642:; reproductive and developmental toxicity. Recent work has demonstrated that certain food additives such as carboxymethylcellulose may cause encroachment of microbes from the gastrointestinal tract into the protective mucus layer that lines the intestines. Additional preclinical work suggests that emulsifiers may disrupt the gut microbiome, cause or exacerbate inflammation, and increase intestinal permeability. Other food additives in processed foods, such as xanthan gum, have also been shown to influence the ecology of human gut microbiomes and may play a role in the divergence of gut microbiomes in industrialized societies as compared to pre-industrialized societies. Although still controversial, some scientists hypothesize that these changes to human gut microbiomes may be a contributing factor to the rise in chronic inflammatory diseases in industrialized populations.
680:
food additive to be approved in the U.S., a food additive approval petition (FAP) must be submitted to the FDA. The identity of the ingredient, the proposed use in the food system, the technical effect of the ingredient, a method of analysis for the ingredient in foods, information on the manufacturing process, and full safety reports must be defined in a FAP. For FDA approval of a FAP, the FDA evaluates the chemical composition of the ingredient, the quantities that would be typically consumed, acute and chronic health impacts, and other safety factors. The FDA reviews the petition prior to market approval of the additive.
31:
3172:
3196:
3184:
703:
1415:
Chassaing, Benoit; Compher, Charlene; Bonhomme, Brittaney; Liu, Qing; Tian, Yuan; Walters, William; Nessel, Lisa; Delaroque, Clara; Hao, Fuhua; Gershuni, Victoria; Chau, Lillian; Ni, Josephine; Bewtra, Meenakshi; Albenberg, Lindsey; Bretin, Alexis; McKeever, Liam; Ley, Ruth E.; Patterson, Andrew D.;
1578:
Ostrowski, Matthew P.; La Rosa, Sabina Leanti; Kunath, Benoit J.; Robertson, Andrew; Pereira, Gabriel; Hagen, Live H.; Varghese, Neha J.; Qiu, Ling; Yao, Tianming; Flint, Gabrielle; Li, James; McDonald, Sean P.; Buttner, Duna; Pudlo, Nicholas A.; Schnizlein, Matthew K.; Young, Vincent B.; Brumer,
679:
The United States Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) defines a food additive as "any substance the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result directly or indirectly in its becoming a component or otherwise affecting the characteristics of any food". In order for a novel
1579:
Harry; Schmidt, Thomas M.; Terrapon, Nicolas; Lombard, Vincent; Henrissat, Bernard; Hamaker, Bruce; Eloe-Fadrosh, Emiley A.; Tripathi, Ashootosh; Pope, Phillip B.; Martens, Eric C. (April 2022). "Mechanistic insights into consumption of the food additive xanthan gum by the human gut microbiota".
581:
published an official shoppers' guidance with which the concerns of food additives and their labeling are mediated. In the EU it can take 10 years or more to obtain approval for a new food additive. This includes five years of safety testing, followed by two years for evaluation by the
100:
in the second half of the twentieth century, many additives have been introduced, of both natural and artificial origin. Food additives also include substances that may be introduced to food indirectly (called "indirect additives") in the manufacturing process, through
1304:
McCann, D; Barrett, A; Cooper, A; Crumpler, D; Dalen, L; Grimshaw, K; Kitchin, E; Lok, K; et al. (2007). "Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial".
670:
to foods such as flour, cereal, margarine and milk which normally would not retain such high levels. Added ingredients, such as air, bacteria, fungi, and yeast, also contribute manufacturing and flavor qualities, and reduce spoilage.
597:
There has been significant controversy associated with the risks and benefits of food additives. Natural additives may be similarly harmful or be the cause of allergic reactions in certain individuals. For example,
146:. Since 1987, Australia has had an approved system of labelling for additives in packaged foods. Each food additive has to be named or numbered. The numbers are the same as in Europe, but without the prefix "E".
2982:
542:, the urgent need for cheap, available food preservatives led to it being used again, but it was finally banned in the 1950s. Such cases led to a general mistrust of food additives, and an application of the
1818:
634:
In 2012, the EFSA proposed the tier approach to evaluate the potential toxicity of food additives. It is based on four dimensions: toxicokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion);
182:
Food additives can be divided into several groups, although there is some overlap because some additives exert more than one effect. For example, salt is both a preservative as well as a flavor.
574:, led to the retention of saccharin, despite its violation of the Delaney clause. However, in 2000, saccharin was found to be carcinogenic in rats due only to their unique urine chemistry.
