Heraldry - Knowledge

1209:". To provide for contrast and visibility, metals should never be placed on metals, and colours should never be placed on colours. This rule does not apply to charges which cross a division of the field, which is partly metal and partly colour; nor, strictly speaking, does it prevent a field from consisting of two metals or two colours, although this is unusual. Furs are considered amphibious, and neither metal nor colour; but in practice ermine and erminois are usually treated as metals, while ermines and pean are treated as colours. This rule is strictly adhered to in British armory, with only rare exceptions; although generally observed in continental heraldry, it is not adhered to quite as strictly. Arms which violate this rule are sometimes known as "puzzle arms", of which the most famous example is the arms of the 876:, a diamond-shaped escutcheon, was traditionally used to display the arms of women, on the grounds that shields, as implements of war, were inappropriate for this purpose. This distinction was not always strictly adhered to, and a general exception was usually made for sovereigns, whose arms represented an entire nation. Sometimes an oval shield, or cartouche, was substituted for the lozenge; this shape was also widely used for the arms of clerics in French, Spanish, and Italian heraldry, although it was never reserved for their use. In recent years, the use of the cartouche for women's arms has become general in Scottish heraldry, while both Scottish and Irish authorities have permitted a traditional shield under certain circumstances, and in Canadian heraldry the shield is now regularly granted. 1750: 297: 3038: 433:, a series of military campaigns undertaken by Christian armies from 1096 to 1487, with the goal of reconquering Jerusalem and other former Byzantine territories captured by Muslim forces during the seventh century. While there is no evidence that heraldic art originated in the course of the Crusades, there is no reason to doubt that the gathering of large armies, drawn from across Europe for a united cause, would have encouraged the adoption of armorial bearings as a means of identifying one's commanders in the field, or that it helped disseminate the principles of armory across Europe. At least two distinctive features of heraldry are generally accepted as products of the crusaders: the 437:, an outer garment worn over the armor to protect the wearer from the heat of the sun, was often decorated with the same devices that appeared on a knight's shield. It is from this garment that the phrase "coat of arms" is derived. Also the lambrequin, or mantling, that depends from the helmet and frames the shield in modern heraldry, began as a practical covering for the helmet and the back of the neck during the Crusades, serving much the same function as the surcoat. Its slashed or scalloped edge, today rendered as billowing flourishes, is thought to have originated from hard wearing in the field, or as a means of deadening a sword blow and perhaps entangling the attacker's weapon. 1883: 2686: 229: 265: 1811:. This was originally a cloth worn over the back of the helmet as partial protection against heating by sunlight. Today it takes the form of a stylized cloak hanging from the helmet. Typically in British heraldry, the outer surface of the mantling is of the principal colour in the shield and the inner surface is of the principal metal, though peers in the United Kingdom use standard colourings (Gules doubled Argent - Red/White) regardless of rank or the colourings of their arms. The mantling is sometimes conventionally depicted with a ragged edge, as if damaged in combat, though the edges of most are simply decorated at the emblazoner's discretion. 1639:

the second is also repeated as the third. The quarters of a personal coat of arms correspond to the ancestors from whom the bearer has inherited arms, normally in the same sequence as if the pedigree were laid out with the father's father's ... father (to as many generations as necessary) on the extreme left and the mother's mother's...mother on the extreme right. A few lineages have accumulated hundreds of quarters, though such a number is usually displayed only in documentary contexts. The Scottish and Spanish traditions resist allowing more than four quarters, preferring to subdivide one or more "grand quarters" into sub-quarters as needed.

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arms to be easily distinguished in combat, heraldic artists designed increasingly elaborate achievements, culminating in the development of "landscape heraldry", incorporating realistic depictions of landscapes, during the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century. These fell out of fashion during the mid-nineteenth century, when a renewed interest in the history of armory led to the re-evaluation of earlier designs, and a new appreciation for the medieval origins of the art. In particular, a late use of heraldic imagery has been in

887:, or powdered with small charges. The edges and adjacent parts of the escutcheon are used to identify the placement of various heraldic charges; the upper edge, and the corresponding upper third of the shield, are referred to as the chief; the lower part is the base. The sides of the shield are known as the dexter and sinister flanks, although these terms are based on the point of view of the bearer of the shield, who would be standing behind it; to the observer, and in all heraldic illustration, the dexter is on the left side, and the sinister on the right. 1676: 1712: 1102:, which is blue-grey on top and white underneath. To form the linings of cloaks, the pelts were sewn together, forming an undulating, bell-shaped pattern, with interlocking light and dark rows. The heraldic fur is depicted with interlocking rows of argent and azure, although the shape of the pelts, usually referred to as "vair bells", is usually left to the artist's discretion. In the modern form, the bells are depicted with straight lines and sharp angles, and meet only at points; in the older, undulating pattern, now known as 7034: 199:, compiled in 1486, declares that Christ himself was a gentleman of coat armour. These claims are now regarded as the fantasy of medieval heralds, as there is no evidence of a distinctive symbolic language akin to that of heraldry during this early period; nor do many of the shields described in antiquity bear a close resemblance to those of medieval heraldry; nor is there any evidence that specific symbols or designs were passed down from one generation to the next, representing a particular person or line of descent. 1202:, or the colour of nature. This does not seem to have been done in the earliest heraldry, but examples are known from at least the seventeenth century. While there can be no objection to the occasional depiction of objects in this manner, the overuse of charges in their natural colours is often cited as indicative of bad heraldic practice. The practice of landscape heraldry, which flourished in the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century, made extensive use of non-heraldic colours. 7066: 1302: 347: 3022: 31: 1700: 3054: 1664: 7400: 3073: 756: 1724: 1688: 1646:, a small shield placed in front of the main shield. In Britain this is most often an "escutcheon of pretence" indicating, in the arms of a married couple, that the wife is an heraldic heiress (i.e., she inherits a coat of arms because she has no brothers). In continental Europe an inescutcheon (sometimes called a "heart shield") usually carries the ancestral arms of a monarch or noble whose domains are represented by the quarters of the main shield. 744: 2067: 1564: 1075:, representing the black tip of the animal's tail. Ermine was traditionally used to line the cloaks and caps of the nobility. The shape of the heraldic ermine spot has varied considerably over time, and nowadays is typically drawn as an arrowhead surmounted by three small dots, but older forms may be employed at the artist's discretion. When the field is sable and the ermine spots argent, the same pattern is termed 528:, in which they traveled about the country, recording arms borne under proper authority, and requiring those who bore arms without authority either to obtain authority for them, or cease their use. Arms borne improperly were to be taken down and defaced. The first such visitation began in 1530, and the last was carried out in 1700, although no new commissions to carry out visitations were made after the accession of 949: 461: 1332:. Many coats of arms consist simply of a division of the field into two contrasting tinctures. These are considered divisions of a shield, so the rule of tincture can be ignored. For example, a shield divided azure and gules would be perfectly acceptable. A line of partition may be straight or it may be varied. The variations of partition lines can be wavy, indented, embattled, engrailed, 403:, who died in 1151. An enamel, probably commissioned by Geoffrey's widow between 1155 and 1160, depicts him carrying a blue shield decorated with six golden lions rampant. He wears a blue helmet adorned with another lion, and his cloak is lined in vair. A medieval chronicle states that Geoffrey was given a shield of this description when he was knighted by his father-in-law, 2388: 426:, who succeeded his father on the throne, is believed to have been the first to have borne the arms of three lions passant-guardant, still the arms of England, having earlier used two lions rampant combatant, which arms may also have belonged to his father. Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant (now statant-guardant). 296: 2864:

of arms had not been previously used in Ottoman Empire, it was designed after this request and the final design was adopted by Sultan Abdul Hamid II on April 17, 1882. It included two flags: the flag of the Ottoman Dynasty, which had a crescent and a star on red base, and the flag of the Islamic Caliph, which had three crescents on a green base.

1110:, the bells of each tincture are curved and joined at the base. There is no fixed rule as to whether the argent bells should be at the top or the bottom of each row. At one time vair commonly came in three sizes, and this distinction is sometimes encountered in continental heraldry; if the field contains fewer than four rows, the fur is termed 3215:"There are no fixed shades for heraldic colours. If the official description of a coat of arms gives its tinctures as Gules (red), Azure (blue) and Argent (white or silver) then, as long as the blue is not too light and the red not too orange, purple or pink, it is up to the artist to decide which particular shades they think are appropriate." 551:; but all of the arms granted by the college are granted by the authority of the crown. In Scotland Court of the Lord Lyon King of Arms oversees the heraldry, and holds court sessions which are an official part of Scotland's court system. Similar bodies regulate the granting of arms in other monarchies and several members of the 185:, who were commanded to gather beneath these emblems and declare their pedigrees. The Greek and Latin writers frequently describe the shields and symbols of various heroes, and units of the Roman army were sometimes identified by distinctive markings on their shields. At least one pre-historic European object, the 114:. It is often claimed that the use of helmets with face guards during this period made it difficult to recognize one's commanders in the field when large armies gathered together for extended periods, necessitating the development of heraldry as a symbolic language, but there is little support for this view. 813:" technically refers to the shield of arms itself, but the phrase is commonly used to refer to the entire achievement. The one indispensable element of a coat of arms is the shield; many ancient coats of arms consist of nothing else, but no achievement or armorial bearings exists without a coat of arms. 2274:

fields are distinctive features of Gallo-British heraldry (in Scotland the most significant mark of cadency being the bordure, the small brisures playing a very minor role). Marks of cadency are mandatory in Scotland, where no two persons can own identical arms at a time. It is common to see heraldic

