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595:. The discretion of Burou's clinic made him relatively unknown to his medical contemporaries, despite him being well known among many trans women around the world. His level of renown was such that "going to Casablanca" became a popular colloquialism for gender confirming surgery at this time. Burou was a notable resource for a great many trans women throughout much of the latter half of the 20th century.
435:. The separation was extended digitally and was considered complete as soon as two fingers or a vaginal retractor could be admitted easily. Burou considered this first part of the operation to be the most important, but most risky, and stressed the importance of repeated intrarectal inspection to determine that there was no lesion to the rectal wall.
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the procedure. The drain was removed 48 hours after surgery, the catheter four days, and the stent eight. The new vagina was managed by frequent or daily insertion of fingers or retractors, and the new urethra was kept open by the daily introduction of the catheter, ensuring against neomeatal stenosis. Most patients spent two weeks in the clinic.
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office and private quarters so as "not to distance himself from his patients," and so that he could be immediately available should a patient be admitted late at night. Additionally, this allowed his patients the choice of entering the clinic either from the elegant Avenue d’Amade main entrance or the more inconspicuous Rue Lapébie entrance.
431:, the rectum and the prostate were separated by cutting all the ligaments between the bulb and the rectum. Burou made a point of barring, but not damaging, the posterior aspect of the prostate so that the penile skin flap after invagination would immediately overlie this aspect, which he felt optimized the possibility of postoperative
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fees included, as well as the doctor’s payment." This price is considered modest for the time based upon reports that indicated the average cost of sex-reassignment surgery was on the rise. Burou is said to have been willing to make "enormous" financial concessions to his fees whenever a case "merited the operation".
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nursery, and delivery and patients’ rooms. Burou's wife, Jeanne ("Nanou") Boisvert, named rooms in the clinic after different flowers, each hand-painted on small frames on the doors. In contrast to these warm touches, "an air of stern purpose informed the fourth floor, for these were the operating quarters."
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Due to the controversial nature of the procedure, Burou is said to have kept a low profile in order to continue his practice. His work at
Clinique du Parc, which has been described by current day plastic surgeons as "pioneering", "innovative", and "genius", made Burou a notable figure in the recorded
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In 1975 one patient addressed Burou, requesting his services, and received a prompt reply that detailed the cost of sex-reassignment surgery at US$ 5,000 "payable in cash upon arrival, if possible in travellers cheques." The price included "12 - 15 days hospitalization at the clinic, medical care and
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In 1950 Burou and his family moved to 71 Avenue d’Amade, situated across from
Casablanca's main park, now called Parc de la Ligue-Arabe. Burou and his wife built the Clinique du Parc on Rue Lapébie, the backstreet that ran parallel to the prestigious avenue. Burou wanted the building attached to his
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In addition to sex-reassignment, he also performed more common obstetrics and gynecology practices from the clinic. Outpatient appointments were held mostly in small offices in the Avenue d’Amade portion of the clinic, and the Rue Lapébie building held the operation rooms, a surgical ward, a 15-crib
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in his clinic. The technique became the "gold standard" of skin-lined vaginoplasty in trans women. Burou performed well over 800 confirmed vaginoplasties by 1974. That year, he published his technique for the first time, and presented it at the Second
Interdisciplinary Symposium on Gender Dysphoria
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Burou's first vaginoplasty, in 1956, took him three hours to complete, however at the height of his sex-reassignment work by 1974, performing up to six vaginoplasties a month, he could complete the procedure in one hour. The post-op patient's arms were strapped to the bed for the first night after
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Contact with the outside world was initially discouraged for patients during the early days of their recovery from sex reassignment surgery. When patients were able to move about postoperatively, and later when going to Burou's office to have their bandages changed, the clinic became a place where
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with a distinct "feminine" appearance or character. He refused his services to minors even if they had parental consent, because he felt "the operation is definitive and irreversible and one . . . could not risk making a mistake." His international patients were often admitted the afternoon they
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that he would do his rounds twice daily "dressed for the corniche and looking in general pretty devastating." Morris recalled that he would sit at the end of her bed "and chat desultorily of this and that, type a few very slow words on typewriter, read a headline from
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Burou has been described as a "courteous gentleman" and a "charismatic man" as well as "gifted with extraordinary intelligence and dexterity." He had grey-blue eyes, bronzed skin, rather intense features, and was always casually but impeccably dressed.
