed by the metals

307:, in which each tincture is assigned a distinct pattern, or 6978: 6958: 6938: 6808: 6725: 6001: 5210: 4772: 3063: 3047: 3043: 3042:

Ultimately, a system of nine tinctures was developed, with

2774: 2711: 2699: 2272: 2243:

priest and heraldic scholar, originally published in 1638.

1403: 1332: 743: 110: 4449:

Heraldry, Ancient and Modern: Including Boutell's Heraldry

3942:. United States Army Institute of Heraldry. Archived from 3874:. United States Army Institute of Heraldry. Archived from 3849:. United States Army Institute of Heraldry. Archived from 3379: 3280:

Per pale azure and bleu-celeste an estoile counter changed

562:, while English heraldry is characterized by heavy use of 7054: 6948: 6713: 4298:

Knowledge, text and practice in ancient technical writing

4157:"Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1813–1918 (Germany)" 2705: 733: 41:

The metals and common colours of heraldry. One system of

2849:(d. 1436), also known as the Sicily Herald. In his work 1747:(employed variously as either a metal or a colour), and 27:

Not to be confused with the herbal liquid also known as

3437: 2276:

Tricked arms of John Browne of Spexhall, Suffolk (1591)

2158:

silver, a chief gules with six martlets countercoloured

505:

remained the most common tincture, closely followed by

421:

a reddish-purple shade which would now be described as

1755:

has appeared in the heraldry of both the Army and the

1650:

should be considered a heraldic colour, distinct from

554:

On the whole, French heraldry is known for its use of

3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3588: 3586: 2181:

Or a Chief Azure overall five Pallets counterchanged.

1997:

When a charge or group of charges is placed across a

1875:

with yellow or any of various gold paints, to depict

3672: 3670: 3668: 578:. German heraldry is known for its extensive use of 3103:of the Hungarian king Louis the Great (1342–1382). 2631:One system of poetic attributions to the tinctures 2231:prompted the development of a number of systems of 1266: 7007:Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate 4529: 4357: 3706: 3704: 3614: 3583: 3023:qui ultimus color alibi signo trifolii ♣ pinguitur 2948:that is subjected to transmutation to produce the 2834:, a heraldist from Provence, declared in his work 436: 3965:"MOISE'S E. MOLINA HIGH SCHOOL JROTC, DALLAS, TX" 3665: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 1803:), or "the colour of nature". Strictly speaking, 525:was easily the most common tincture, followed by 374:, which it states is used only in France and the 359:combines red and purple and omits green, and the 7406: 4721: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3394: 1610:, a sky blue colour intended to be lighter than 586:. German and Nordic heraldry rarely make use of 56:. Nine tinctures are in common use: two metals, 4702: 4411: 4256: 4103: 4036: 3731: 3710: 3701: 3627: 3577: 3472: 3460: 2936:), and dragon's tail symbolizes a dark colour ( 4616:Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition 4490:The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory 4445: 4099: 4032: 4030: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3544:, vol. XI, no. 84 (October 1970), pp. 128–130. 3400: 3362:Rough translation: "emeralds and carbunkles,/ 3250:Cendrée, a mount of three coupeaux in base, or 1929:The first so-called "rule" of heraldry is the 6370: 4788: 4355: 3847:"190th Quartermaster Battalion Insignia Page" 3720: 3449: 3193:and those of Woolf, granted October 2, 2015: 2246:In Petra Sancta's method, illustrated in the 2199: 1698:, treated as a metal, to the municipality of 402:, a reddish-brown tincture, as a mistake for 284: 34:Metal, colour, or fur used in heraldic design 4675: 4267: 4265: 4047: 4045: 3800:"Armoria academica – University of Transkei" 3744: 3742: 3740: 3528: 2541: 2531: 2521: 2511: 2501: 2491: 2481: 2468: 2458: 2452: 2442: 2432: 2422: 2412: 2403: 2393: 2039: 2031: 2023: 2015: 1961: 1953: 1945: 1797: 1586: 1465: 1450: 1420: 1385: 1377: 1195: 1187: 1181: 1140: 1132: 1124: 1085: 1077: 1069: 1044: 1023: 1015: 962: 954: 946: 938: 913: 905: 897: 545:, however, was even scarcer in common arms. 147:External devices in addition to the central 4550: 4420:from the aspect of Hungarian history]. 4356:Jung, Emma; von Franz, Marie-Luise (1998). 4332: 4244: 4027: 4023:. United States Army Institute of Heraldry. 4009:. United States Army Institute of Heraldry. 3995:. United States Army Institute of Heraldry. 3981:. United States Army Institute of Heraldry. 3967:. United States Army Institute of Heraldry. 3566: 3021: 1430: 1294: 1246: 1152:, "green". The alternative name in French, 574:, and occasional, if not extensive, use of 7389: 6377: 6363: 4795: 4781: 4609: 4578:] (in German). Munich: Callway-Verlag. 4536:. Cranbury, NJ: A. S. Barnes and Company. 4505: 4483: 4328: 4283: 4271: 4143: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4087: 4075: 4051: 3760: 3748: 3714: 3695: 3659: 3608: 3560: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3476: 2964:deals with the relation of colours to the 2194:Arms of Balfour, baronets of Albury Lodge. 1630:, or iron-colour, found in German heraldry 318: 291: 277: 52:are the colours, metals, and furs used in 4703:Woodward, John; Burnett, George (1892) . 4582: 4446:Boutell, Charles; Aveling, S. T. (1890). 4262: 4042: 3737: 3631: 3592: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3488: 3419: 2603:Learn how and when to remove this message 1491:, the panes are depicted as feathers; in 7158:International Commission on Illumination 4735:. Oxford, New York, Edinburgh, Toronto: 4569: 4527: 4111: 4063: 3596: 2971:The English historian and heraldist Sir 2552: 2271: 2253:Nine additional hatchings, published by 2214: 2137:A more typical blazon for this would be 2106:are found in the late fifteenth-century 2074: 2047: 1739:United States Army Institute of Heraldry 1407: 1364: 1310: 982:The five common colours in heraldry are 847: 477:was the second most common, followed by 440: 36: 4637: 4340: 3797: 323:The use of tinctures dates back to the 104:, which represents the winter fur of a 14: 7407: 7148:Color Association of the United States 4656: 4585:Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning 4409: 4295: 4115: 3547: 3431: 2177:Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council 1646:proposed that, in some circumstances, 1168:), which was famous for its pigments. 1156:, is derived from the ancient city of 6358: 4776: 4709:. Edinburgh: W. & A. B. Johnson. 4676:von Volborth, Carl-Alexander (1981). 4464: 4184: 1989:was modified to conform to the rule. 1865: 1231:, a dark red or mulberry colour; and 1056:, known for its dark, luxuriant fur. 325:formative period of European heraldry 4554:A glossary of terms used in heraldry 4551:Parker, James; Gough, Henry (1894). 4007:"PINON HIGH SCHOOL JROTC, PINON, AZ" 3979:"648TH MANEUVER ENHANCEMENT BRIGADE" 2585:adding citations to reliable sources 2556: 2530:or a shape like an upright leaf for 2247: 1319:of Bruges, solemn winterdress in fur 970:is similarly derived from the Latin 810: 4678:Heraldry: Customs, Rules and Styles 3644:The New Cassell's French Dictionary 2089:George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore 1918: 1107:both referring to the blue mineral 24: 7012:Blue–green distinction in language 1992: 1817:, whether red or white, is barbed 1710:, both red and yellow, appears in 1561: 1335:represents the winter coat of the 521:remained scarce. Among commoners, 25: 7436: 6384: 4754: 3922:"American Heraldry Society forum" 3218:Sometimes, in older authorities, 2928:) and dragon's tail (also called 1111:, used to produce blue pigments. 7388: 7379: 7378: 7169:International Colour Association 6752: 6330: 5996: 5964: 4760: 4638:Pimbley, Arthur Francis (1908). 4587:. London: Macdonald and Jane's. 3677:College of Arms official website 3030:(1717. p. 113) also linked 3011: 2561: 2187: 2168: 1547: 1533: 1519: 1505: 921:derives its name from the Latin 260: 248: 114:, which represents the fur of a 7164:International Colour Consortium 4439: 4403: 4390: 4349: 4322: 4289: 4277: 4250: 4238: 4210: 4193: 4178: 4167:from the original on 2022-12-11 4149: 4137: 4125: 4093: 4081: 4069: 4057: 4013: 3999: 3985: 3971: 3957: 3932: 3914: 3889: 3864: 3839: 3814: 3791: 3780:from the original on 2020-09-07 3766: 3754: 3689: 3653: 3637: 3602: 3534: 3522: 3348: 3339: 3329: 3319: 3306: 3285: 3272: 3259: 3242: 3229: 3212: 3199: 3183: 3170: 3161: 3152: 2916:The dragon's head (also called 2572:needs additional citations for 2381:. Although most records of the 1883: 1860: 852:Table of the tinctures and furs 437:Frequency and national variants 337:Tractatus de Insigniis et Armis 68:(silver or white); the colours 7229:List of Crayola crayon colours 7153:International Colour Authority 4572:Das große Buch der Wappenkunst 4515:. New York: Dodge Publishing. 