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Ordinaries may appear in parallel series, in which case blazons in English give them different names such as pallets, bars, bendlets, and chevronels. French blazon makes no such distinction between these diminutives and the ordinaries when borne singly. Unless otherwise specified an ordinary is drawn

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in genuine heraldry, as well as the desire to create new and unique designs, the use of these colours for general purposes has become accepted in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Occasionally one meets with other colours, particularly in continental heraldry, although they are not generally

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of England in 1066, and probably commissioned about 1077, when the cathedral of Bayeux was rebuilt, depicts a number of shields of various shapes and designs, many of which are plain, while others are decorated with dragons, crosses, or other typically heraldic figures. Yet no individual is depicted

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The development of the modern heraldic language cannot be attributed to a single individual, time, or place. Although certain designs that are now considered heraldic were evidently in use during the eleventh century, most accounts and depictions of shields up to the beginning of the twelfth century

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The perceived beauty and pageantry of heraldic designs allowed them to survive the gradual abandonment of armour on the battlefield during the seventeenth century. Heraldry has been described poetically as "the handmaid of history", "the shorthand of history", and "the floral border in the garden of

2892:. When al-Masudi talks about Sasanians, he describes their arms as "flags of Persians and their emblems" (رایات الفرس و أعلامهم). In the world of "pahlavans" (پهلوانان) of Iranian national narratives, as same as the world of European knights, each army under the command of a pahlavan from one of the 2863:

Every sultan of the Ottoman Empire had his own monogram, called the tughra, which served as a royal symbol. A coat of arms in the European heraldic sense was created in the late 19th century. Hampton Court requested from Ottoman Empire the coat of arms to be included in their collection. As the coat

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almost simultaneously in the various countries. Originally, heraldic style was very similar from country to country. Over time, heraldic tradition diverged into four broad styles: German-Nordic, Gallo-British, Latin, and Eastern. In addition, it can be argued that newer national heraldic traditions,

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As the rise of firearms rendered the mounted knight increasingly irrelevant during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and the tournament faded into history, the military character of heraldry gave way to its use as a decorative art. Freed from the limitations of actual shields and the need for

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In the earliest period, arms were assumed by their bearers without any need for heraldic authority. However, by the middle of the fourteenth century, the principle that only a single individual was entitled to bear a particular coat of arms was generally accepted, and disputes over the ownership of

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Another addition that can be made to a coat of arms is the insignia of a baronet or of an order of knighthood. This is usually represented by a collar or similar band surrounding the shield. When the arms of a knight and his wife are shown in one achievement, the insignia of knighthood surround the

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displayed on a ribbon, typically below the shield. The helmet is borne of right, and forms no part of a grant of arms; it may be assumed without authority by anyone entitled to bear arms, together with mantling and whatever motto the armiger may desire. The crest, however, together with the torse

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Until the nineteenth century, it was common for heraldic writers to cite examples such as these, and metaphorical symbols such as the "Lion of Judah" or "Eagle of the Caesars" as evidence of the antiquity of heraldry itself; and to infer therefrom that the great figures of ancient history bore arms

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Quarters are numbered from the dexter chief (the corner nearest to the right shoulder of a man standing behind the shield), proceeding across the top row, and then across the next row and so on. When three coats are quartered, the first is repeated as the fourth; when only two coats are quartered,

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For instance, the arms of Lewes Old Grammar School, granted October 25, 2012: "Murrey within an Orle of eight Crosses crosslet Argent a Lion rampant Or holding in the forepaws a Book bound Azure the spine and the edges of the pages Gold" and those of Woolf, granted October 2, 2015: "Murrey a Snow

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In the early days of heraldry, very simple bold rectilinear shapes were painted on shields. These could be easily recognized at a long distance and could be easily remembered. They therefore served the main purpose of heraldry: identification. As more complicated shields came into use, these bold

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In England, from the time of the Norman conquest, official documents had to be sealed. Beginning in the twelfth century, seals assumed a distinctly heraldic character; a number of seals dating from between 1135 and 1155 appear to show the adoption of heraldic devices in England, France, Germany,

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is characterized by a lack of crests, and uniquely shaped shields. Portuguese heraldry, however, does use crests. Portuguese and Spanish heraldry, which together form a larger Iberian tradition of heraldry, occasionally introduce words to the shield of arms, a practice usually avoided in British

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generally change very little over time. Marks of difference are very rare in this tradition, as are heraldic furs. One of the most striking characteristics of German-Nordic heraldry is the treatment of the crest. Often, the same design is repeated in the shield and the crest. The use of multiple

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The modern crest has grown out of the three-dimensional figure placed on the top of the mounted knights' helms as a further means of identification. In most heraldic traditions, a woman does not display a crest, though this tradition is being relaxed in some heraldic jurisdictions, and the stall

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The primary element of a heraldic achievement is the shield, or escutcheon, upon which the coat of arms is depicted. All of the other elements of an achievement are designed to decorate and complement these arms, but only the shield of arms is required. The shape of the shield, like many other

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A charge is any object or figure placed on a heraldic shield or on any other object of an armorial composition. Any object found in nature or technology may appear as a heraldic charge in armory. Charges can be animals, objects, or geometric shapes. Apart from the ordinaries, the most frequent

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Only four lions are visible in this depiction, in which the shield is shown in profile, but judging from their position, there must have been six; the tomb of Geoffrey's grandson, William Longspée, shows him bearing an apparently identical shield, but on this all six lions are at least partly

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True heraldry, as now generally understood, has its roots in medieval Europe. However, there have been other historical cultures which have used symbols and emblems to represent families or individuals, and in some cases these symbols have been adopted into Western heraldry. For example, the

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If the bearer is entitled to the ribbon, collar, or badge of a knightly order, it may encircle or depend from the shield. Some arms, particularly those of the nobility, are further embellished with supporters, heraldic figures standing alongside or behind the shield; often these stand on a

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and corporations, including many cities and towns, assumed or obtained grants of arms, with only nominal military associations. Heraldic devices were depicted in various contexts, such as religious and funerary art, and in using a wide variety of media, including stonework, carved wood,

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heraldry. Latin heraldry is known for extensive use of quartering, because of armorial inheritance via the male and the female lines. Moreover, Italian heraldry is dominated by the Roman Catholic Church, featuring many shields and achievements, most bearing some reference to the Church.

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Since arms pass from parents to offspring, and there is frequently more than one child per couple, it is necessary to distinguish the arms of siblings and extended family members from the original arms as passed on from eldest son to eldest son. Over time several schemes have been used.

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and other related projects. Modern armigers use heraldry to express ancestral and personal heritage as well as professional, academic, civic, and national pride. Little is left of class identification in modern heraldry, where the emphasis is more than ever on expression of identity.

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branches of a family from the senior line. These cadency marks are usually shown smaller than normal charges, but it still does not follow that a shield containing such a charge belongs to a cadet branch. All of these charges occur frequently in basic undifferenced coats of arms.

1997:, apply to the physical and artistic form of newly created arms, and a thorough understanding of these rules is essential to the art of heraldry. Though heraldic forms initially were broadly similar across Europe, several national styles had developed by the end of the 853:

may be displayed. The most elaborate achievements sometimes display the entire coat of arms beneath a pavilion, an embellished tent or canopy of the type associated with the medieval tournament, though this is only very rarely found in English or Scots achievements.

2843:. As they were usually inscribed using heavy and unwieldy instruments, such as knives or brands, and on different surfaces (meaning that their appearance could vary somewhat), tamgas were always simple and stylised, and needed to be laconic and easily recognisable. 1129:, in which alternating rows are reversed, so that the bases of the vair bells of each tincture are joined to those of the same tincture in the row above or below. When the rows are arranged so that the bells of each tincture form vertical columns, it is termed 567:. The opportunity for knights and lords to display their heraldic bearings in a competitive medium led to further refinements, such as the development of elaborate tournament helms, and further popularized the art of heraldry throughout Europe. Prominent 228: 2830:

Unlike European coats of arms, tamgas were not always inherited, and could stand for families or clans (for example, when denoting territory, livestock, or religious items) as well as for specific individuals (such as when used for weapons, or for royal

1019:, from the belief that they were used to represent some dishonourable act, although in fact there is no evidence that this use existed outside of fanciful heraldic writers. Perhaps owing to the realization that there is really no such thing as a 422:, who died in 1189. Since Henry was the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, it seems reasonable to suppose that the adoption of lions as an heraldic emblem by Henry or his sons might have been inspired by Geoffrey's shield. John's elder brother, 4735: 449:, originally a type of messenger employed by noblemen, assumed the responsibility of learning and knowing the rank, pedigree, and heraldic devices of various knights and lords, as well as the rules governing the design and description, or 1897:

are human or animal figures or, very rarely, inanimate objects, usually placed on either side of a coat of arms as though supporting it. In many traditions, these have acquired strict guidelines for use by certain social classes. On the

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at the beginning of the twelfth century describes their shields of polished metal, devoid of heraldic design. A Spanish manuscript from 1109 describes both plain and decorated shields, none of which appears to have been heraldic. The

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of other colours may also be found. Usually vairé will consist of one metal and one colour, but ermine or one of its variations may also be used, and vairé of four tinctures, usually two metals and two colours, is sometimes found.

2709:, most such devices are not actually coats of arms in the traditional heraldic sense and should therefore, in a strict sense, not be called arms at all. Many communist governments purposely diverged from the traditional forms of 316: 118:

history". In modern times, individuals, public and private organizations, corporations, cities, towns, regions, and other entities use heraldry and its conventions to symbolize their heritage, achievements, and aspirations.