570:
at the time, was found to cause cancer in rats. Widespread public outcry in the United States, partly communicated to
Congress by postage-paid postcards supplied in the packaging of
517:(PFCs) are indirect additives used in manufacturing or packaging. In July 2018 the American Academy of Pediatrics called for more careful study of those three substances, along with
931:
1347:
Amchova, Petra; Kotolova, Hana; Ruda-Kucerova, Jana "Health safety issues of synthetic food colorants" Regulatory
Toxicology and Pharmacology (2015), 73(3), 914-922.
1675:
Weaver, Connie M; Dwyer, Johanna; Fulgoni, Victor L; King, Janet C; Leveille, Gilbert A; MacDonald, Ruth S; Ordovas, Jose; Schnakenberg, David (23 April 2014).
1732:
594:
officers (in the UK) protect the public from any illegal use or potentially dangerous mis-use of food additives by performing random testing of food products.
1192:
1122:
Whysner, J.; Williams, GM. (1996). "Saccharin mechanistic data and risk assessment: urine composition, enhanced cell proliferation, and tumor promotion".
56:
or enhance taste, appearance, or other sensory qualities. Some additives have been used for centuries as part of an effort to preserve food, for example
530:
With the increasing use of processed foods since the 19th century, food additives are more widely used. Many countries regulate their use. For example,
2977:
606:
until it was shown to be carcinogenic. Due to the application of the
Delaney clause, it may not be added to foods, even though it occurs naturally in
2967:
1157:
Dybing, E. (December 2002). "Development and implementation of the IPCS conceptual framework for evaluating mode of action of chemical carcinogens".
130:
E numbers are all prefixed by "E", but countries outside Europe use only the number, whether the additive is approved in Europe or not. For example,
546:
led to the conclusion that only additives that are known to be safe should be used in foods. In the United States, this led to the adoption of the
1418:"Randomized Controlled-Feeding Study of Dietary Emulsifier Carboxymethylcellulose Reveals Detrimental Impacts on the Gut Microbiota and Metabolome"
762:
1539:
590:. Apart from testing and analyzing food products during the whole production process to ensure safety and compliance with regulatory standards,
1842:
688:
1632:
Sonnenburg, Erica D.; Sonnenburg, Justin L. (June 2019). "The ancestral and industrialized gut microbiota and implications for human health".
1473:
Chassaing, Benoit; Koren, Omry; Goodrich, Julia K.; Poole, Angela C.; Srinivasan, Shanthi; Ley, Ruth E.; Gewirtz, Andrew T. (5 March 2015).
3017:
836:
772:
1954:
1846:
3050:
3022:
2062:
1758:
1917:
3027:
2343:
348:
are additives that give food a particular taste or smell, and may be derived from natural ingredients or created artificially.
3085:
2992:
1819:"Guidance for Industry: Recommendations for Submission of Chemical and Technological Data for Direct Food Additive Petitions"
3075:
1188:
578:
551:
1926:
3032:
2596:
2184:
2100:
1907:
3090:
2616:
2199:
1796:
1288:
1106:
969:
777:
408:
allows for package integrity testing to prevent foods from being exposed to atmosphere, thus guaranteeing shelf life.
134:
is written as E260 on products sold in Europe, but is simply known as additive 260 in some countries. Additive 103,
3227:
1193:"Choosing the Right Stuff - the official shoppers' guide to food additives and labels, kilojoules and fat content"
2733:
2361:
2338:
1253:
858:
586:(EFSA) and another three years before the additive receives an EU-wide approval for use in every country in the
3188:
3007:
2957:
2769:
2666:
2427:
2328:
2241:
1196:
782:
583:
17:
898:
3200:
2840:
2611:
2705:
2432:
1947:
154:
150:
986:
2852:
2745:
2656:
2469:
2457:
2366:
2055:
162:
2922:
2847:
2752:
2288:
1895:
691:
has published a series of standards regarding the topic and these standards are covered by ICS 67.220.
450:
for example) give foods a firmer texture. While they are not true emulsifiers, they help to stabilize
158:
127:
Commission to internationally identify all additives, regardless of whether they are approved for use.
113:
To regulate these additives and inform consumers, each additive is assigned a unique number called an "
3044:
3039:
2907:
2606:
2313:
2271:
2235:
2142:
1364:
Vettorazzi, Ariane; LĂłpez De Cerain, Adela; Sanz-Serrano, Julen; Gil, Ana G.; Azqueta, Amaya (2020).
138:, is not approved for use in Europe so does not have an E number, although it is approved for use in
881:
2882:
2581:
2293:
2189:
1890:
802:
3222:
3153:
3080:
2912:
1940:
543:
514:
287:
are added to food to replace colors lost during preparation or to make food look more attractive.