4465:Elvin, Charles Norton (1889). 3510: 3498: 3482: 3466: 3444:Woodcock & Robinson (1990) 3425: 3395:Woodcock & Robinson (1990) 3278:Cinti (now Cini) of Florence: 3054:having their arms blazoned by 2255:Marcus Vulson de la Colombière 2148:is sometimes used in place of 2056:: "per pale Argent and Vert a 1840: 607:Heraldic tinctures (excluding 13: 1: 4717:– via Internet Archive. 4659:The Complete Book of Heraldry 4652:– via Internet Archive. 4565:– via Internet Archive. 4523:– via Internet Archive. 4479:– via Internet Archive. 4460:– via Internet Archive. 4416:" [The life and works of 4257:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 4201:Le grand vocabulaire françois 4104:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 4037:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3774:"South Africa – Coat of Arms" 3732:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3711:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3628:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3578:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3473:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3461:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3373: 3119: 3108: 3093: 3086: 3039:and carnation, respectively. 1972:arms of the King of Jerusalem 707: 703: 7032:Traditional colours of Japan 6809:Achromatic colours (Neutral) 6692:Multi-primary colour display 6087:(metal in the United States) 4802: 4732:The Oxford Guide to Heraldry 4583:Neubecker, Ottfried (1977). 4512:A Complete Guide to Heraldry 4100:Boutell & Aveling (1890) 3145: 3070:having arms blazoned by the 2156:were originally blazoned as 1937:, for the sake of contrast. 1783:, who treat it as a colour. 1718:, adopted in 2000, includes 1428:derives its name from Latin 601: 7: 6466:Spectral power distribution 6179: 4680:. Dorset: Blandford Press. 4452:. London: Frederick Warne. 3128: 2261: 2204: 2164:Examples of counterchanging 1781:Canadian Heraldic Authority 1684:Canadian Heraldic Authority 1267: 10: 7441: 6892:Colour realism (art style) 6550:Evolution of colour vision 4661:. New York: Hermes House. 4507:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles 4485:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles 2265: 2208: 2200:Monochromatic presentation 2060:eradicated counterchanged" 1922: 1887: 1401: 1358: 1327:represents the fur of the 977: 26: 7374: 7346: 7259: 7209:List of colours (compact) 7184: 7177: 7128: 7047: 7027:Colour in Chinese culture 6997: 6929: 6920: 6839: 6772: 6761: 6750: 6650: 6597: 6479: 6402: 6393: 6317: 6269: 6197: 6170: 6094: 6063: 6017: 5956: 5955: 5884: 5849: 5821: 5729: 5666: 5481: 5415: 5352: 5291: 5146: 5113: 5036: 4920: 4865: 4810: 4570:Leonhard, Walter (1976). 4528:Franklyn, Julian (1968). 4493:. London: Benjamin Blom. 4424:(in Hungarian): 808–809. 4400:. Nürnberg, 1698. 96. l. 4333:Parker & Gough (1894) 4245:Parker & Gough (1894) 4021:"MARIANAS BONINS COMMAND" 3940:"15th Ordnance Battalion" 3265:Mieroszewsky of Silesia: 3252:. Gwilt of South Wales: 2944:the dragon's head is the 2690: 2635: 2237:Silvestro de Petra Sancta 2064:In the municipal arms of 1786: 1779:Buff is also used by the 1354: 1218: 871: 774: 711: 686: 631: 624: 621: 618: 615: 608: 339:, published in 1358, the 7214:List of colours by shade 6677:Digital image processing 6410:Electromagnetic spectrum 4657:Slater, Stephen (2003). 4576:The big book of heraldry 4557:. London: James Parker. 4468:A dictionary of heraldry 3804:geocities.com/wapenskild 3686:, accessed 3 March 2016. 3297:Prime Minister of Canada 3140:Rose (heraldic tincture) 2120:Barrett-Lennard baronets 1686:granted arms containing 1669:Jewish Autonomous Region 712:Non-heraldic equivalent 493:increased above that of 7219:List of colour palettes 6325:List of oldest heraldry 4737:Oxford University Press 4471:. London: Kent and Co. 4410:Bleyer, Jakab (1899). " 4296:Holmes, Brooke (2017). 4217:Wernigeroder Wappenbuch 4146:, pp. 101–102, 104 3356: 3002:(carnea tinctura), the 2828:Bartolo de Sassoferrato 1852:In its original sense, 1397: 1306: 417:, for example, use for 319:Development and history 98:(purple); and the furs 6442:Structural colouration 4412: 3713:, pp. 63, 68–74; 3022: 2851:Le Blason des Couleurs 2542: 2532: 2522: 2512: 2502: 2492: 2482: 2469: 2459: 2453: 2443: 2433: 2423: 2413: 2404: 2394: 2277: 2224: 2080: 2061: 2040: 2032: 2024: 2016: 1966:was the shield of the 1962: 1954: 1946: 1798: 1724:University of Transkei 1712:South African heraldry 1587: 1466: 1451: 1431: 1421: 1413: 1386: 1378: 1370: 1320: 1295: 1247: 1196: 1188: 1182: 1141: 1133: 1125: 1086: 1078: 1070: 1045: 1024: 1016: 963: 955: 947: 939: 914: 906: 898: 853: 453:In medieval heraldry, 446: 357:Tractatus de Insigniis 46: 7224:List of colour spaces 7143:Color Marketing Group 6898:On Vision and Colours 6831:Tinctures in heraldry 6814:Polychromatic colours 6799:Complementary colours 6787:Monochromatic colours 4727:Robinson, John Martin 3872:"1st Space Battalion" 3010:was used in reverse ( 2911:descending lunar node 2885:, amethyst, Mercury; 2877:, sapphire, Jupiter; 2553:Poetic representation 2275: 2218: 2078: 2051: 1716:national coat of arms 1642:The heraldic scholar 1411: 1368: 1314: 1207:, in turn from Greek 851: 444: 347:. In addition, while 345:Bradfer-Lawrence Roll 62:(gold or yellow) and 40: 7204:List of colours: N–Z 7199:List of colours: G–M 7194:List of colours: A–F 7116:Tint, shade and tone 6999:Cultural differences 4769:at Wikimedia Commons 3928:on February 8, 2006. 3828:on December 30, 2006 3116:Turnier von Nantheiz 2899:ascending lunar node 2581:improve this article 2476:In German heraldry, 2221:Jan Baptist Zangrius 2116:Nightingale baronets 2108:Wernigerode Armorial 2079:The flag of Maryland 1987:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1968:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1907:, armed and langued 1527:Plumeté or and sable 394:as non-existent and 7251:List of web colours 7246:List of RAL colours 6652:Colour reproduction 6617:Lüscher colour test 6454:Colour of chemicals 6337:Heraldry portal 5764:Hastings/Hungerford 5051:Crowns and coronets 5023:National traditions 4623:. Harry N. Abrams. 