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peoples and by cultures influenced by them. The tamga was normally the emblem of a particular tribe, clan or family. They were common among the Eurasian nomads throughout Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages (including

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There is a separate class of charges called sub-ordinaries which are of a geometrical shape subordinate to the ordinary. According to Friar, they are distinguished by their order in blazon. The sub-ordinaries include the

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identified by a nišān on its flag. Usually, when the pahlavans were presented in the court of the king of Iran, they were distinguishing each troop from another with a flag which had their lords' nišāns on itself.

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during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Since the late nineteenth century, heraldry has focused on the use of varied lines of partition and little-used ordinaries to produce new and unique designs.

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granting rights to arms and recognizing possession of arms as well as protecting against their misuse. Countries without heraldic authorities usually treat coats of arms as creative property in the manner of

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system – often, entire villages or military groups were granted the same coat of arms irrespective of family relationships. In Poland, nearly six hundred unrelated families are known to bear the same

396:, in 1164. Seals from the latter part of the eleventh and early twelfth centuries show no evidence of heraldic symbolism, but by the end of the twelfth century, seals are uniformly heraldic in nature. 2835:). One could also adopt the tamga of one's master or ruler, therefore signifying said master's patronage. Outside of denoting ownership, tamgas also possessed religious significance, and were used as 1585:

two or more coats of arms is to combine them in one shield, to express inheritance, claims to property, or the occupation of an office. This can be done in a number of ways, of which the simplest is

2206:. Dutch heraldry is characterised by its simple and rather sober style, and in this sense, is closer to its medieval origins than the elaborate styles which developed in other heraldic traditions. 3174:

shield; the Scottish Public Register specifies an oval escutcheon for the Lanarkshire Master Plumbers' and Domestic Engineers' Association, and a square shield for the Anglo Leasing organisation.

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of arms, and the precedence of their bearers. As early as the late thirteenth century, certain heralds in the employ of monarchs were given the title "King of Heralds", which eventually became "

555:, but in most other countries there is no heraldic authority, and no law preventing anyone from assuming whatever arms they please, provided that they do not infringe upon the arms of another. 2991:

uses traditional heraldic symbols to depict the harnessing of atomic power. Locations with strong associations to particular industries may incorporate associated symbols. The coat of arms of

2964:, religious institutions, and the military. Nations and their subdivisions – provinces, states, counties, cities, etc. – continue to build on the traditions of civic heraldry. The 1917:, or higher, he may display a coronet of rank above the shield. In the United Kingdom, this is shown between the shield and helmet, though it is often above the crest in Continental heraldry. 890:

The placement of various charges may also refer to a number of specific points, nine in number according to some authorities, but eleven according to others. The three most important are

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details, is normally left to the discretion of the heraldic artist, and many different shapes have prevailed during different periods of heraldic design, and in different parts of Europe.

1906:, a few baronets, senior members of orders of knighthood, and some corporate bodies are granted supporters. Often, these can have local significance or a historical link to the armiger. 2744:

in 1989–1991, this style of heraldry was often abandoned for the old heraldic practices, with many new governments reinstating the traditional heraldry that was previously cast aside.

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to protect one from curses (it was believed that, as symbols of family, tamgas embodied the power of one's heritage). Tamgas depicted geometric shapes, images of animals, items, or

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Ancient Greeks were among the first civilizations to use symbols consistently in order to identify a warrior, clan or a state. The first record of a shield blazon is illustrated in

110:, both the form and use of such devices varied widely, as the concept of regular, hereditary designs, constituting the distinguishing feature of heraldry, did not develop until the 2876:

is 𐭥𐭢𐭱𐭠𐭥 which is read as nišān (Persian: نشان). In Islamic sources there are some references to the existence of nišāns in ancient Iran. It is suggested that the words arms,

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placed above the shields. These in turn came to be decorated with fan-shaped or sculptural crests, often incorporating elements from the shield of arms; as well as a wreath or

883:, which may be plain, consisting of a single tincture, or divided into multiple sections of differing tinctures by various lines of partition; and any part of the field may be 2275:

furs used. In the United Kingdom, the style is notably still controlled by royal officers of arms. French heraldry experienced a period of strict rules of construction under

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crests is also common. The crest is rarely used separately as in British heraldry, but can sometimes serve as a mark of difference between different branches of a family.

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Kalani, Reza. 2017. Multiple Identification Alternatives for Two Sassanid Equestrians on Fīrūzābād I Relief: A Heraldic Approach, Tarikh Negar Monthly, Tehran, p3: note.6

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applies specifically to the colours, rather than to the metals or the furs; but for lack of another term including all three, it is regularly used in this extended sense.

2187:. Any person could develop and use a coat of arms if they wished to do so, provided they did not usurp someone else's arms, and historically, this right was enshrined in 1858:

is a phrase or collection of words intended to describe the motivation or intention of the armigerous person or corporation. This can form a pun on the family name as in

3037: 1866:. Mottoes are generally changed at will and do not make up an integral part of the armorial achievement. Mottoes can typically be found on a scroll under the shield. In 1137:, which is similar to vair in pale, but diagonal. When alternating rows are reversed as in counter-vair, and then displaced by half the width of one bell, it is termed 1568: 1071:, a type of weasel, in its white winter coat, when it is called an ermine. It consists of a white, or occasionally silver field, powdered with black figures known as 310:, a medieval copy of a Late Roman register of military commands. However, it is likely the art on the shields are made to fit the time/age and not from the original. 280: 2905:

Today, institutions, companies, and private persons continue using coats of arms as their pictorial identification. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the English

1153:-shaped figure, known as a potent from its resemblance to a crutch. Although it is really just a variation of vair, it is frequently treated as a separate fur. 1635:) after the 13th century. As the name implies, the usual number of divisions is four, but the principle has been extended to very large numbers of "quarters". 1145:, in which each vair bell is divided in half vertically, with half argent and half azure. All of these variations can also be depicted in the form known as 543:, through which all new grants of arms would eventually be issued. The college currently consists of three Kings of Arms, assisted by six Heralds, and four 1769:

the word "crest" is commonly (but erroneously) used to refer to an entire heraldic achievement of armorial bearings. The technical use of the heraldic term

1359:. Unless otherwise specified they extend to the edges of the field. Though ordinaries are not easily defined, they are generally described as including the 983:, representing gold and silver, respectively, although in practice they are usually depicted as yellow and white. Five colours are universally recognized: 264: 151:

Various symbols have been used to represent individuals or groups for thousands of years. The earliest representations of distinct persons and regions in

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is optional. Heraldic courtoisie is observed: that is, charges in a composite shield (or two shields displayed together) usually turn to face the centre.

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twice bearing the same arms, nor are any of the descendants of the various persons depicted known to have borne devices resembling those in the tapestry.

2918: 1600:– combining the dexter half of one coat with the sinister half of another – because dimidiation can create ambiguity between, for example, a 252: 4038: 2728:, when many other communist states were established. Even a few non-socialist states have adopted the style, for various reasons—usually because 784: 2459:. Marks of cadency are almost unknown, and shields are generally very simple, with only one charge. Many heraldic shields derive from ancient 2191:. As a result, many merchant families had coats of arms even though they were not members of the nobility. These are sometimes referred to as 5282:

The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales; Comprising a Registry of Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time

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incorporate symbols such as guns, airplanes, or locomotives. Some scientific institutions incorporate symbols of modern science such as the

1954:, or rules governing word order, which becomes essential for comprehension when blazoning a complex coat of arms. The verb comes from the 1195:

Considerable latitude is given to the heraldic artist in depicting the heraldic tinctures; there is no fixed shade or hue to any of them.

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is a discipline relating to the design, display and study of armorial bearings (known as armory), as well as related disciplines, such as

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Hartemink R. 1996. South African Civic Heraldry-Bophuthatswana. Ralf Hartemink, The Netherlands. Accessed October 19, 2006. Available at

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Because most shields are widest at the chief, and narrow to a point at the base, fess point is usually slightly higher than the midpoint.

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plate of Lady Marion Fraser in the Thistle Chapel in St Giles, Edinburgh, shows her coat on a lozenge but with helmet, crest, and motto.

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This was undertaken by Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and half-brother of William I, whose conquest of England is commemorated by the tapestry.

414:, but the earliest evidence of the association of lions with the English crown is a seal bearing two lions passant, used by the future 3975: 2979:

Many of these institutions have begun to employ blazons representing modern objects. For example, some heraldic symbols issued by the

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art show the use of standards topped with the images or symbols of various gods, and the names of kings appear upon emblems known as

2995:

in Sweden incorporates a hydrocarbon molecule, alluding to the historical significance of the petrochemical industry in the region.

4894: 2980: 1818:. Members of the clergy may display appropriate headwear. This often takes the form of a small crowned, wide brimmed hat called a 956:

One of the most distinctive qualities of heraldry is the use of a limited palette of colours and patterns, usually referred to as

6090: 6432: 2988: 2811:). Similar "tamga-like" symbols were sometimes also adopted by sedentary peoples adjacent to the Pontic-Caspian steppe both in 1887: 2339:

Trees are frequent charges in Latin arms. Charged bordures, including bordures inscribed with words, are seen often in Spain.

1355:

shapes were set apart in a separate class as the "honourable ordinaries". They act as charges and are always written first in

4623: 2914: 242:

3100 BC. The top row depicts four men carrying standards. Directly above them is a serekh containing the name of the king,

6396: 5225: 1921:

husband's arms only, and the wife's arms are customarily surrounded by an ornamental garland of leaves for visual balance.