1003:
961:
3176:
3148:
2927:
2651:
2137:
2048:
767:
435:
311:
170:
1880:
Advanced
Modular Science, Nelson, Food and Health, by John Adds, Erica Larkcom and Ruth Miller
1475:"Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome"
3232:
3133:
2917:
2452:
2353:
2246:
2095:
717:
370:
97:
1280:
1272:
1235:
1218:
121:
for all approved additives. This numbering scheme has now been adopted and extended by the
3108:
2892:
2757:
2723:
2671:
2496:
2491:
2437:
2393:
2283:
2221:
2110:
2105:
1994:
1486:
737:
567:
361:
8:
3118:
3113:
2887:
2686:
2676:
2511:
2120:
1366:"European Regulatory Framework and Safety Assessment of Food-Related Bioactive Compounds"
837:"Food Additives & Ingredients - Overview of Food Ingredients, Additives & Colors"
534:
was widely used as a food preservative from the 1870s to the 1920s, but was banned after
1490:
2740:
2323:
2172:
2014:
2004:
1709:
1676:
1657:
1614:
1507:
1474:
1455:
1442:
1417:
1392:
1365:
1330:
1075:
1042:
954:
812:
787:
742:
727:
667:
655:
571:
351:*In EU, flavorings do not have an E-code and they are not considered as food additives.
301:
297:
123:
1318:
1166:
882:"Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food Additives.food additives"
2902:
2897:
2825:
2774:
2548:
2528:
2516:
2476:
2447:
2415:
2333:
2226:
2194:
2090:
1792:
1714:
1696:
1661:
1649:
1618:
1606:
1531:
1512:
1459:
1447:
1397:
1322:
1284:
1170:
1139:
1135:
1102:
1080:
1062:
1023:
1019:
965:
591:
476:
222:
73:
1334:
3067:
2820:
2779:
2591:
2566:
2378:
2308:
2152:
1784:
1704:
1688:
1641:
1596:
1588:
1560:
1552:
1523:
1502:
1494:
1437:
1429:
1387:
1377:
1348:
1314:
1162:
1131:
1070:
1054:
1015:
915:
807:
757:
559:
493:
460:
235:
1273:
3128:
2830:
2633:
2626:
2561:
2501:
2383:
2373:
2303:
2276:
2261:
2216:
2206:
2157:
1922:
1433:
752:
622:
Periodically, concerns have been expressed about a linkage between additives and
447:
364:. Some flavor enhancers have their own flavors that are independent of the food.
81:
1352:
2815:
2601:
2538:
2523:
2506:
2464:
2266:
2147:
1963:
1592:
797:
722:
659:
587:
547:
320:
102:
65:
1776:
1645:
910:
Erich LĂĽck and Gert-Wolfhard von Rymon
Lipinski "Foods, 3. Food Additives" in
3216:
3123:
3002:
2784:
2661:
2621:
2586:
2576:
2556:
2298:
2256:
2231:
2179:
2167:
2162:
2071:
1984:
1900:
1788:
1700:
1066:
932:"Press release: Some Common Food Additives May Pose Health Risks to Children"
919:
747:
651:
639:
623:
480:
426:
387:
284:
201:
1692:
1099:
Assessment of technologies for determining cancer risks from the environment
3143:
2571:
2420:
2410:
2388:
2318:
2211:
2125:
1979:
1718:
1653:
1610:
1535:
1516:
1451:
1401:
1326:
1174:
635:
539:
414:
278:
are additives that increase the bulk of a food without affecting its taste.
209:
41:– powder, two different concentration liquids, granular and powder lecithin
1841:
1143:
1027:
30:
3138:
2835:
2533:
2442:
2405:
1601:
1084:
708:
558:
substances may be used as food additives. However, after the banning of
538:
due to its toxicity, as demonstrated in animal and human studies. During
535:
468:
253:
213:
197:
143:
131:
1549:
has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace
1527:
1498:
1363:
1058:
2764:
2486:
1911:
1382:
792:
555:
531:
510:
506:
405:
328:
205:
35:
2862:
2681:
2251:
2132:
1999:
607:
603:
563:
497:
396:
357:
345:
332:
257:
189:
139:
1187:
2728:
2481:
2115:
2085:
732:
518:
484:
451:
422:
324:
247:
reduce or prevent foaming in foods. Foaming agents do the reverse.
244:
135:
114:
61:
38:
521:
and food coloring, as they might harm children during development.
2400:
2024:
2019:
1932:
1546:
1101:. Darby, Pennsylvania, USA: DIANE publishing. 1981. p. 177.
663:
599:
472:
293:
193:
57:
2040:
2695:
1989:
1577:
1416:
Wu, Gary D.; Gewirtz, Andrew T.; Lewis, James D. (March 2022).