3599:, pp. 128, 129 3529:von Volborth (1981) 3248:Aschau of Bavaria: 3105:Konrad von Würzburg 2950:philosopher's stone 2873:, diamond, Saturn; 2865:, pearl, the moon; 2840:blazoning tinctures 2836:Arbre des Batailles 2632: 2496:(white or silver), 2211:Hatching (heraldry) 2041:verschränkte Farben 2033:verwechselte Farben 1541:Gules, papelonné or 1211:, the dye known as 612: 529:, and only then by 380:Accedence of Armory 267:Heraldry portal 7415:Heraldic tinctures 6660:Colour photography 6612:Colour preferences 6555:Impossible colours 6545:Colour vision test 6540:Colour temperature 6518:Colour calibration 6447:Animal colouration 5721:Waterlily/Seeblatt 4945:Ancient and modern 4767:Heraldic tinctures 4621:Abrams Discoveries 4611:Pastoureau, Michel 4161:Flags of the World 4118:, pp. 72–73; 4110:, pp. 70–87; 4106:, pp. 60–64; 4102:, pp. 11–16; 3682:2019-11-16 at the 3595:, pp. 86–87; 3491:, pp. 86–87; 3475:, pp. 61–62; 2881:, emerald, Venus; 2861:, topaz, the sun; 2630: 2278: 2225: 2219:Hatching guide by 2152:. The arms of the 2081: 2062: 2025:de l'un en l'autre 1982:on a gules field. 1866:Artistic liberties 1735:United States Army 1575:, or "ash-colour"; 1414: 1371: 1321: 1093:comes through the 854: 606: 447: 415:Thomas Wriothesley 368:Tractatus de Armis 361:Tractatus de Armis 341:Tractatus de Armis 120:heraldic tradition 47: 7402: 7401: 7342: 7341: 7124: 7123: 7048:Colour dimensions 7037:Human skin colour 6916: 6915: 6906:Theory of Colours 6804:Analogous colours 6748: 6747: 6682:Colour management 6599:Colour psychology 6481:Colour perception 6352: 6351: 6193: 6192: 6131:(color in Canada) 5817: 5816: 4765:Media related to 4398:Heraldica Curiosa 4337:p.573, "Tincture" 4329:Fox-Davies (1909) 4307:978-1-316-77045-0 4284:Fox-Davies (1909) 4272:Fox-Davies (1909) 4144:Fox-Davies (1909) 4132:Fox-Davies (1909) 4120:Pastoureau (1997) 4108:Fox-Davies (1909) 4088:Pastoureau (1997) 4076:Fox-Davies (1909) 4052:Fox-Davies (1909) 3897:"88th ABW Emblem" 3761:Fox-Davies (1909) 3749:Fox-Davies (1909) 3715:Fox-Davies (1909) 3696:Fox-Davies (1909) 3660:Fox-Davies (1909) 3609:Fox-Davies (1909) 3561:Fox-Davies (1909) 3517:Pastoureau (1997) 3505:Pastoureau (1997) 3493:Pastoureau (1997) 3477:Fox-Davies (1909) 3135:Orange (heraldry) 2962:Clément Prinsault 2815: 2814: 2613: 2612: 2605: 1978:, with its sable 1700:Whitehorse, Yukon 1593: 1427: 1392: 1361:Ermine (heraldry) 1265:, from the Greek 1202: 1147: 1092: 1051: 1030: 969: 920: 846: 845: 376:Holy Roman Empire 301: 300: 45:is shown at right 16:(Redirected from 7432: 7420:Color in culture 7392: 7391: 7382: 7381: 7182: 7181: 6927: 6926: 6859:Secondary colour 6770: 6769: 6756: 6632:National colours 6627:Political colour 6607:Colour symbolism 6565:Opponent process 6523:Colour constancy 6501:Colour blindness 6432:Spectral colours 6400: 6399: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6356: 6355: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6173: 6160: 6152: 6144: 6136: 6126: 6116: 6108: 6105: 6097: 6082: 6074: 6066: 6053: 6050: 6041: 6038: 6029: 6026: 6000: 5968: 5944: 5941: 5932: 5929: 5920: 5917: 5908: 5905: 5896: 5893: 5873: 5870: 5861: 5858: 5847: 5846: 5831:Rule of tincture 5548:Griffin/Keythong 5144: 5143: 4835:Officers of arms 4797: 4790: 4783: 4774: 4773: 4764: 4750: 4723:Woodcock, Thomas 4718: 4699: 4672: 4653: 4634: 4606: 4579: 4566: 4547: 4535: 4524: 4502: 4480: 4461: 4434: 4433: 4415: 4407: 4401: 4396:J. A. Rudolphi: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4363: 4360:The grail legend 4353: 4347: 4345:p. 62,"Tincture" 4326: 4320: 4319: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4274:, pp. 75–76 4269: 4260: 4259:, pp. 63–64 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4214: 4208: 4197: 4191: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4122:, pp. 45–49 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4078:, pp. 87–88 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4054:, pp. 74–76 4049: 4040: 4034: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3946:on June 22, 2008 3936: 3930: 3929: 3924:. Archived from 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3878:on July 24, 2008 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3824:. Archived from 3818: 3812: 3811: 3810:on June 3, 2004. 3806:. Archived from 3795: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3776:. Crwflags.com. 3770: 3764: 3763:, pp. 70–72 3758: 3752: 3751:, pp. 79–83 3746: 3735: 3734:, pp. 68–71 3729: 3718: 3717:, pp. 77–85 3708: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3674: 3663: 3662:, pp. 70–74 3657: 3651: 3641: 3635: 3634:, pp. 86–87 3632:Neubecker (1977) 3625: 3612: 3611:, pp. 70–71 3606: 3600: 3593:Neubecker (1977) 3590: 3581: 3575: 3564: 3558: 3545: 3542:The Coat of Arms 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3489:Neubecker (1977) 3486: 3480: 3470: 3464: 3463:, pp. 60–61 3458: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3422:, pp. 86–87 3420:Neubecker (1977) 3417: 3398: 3397:, pp. 51–55 3392: 3367: 3359: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3336:purpureus–oiscy. 3333: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3289: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3263: 3257: 3246: 3240: 3233: 3227: 3216: 3210: 3203: 3197: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3124: 3121: 3113: 3110: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3083:Peter Suchenwirt 3025: 3015: 2958:Traité du blason 2633: 2629: 2608: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2588: 2565: 2557: 2545: 2535: 2525: 2515: 2505: 2495: 2486:(yellow or gold) 2485: 2472: 2462: 2456: 2446: 2436: 2426: 2416: 2407: 2397: 2191: 2172: 2154:Fenwick baronets 2085:flag of Maryland 2043: 2035: 2027: 2019: 1980:two-headed eagle 1965: 1963:armes à enquérir 1959: 1956:armes à enquérir 1952:"false arms" or 1951: 1931:rule of tincture 1925:Rule of tincture 1919:Rule of tincture 1801: 1675:have a field of 1667:The arms of the 1644:A. C. Fox-Davies 1590: 1583: 1551: 1537: 1523: 1509: 1469: 1454: 1434: 1424: 1417: 1389: 1381: 1374: 1315:Canons from the 1298: 1270: 1250: 1199: 1191: 1185: 1178: 1144: 1136: 1128: 1121: 1089: 1081: 1073: 1066: 1048: 1041: 1027: 1019: 1012: 998:, or green; and 966: 958: 950: 942: 935: 917: 909: 901: 894: 812: 613: 605: 353:Bradfer-Lawrence 293: 286: 279: 265: 264: 263: 252: 125: 124: 21: 7440: 7439: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7370: 7338: 7255: 7173: 7130: 7120: 7043: 7022:Blue in culture 7018:Colour history 6993: 6912: 6886:Colour analysis 6881:Colour triangle 6835: 6792:black-and-white 6764: 6757: 6744: 6687:Colour printing 6646: 6593: 6475: 6389: 6383: 6353: 6348: 6331: 6329: 6313: 6265: 6189: 6171: 6166: 6158: 6150: 6142: 6134: 6124: 6114: 6106: 6103: 6095: 6090: 6080: 6072: 6064: 6059: 6051: 6048: 6039: 6036: 6027: 6024: 6013: 5951: 5942: 5939: 5930: 5927: 5918: 5915: 5906: 5903: 5894: 5891: 5880: 5871: 5868: 5859: 5856: 5845: 5813: 5779:Hungerford knot 5749:Cavendish/Savoy 5725: 5662: 5477: 5411: 5348: 5287: 5142: 5109: 5032: 4916: 4861: 4806: 4801: 4757: 4747: 4688: 4669: 4631: 4595: 4544: 4442: 4437: 4408: 4404: 4395: 4391: 4376: 4354: 4350: 4327: 4323: 4308: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4215: 4211: 4198: 