1198:

Whenever an object is depicted as it appears in nature, rather than in one or more of the heraldic tinctures, it is termed

481:

arms seems to have led to gradual establishment of heraldic authorities to regulate their use. The earliest known work of

400: 351: 40:

was made in the late 15th century and illustrates the German practice of repeating themes from the arms in the crest. (See

4540: 2724:

was the first state to use this type of emblem, beginning at its creation in 1922. The style became more widespread after

507:. The continued proliferation of arms, and the number of disputes arising from different men assuming the same arms, led 2940:

Heraldic societies abound in Africa, Asia, Australasia, the Americas and Europe. Heraldry aficionados participate in the

3053: 1950:

To "blazon" arms means to describe them using the formal language of heraldry. This language has its own vocabulary and

1632: 5862: 5700: 3251: 2858: 2481: 1176:

Three additional furs are sometimes encountered in continental heraldry; in French and Italian heraldry one meets with

777: 3145:

The term "coat of arms" is sometimes used to refer to the entire achievement, of which the shield is the central part.

5748: 5721: 5665: 5643: 5592: 5477: 5458: 5439: 5410: 5391: 5368: 5235: 4982: 4942: 3154:

There are exceptions to this rule, in which the shape of the escutcheon is specified in the blazon; for example, the

1839: 2880:, and nišān are oscillating on a same semantic context as they all satisfy a similar need: Heraldic identification. 2183:

were not controlled by an official heraldic system like the two in the United Kingdom, nor were they used solely by

2941: 2689: 1874:, it is usually shown on a scroll above the crest, and may not be changed at will. A motto may be in any language. 1792:. Crest-coronets are generally simpler than coronets of rank, but several specialized forms exist; for example, in 3021: 4972: 3571: 2737: 1749: 1423:

with straight lines, but each may be indented, embattled, wavy, engrailed, or otherwise have their lines varied.

60: 17: 1675: 1067:, but over the course of centuries each has developed a number of variations. Ermine represents the fur of the 399:

One of the earliest known examples of armory as it subsequently came to be practiced can be seen on the tomb of

6148: 5098: 5071: 4871: 1846:

tradition, clergy members may pass crests on to their offspring, but rarely display them on their own shields.

1801: 5146: 5125: 5044: 1842:. Orthodox and Presbyterian clergy do sometimes adopt other forms of headgear to ensign their shields. In the 1515:. Eagles are almost always shown with their wings spread, or displayed. A pair of wings conjoined is called a 222:. These too are readily dismissed as fanciful inventions, rather than evidence of the antiquity of heraldry. 7409: 5003:ТАМГА (к функции знака). В.С. Ольховский (Историко-археологический альманах, No 7, Армавир, 2001, стр. 75-86) 3206:

Wolf's Head erased proper on a Chief Argent a Boar's Head coped at the neck between two Fleurs de Lys Azure."

3095: 2663:, which helped identify the wearer while they were concealed by armour. These devices sometimes incorporated 1711: 770: 206:

for various knights and lords from history and literature. Notable examples include the toads attributed to

163:, of whom the king was regarded as the earthly incarnation. Similar emblems and devices are found in ancient 1804:

military coronet (for descendants of members of Loyalist regiments) or Loyalist civil coronet (for others).

6670: 6665: 3163: 563:

Although heraldry originated from military necessity, it soon found itself at home in the pageantry of the

5819:

The Scandinavian Heraldry Society (one of the oldest and largest societies dedicated to heraldic research)

5653: 4926: 4765: 3337: 2922: 2729: 1882: 1015:, an orange or dark yellow to brown colour. These last two are quite rare, and are often referred to as 393: 6535: 2456: 1192:, or vair bellies, depicted as brown and furry; all of these probably originated as variations of vair. 2893: 2685: 364: 137: 5502:

Scotland's Herauldrie: the Science of Herauldrie treated as a part of the Civil law and Law of Nations

1612:, "right") means to the right from the viewpoint of the bearer of the arms and "sinister" (from Latin 5831:

The history of heraldry, knighthood and chivalry, glossary of the blazon, themes, coats of arms, etc.

5322: 4017: 2961: 1306: 873: 1699: 7229: 6725: 6252: 2992: 2423: 392:

Spain, and Italy. A notable example of an early armorial seal is attached to a charter granted by

388:

illustration of the window before it was destroyed shows no heraldic design on any of the shields.

5837:

Founded in 1987, the Society of Heraldic Arts was the first organisation of its kind in the world.

5779: 5561: 4042: 1631:, division of the field by both vertical and horizontal lines. This practice originated in Spain ( 837:

or coronet from which it arises, must be granted or confirmed by the relevant heraldic authority.

7392: 7354: 6746: 6685: 6625: 6012: 5957: 5922: 5012:

Kalani, Reza. 2022. Indo-Parthians and the Rise of Sasanians, Tahouri Publishers, Tehran, pp85,88

4736:"Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 26th and 32nd Presidents of the United States" 3155: 2973: 2824: 2680: 2294: 2257: 2001:, and artistic and blazoning styles today range from the very simple to extraordinarily complex. 1815: 1512: 552: 490: 341: 133: 7247: 7196: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 6128: 6105: 6061: 6000: 5855: 5625: 2930: 2910: 2636:

in European heraldic tradition, which likewise are used to identify individuals and families.

2497: 2203: 2158: 2079: 2053: 2015: 1797: 1231:

of a shield, or less often a charge or crest, is sometimes made up of a pattern of colours, or

1222: 842: 709: 634: 609: 568: 536: 529: 68: 7024: 4831: 3772: 1156:

When the same patterns are composed of tinctures other than argent and azure, they are termed

801:, the coat of arms, or simply coat, together with all of its accompanying elements, such as a 6133: 6083: 6078: 6056: 5940: 2965: 2717:

that they usually replaced, with actual coats of arms being seen as symbols of the monarchs.

2493: 2279:. English and Scots heraldries make greater use of supporters than other European countries. 2142: 1986: 1978: 1628: 1590: 1586: 1296: 1052:, commonly used to represent flesh in French heraldry. A more recent addition is the use of 863: 798: 653: 564: 415: 411: 385: 76: 7252: 6039: 6005: 5897: 5725: 5427: 3983: 2999: 2520: 2464: 2276: 2253: 1902:, there are often fewer restrictions on the use of supporters. In the United Kingdom, only 1283:. Semés, or patterns of repeated charges, are also considered variations of the field. The 1210: 423: 377: 211: 195: 5740:

Woodward's a treatise on heraldry, British and foreign: with English and French glossaries

5419:

Hart, Vaughan. 'London's Standard: Christopher Wren and the Heraldry of the Monument', in

1507:

can often be found rampant (standing on the left hind foot). Another frequent position is

330:. The shields look heraldic, but do not seem to have been personal or hereditary emblems. 8: 7110: 6908: 6890: 6680: 6263: 6215: 6190: 5892: 5738: 5575:

An Ordinary of Arms Contained in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland

5337: 5259: 4891: 2741: 2700: 2350: 2306: 2302: 2221: 2086: 1823: 1621: 1616:, "left") means to the bearer's left. The dexter side is considered the side of greatest 1499: 1349: 1325: 957: 943: 914:, running along the upper part of the shield from left to right, above the honour point; 524: 512: 494: 419: 127: 67:. Armory, the best-known branch of heraldry, concerns the design and transmission of the 5796: 5470:

A European Armorial: An Armorial of Knights of the Golden Fleece and 15th Century Europe

159:, representing the king's palace, and usually topped with a falcon representing the god 7304: 7277: 6605: 6550: 6500: 6411: 6401: 6338: 6313: 6248: 6223: 6195: 6095: 5882: 5569: 5521: 3297: 2998:

Heraldry in countries with heraldic authorities continues to be regulated generally by

2984: 2926: 2767: 2358: 2290: 2198:

and it is thought that most arms of this type were adopted while the Netherlands was a

2083: 2057: 2049: 1899: 1663: 1605: 1539: 1467: 1376: 1003:, or purple; and most heraldic authorities also admit two additional colours, known as 508: 499: 404: 372: 305: 5326: 7432: 7221: 7152: 7143: 7037: 6766: 6371: 6243: 6182: 6160: 6138: 6022: 5974: 5848: 5754: 5744: 5680: 5661: 5639: 5611: 5588: 5573: 5553: 5473: 5454: 5435: 5406: 5387: 5380: 5364: 5343: 5265: 5231: 4978: 4938: 4867: 4716: 4619: 4460: 3012: 2710: 2370: 2362: 2354: 2261: 2229: 2217: 2171:

were great centres of heraldry in medieval times. One of the famous armorials is the

2019: 1903: 1867: 1827: 1774: 1740: 1723: 1687: 1654: 1531: 1432: 1408: 1329: 1060: 817: 729: 716: 695: 623: 80: 5163: 1773:

refers to just one component of a complete achievement. The crest rests on top of a

511:

to issue a proclamation in 1419, forbidding all those who had not borne arms at the

7033: 6989: 6977: 6898: 6700: 6505: 6452: 6447: 6381: 6366: 6308: 6273: 6123: 6118: 6051: 6017: 5945: 5488: 2775: 2659: 2641: 2489: 2378: 2374: 2314: 2310: 2298: 2241: 2233: 2225: 2162: 2114: 2102: 2094: 2061: 2041: 1994: 1982: 1970: 1770: 1766: 1744: 1523: 1508: 1451: 1447: 1412: 1404: 1317: 1284: 1228: 1206: 880: 802: 702: 674: 660: 323: 111: 106:

Although the use of various devices to signify individuals and groups goes back to

84: 2270:

The use of cadency marks to difference arms within the same family and the use of

532:

in 1689. There is little evidence that Scottish heralds ever went on visitations.