443:
418:
378:
275:
261:
118:
956:
Nutrition applied to injury rehabilitation and sports medicine
496:
are substances which, when added to the mixture, increase its
2857:
2029:
2009:
611:
464:
374:
89:
85:
77:
69:
53:
1817:
Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and
Applied (2021-09-17).
1757:
Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and
Applied (2020-02-20).
702:
2983:
Committee on the
Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
2789:
1472:
1414:
1303:
439:
336:
260:
are preservatives by inhibiting the degradation of food by
93:
49:
683:
390:
provide a shiny appearance or protective coating to foods.
638:; subchronic (at least 90 data) and chronic toxicity and
475:) low, or because they have beneficial effects regarding
360:
enhance a food's existing flavors. A popular example is
238:
keep powders such as milk powder from caking or sticking.
463:
are added to foods for flavoring. Sweeteners other than
229:
of foods for stability or to affect activity of enzymes.
1874:
Boca Raton, Florida: C.K. Smoley (c/o CRC Press, Inc.).
226:
1759:"Overview of Food Ingredients, Additives & Colors"
1674:
1908:
Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS)
500:
without substantially modifying its other properties.
192:
confer sour or acid taste. Common acidulants include
84:), etc. This allows for longer-lasting foods such as
1733:"Food processing: The advantages of processed foods"
1631:
698:
626:, however "no clear evidence of ADHD was provided".
323:
allow water and oils to remain mixed together in an
1735:. The European Food Information Council. 1 May 2010
953:
839:. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
161:number and FDA regulation under the United States
1251:
984:
3214:
1270:
763:Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
674:
1847:"67.220: Spices and condiments. Food additives"
1121:
1872:Everything Added to Food in the United States.
1843:International Organization for Standardization
912:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
879:
2056:
1948:
1677:"Processed foods: contributions to nutrition"
831:
829:
314:are used to preserve a food's existing color.
1115:
1870:U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (1991).
1783:, CRC Press, pp. 596–601, 2003-11-25,
1150:
951:
417:prevent or inhibit spoilage of food due to
157:" (GRAS); they are listed under both their
3018:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2063:
2049:
1955:
1941:
826:
773:List of food additives, Codex Alimentarius
562:in the United States and Britain in 1969,
2978:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
2968:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
1816:
1756:
1708:
1600:
1506:
1441:
1391:
1381:
1279:. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker. pp.
1254:"The Truth About 7 Common Food Additives"
1074:
947:
945:
525:
29:
3023:Health departments in the United States
1001:
901:", Food and Drug Administration website
684:Standardization of its derived products
14:
3215:
3028:Council on Education for Public Health
1681:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1668:
1563:|...|checked=yes}}
1252:Martin Downs, MPH (17 December 2008).
1156:
1040:
904:
859:"Food Ingredients and Packaging Terms"
438:, thickeners and gelling agents, like
3086:Professional degrees of public health
2993:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
2044:
1936:
1877:The Food Labelling Regulations (1984)
1864:
1781:The CRC Master Keyword Guide for Food
1752:
1750:
1725:
942:
173:for a complete list of all the names.
3183:
3076:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
1835:
1189:Food Standards Australia New Zealand
1181:
579:Food Standards Australia New Zealand
552:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
3195:
2344:Workers' right to access the toilet
2185:Human right to water and sanitation
377:to improve its color or its use in
24:
1962:
1777:"PART 171—FOOD ADDITIVE PETITIONS"
1747:
1239:www.understandingfoodadditives.org
1222:www.understandingfoodadditives.org
960:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp.
105:, or during storage or transport.
25:
3244:
2617:Commercial determinants of health
2070:
1884:
1823:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1047:Environmental Health Perspectives
778:List of food labeling regulations
645:
304:to increase the nutritional value
3194:
3182:
3171:
3170:
2200:National public health institute
1918:EU legislation on food additives
1891:WHO fact sheet on food additives
701:
617:
2597:Open-source healthcare software
2339:Sociology of health and illness
1810:
1769:
1625:
1571:
1466:
1408:
1357:
1341:
1297:
1264:
1245:
1228:
1211:
1091:
1034:
985:Rev. Lyman Abbott, ed. (1900).
2958:Caribbean Public Health Agency
2770:Sexually transmitted infection
2667:Statistical hypothesis testing
2428:Occupational safety and health
2329:Sexual and reproductive health
2242:Occupational safety and health
2015:"Minerals" (Chemical elements)
1923:CSPI's guide to food additives
1043:"Carcinogenicity of saccharin"
995:
978:
936:American Academy of Pediatrics
924:
891:
873:
851:
783:List of phytochemicals in food
584:European Food Safety Authority
399:prevent foods from drying out.