4194: 4183: 4179: 4170: 4168: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4112:Franklyn (1968) 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4064:Franklyn (1968) 4062: 4058: 4050: 4043: 4035: 4028: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3949: 3947: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3906: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3881: 3879: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3856: 3854: 3853:on May 17, 2008 3845: 3844: 3840: 3831: 3829: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3796: 3792: 3783: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3738: 3730: 3721: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3684:Wayback Machine 3675: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646:, Denis Gerard 3642: 3638: 3626: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3597:Leonhard (1976) 3591: 3584: 3576: 3567: 3559: 3548: 3539: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3487: 3483: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3401: 3393: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3307: 3290: 3286: 3277: 3273: 3264: 3260: 3247: 3243: 3234: 3230: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3200: 3188: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3131: 3122: 3111: 3096: 3089: 3074:. The Austrian 3018:German heraldry 2998:. To designate 2903:sanguine/murrey 2823:Natural History 2819:Pliny the Elder 2692: 2609: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2578: 2566: 2555: 2549: 2383:College of Arms 2270: 2264: 2229:colour printing 2213: 2207: 2202: 2195: 2192: 2183: 2173: 2146:countercoloured 2128:Baron Alvingham 2124:Verney baronets 2112:Baron Baltimore 2104:German heraldry 1995: 1993:Counterchanging 1927: 1921: 1892: 1886: 1868: 1863: 1843: 1789: 1564: 1562:Other tinctures 1557: 1552: 1543: 1538: 1529: 1524: 1515: 1510: 1467:Sturzkrückenfeh 1406: 1400: 1363: 1357: 1309: 1245:from the Latin 1227:, a blood red, 1221: 1052:is named for a 980: 876:The metals are 874: 833:purp., pu., p. 776: 604: 439: 321: 297: 261: 259: 254: 253: 247: 240: 226: 219: 212: 205: 198: 191: 184: 177: 170: 163: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7438: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7386: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7352: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7265: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7190: 7188: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7134: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7072:Pastel colours 7064: 7063: 7062: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7003: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6935: 6933: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6902: 6901:(Schopenhauer) 6894: 6889: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6854:Primary colour 6845: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6778: 6776: 6767: 6759: 6758: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6740:Colour mapping 6737: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6665:Colour balance 6656: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6622:Kruithof curve 6619: 6614: 6609: 6603: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6584: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6494:Sonochromatism 6485: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6434: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6406: 6404: 6403:Colour physics 6397: 6395:Colour science 6391: 6390: 6382: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6359: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6279: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6261:Trophy of arms 6258: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6229: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6220:banner of arms 6212: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6156: 6148: 6140: 6132: 6122: 6112: 6100: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6078: 6069: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6046: 6034: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6009: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5961: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5937: 5925: 5913: 5901: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5866: 5853: 5851: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5804:Tristram/Bowen 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5735: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4981: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4964: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4947: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4890:Ecclesiastical 4887: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4800: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4756: 4755:External links 4753: 4752: 4751: 4745: 4719: 4700: 4686: 4673: 4667: 4654: 4635: 4629: 4607: 4593: 4580: 4567: 4548: 4542: 4525: 4503: 4481: 4462: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4418:Michael Beheim 4402: 4389: 4374: 4348: 4341:Pimbley (1908) 4331:, p. 77; 4321: 4306: 4288: 4276: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4209: 4192: 4177: 4148: 4136: 4124: 4114:, p. 21; 4092: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4041: 4026: 4012: 3998: 3984: 3970: 3956: 3931: 3913: 3888: 3863: 3838: 3813: 3790: 3765: 3753: 3736: 3719: 3700: 3688: 3664: 3652: 3636: 3630:, p. 60; 3613: 3601: 3582: 3565: 3546: 3533: 3521: 3509: 3497: 3481: 3465: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3399: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3347: 3338: 3328: 3318: 3305: 3284: 3271: 3258: 3241: 3235:Occasionally, 3228: 3211: 3198: 3182: 3169: 3160: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3127: 2869:, ruby, Mars; 2813: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2696:Heavenly body 2694: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2611: 2610: 2569: 2567: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2266:Main article: 2263: 2260: 2209:Main article: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2186: 2184: 2174: 2167: 2165: 2150:counterchanged 2011:counterchanged 1994: 1991: 1923:Main article: 1920: 1917: 1888:Main article: 1885: 1882: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1842: 1839: 1788: 1785: 1640: 1639: 1631: 1625: 1615: 1599: 1576: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1546: 1544: 1539: 1532: 1530: 1525: 1518: 1516: 1511: 1504: 1402:Main article: 1399: 1396: 1359:Main article: 1356: 1353: 1308: 1305: 1220: 1217: 1203:is from Latin 1148:is from Latin 1054:type of marten 979: 976: 873: 870: 844: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 819: 816: 813: 804: 803: 801: 799: 797: 795: 793: 791: 789: 787: 785: 783: 778: 775:Monochromatic 772: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 722: 713: 709: 708: 706: 704: 702: 700: 698: 696: 694: 692: 690: 688: 684: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 629: 628: 623: 620: 617: 603: 600: 438: 435: 363:omits purple. 