371:

Similarly, an account of the French knights at the court of the Byzantine emperor

7404: 7316: 7001: 6846: 6831: 6826: 6761: 6442: 6406: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6233: 6205: 5979: 5902: 5509: 5255: 5150: 4934: 4898: 4448: 3369: 3256: 3078: 3015:, where most of the components of its heraldic system are otherwise unregulated. 2934: 2889: 2885: 2873: 2733: 2696: 2382: 2366: 2320: 2245: 2188: 2045: 2037: 1650: 1601: 1547: 1475: 1443: 1396: 1384: 1372: 1368: 1337: 760: 573: 540: 445:

The spread of armorial bearings across Europe gave rise to a new occupation: the

360: 327: 203: 177: 141: 107: 7065: 6520: 2732:—but also when no apparent connection to a Communist nation exists, such as the 1310: 723: 7328: 7294: 7287: 6841: 6806: 6598: 6525: 6510: 6490: 6228: 6068: 5962: 5950: 5708:

von Warnstedt, Christopher (October 1970). "The Heraldic Provinces of Europe".

5692: 5357: 4552: 3159: 2812: 2808: 2787: 2629: 2509: 2468: 2265: 2249: 2237: 2199: 2172: 2154: 2033: 2010: 1955: 1754: 1516: 846: 816:

From a very early date, illustrations of arms were frequently embellished with

473: 381: 235: 186: 92: 36: 4464: 4005: 3672: 1777:

which itself rests on the most important part of the achievement: the shield.

1753:

German heraldry has examples of shields with numerous crests, as this arms of

1267:. For further variations, these are sometimes combined to produce patterns of 1188:, in which it is decorated with scales. In German heraldry one may encounter 7426: 7376: 7311: 7282: 6942: 6866: 6798: 5887: 5791: 5684: 5289: 5277: 4452: 3341: 3100: 3089: – Pictorial image that epitomizes a concept or that represents a person 3008: 2832: 2783: 2779: 2668: 2168: 2075: 1859: 1479: 850: 577: 539:, the various heralds employed by the crown were incorporated into England's 359:

contain little or no evidence of their heraldic character. For example, the

346: 215: 152: 96: 6751: 5139: 4720: 1301: 902:, located midway between fess point and the base. The other points include 30: 7389:

Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)

7366: 7344: 7299: 7177: 6836: 6741: 6376: 6303: 6268: 6113: 6046: 5969: 5907: 5543: 5269: 2906: 2877: 2816: 2725: 2721: 2705: 2633: 2533: 2193: 1643: 1571: 1543: 1392: 1099: 810: 737: 642: 548: 454: 72: 41: 6778: 6495: 6474: 3109: – Monumental carvings by Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest 2605:

refer specifically to emblems used to identify a family. An authoritative

2463:. At least fifteen per cent of all Hungarian personal arms bear a severed 167:

art of the same period, and the precursors of heraldic beasts such as the

7371: 7213: 6710: 6690: 6558: 6437: 6200: 5301: 3167: 3028: 2969: 2945: 2180: 2130: 2126: 2098: 1998: 1974: 1843: 1597: 1596:

and putting one whole coat in each half. Impalement replaced the earlier

1575: 593: 544: 482: 219: 164: 52: 7186: 6783: 6258: 5810: 2450:. Eastern coats of arms are characterized by a pronounced, territorial, 2202:(1581–1806). This heraldic tradition was also exported to the erstwhile 6871: 6861: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6756: 6630: 6588: 6568: 6540: 6530: 5917: 3166:

use an escutcheon in the shape of a stone arrowhead, while the arms of

3106: 3086: 2957: 2820: 2800: 2644:

in Western literature, another European heraldic device similar to the

2460: 2090: 1894: 1491: 1305:

A shield parted per pale and per fir twig fess. Coat of arms of former

596: 589: 581: 519: 497:. The most celebrated armorial dispute in English heraldry is that of 465: 182: 7205: 4961:. Orbis, 2002; Brook 154; Franklin and Shepard 120-121; Pritsak 78-79. 2972:

churches, and other religious institutions maintain the traditions of

1657:

in combined coats usually turn to face the centre of the composition.

1251:, depending on the direction of the stripes. Other variations include 7272: 6876: 6856: 6851: 6660: 6645: 6462: 6167: 4712: 3372:, i. 2, 18, 52; ii. 2, 34; quoted by William Sloane Sloane-Evans, in 2881: 2804: 2593:

emblems used to decorate and identify an individual or family. While

2515: 1977:. The blazon includes a description of the arms contained within the 1807:

When the helm and crest are shown, they are usually accompanied by a

1504: 1459: 806: 667: 515:

from assuming arms, except by inheritance or a grant from the crown.

287: 286:

A reconstruction of a shield that would have been carried by a Roman

207: 88: 64: 6515: 6391: 5449:

Innes of Learney, Thomas (1978). Innes of Edingight, Malcolm (ed.).

5190: 5086: 5059: 4974:

Pre-modern Russia and Its World: Essays in Honor of Thomas S. Noonan

3857: 3834: 3415: 1235:. A pattern of horizontal (barwise) stripes, for example, is called 1205:

One of the most important conventions of heraldry is the so-called "

7361: 6903: 6788: 6715: 6695: 6640: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6143: 5773: 5143: 5113: 5032: 3880: 2953: 2836: 2827:

are sometimes referred to as "tamgas" and have similar appearance.

2714: 2443: 2411: 2396: 2184: 1808: 1527: 829: 688: 430: 56: 7122: 7074: 5822: 5787:, an overview of thousands of coats of arms of towns and countries 5626:

Siebmacher's Grosses und Allgemeines Wappenbuch Vermehrten Auglage

5177:

Heraldry of South African families: coats of arms/crests/ancestry.

4709:

Familiewapens, oud en nieuw. Een inleiding tot de Familieheraldiek

2937:, due to its origins as a 17th-century colony of the Netherlands. 2917:

continue making grants of arms. There are heraldic authorities in

2621:(it is however well acknowledged that there exist lost or obscure 2617:

may belong to multiple categories), with 5116 distinct individual

2078:, Finland, has been drawn up in honour of the headquarters of the 2066: 1567:

An extravagant example of marshalling: the 719 quarterings of the

7013: 6771: 6705: 6675: 6655: 6650: 6635: 6615: 6469: 6457: 6427: 6386: 6350: 6283: 6238: 6034: 5995: 5834: 5315:

Fairbairn's Crests of the Families of Great Britain & Ireland

2796: 2447: 2431: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2324: 2118: 2110: 2071: 1930: 1789: 1563: 1551: 1535: 1487: 1483: 1463: 1416: 1400: 1380: 872:

One shape alone is normally reserved for a specific purpose: the

825: 434: 380:

contained a window commemorating the knights who embarked on the

168: 5825:

Introducing Heraldry for Kids with free heraldry activity sheets

5776:

catalogues a large number of European noble titles and heraldry.

5758: 5468:

Le Févre, Jean (1971). Pinches, Rosemary; Wood, Anthony (eds.).

5347: 743: 410:

The earlier heraldic writers attributed the lions of England to

7349: 7323: 7098: 6930: 6720: 6610: 6593: 6563: 6343: 6298: 6288: 6029: 5912: 5795: 5697:

Heralds of England: A History of the Office and College of Arms

4639: 4637: 4635: 3729:

Shield and Crest: An Account of the Art and Science of Heraldry

3171: 2852: 2653: 2492:, along with such traditional Western heraldic elements as the 2485: 2439: 2435: 2427: 2392: 2122: 1966: 1951: 1945: 1914: 1871: 1822:

with the colours and tassels denoting rank; or, in the case of

1819: 1793: 1758: 1617: 1356: 1333: 1321: 1024:

regarded among the standard heraldic colours. Among these are

1011:, a dark red or mulberry colour between gules and purpure, and 469: 446: 302:

Shields from the "Magister Militum Praesentalis II". From the

258:

Fresco depicting a shield of a type common in Mycenaean Greece.

243: 156: 5578:. Edinburgh: W. Green & Sons – via Internet Archive. 1814:

Clergy often refrain from displaying a helm or crest in their

1184:, in which the field appears to be covered with feathers, and 6965: 6620: 6293: 6172: 6155: 4572:

Davies, T. R. (Spring 1976). "Did National Heraldry Exist?".

2929:, Spain, and Sweden that grant or register coats of arms. In 2840: 2792: 2753: 2590: 2332: 2328: 2135: 1990: 1910: 1855: 1835: 1831: 1785: 1439: 1360: 1068: 934:

along the lower part of the shield, below the nombril point.

833: 821: 681: 547:, or junior officers of arms, all under the authority of the 522:

of England, the English Kings of Arms were commanded to make

503:(1390), in which two different men claimed the right to bear 460: 172: 160: 100: 5828: 5331:. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack – via Internet Archive. 4632: 2402:

Eastern European heraldry is in the traditions developed in

948: 7069: 6278: 5840: 5816: 5128:

from the original on Aug 18, 2023 – via academia.edu.

5101:

from the original on Aug 19, 2023 – via academia.edu.

5074:

from the original on Aug 18, 2023 – via academia.edu.

5047:

from the original on Jan 17, 2023 – via academia.edu.