241:Antifoaming and foaming agents
13:
1:
2612:Social determinants of health
1319:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61306-3
1167:10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00266-4
914:, 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
819:
675:Approval in the United States
225:are used for controlling the
177:
2672:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
2433:Human factors and ergonomics
1434:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.11.006
1136:10.1016/0163-7258(96)00069-1
1020:10.1016/0091-7435(73)90016-9
650:A subset of food additives,
155:generally recognized as safe
153:(FDA) lists these items as "
151:Food and Drug Administration
108:
7:
2853:Good manufacturing practice
2657:Randomized controlled trial
1634:Nature Reviews Microbiology
1353:10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.09.026
1041:Reuber, M D (August 1978).
694:
629:
566:, the only remaining legal
163:Code of Federal Regulations
10:
3249:
2923:Theory of planned behavior
2848:Good agricultural practice
2753:Public health surveillance
2645:epidemiological statistics
2289:Public health intervention
1896:Food Trade's Juicy Secrets
1593:10.1038/s41564-022-01093-0
991:. Outlook Co. p. 403.
310:In contrast to colorings,
159:Chemical Abstracts Service
3166:
3101:
3060:
3045:World Toilet Organization
3040:World Health Organization
2947:
2936:
2873:
2798:
2714:
2642:
2607:Public health informatics
2547:
2352:
2314:Right to rest and leisure
2143:Globalization and disease
2078:
1970:
1646:10.1038/s41579-019-0191-8
1271:Fennema, Owen R. (1996).
1002:Epstein, S (March 1973).
554:of 1938, stating that no
3091:Schools of public health
2883:Diffusion of innovations
2582:Health impact assessment
2294:Public health laboratory
2190:Management of depression
1789:10.1201/9780203504529-50
920:10.1002/14356007.a11_561
515:perfluoroalkyl chemicals
48:are substances added to
27:Substances added to food
3228:European Union food law
3154:Social hygiene movement
3081:Doctor of Public Health
2913:Social cognitive theory
2715:Infectious and epidemic
2497:Fecal–oral transmission
1693:10.3945/ajcn.114.089284
1004:"The Delaney Amendment"
544:precautionary principle
274:Bulking agents such as
34:The different forms of
3149:Germ theory of disease
2928:Transtheoretical model
861:. FDA. January 4, 2018
768:List of food additives
550:, an amendment to the
467:are added to keep the
371:Flour treatment agents
367:Flour treatment agents
312:color retention agents
307:Color retention agents
171:list of food additives
42:
3033:Public Health Service
2918:Social norms approach
2908:PRECEDE–PROCEED model
2354:Preventive healthcare
2247:Pharmaceutical policy
2096:Chief Medical Officer
1995:Essential fatty acids
1555:|...}}
988:The Outlook (Vol. 65)
718:Color retention agent
572:sweetened soft drinks
526:Safety and regulation
98:ultra-processed foods
96:. With the advent of
33:
3109:Sara Josephine Baker
3008:Public Health Agency
2893:Health communication
2758:Disease surveillance
2724:Asymptomatic carrier
2706:Statistical software
2394:Preventive nutrition
2222:Medical anthropology
2111:Environmental health
952:Bucci, Luke (1995).
880:Codex Alimentarius.
738:Food Chemicals Codex
568:artificial sweetener
362:monosodium glutamate
117:", which is used in
3119:Carl Rogers Darnall
3114:Samuel Jay Crumbine
2888:Health belief model
2741:Notifiable diseases
2677:Regression analysis
2512:Waterborne diseases
2101:Cultural competence
1581:Nature Microbiology
1528:10.1038/nature18000
1499:10.1038/nature14232
1491:2015Natur.519...92C
1059:10.1289/ehp.7825173
1008:Preventive Medicine
658:processes preserve
602:was used to flavor
302:dietary supplements
2717:disease prevention
2652:Case–control study
2324:Security of person
2173:Health care reform
1865:Additional sources
1383:10.3390/nu12030613
1161:. 181–182: 121–5.
813:Wine preservatives
788:Organic fertilizer
743:Food fortification
728:Dietary supplement
656:food fortification
335:, and homogenized
245:Antifoaming agents
223:Acidity regulators
219:Acidity regulators
149:The United States
124:Codex Alimentarius
43:
3210:
3209:
3162:
3161:
3072:Higher education
2903:Positive deviance
2898:Health psychology
2874:Health behavioral
2801:safety management
2775:Social distancing
2549:Population health
2529:Smoking cessation
2477:Pharmacovigilance
2448:Injury prevention
2416:Infection control
2334:Social psychology
2284:Prisoners' rights
2227:Medical sociology
2195:Public health law
2091:Biological hazard
2038:
2037:
592:Trading Standards
494:Thickening agents
477:diabetes mellitus
290:Fortifying agents
236:Anticaking agents
232:Anticaking agents
16:(Redirected from
3240:
3198:
3197:
3186:
3185:
3174:
3173:
3068:Health education
2945:
2944:
2799:Food hygiene and
2780:Tropical disease
2592:Infant mortality
2567:Community health
2443:Controlled Drugs
2379:Health promotion
2309:Right to housing
2153:Health economics
2065:
2058:
2051:
2042:
2041:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1687:(6): 1525–1542.