320: 317: 299: 298: 296: 295: 288: 281: 273: 270: 269: 256: 255: 241: 227: 220: 213: 206: 199: 192: 185: 178: 171: 164: 157: 156: 155: 152: 151: 144: 143: 134: 133: 33: 18:Counterchanged 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7437: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7395: 7387: 7385: 7377: 7376: 7373: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7345: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7131:organisations 7127: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7067:Colourfulness 7065: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6908: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6849:Colour mixing 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6841:Colour theory 6838: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6821:Light-on-dark 6819: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6774:Colour scheme 6771: 6768: 6766: 6760: 6755: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6642:Chromotherapy 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6583: 6582:Tetrachromacy 6580: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6506:Achromatopsia 6504: 6503: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6489:Chromesthesia 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6380: 6375: 6373: 6368: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6310: 6309:Sigillography 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6141: 6139: 6133: 6130: 6123: 6120: 6113: 6111: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6047: 6044: 6035: 6032: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5938: 5935: 5926: 5923: 5914: 5911: 5902: 5899: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5867: 5864: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5679:Laurel wreath 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4820:Grant of arms 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4786: 4784: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4687:0-7137-0940-5 4683: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4668:9781843098249 4664: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4636: 4632: 4630:9780810928305 4626: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4594:9780354044936 4590: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4543:9780498066832 4539: 4534: 4533: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4406: 4399: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4375:0-691-00237-1 4371: 4367: 4362: 4361: 4352: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4273: 4268: 4266: 4258: 4253: 4247:, p. 139 4246: 4241: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4134:, p. 104 4133: 4128: 4121: 4117: 4116:Slater (2003) 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4022: 4016: 4008: 4002: 3994: 3988: 3980: 3974: 3966: 3960: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3903:on 2010-06-09 3902: 3898: 3892: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3798:Mike Oettle. 3794: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3733: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3697: 3692: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3543: 3537: 3530: 3525: 3518: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3446:, pp. 50 3445: 3440: 3433: 3432:Slater (2003) 3428: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3378: 3365: 3358: 3351: 3342: 3332: 3322: 3315: 3312:For example, 3309: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3275: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3238: 3232: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3126: 3117: 3106: 3102: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2973:Henry Spelman 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2946:materia prima 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2907:dragon's tail 2904: 2900: 2896: 2895:dragon's head 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2847:Jean Courtois 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2754:Dragon's Head 2752: 2749: 2748:Dragon's Tail 2746: 2743: 2742:Dragon's Tail 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2693:designations 2689: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2607: 2604: 2596: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2570:This section 2568: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2539: 2536:(green), and 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2269: 2259: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2097:cross bottony 2094: 2090: 2086: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2070:Saxony-Anhalt 2067: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2036: 2034: 2028: 2026: 2021:, but modern 2020: 2018: 2017:contre-changé 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1950: 1949: 1948:armes fausses 1942: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1847:Norman French 1838: 1836: 1835:Victorian era 1832: 1831:augmentations 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1794: 1784: 1782: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731:United States 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1591: 1589: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1556: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1531: 1528: 1522: 1517: 1514: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1425: 1423: 1410: 1405: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1367: 1362: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1318: 1313: 1304: 1302: 1297: 1293:, from Latin 1292: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1216: 1214: 1213:Tyrian purple 1210: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1192: 1190: 1184: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1145: 1143: 1137: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1090: 1088: 1082: 1080: 1074: 1072: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1057: 1055: 1049: 1047: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1020: 1018: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1003: 1002:, or purple. 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 975: 973: 967: 965: 959: 957: 951: 949: 943: 941: 934: 933: 932: 926: 924: 918: 916: 910: 908: 902: 900: 893: 892: 891: 885: 883: 879: 869: 867: 863: 859: 850: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 827:as., bl., b. 