4933:(in Danish). Editor and translator from English to Danish: 3004: 2597:

is an encompassing term that may refer to any such device,

2451: 2271: 1471: 1455: 1364: 1239:, while a pattern of vertical (palewise) stripes is called 1064: 898:, located midway between fess point and the chief; and the 71:. The achievement, or armorial bearings usually includes a 5261:

Heraldry, Ancient and Modern: Including Boutell's Heraldry

1973:

countries today was developed by heraldic officers in the

429:

The origins of heraldry are sometimes associated with the

407:, in 1128; but this account probably dates to about 1175. 2387: 384:

in 1147, and was probably made soon after the event; but

5601: 4618:(in Finnish). Helsinki: Karttakeskus. pp. 133–134. 4549:

Journalists' & Authors' Guide to Heraldry and Titles

1442:– with its hundreds of variations – and the 922:, on the sides approximately level with fess point; and 3091:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2933:, the right to armorial bearings is also determined by 2657:) also incorporated elements similar to crests, called 1149:, in which the shape of the vair bell is replaced by a 1141:, or wave-vair. A form peculiar to German heraldry is 845:, typically a mound of earth and grass, on which other 5499: 3376:, John Russell Smith, London (1854), p. ix (quoted by 2987:

or particular scientific instruments. The arms of the

2179:, written between 1370 and 1414. Coats of arms in the 2145:

are somewhat more frequent in Germany than elsewhere.

1497:

Animals are found in various stereotyped positions or

5784: 2952:

Heraldry continues to build on its rich tradition in

2609:

reference compiles Japan's 241 general categories of

960:. These are divided into three categories, known as 3768: 3766: 3764: 3068: 2105:, and is the third coat of arms affixed to the city. 1886:

Flags as supporters and orders in the armory of the

1059:

There are two basic types of heraldic fur, known as

354:, one of the earliest depictions of modern heraldry. 189:, is also thought to serve as a heraldic precursor. 5508: 5164:

Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada

4447: 4378:. (W.W. Norton & Company, New York: 1993), 148. 3751: 3749: 2101:. The coat of arms was originally used without the 1087:; and when the field is sable and the ermine spots 832:. To these elements, modern heraldry often adds a 440: 5602:Reid of Robertland, David; Wilson, Vivien (1977). 5403:The Art of Heraldry: Origins, Symbols, and Designs 5379: 5356: 5142:for quarterly samplings of English grants and the 4919: 1287:applies to all semés and variations of the field. 894:, located in the visual center of the shield; the 879:The whole surface of the escutcheon is termed the 193:representing their noble status and descent. The 87:, together with any accompanying devices, such as 5806:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 311–330. 4167: 4165: 4163: 4073: 4071: 4039:"American Heraldry Society - Arms of Connecticut" 3761: 1056:as a metal in one or two Canadian coats of arms. 7424: 5720: 5448: 4909: 4907: 4817: 4793: 4781: 4658: 4477: 4423: 4277: 3746: 3685:George Squibb, "The Law of Arms in England", in 3514: 1877: 1834:. Benedict broke with tradition to substitute a 1642:The third common mode of marshalling is with an 1213:, consisting of gold crosses on a silver field. 809:, and other heraldic embellishments. The term " 5736: 5622: 5516:. London and Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons. 4238: 4222: 4171: 4077: 3715: 3621: 3582: 3502: 3490: 3460: 2730:communists had helped them to gain independence 2699:often followed a unique style characterized by 1993:and other insignia. Complex rules, such as the 5558:Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition 5453:(3rd ed.). London: Johnston & Bacon. 5426: 5328:The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopedia of Armory 4937:. Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. p. 158. 4861: 4832:"Aincent Greek Shields Struck Fear Into Enemy" 4604:. (Mika Publishing Company, Belleville: 1981). 4459:. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons. p. 20. 4182: 4180: 4160: 4068: 3593: 3591: 2582: 2569: 2556: 2543: 1830:in 2005, an elaborate triple crown known as a 1490:, and other monsters appear as charges and as 1324:in heraldry can be divided into more than one 1243:. A pattern of diagonal stripes may be called 558: 27:Heraldic achievements' design and transmission 5856: 5707: 5486: 4904: 4805: 4643: 4613: 4588: 3731:, MacGibbon & Kee, London (1960), p. 386. 778: 614: 335: 5652: 4925: 4913: 4694: 4616:Suomen kuntavaakunat. Kommunvapnen i Finland 4387: 4261: 4259: 4150: 4148: 4146: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3656: 3654: 3471: 3469: 3252:Webster's Third New International Dictionary 3059:Military coat of arms, with a red locomotive 3043:2022 arms of Castagneto, showing chestnuts ( 2742:the other communist states in Eastern Europe 2671:, were well-known for their helmet designs. 2342: 2089:; this was stationed in the city during the 1870:, where the motto is granted as part of the 1133:; in continental heraldry one may encounter 641:External devices in addition to the central 5606:. Vol. Second. Edinburgh: Lyon Office. 5421:RES: Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics 5400: 4530:. (MacGibbon & Kee, London: 1960), 358. 4502: 4177: 3965:, Weathervane Books, New York (1968), p. 9. 3901: 3820: 3784: 3588: 2976:for clergy, religious orders, and schools. 1924: 303: 181:refers to the standards and ensigns of the 5863: 5849: 5552: 5335: 5321: 4654: 4652: 4362: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4301: 4289: 4265: 4250: 4226: 4210: 4198: 4186: 4137: 3937: 3918: 3835:"Heraldry on American Patriotic Postcards" 3808: 3755: 3740: 3703: 3660: 3645: 3633: 3609: 3597: 3567: 3538: 3475: 3448: 3436: 3389: 3377: 3357: 3325: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3234: 2884:writes that nišāns (Arabic: شعار) used by 2613:based on structural resemblance (a single 2009:The emergence of heraldry occurred across 1216: 1048:, a bright violet-red or pink colour; and 785: 771: 5737:Woodward, John; Burnett, George (1892) . 5520: 5363:. Cranbury, NJ: A.S. Barnes and Company. 5312: 5114:"Postcard from the Supreme Court, London" 4670: 4600:Alan Beddoe, revised by Strome Galloway. 4514: 4256: 4143: 4089: 3924: 3907: 3796: 3692: 3651: 3486: 3484: 3466: 2713:in order to distance themselves from the 2474: 2209: 2025: 1399:, the tressure, the double tressure, the 1290: 214:, and the various arms attributed to the 5610: 5514:Simple Heraldry - Cheerfully Illustrated 5493:Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe 5467: 5354: 5227:Heraldic Design: A Handbook for Students 3858:"Heraldry on German Patriotic Postcards" 2981:United States Army Institute of Heraldry 2684: 2386: 2065: 1881: 1788:of twisted cloth and sometimes within a 1757:featuring a total of seven crests. Some 1748: 1562: 1550:may be added to a shield to distinguish 1300: 947: 828:, from which depended the lambrequin or 459: 345: 29: 5582: 5500:Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, George (1680). 5254: 4772:. (Blandford Press, Dorset: 1979), 192. 4682: 4649: 4457:Simple Heraldry, Cheerfully Illustrated 4435: 4154: 4101: 4062: 3949: 3416:"Pre-heraldry on the Sangerhausen Disc" 3313: 3274: 1336:, or made into myriad other forms; see 1098:Vair represents the winter coat of the 603: 14: 7425: 5790: 5785:Heraldry of the World (civic heraldry) 5691: 5674: 5633: 5541: 5532: 5526:Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning 5300: 5288: 5211: 5188: 5111: 5084: 5057: 5030: 4970: 4706: 4125: 4113: 4041:. Americanheraldry.org. Archived from 3891:(3): 1–3, 12 – via academia.edu. 3878: 3855: 3832: 3689:vol. II, no. 15 (Spring 1953), p. 244. 3555: 3526: 3481: 3413: 2989:United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority 2467:, referring to their wars against the 1083:rather than argent, the fur is termed 5844: 5743:. Edinburgh: W. & A. B. Johnson. 5618:. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing. 5504:. Edinburgh: Heir of Andrew Anderson. 5377: 5284:. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing. 5276: 5223: 4829: 4493:. (Versus Aureus, Vilnius: 2005), 38. 4411: 4399: 3238: 797:A heraldic achievement consists of a 5732:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5660:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Omega Books. 5658:Heraldry – Customs, Rules and Styles 5623:Siebmacher, Johann. J. (1890–1901). 5568: 5564:" series. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 5548:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. 5545:A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry 5423:, vol.73/74, Autumn 2020, pp. 325-39 4733: 4727: 4353:, Gerrards Cross, Buckingham (1994). 3552:Monumental Effigies of Great Britain 2674: 2022:, have emerged in the 20th century. 1961:, itself a derivative of the French 1511:, or walking, like the lions of the 401:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou 352:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou 5528:. Maidenhead, England: McGraw-Hill. 5336:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1909). 5191:"Gathering the clans in California" 4746: 4715:: Centraal Bureau voor Genealogie. 3426:(2): 1, 9 – via academia.edu. 2625:that are not in this compilation). 418:during the lifetime of his father, 270:Vase with Greek soldiers in armor, 24: 5629:. Nürnberg: Von Bauer & Raspe. 5201:(1): 1–6 – via academia.edu. 3868:(2): 1–5 – via academia.edu. 3845:(1): 1–3 – via academia.edu. 3259:, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1960). 2900: 2859:Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire 2482:coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire 2004: 25: 7444: 5767: 5537:. Edinburgh: T & A Constable. 5144:Chief Herald of Ireland's webpage 4374:Stephen Friar and John Ferguson. 3976:"About the Flag and Coat of Arms" 3304:, Macdonald, London (1973), p. 2. 2282: 2148: 1761:coins display as many as fifteen. 1734: 1263:. Wave shaped stripes are termed 7398: 7064: 7032: 6073: 5780:Heraldry of Greatlitvan Nobility 5342:. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack. 5308:. London: Buckland Publications. 5217: 5205: 5182: 5169: 5156: 5132: 5105: 5078: 5051: 5024: 5015: 5006: 4997: 4964: 4951: 4880: 4850: 4823: 4811: 4799: 4787: 4775: 4759: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4664: 4607: 4594: 4582: 4566: 4551:. Baronage.co.uk. Archived from 4533: 3773:College of Arms official website 3071: 3052: 3036: 3020: 2942:Society for Creative Anachronism 2690:State Emblem of the Soviet Union 2503: 1965:meaning "shield". The system of 1909:If the armiger has the title of 1784:The crest is usually found on a 1722: 1710: 1698: 1686: 1674: 1662: 1164:of those tinctures, rather than 754: 742: 441:Heralds and heraldic authorities 315: 295: 279: 263: 251: 227: 5701:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 5296:. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. 5247: 5230:. Genealogical Publishing Com. 4520: 4508: 4496: 4483: 4471: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4393: 4381: 4368: 4356: 4343: 4331: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4244: 4232: 4216: 4204: 4192: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4056: 4031: 4010: 3998: 3968: 3955: 3943: 3895: 3872: 3849: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3778: 3734: 3721: 3709: 3679: 3666: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3576: 3561: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3454: 3442: 3430: 3407: 3395: 3383: 3363: 3209: 3199: 3186: 3177: 3148: 3139: 3129: 3120: 2867: 2628:The devices are similar to the 952:Table of the tinctures and furs 5585:European Nobility and Heraldry 5258:(1890). Aveling, S. T. (ed.). 5087:"Elvis Presley's Coat of Arms" 4971:Noonan, Thomas Schaub (2006). 4830:Claus, Patricia (6 May 2022). 4818:Woodcock & Robinson (1988) 4794:Woodcock & Robinson (1988) 4782:Woodcock & Robinson (1988) 4659:Woodcock & Robinson (1988) 4478:Woodcock & Robinson (1988) 4424:Woodcock & Robinson (1988) 3515:Woodcock & Robinson (1988) 3351: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3291: 3262: 3244: 3228: 1558: 13: 1: 5761:– via Internet Archive. 5636:The Complete Book of Heraldry 5350:– via Internet Archive. 5272:– via Internet Archive. 5224:Child, Heather (1976-01-01). 4756:. (Balkema, Cape Town: 1956). 4239:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 4223:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 4172:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 4078:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3716:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3622:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3583:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3503:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3491:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3461:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3374:A Grammar of British Heraldry 3222: 1878:Supporters and other insignia 1343: 535:In 1484, during the reign of 146: 55:, together with the study of 7155:(metal in the United States) 5870: 5730:The Oxford Guide to Heraldry 5654:von Volborth, Carl-Alexander 5495:. New York: Clarkson Potter. 5378:Friar, Stephen, ed. (1987). 5339:A Complete Guide to Heraldry 4977:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 4927:von Volborth, Carl-Alexander 3881:"Heraldry on German Notgeld" 3162:; in the United States, the 3113: 3007:, offering protection under 937: 493:, a professor of law at the 489:, was written about 1350 by 210:, the cross and martlets of 7: 5401:Gwynn-Jones, Peter (1998). 5386:. New York: Harmony Books. 5264:. London: Frederick Warne. 4931:Alverdens heraldik i farver 4766:Carl-Alexander von Volborth 3338:Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk 3257:C. & G. Merriam Company 3064: 2923:Canadian Heraldic Authority 2703:. Although commonly called 2141:Coats consisting only of a 1627:A more versatile method is 1450:. Other common animals are 1118:; if of six or more, it is 559:Later uses and developments 394:Philip I, Count of Flanders 171:can also be found. In the 10: 7449: 5638:. New York: Hermes House. 5533:Nisbet, Alexander (1984). 5472:. London: Heraldry Today. 5405:. London: Parkgate Books. 5323:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles 5317:. New York: Bonanza Books. 