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He was known to have a great love of the sea and had a great proclivity for water recreation throughout his life. A devoted sportsman, Burou loved all nautical sports, as well as golf, was a "fierce" windsurfer, and was among the first to cross the
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Early reports of sex reassignment surgery had been published in
Germany in the 1920s, but it was not until approximately three decades later that the practice became more generally known; early surgeries were performed mostly in Europe and
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Burou had little interest in finance and did not like to discuss financial matters with his patients; Morris quotes him: "You know my fee? Ah well, perhaps you will discuss it with my receptionist; bien, au revoir, until this evening!"
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wrote that Burou did not bother too much with diagnosis or previous treatment. Burou later confirmed that he did not ask his patients too many questions, but sought to fulfill their wishes, and that he did restrict his services to
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He considered the second part of the operation to be relatively easy. The initial incision was extended along the raphe of the scrotum to the root of the penis. The surgical field was widened by retracting the
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Burou moved to
Casablanca as a result of his fiancée, Jeanne ("Nanou") Boisvert, whose parents had a farm there.It was with her assistance that he began practising gynecology and obstetrics independently in
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in
Casablanca, Burou was nearly killed by a 10 kg (22 lb) piece of shell. He was protected only by the branch of a tree, and thereafter kept the piece of shell in his office, reportedly as a
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On the morning of Sunday, 8 November 1942, while treating French sailors in the schoolyard of École de la Fonçiere at Rue de l’Horloge (later named Rue N’Chakra Rahal) after the arrival of
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The entire surgical procedure was done in one operation consisting of two successive parts (which remains the prevailing methodology): (1) the creation of a space between the
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had to correspond with the length of the future urethra. Subsequently, all erectile bodies were pushed out and dissected from the penile skin. When available, the
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was inserted and the urethra was sutured onto the catheter, about 5 cm distally from its passage through the skin. No skin suture was used in the urethral
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324:. Burou operated his sex reassignment clinic, called "Clinique du Parc", in Casablanca and in 1973 reported his experience with over 3000 individual cases.
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On the lower abdominal skin, a slight skin slit was made to allow the future urethra to be passed through upon inversion of the neovaginal lining. A
551:, from his private quarters on the third floor of a classic colonial building at 103 Boulevard de la Gare (later called Boulevard Mohammed V after
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Burou continued to work at the
Clinique du Parc until his death in 1987. On Sunday 17 December his boat ran out of fuel outside of the harbour of
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Burou reported all of his vaginoplasty patients to have been prepared, to have undergone psychiatric care and hormonal therapy. However, patient
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540:. He wished to become a commercial marine officer before going into medicine, and thus was at first reluctant to pursue his medical training.
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and eventually left North Africa as a military surgeon of the 2nd
Moroccan Mountain Division to actively join battle at the French island of
213:, France, while his parents were visiting the Burou family in the nearby village of Juillan. His parents worked as schoolteachers in
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skin after the latter had been separated from its contents. Burou was acknowledged for "results that are cosmetically excellent."
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recalls: "How many there were of us, I do not know, but we were of several varieties. We were Greek, French, American, British."
486:, and some kind of scar contraction was always foreseen. Two sutures were bilaterally passed through the perianal skin and the
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at the
Maternity of Mustapha Hospital in Algiers and became "Chef de Clinique" at Parnet Hospital in the Algiers suburb of
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on May 13, 1944, the turning point in the liberation of Italy, and lost 1120 men in the process. After the liberation of
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syndrome. He is said to have worked at the clinic seven days a week, and frequently up to fifteen hours each day.
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475:, coronal edge of the penile skin was closed; this yielded the skin tube that was inserted as neovaginal lining.
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832:"A single stage operative technique for castration, vaginal construction and perineoplasty in transsexuals"
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1213:"On the origin of pedicled skin inversion vaginoplasty: life and work of Dr Georges Burou of Casablanca"
236:, and later colleagues were reportedly highly impressed by his detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the
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patients often had the opportunity to meet other trans women from various countries. British writer
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arrived at the clinic, and were prepared for surgery as soon as that evening or the next morning.