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 809: 806: 805: 802: 800: 798: 796: 794: 792: 790: 788: 786: 784: 782: 779: 777:designations 773: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 726: 723: 721: 717: 714: 710: 705: 701: 699: 697: 695: 693: 691: 689: 685: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 630: 627: 614: 610: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 552: 550: 549: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 487: 483: 481: 476: 475: 470: 469: 464: 463: 458: 457: 451: 443: 434: 432: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 382:, written by 381: 377: 373: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 329: 326: 316: 312: 310: 306: 294: 289: 287: 282: 280: 275: 274: 272: 271: 268: 258: 257: 251: 246: 245: 238: 237: 232: 231: 225: 224: 218: 217: 211: 210: 204: 203: 197: 196: 190: 189: 183: 182: 176: 175: 169: 168: 162: 161: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 142: 139: 136: 135: 131: 127: 126: 123: 122:in question. 121: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 97: 96: 92:(black), and 91: 90: 85: 84: 79: 78: 73: 72: 67: 66: 61: 60: 55: 51: 44: 39: 30: 19: 7241:Colour chart 7104:Fluorescence 7060:Dichromatism 6922:Colour terms 6904: 6896: 6876:Colour wheel 6871:Colour solid 6866:Chromaticity 6830: 6735:Colour space 6704:Colour model 6637:Chromophobia 6586: 6299:Phaleristics 6232:Roll of arms 6198:Applications 6110:Bleu celeste 6096:Rare colours 5822: 5789:Ormonde/Wake 5674:Fleur-de-lis 5236:Inescutcheon 5201:Crozier head 5046:Coat of arms 4933:Augmentation 4840:King of Arms 4731: 4705: 4677: 4658: 4640: 4615: 4584: 4575: 4571: 4553: 4531: 4511: 4489: 4467: 4448: 4440:Bibliography 4421: 4405: 4397: 4392: 4359: 4351: 4324: 4297: 4291: 4286:, p. 77 4279: 4252: 4240: 4216: 4212: 4200: 4199:Panckoucke, 4195: 4185:Elvin (1889) 4180: 4169:. Retrieved 4151: 4139: 4127: 4095: 4090:, p. 46 4083: 4071: 4066:, p. 68 4059: 4039:, p. 62 4015: 4001: 3987: 3973: 3959: 3948:. Retrieved 3944:the original 3934: 3926:the original 3916: 3905:. Retrieved 3901:the original 3891: 3880:. Retrieved 3876:the original 3866: 3855:. Retrieved 3851:the original 3841: 3830:. Retrieved 3826:the original 3816: 3808:the original 3803: 3793: 3782:. 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Pimbley. 3237:varry cuppy 3123: 1258 3112: 1230 3097: 1355 3090: 1320 2996:Renaissance 2990:– ppr, pp, 2930:Catabibazon 2248:table above 1841:Terminology 1829:granted as 1821:and seeded 1753:Silver gray 1628:Eisen-farbe 1100:, from the 994:, or blue; 384:Gerard Legh 349:De Heraudie 333:De Heraudie 216:Compartment 160:Escutcheon 141:achievement 7409:Categories 7261:Shades of: 7094:Brightness 6765:philosophy 6570:Afterimage 6560:Metamerism 6511:Dichromacy 6249:equestrian 6033:(mulberry) 5759:Harrington 5689:Quatrefoil 5618:Salamander 5563:Hippogriff 5521:Cockatrice 5501:Amphiptere 5473:Wolfsangel 5453:Portcullis 5365:Black swan 5319:Camelopard 5148:Ordinaries 5066:Escutcheon 5016:impalement 5011:quartering 4994:variations 4912:Attributed 4850:pursuivant 4746:0192852248 4187:, p. 4171:2022-12-11 3950:2009-04-16 3907:2009-04-16 3882:2009-04-16 3857:2009-04-16 3832:2007-08-14 3784:2009-04-16 3374:References 3076:troubadour 2981:John Ferne 2918:Anabibazon 2855:carbuncles 1677:aquamarine 1248:sanguineus 1162:Asia Minor 986:, or red; 509:, then by 128:Part of a 7111:Grayscale 7084:Lightness 7079:Luminance 6888:(fashion) 6588:The dress 6342:resources 6287:socialist 6210:Hatchment 6205:Bookplate 6185:Carnation 6172:Realistic 5985:Erminites 5823:Tinctures 5774:Hinckaert 5739:Bourchier 5593:Ouroboros 5578:Manticore 5483:Legendary 5458:Reremouse 5395:Przepaska 5324:Hind/stag 5314:Dog/hound 5123:Attitudes 5100:Supporter 5028:Societies 4989:divisions 4938:abatement 4603:852003621 4477:919809145 4430:0039-8098 4316:982288043 3205:Although 3146:Footnotes 3099:) in the 3056:gemstones 3000:carnation 2977:Aspilogia 2926:astrology 2922:astronomy 2144:The term 2066:Behnsdorf 2054:Behnsdorf 2003:variation 1773:turquoise 1757:Air Force 1720:red ochre 1635:Carnation 1622:columbine 1493:papelonné 1485:papellony 1481:papelonné 1345:papelonné 764:Blood red 687:Tincture 602:Tinctures 174:Supporter 86:(green), 50:Tinctures 7425:Heraldry 7384:Category 7366:Lighting 7089:Darkness 6909:(Goethe) 6709:additive 6697:Quattron 6294:Logotype 6237:Illyrian 6119:Brunâtre 6043:Sanguine 5980:Erminois 5948:(purple) 5841:Hatching 5836:Tricking 5799:Stafford 5699:Shamrock 5648:Woodwose 5628:Sea-lion 5598:Pantheon 5573:Lindworm 5516:Chollima 5511:Biscione 5506:Basilisk 5428:Crapaudy 5329:Kangaroo 5191:Componée 5185:Łękawica 5081:pavilion 5076:Mantling 4955:courtesy 4950:Alliance 4878:dominion 4873:National 4804:Heraldry 4729:(1990). 4715:02020303 4696:81670212 4650:08029181 4613:(1997). 4563:77094021 4532:Heraldry 4521:09023803 4509:(1909). 4499:68056481 4487:(1904). 4422:Századok 4384:39256214 4203:(1768), 4165:Archived 3778:Archived 3680:Archived 3326:colours. 3291:Arms of 3129:See also 3068:emperors 3036:sanguine 3006:sign of 2960:(1465), 2938:sanguine 2805:Sardonyx 2800:Sardonyx 2795:Amethyst 2785:Sapphire 2680:Sanguine 2617:minerals 2526:(blue), 2268:Tricking 2262:Tricking 2233:hatching 2205:Hatching 2130:(1929). 2122:(1801), 2118:(1628), 2114:(1624), 2052:Arms of 2007:ordinary 1999:division 1854:tincture 1618:Amaranth 1580:Brunâtre 1477:plumetty 1387:hermelin 1241:Sanguine 1225:sanguine 1209:porphyra 1105:lāžavard 1098:lāzaward 972:argentum 830:vt., v. 824:s., sa. 808:Tricking 781:Hatching 759:Mulberry 676:Sanguine 622:Colours 596:mantling 497:, while 396:sanguine 351:and the 309:tricking 305:hatching 195:Mantling 138:Heraldic 80:(blue), 54:heraldry 43:hatching 29:Tincture 7348:Related 7309:Magenta 7234:history 7138:Pantone 6425:Visible 6420:Rainbow 6270:Related 6138:Cendrée 6121:(brown) 5975:Ermines 5946:Purpure 5936:(green) 5912:(black) 5885:Colours 5865:(white) 5769:Heneage 5711:Thistle 5704:Trefoil 5638:Unicorn 5613:Phoenix 5608:Pegasus 5603:Panther 5588:Musimon 5583:Mermaid 5568:Lampago 5538:Enfield 5531:Chinese 5468:Serpent 5463:Scallop 5433:Dolphin 5407:Pelican 5402:Martlet 5390:Szaszor 5360:Alerion 5334:Leopard 5309:Bull/ox 5283:Saltire 5271:Roundel 5246:Lozenge 5216:Flaunch 5181:Chevron 5171:Bordure 5156:Annulet 5128:Erasure 5115:Charges 4979:Canting 4967:Cadency 4928:Armiger 4902:Burgher 4855:private 4825:History 4458:6102523 3364:jacinth 3295:, 19th 3072:planets 3060:princes 2966:virtues 2942:alchemy 2891:jacinth 2883:purpure 2810:Jacinth 2790:Emerald 2780:Diamond 2736:Mercury 2724:Jupiter 2691:Poetic 2670:Purpure 2621:animals 2516:(black) 2513:schwarz 2506:(red), 2460:pourpre 2454:purpure 2371:purpure 2029:, Ger. 1976:Albania 1765:crimson 1729:In the 1596:purpure 1572:Cendrée 1489:plumeté 1473:plumeté 1452:Buntfeh 1383:, Ger. 1379:hermine 1373:Ermine 1341:plumeté 1317:chapter 1296:tannare 1253:purpure 1205:purpura 1193:, Ger. 1189:pourpre 1183:purpure 1174:Purpure 1154:sinople 1150:viridis 1138:, Ger. 1134:sinople 1102:Persian 1083:, Ger. 1046:Schwarz 1021:, Ger. 1017:gueules 1000:purpure 978:Colours 