1672:
1666:
1665:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1604:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1541:Retraction Watch
1520:
1510:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1445:
1422:Gastroenterology
1412:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1385:
1361:
1355:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1313:(9598): 1560–7.
1301:
1295:
1294:
1278:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1195:. Archived from
1185:
1179:
1178:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1038:
1032:
1031:
999:
993:
992:
982:
976:
975:
959:
949:
940:
939:
938:. July 23, 2018.
928:
922:
908:
902:
895:
889:
888:
886:
877:
871:
870:
868:
866:
855:
849:
848:
846:
844:
833:
808:Sugar substitute
758:Food supplements
711:
706:
705:
358:Flavor enhancers
354:Flavor enhancers
21:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3158:
3129:Margaret Sanger
3097:
3056:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2875:
2869:
2841:Safety scandals
2800:
2794:
2716:
2710:
2644:
2638:
2634:Social medicine
2627:Race and health
2562:Child mortality
2543:
2502:Open defecation
2384:Human nutrition
2374:Family planning
2362:Behavior change
2348:
2304:Right to health
2217:Maternal health
2207:Health politics
2158:Health literacy
2074:
2069:
2039:
2034:
1966:
1961:
1887:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1755:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1673:
1669:
1630:
1626:
1576:
1572:
1558:
1550:
1544:
1522:(Erratum:
1521:
1485:(7541): 92–96.
1471:
1467:
1413:
1409:
1362:
1358:
1346:
1342:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1269:
1265:
1250:
1246:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1186:
1182:
1155:
1151:
1130:(1–2): 225–52.
1120:
1116:
1109:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1039:
1035:
1000:
996:
983:
979:
972:
950:
943:
930:
929:
925:
909:
905:
896:
892:
884:
878:
874:
864:
862:
857:
856:
852:
842:
840:
835:
834:
827:
822:
817:
753:Food processing
707:
700:
697:
686:
677:
648:
632:
620:
528:
180:
111:
82:crystallization
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3246:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3223:Food additives
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2951:
2949:
2942:
2937:Organizations,
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2643:Biological and
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2609:
2604:
2602:Multimorbidity
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2539:Vector control
2536:
2531:
2526:
2524:School hygiene
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2507:Sanitary sewer
2504:
2499:
2494:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2465:Patient safety
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2148:Harm reduction
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1964:Food chemistry
1960:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1915:
1905:
1893:
1886:
1885:External links
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1834:
1809:
1797:
1768:
1746:
1724:
1667:
1640:(6): 383–390.
1624:
1587:(4): 556–569.
1570:
1465:
1428:(3): 743–756.
1407:
1356:
1340:
1296:
1289:
1275:Food chemistry
1263:
1244:
1227:
1210:
1199:on 14 May 2009
1180:
1149:
1124:Pharmacol Ther
1114:
1107:
1090:
1033:
1014:(1): 140–149.