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887:"Aesthetic and functional male to female genital and perineal surgery: feminizing vaginoplasty"
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Morris, who was one of Burou's most prominent trans female patients, recalled in her memoir
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Burou underwent medical training at the
Algiers University of Medicine. He specialized in
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791:"The French gynaecologist who turned Casablanca into the sex change capital of the world"
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in 1945, one of his best friends died in combat. Shortly after, when in the south of
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and, finally, excess scrotal skin was resected to obtain a good appearance of the
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Burou spoke little English but for certain gynecological and golf vocabulary.
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Between 1956 and 1958 Burou independently developed the anteriorly pedicled
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Goddard, Jonathan Charles; Vickery, Richard M.; Terry, Tim R. (July 2007).
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accent, and eventually take an infinitely gentle look at his handiwork."
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From early 1943 onward Burou first served as a second lieutenant in the
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to provide support for the inverted skin flap. A drain was left in the
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Hage, J. Joris; Karim, Refaat B.; Laub, Donald R. (December 2007).
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According to Burou, the operation began with an incision from the
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A documentary about former patients of Dr. Burou 50 years later
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troops, his division forced through the German Gustav Line at
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953:"Development of feminizing genitoplasty for gender dysphoria"
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river Garigliano and mountain of Cassino. Together with
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232:. During his training Burou took a special interest in
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463:. The level of transection of the spongious bulb and
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muscles and served to tightly and firmly support an
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159:(6 September 1910 – 17 December 1987) was a French
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1060:Perovic, Sava; Djinovic, Rados (November 2009).
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167:, and is widely credited with innovating modern
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1362:Free French military personnel of World War II
1352:Surgeons specializing in transgender medicine
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1062:"Genitoplasty in male-to-female transsexuals"
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1292:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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201:Early life, schooling, military service
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358:Patient selection and bedside manner
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1229:10.1097/01.sap.0000258974.41516.bc
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775:. 21 January 1974. Archived from
969:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00480.x
885:Reed, Harold Morgan (May 2011).
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287:for the Allied campaigns in the
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217:, where Burou spent his youth.
16:French gynecologist (1910–1987)
998:Green, Richard (August 2009).
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957:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
830:Wesser, David R. (July 1978).
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396:Burou's vaginoplasty procedure
73:Algiers University of Medicine
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328:Penile inversion vaginoplasty
1377:Accidental deaths in Morocco
1078:10.1097/MOU.0b013e3283312eb3
451:. Once the testes and their
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1004:Archives of Sexual Behavior
891:Seminars in Plastic Surgery
836:Archives of Sexual Behavior
756:Hage, Karim & Laub 2007
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1066:Current Opinion in Urology
560:United States Marine Corps
423:. After dissecting of the
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249:French Expeditionary Corps
1217:Annals of Plastic Surgery
1016:10.1007/s10508-008-9392-3
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178:Notable patients include
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1264:(1 ed.). New York.
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163:who managed a clinic in
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1387:People from Mohammedia
903:10.1055/s-0031-1281486
553:Morocco's independence
1372:20th-century surgeons
1357:French gynaecologists
123:Years of service
1260:Morris, Jan (1974).
500:posterior commissure
193:Surgeons, including
963:(4 Pt 1): 981–989.
534:Strait of Gibraltar
165:Casablanca, Morocco
1382:People from Tarbes
1367:Deaths by drowning
1310:via lynnconway.com
1132:, p. 142-143.
848:10.1007/BF01542040
820:, p. 135-144.
769:"Prisoners of Sex"
758:, p. 723-729.
283:, Burou landed at
1308:Georges Burou, MD
471:was kept and the
445:corpus spongiosum
429:corpora cavernosa
419:area through the
386:Maurice Chevalier
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591:history of
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369:trans women
261:New Zealand
230:Hussein Dey
173:trans women
107:Free France
1336:Categories
801:2024-01-10
599:References
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538:water skis
461:pubic bone
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322:Casablanca
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