964:silbern 862:colours 666:Purpure 619:Metals 588:purpure 576:purpure 548:Purpure 419:purpure 411:Purpure 404:purpure 95:purpure 74:(red), 7361:Qualia 7356:Vision 7304:Purple 7299:Violet 7279:Yellow 7274:Orange 7129:Colour 6969:Orange 6964:Purple 6954:Yellow 6763:Colour 6388:topics 6386:Colour 6282:Emblem 6256:Tabard 6180:Proper 6159: 6154:Orange 6151: 6143: 6135: 6127: 6125: 6117: 6115: 6107: 6104: 6083: 6081: 6076:Copper 6073: 6052: 6049: 6040: 6037: 6031:Murrey 6028: 6025: 6018:Stains 6007:Potent 5970:Ermine 5943: 5940: 5931: 5928: 5924:(blue) 5919: 5916: 5907: 5904: 5895: 5892: 5877:(gold) 5872: 5869: 5863:Argent 5860: 5857: 5850:Metals 5716:Turnip 5667:Plants 5653:Wyvern 5543:Garuda 5526:Dragon 5496:Alphyn 5292:Beasts 5276:Bezant 5231:Hamade 5221:Goutte 5176:Canton 5093:slogan 5071:Helmet 4962:Blazon 4921:Topics 4845:herald 4743: 4713: 4694: 4684: 4665: 4648: 4627: 4601: 4591: 4561: 4540: 4519: 4497: 4475: 4456: 4428: 4382: 4372: 4314: 4304: 4219:, pp. 4205:p. 556 3648:et al. 3080:herald 3058:, and 3052:barons 3050:, and 3028:Spener 3004:zodiac 2992:Ermine 2988:Proper 2979:. Sir 2940:). In 2863:argent 2761:Jewel 2718:Saturn 2675:Murrey 2640:Argent 2625:plants 2470:propre 2463:; and 2405:argent 2379:proper 2373:, and 2307:argent 2241:Jesuit 2223:, 1600 2001:line, 1890:Blazon 1877:argent 1815:proper 1810:proper 1805:proper 1799:propre 1793:proper 1787:Proper 1761:Bronze 1714:; the 1695:copper 1673:Russia 1653:argent 1584:(Ger. 1555:Kürsch 1513:Potent 1498:Kürsch 1463:(Ger. 1461:potent 1432:varius 1418:(Ger. 1369:Ermine 1355:Ermine 1349:kürsch 1347:, and 1325:Ermine 1301:livery 1261:Murrey 1229:murrey 1219:Stains 1197:Purpur 1166:Turkey 1158:Sinope 1095:Arabic 1042:(Ger. 956:Silber 936:(Ger. 931:Argent 915:golden 895:(Ger. 882:argent 872:Metals 864:, and 858:metals 754:Purple 729:Yellow 716:Silver 671:Murrey 636:Argent 626:Stains 616:Class 592:ermine 568:argent 537:, and 535:argent 511:argent 462:argent 431:stains 423:murrey 400:murrey 388:proper 378:. The 236:slogan 223:Charge 202:Helmet 130:series 108:, and 101:ermine 65:argent 7394:Index 7334:Black 7324:White 7319:Brown 7284:Green 7186:Lists 7178:Names 7160:(CIE) 6989:Brown 6984:White 6974:Black 6944:Green 6459:Water 6415:Light 6227:Badge 6146:Ochre 6055:Tenné 5922:Azure 5910:Sable 5900:(red) 5898:Gules 5794:Savoy 5754:Dacre 5744:Bowen 5731:Knots 5633:Tyger 5553:Harpy 5438:Emmet 5416:Other 5385:Eagle 5353:Birds 5241:Label 5226:Gyron 5206:Chief 5196:Cross 5138:Lines 5105:Torse 5088:Motto 5056:Crest 5001:Fraud 4984:Field 4907:Women 4895:papal 4883:civic 4866:Types 4574:[ 3224:verry 3220:varry 3207:sable 3064:kings 3048:earls 3044:dukes 3032:tenné 2934:tenné 2887:tenné 2875:azure 2871:sable 2867:gules 2770:Topaz 2765:Pearl 2730:Venus 2685:Tenné 2660:Azure 2655:Sable 2650:Gules 2636:Name 2543:braun 2493:weiss 2424:sable 2414:gules 2343:azure 2331:sable 2319:gules 2301:, or 2058:tilia 2013:(Fr. 2005:, or 1795:(Fr. 1707:Ochre 1648:white 1612:azure 1588:Braun 1487:. In 1445:vairy 1441:vairé 1375:(Fr. 1329:stoat 1290:tawny 1284:tenny 1277:Tenné 1268:morum 1233:tenné 1179:(Fr. 1122:(Fr. 1067:(Fr. 1062:Azure 1037:Sable 1013:(Fr. 1008:Gules 992:azure 988:sable 984:gules 960:, or 948:Weiss 923:aurum 911:, or 811:abbr. 769:Tawny 749:Green 739:Black 720:White 681:Tenné 656:Azure 651:Sable 646:Gules 632:Name 584:sable 564:gules 556:azure 539:sable 531:gules 523:azure 515:azure 503:gules 499:gules 495:sable 491:azure 480:azure 474:sable 456:gules 392:tawny 372:tawny 230:Motto 209:Crown 188:Torse 181:Crest 167:Field 106:stoat 89:sable 77:azure 71:gules 7329:Gray 7314:Pink 7294:Blue 7289:Cyan 6979:Grey 6959:Pink 6939:Blue 6726:CMYK 6244:Seal 6215:Flag 6162:Rose 6129:Buff 6085:Buff 6002:Vair 5990:Pean 5957:Furs 5934:Vert 5809:Wake 5784:Lacy 5694:Rose 5658:Yale 5448:Lucy 5380:Dove 5375:Crow 5370:Cock 5344:Wolf 5339:Lion 5304:Boar 5299:Bear 5266:Pile 5261:Pall 5256:Pale 5251:Orle 5211:Fess 5166:Bend 4741:ISBN 4711:LCCN 4692:LCCN 4682:ISBN 4663:ISBN 4646:LCCN 4625:ISBN 4599:OCLC 4589:ISBN 4559:LCCN 4538:ISBN 4517:LCCN 4495:LCCN 4473:OCLC 4454:OCLC 4426:ISSN 4380:OCLC 4370:ISBN 4312:OCLC 4302:ISBN 3078:and 3066:and 3034:and 3026:"). 2924:and 2879:vert 2775:Ruby 2756:, ☊ 2750:, ☋ 2744:, ☋ 2738:, ☿ 2732:, ♀ 2726:, ♃ 2720:, ♄ 2714:, ♂ 2712:Mars 2708:, ☉ 2702:, ☾ 2700:Moon 2665:Vert 2540:for 2533:grün 2523:blau 2520:for 2510:for 2500:for 2490:for 2483:gelb 2467:for 2451:for 2444:vert 2441:for 2434:bleu 2431:for 2421:for 2411:for 2402:for 2392:for 2377:for 2369:for 2367:Purp 2363:vert 2361:for 2353:and 2341:for 2329:for 2317:for 2305:for 2289:for 2239:, a 2093:bend 2083:The 1819:vert 1769:teal 1744:buff 1689:rose 1682:The 1479:and 1416:Vair 1412:Vair 1404:Vair 1398:Vair 1333:Vair 1307:Furs 1142:Grün 1126:vert 1117:Vert 1087:Blau 1079:bleu 1071:azur 996:vert 940:Weiß 907:Gold 899:Gelb 880:and 866:furs 821:gu. 815:ar. 744:Blue 725:Gold 661:Vert 609:furs 582:and 572:vert 566:and 558:and 543:vert 519:vert 513:and 486:Vert 465:and 233:(or 111:vair 83:vert 7269:Red 7055:Hue 6949:Red 6714:RGB 6277:Mon 5684:Oak 5443:Ged 5423:Bee 5161:Bar 4366:110 4233:318 4229:239 4225:238 4221:202 3222:or 3016:). 3008:Leo 2920:in 2913:). 2901:); 2821:'s 2706:Sun 2583:by 2518:, B 2503:rot 2488:, W 2457:or 2409:, G 2357:); 2337:or 2325:or 2313:or 2303:arg 2285:or 2037:or 1771:or 1671:in 1620:or 1606:or 1483:or 1475:or 1443:or 1422:Feh 1287:or 1281:or 1186:or 1160:in 1130:or 1075:or 1025:Rot 842:♌︎ 839:♌︎ 836:m. 818:o. 734:Red 590:or 425:. 398:or 7411:: 5875:Or 4739:. 4725:; 4690:. 4619:. 4597:. 4378:. 4368:. 4343:, 4339:; 4335:, 4310:. 4264:^ 4231:, 4227:, 4223:, 4189:35 4163:. 4159:. 4044:^ 4029:^ 3802:. 3739:^ 3722:^ 3703:^ 3667:^ 3616:^ 3585:^ 3568:^ 3549:^ 3451:^ 3402:^ 3381:^ 3299:: 3120:c. 3109:c. 3094:c. 3087:c. 3062:, 3046:, 2893:, 2889:, 2859:or 2645:Or 2623:, 2619:, 2538:Br 2528:Gr 2473:. 2465:Pr 2447:, 2437:, 2427:, 2417:, 2398:, 2395:or 2375:Pr 2365:, 2359:Vt 2355:az 2351:ar 2335:Az 2333:; 2327:sa 2321:; 2315:gu 2309:, 2299:ar 2297:, 2293:; 2291:or 2287:or 2179:: 2141:. 2068:, 1933:: 1896:or 1873:or 1825:. 1823:or 1759:. 1751:. 1726:. 1702:. 1679:. 1658:or 1343:, 1303:. 952:, 944:, 903:, 890:Or 878:or 868:. 860:, 641:Or 611:) 580:or 560:or 533:, 527:or 507:or 468:or 406:. 132:on 59:or 6378:e 6371:t 6364:v 5187:) 5183:( 4796:e 4789:t 4782:v 4749:. 4698:. 4671:. 4633:. 4605:. 4546:. 4501:. 4432:. 4386:. 4318:. 4235:. 4207:. 4174:. 3953:. 3910:. 3885:. 3860:. 3835:. 3787:. 3360:" 3354:" 3316:. 3303:. 3282:. 3269:. 3256:. 3239:. 3226:. 3180:. 3118:( 3107:( 3085:( 2909:( 2897:( 2606:) 2600:( 2595:) 2591:( 2577:. 2508:S 2498:R 2478:G 2449:P 2439:V 2429:B 2419:S 2400:A 2390:O 2347:B 2345:( 2339:B 2323:S 2311:G 2295:A 2283:O 1614:; 1598:; 1592:) 1426:) 1391:) 1201:) 1164:( 1146:) 1091:) 1050:) 1029:) 968:) 919:) 727:/ 718:/ 482:. 292:e 285:t 278:v 239:) 31:. 20:)

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