994:
977:
970:
941:
923:
903:
899:Food Additives
890:
872:
850:
824:
823:
821:
818:
816:
815:
810:
805:
800:
798:Processing aid
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
723:Delaney clause
720:
714:
713:
712:
696:
693:
685:
682:
676:
673:
660:nutrient value
652:micronutrients
647:
646:Micronutrients
644:
631:
628:
619:
616:
588:European Union
548:Delaney clause
527:
524:
523:
522:
504:
501:
491:
488:
458:
455:
433:
430:
427:microorganisms
412:
409:
403:
400:
394:
391:
388:Glazing agents
385:
384:Glazing agents
382:
368:
365:
355:
352:
349:
343:
340:
318:
315:
308:
305:
291:
288:
282:
279:
272:
271:Bulking agents
266:
265:
251:
248:
242:
239:
233:
230:
220:
217:
187:
179:
176:
175:
174:
110:
107:
46:Food additives
26:
18:Food additives
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3245:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3203:
3202:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Joseph Lister
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:Health Canada
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:Organizations
2946:
2943:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:Vaccine trial
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Relative risk
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:Health equity
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:Health system
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:Global health
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:Biostatistics
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Right to food
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2232:Mental health
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Housing First
2178:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:Health system
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:Health policy
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:Public health
2066:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Fortification
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Carbohydrates
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:Daily Express
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1800:
1798:9780429211027
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1602:11250/3003739
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1290:0-8247-9691-8
1286:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1108:1-4289-2437-X
1104:
1100:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
990:
989:
981:
973:
971:0-8493-7913-X
967:
963:
958:
957:
948:
946:
937:
933:
927:
921:
917:
913:
907:
900:
894:
883:
876:
860:
854:
838:
832:
830:
825:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
748:Food industry
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
710:
704:
699:
692:
690:
681:
672:
669:
665:
662:by providing
661:
657:
653:
643:
641:
640:carcinogenity
637:
627:
625:
624:hyperactivity
618:Hyperactivity
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
595:
593:
589:
585:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
520:
516:
512:
508:
505:
502:
499:
495:
492:
489:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
459:
456:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:Preservatives
413:
411:Preservatives
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
376:
373:are added to
372:
369:
366:
363:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
316:
313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
281:Food coloring
280:
277:
273:
270:
269:
268:
263:
259:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
224:
221:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:tartaric acid
199:
195:
191:
188:
185:
184:
183:
172:
168:
167:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
125:
120:
116:
106:
104:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
40:
37:
32:
19:
3233:Food science
3199:
3187:
3175:
3144:Radium Girls
3139:Typhoid Mary
2826:Microbiology
2810:
2696:
2688:
2572:Epidemiology
2470:Organization
2421:Oral hygiene
2411:Hand washing
2389:Healthy diet
2319:Right to sit
2212:Labor rights
1974:
1899:
1871:
1850:. Retrieved
1837:
1826:. Retrieved
1822:
1812:
1802:, retrieved
1780:
1771:
1762:
1737:. Retrieved
1727:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1559:{{
1551:{{
1540:
1538:,
1482:
1478:
1468:
1425:
1421:
1410:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1343:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1274:
1266:
1257:
1247:
1238:
1236:"Loading..."
1230:
1221:
1219:"Loading..."
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1197:the original
1183:
1158:
1152:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1098:
1093:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1011:
1007:
997:
987:
980:
955:
935:
926:
911:
906:
893:
875:
863:. Retrieved
853:
841:. Retrieved
687:
678:
649:
636:genotoxicity
633:
621:
596:
576:
556:carcinogenic
540:World War II
529:
267:
254:Antioxidants
250:Antioxidants
210:fumaric acid
181:
148:
129:
122:
112:
52:to preserve
45:
44:
3201:WikiProject
2941:and history
2821:Engineering
2534:Vaccination
2406:Food safety
1053:: 173–200.
865:9 September
709:Food portal
536:World War I
481:tooth decay
469:food energy
436:Stabilizers
432:Stabilizers
342:Flavorings*
321:Emulsifiers
317:Emulsifiers
214:lactic acid
198:citric acid
144:New Zealand
132:acetic acid
3217:Categories
2954:Caribbean
2831:Processing
2765:Quarantine
2687:Student's
2487:Sanitation
2121:History of
1912:Castor oil
1828:2021-09-29
1804:2021-10-13
1376:(3): 613.
1159:Toxicology
897:See also "
820:References
793:Pink slime
610:and sweet
560:cyclamates
532:boric acid
511:phthalates
507:Bisphenols
490:Thickeners
461:Sweeteners
457:Sweeteners
425:and other
406:Tracer gas
402:Tracer gas
397:Humectants
393:Humectants
346:Flavorings
329:mayonnaise
206:malic acid
190:Acidulants
186:Acidulants
178:Categories
36:emulsifier
3134:John Snow
3061:Education
3051:Full list
2939:education
2863:ISO 22000
2816:Chemistry
2729:Epidemics
2682:ROC curve
2492:Emergency
2272:Radiation
2252:Pollution
2236:Ministers
2133:Euthenics
1975:Additives
1701:0002-9165
1662:153314897
1619:247866305
1545:. If the
1460:244050800
1370:Nutrients
1067:0091-6765
654:added in
608:sassafras
604:root beer
577:In 2007,
564:saccharin
503:Packaging
498:viscosity
452:emulsions
446:(used in
333:ice cream
285:Colorings
258:vitamin C
140:Australia
109:Numbering
103:packaging
64:), salt (
3177:Category
2876:sciences
2811:Additive
2482:Safe sex
2453:Medicine
2367:Theories
2138:Genomics
2116:Eugenics
2106:Deviance
2086:Auxology
2025:Vitamins
2020:Proteins
1985:Coloring
1852:23 April
1739:5 August
1719:24760975
1654:31089293
1611:35365790
1536:27144359
1517:25731162
1452:34774538
1402:32110982
1335:10654579
1327:17825405
1191:(2007).
1175:12505296
843:11 April
733:E number
695:See also
668:minerals
664:vitamins
630:Toxicity
519:nitrates
485:diarrhea
473:calories
423:bacteria
327:, as in
325:emulsion
298:minerals
294:Vitamins
256:such as
136:alkannin
115:E number
62:pickling
39:lecithin
3189:Commons
3102:History
2999:Canada
2974:Europe
2458:Nursing
2438:Hygiene
2401:Hygiene
2126:Liberal
2079:General
2000:Flavors
1990:Enzymes
1710:6410904
1561:erratum
1553:erratum
1547:erratum
1508:4910713
1487:Bibcode
1443:9639366
1393:7146632
1144:8910956
1076:1637197
1028:4803324
803:Smoking
600:safrole
194:vinegar
74:smoking
66:salting
58:vinegar
2989:India
2964:China
2836:Safety
2517:Worker
2010:Lipids
1914:, etc.
1904:, 2007
1795:
1717:
1707:
1699:
1660:
1652:
1617:
1609:
1534:
1530:,
1515:
1505:
1479:Nature
1458:
1450:
1440:
1400:
1390:
1333:
1325:
1307:Lancet
1287:
1173:
1142:
1105:
1085:363408
1083:
1073:
1065:
1026:
968:
513:, and
444:pectin
379:baking
300:, and
276:starch
262:oxygen
212:, and
119:Europe
90:sweets
54:flavor
3014:U.S.
2858:HACCP
2807:Food
2699:-test
2691:-test
2277:Light
2262:Water
2030:Water
1910:i.e.
1658:S2CID
1615:S2CID
1557:with
1456:S2CID
1331:S2CID
1258:WebMD
1203:3 May
885:(PDF)
612:basil
483:, or
465:sugar
419:fungi
375:flour
94:wines
86:bacon
78:sugar
70:smoke
2790:WASH
2746:List
2734:List
2267:Soil
1854:2009
1793:ISBN
1741:2019
1715:PMID
1697:ISSN
1650:PMID
1607:PMID
1532:PMID
1513:PMID
1448:PMID
1398:PMID
1323:PMID
1285:ISBN
1205:2009
1171:PMID
1140:PMID
1103:ISBN
1081:PMID
1063:ISSN
1024:PMID
966:ISBN
867:2018
845:2017
666:and
440:agar
337:milk
169:See
142:and
50:food
2257:Air
1927:PDF
1925:, (
1785:doi
1763:FDA
1705:PMC
1689:doi
1642:doi
1597:hdl
1589:doi
1524:doi
1503:PMC
1495:doi
1483:519
1438:PMC
1430:doi
1426:162
1388:PMC
1378:doi
1349:doi
1315:doi
1311:370
1281:827
1163:doi
1132:doi
1071:PMC
1055:doi
1016:doi
962:151
916:doi
689:ISO
448:jam
442:or
92:or
76:),
68:),
3219::
1898:,
1845:.
1821:.
1791:,
1779:,
1761:.
1749:^
1713:.
1703:.
1695:.
1685:99
1683:.
1679:.
1656:.
1648:.
1638:17
1636:.
1613:.
1605:.
1595:.
1583:.
1511:.
1501:.
1493:.
1481:.
1477:.
1454:.
1446:.
1436:.
1424:.
1420:.
1396:.
1386:.
1374:12
1372:.
1368:.
1329:.
1321:.
1309:.
1283:.
1256:.
1169:.
1138:.
1128:71
1126:.
1079:.
1069:.
1061:.
1051:25
1049:.
1045:.
1022:.
1010:.
1006:.
964:.
944:^
934:.
828:^
614:.
509:,
479:,
421:,
331:,
296:,
227:pH
208:,
204:,
200:,
196:,
165:.
88:,
3053:)
3049:(
2697:Z
2689:t
2238:)
2234:(
2064:e
2057:t
2050:v
1956:e
1949:t
1942:v
1929:)
1856:.
1831:.
1787::
1765:.
1743:.
1721:.
1691::
1664:.
1644::
1621:.
1599::
1591::
1585:7
1567:)
1565:.
1526::
1519:.
1497::
1489::
1462:.
1432::
1404:.
1380::
1351::
1337:.
1317::
1293:.
1260:.
1241:.
1224:.
1207:.
1177:.
1165::
1146:.
1134::
1111:.
1087:.
1057::
1030:.
1018::
1012:2
974:.
918::
887:.
869:.
847:.
487:.
471:(
454:.
429:.
381:.
339:.
264:.
216:.
80:(
72:(
60:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