5179:(Balkema, Cape Town: 1972) 5140:College of Arms newsletter 5060:"Heraldry on Crate Labels" 4602:Beddoe's Canadian Heraldry 3160:Republic of Bophuthatswana 2872:The word of "arms" in the 2856: 2850: 2846: 2751: 2678: 2531: 2507: 2348: 2288: 2215: 2152: 2031: 1943: 1928: 1849: 1826:until the inauguration of 1738: 1430: 1426: 1347: 1294: 1220: 941: 861: 615:Elements of an achievement 607: 518:Beginning in the reign of 339: 336:Origins of modern heraldry 202:The medieval heralds also 138:Origin of the coat of arms 131: 125: 121: 7385: 7337: 7265: 7238: 7162: 7131: 7085: 7023: 6952: 6917: 6889: 6797: 6734: 6549: 6483: 6420: 6359: 6214: 6181: 6104: 5988: 5933: 5878: 5813:Introduction and examples 5512:; Pottinger, Don (1953). 5355:Franklyn, Julian (1968). 5313:Fairbairn, James (1986). 4862: 4740:American Heraldry Society 2962:professional associations 2771: 2747: 2667:, and some figures, like 2640:are often referred to as 2583: 2570: 2557: 2544: 2343:Eastern European heraldry 1939: 857: 5675:Wagner, Anthony (1946). 5634:Slater, Stephen (2003). 5434:. London: Tabard Press. 5382:A Dictionary of Heraldry 5294:The Heraldic Imagination 5153:for recent Irish grants. 4857: 4754:Heraldiek in Suid-Afrika 4491:Heraldry Past to Present 3963:The Elements of Heraldry 3775:, accessed 3 March 2016. 3554:(1817) pl. 2, illus. in 2993:Stenungsund Municipality 2738:fall of the Soviet Union 2457:Jastrzębiec coat of arms 1925:Differencing and cadency 1681:Dimidiation (worst case) 350:Enamel from the tomb of 7393:List of oldest heraldry 5803:Encyclopædia Britannica 5583:Pinches, J. H. (1994). 5189:Eiland, Murray (2018). 5112:Eiland, Murray (2012). 5085:Eiland, Murray (2018). 5058:Eiland, Murray (2015). 5031:Eiland, Murray (2014). 4278:Innes of Learney (1978) 3879:Eiland, Murray (2010). 3856:Eiland, Murray (2019). 3833:Eiland, Murray (2018). 3414:Eiland, Murray (2003). 3348:, Thomas Nelson (1953). 2974:ecclesiastical heraldry 2915:Chief Herald of Ireland 2681:Socialist state emblems 2484:incorporated the royal 2295:Ecclesiastical heraldry 2258:Northern Irish heraldry 1798:United Empire Loyalists 1705:Impalement (worst case) 1608:. "Dexter" (from Latin 1513:coat of arms of England 1217:Variations of the field 553:Commonwealth of Nations 491:Bartolus de Saxoferrato 342:List of oldest heraldry 218:and the Knights of the 134:List of oldest heraldry 5811:International heraldry 5542:Parker, James (1970). 5306:Cardinals and Heraldry 4707:de Boo, J. A. (1977). 4614:Jussi Iltanen (2013). 4020:. US Heraldic Registry 4018:"US Heraldic Registry" 3192:Technically, the word 3103: – Study of seals 3011:. This is the case in 2911:Lord Lyon King of Arms 2778:tamga) is an abstract 2693: 2527: 2475:Quasi-heraldic emblems 2399: 2210:Gallo-British heraldry 2159:South African heraldry 2106: 2054:Liechtenstein heraldry 2026:German-Nordic heraldry 1891: 1800:are entitled to use a 1762: 1717:Escutcheon of pretence 1578: 1313: 1291:Divisions of the field 1223:Variation of the field 1125:A common variation is 953: 610:Achievement (heraldry) 483:heraldic jurisprudence 477: 355: 304: 45: 5726:Robinson, John Martin 5612:Rietstap, Johannes B. 5428:Humphery-Smith, Cecil 4770:Heraldry of the World 3980:Government of Nunavut 3674:De Insigniis et Armis 3648:, pp. 17–18, 383 2966:Roman Catholic Church 2944:, medieval revivals, 2857:Further information: 2688: 2390: 2069: 1885: 1816:heraldic achievements 1796:, descendants of the 1752: 1566: 1328:, as can the various 1304: 1297:Division of the field 951: 864:Escutcheon (heraldry) 487:De Insigniis et Armis 463: 424:Richard the Lionheart 412:William the Conqueror 349: 33: 5774:EuropeanHeraldry.org 5535:A system of Heraldry 5302:Elvins, Mark Turnham 5033:"Cigar box heraldry" 4957:Ottfried Neubecker. 4806:von Warnstedt (1970) 4644:von Warnstedt (1970) 4589:von Warnstedt (1970) 4328:, pp. 75, 87–88 4140:, pp. 89, 96–98 3940:, pp. 57, 60–61 3302:An Heraldic Alphabet 3164:arms of North Dakota 2521:Seven Against Thebes 2391:Coat of arms of the 2254:New Zealand heraldry 2070:The coat of arms of 1307:Finnish municipality 1211:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1079:; when the field is 604:Heraldic achievement 212:Edward the Confessor 196:Book of Saint Albans 69:heraldic achievement 7405:Heraldry portal 6832:Hastings/Hungerford 6119:Crowns and coronets 6091:National traditions 5677:Heraldry in England 5604:An Ordinary of Arms 5570:Paul, James Balfour 5522:Neubecker, Ottfried 4914:von Volborth (1981) 4695:von Volborth (1981) 4388:von Volborth (1981) 3271:, pp. 1, 57–59 2701:communist symbolism 2692:(1956–1991 version) 2351:Belarusian heraldry 2307:Portuguese heraldry 2303:Monegasque heraldry 2222:Australian heraldry 2087:C. G. E. Mannerheim 1824:Papal coats of arms 1622:dexter and sinister 1350:Ordinary (heraldry) 944:Tincture (heraldry) 761:Heraldry portal 592:commemorations and 565:medieval tournament 513:Battle of Agincourt 495:University of Padua 363:, illustrating the 128:History of heraldry 6789:Waterlily/Seeblatt 6013:Ancient and modern 5587:. Heraldry Today. 5562:Abrams Discoveries 5554:Pastoureau, Michel 5432:General Armory Two 5195:The Armiger's News 5149:2006-10-04 at the 5118:The Armiger's News 5091:The Armiger's News 5064:The Armiger's News 5037:The Armiger's News 4897:2016-10-28 at the 4734:McMillan, Joseph. 4503:Gwynn-Jones (1998) 4189:, pp. 104–105 3961:William Whitmore, 3904:, pp. 113–121 3902:Gwynn-Jones (1998) 3885:The Armiger's News 3862:The Armiger's News 3839:The Armiger's News 3823:, pp. 110–112 3821:Gwynn-Jones (1998) 3799:, pp. 253–258 3785:Gwynn-Jones (1998) 3600:, pp. 173–174 3420:The Armiger's News 3404:, Bodleian Library 3402:Notitia Dignitatum 3298:John Brooke-Little 3096:Heraldic societies 2694: 2651:Japanese helmets ( 2400: 2359:Hungarian heraldry 2291:Brazilian heraldry 2107: 2058:Norwegian heraldry 2050:Icelandic heraldry 1904:peers of the realm 1900:European continent 1892: 1763: 1591:dividing the field 1579: 1314: 954: 500:Scrope v Grosvenor 478: 378:Abbey of St. Denis 356: 306:Notitia Dignitatum 183:children of Israel 46: 7420: 7419: 7261: 7260: 7199:(color in Canada) 6885: 6884: 5823:Heraldry for Kids 5817:Heraldisk Selskab 5693:Wagner, Anthony R 5489:Maclagan, Michael 4808:, pp. 129–30 4625:978-952-266-092-3 4526:Julian Franklyn. 4363:Fox-Davies (1909) 4338:Fox-Davies (1909) 4326:Fox-Davies (1909) 4314:Fox-Davies (1909) 4302:Fox-Davies (1909) 4290:Fox-Davies (1909) 4266:Fox-Davies (1909) 4251:Fox-Davies (1909) 4227:Fox-Davies (1909) 4225:, p. 61–62; 4211:Fox-Davies (1909) 4199:Fox-Davies (1909) 4187:Fox-Davies (1909) 4138:Fox-Davies (1909) 3938:Fox-Davies (1909) 3919:Fox-Davies (1909) 3809:Fox-Davies (1909) 3756:Pastoureau (1997) 3741:Fox-Davies (1909) 3727:Julian Franklyn, 3704:Fox-Davies (1909) 3661:Fox-Davies (1909) 3646:Fox-Davies (1909) 3634:Fox-Davies (1909) 3610:Pastoureau (1997) 3598:Fox-Davies (1909) 3568:Pastoureau (1997) 3539:Fox-Davies (1909) 3476:Fox-Davies (1909) 3449:Fox-Davies (1909) 3437:Fox-Davies (1909) 3390:Fox-Davies (1909) 3378:Fox-Davies (1909) 3358:Fox-Davies (1909) 3326:Fox-Davies (1909) 3286:Fox-Davies (1909) 3269:Fox-Davies (1909) 3235:Fox-Davies (1909) 3158:, and the former 3027:2022 arms with a 2711:European heraldry 2675:Socialist emblems 2371:Romanian heraldry 2363:Albanian heraldry 2355:Croatian heraldry 2262:Scottish heraldry 2230:Canadian heraldry 2218:American heraldry 2109:Coats of arms in 2020:Canadian heraldry 1888:Prince of Vergara 1868:Scottish heraldry 1828:Pope Benedict XVI 1741:Helmet (heraldry) 1433:Charge (heraldry) 1028:, or ash-colour; 824:, or sometimes a 795: 794: 16:(Redirected from 7440: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7241: 7228: 7220: 7212: 7204: 7194: 7184: 7176: 7173: 7165: 7150: 7142: 7134: 7121: 7118: 7109: 7106: 7097: 7094: 7068: 7036: 7012: 7009: 7000: 6997: 6988: 6985: 6976: 6973: 6964: 6961: 6941: 6938: 6929: 6926: 6915: 6914: 6899:Rule of tincture 6616:Griffin/Keythong 6212: 6211: 5903:Officers of arms 5865: 5858: 5851: 5842: 5841: 5807: 5799: 5797:"Heraldry" 5762: 5733: 5722:Woodcock, Thomas 5717: 5710:The Coat of Arms 5704: 5688: 5671: 5649: 5630: 5619: 5616:Armorial General 5607: 5598: 5579: 5565: 5549: 5538: 5529: 5517: 5510:Moncreiffe, Iain 5505: 5496: 5483: 5464: 5445: 5416: 5397: 5385: 5374: 5362: 5351: 5332: 5318: 5309: 5297: 5285: 5273: 5256:Boutell, Charles 5242: 5241: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5186: 5180: 5175:Cornelius Pama. 5173: 5167: 5160: 5154: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4968: 4962: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4902: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4865: 4864: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4838:. Greek Reporter 4827: 4821: 4820:, pp. 28–32 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4796:, pp. 24–30 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4763: 4757: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4671:Neubecker (1976) 4668: 4662: 4656: 4647: 4641: 4630: 4629: 4611: 4605: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574:The Coat of Arms 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4537: 4531: 4528:Shield and Crest 4524: 4518: 4515:Neubecker (1976) 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4489:Edmundas Rimša. 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4449:Moncreiffe, Iain 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4347: 4341: 4340:, pp. 85–87 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4316:, pp. 83–85 4311: 4305: 4304:, pp. 80–85 4299: 4293: 4292:, pp. 84–85 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4268:, pp. 79–83 4263: 4254: 4253:, pp. 77–79 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4220: 4214: 4213:, pp. 70–74 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4175: 4169: 4158: 4152: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4092:, pp. 72–77 4090:Neubecker (1976) 4087: 4081: 4080:, pp. 54–58 4075: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3982:. Archived from 3972: 3966: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3922: 3921:, pp. 57–59 3916: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3811:, pp. 87–88 3806: 3800: 3797:Neubecker (1976) 3794: 3788: 3787:, pp. 18–20 3782: 3776: 3770: 3759: 3758:, pp. 39–41 3753: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3706:, pp. 21–22 3701: 3690: 3687:The Coat of Arms 3683: 3677: 3670: 3664: 3663:, pp. 27–29 3658: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3636:, pp. 17–18 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3565: 3559: 3550:C. A. Stothard, 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3479: 3478:, pp. 14–16 3473: 3464: 3463:, pp. 29–31 3458: 3452: 3451:, pp. 11–16 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3367: 3361: 3360:, pp. 19–26 3355: 3349: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3248: 3242: 3232: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3175: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3092: 3081: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3056: 3040: 3024: 2823:, whose ancient 2788:Eurasian nomadic 2773: 2697:Communist states 2588: 2586: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2379:Serbian heraldry 2375:Russian heraldry 2319:The heraldry of 2315:Vatican heraldry 2311:Spanish heraldry 2299:Mexican heraldry 2242:English heraldry 2234:Cornish heraldry 2226:Belgian heraldry 2163:Belgian heraldry 2115:Nordic countries 2103:Mannerheim Cross 2095:Continuation War 2062:Swedish heraldry 2042:Finnish heraldry 1995:rule of tincture 1971:English-speaking 1745:Crest (heraldry) 1726: 1714: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1666: 1633:Castile and León 1524:English heraldry 1438:charges are the 1330:heraldic charges 1285:Rule of tincture 1207:rule of tincture 999:, or green; and 851:heraldic banners 787: 780: 773: 759: 758: 757: 746: 619: 618: 505:azure, a bend or 319: 309: 299: 283: 267: 255: 231: 112:High Middle Ages 97:heraldic banners 21: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7416: 7399: 7397: 7381: 7333: 7257: 7239: 7234: 7226: 7218: 7210: 7202: 7192: 7182: 7174: 7171: 7163: 7158: 7148: 7140: 7132: 7127: 7119: 7116: 7107: 7104: 7095: 7092: 7081: 7019: 7010: 7007: 6998: 6995: 6986: 6983: 6974: 6971: 6962: 6959: 6948: 6939: 6936: 6927: 6924: 6913: 6881: 6847:Hungerford knot 6817:Cavendish/Savoy 6793: 6730: 6545: 6479: 6416: 6355: 6210: 6177: 6100: 5984: 5929: 5874: 5869: 5770: 5765: 5751: 5668: 5646: 5595: 5480: 5461: 5442: 5413: 5394: 5371: 5250: 5245: 5238: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5170: 5161: 5157: 5151:Wayback Machine 5137: 5133: 5110: 5106: 5083: 5079: 5056: 5052: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4969: 4965: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4935:Sven Tito Achen 4924: 4920: 4912: 4905: 4899:Wayback Machine 4885: 4881: 4874: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4828: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4764: 4760: 4752:Cornelius Pama 4751: 4747: 4732: 4728: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4650: 4642: 4633: 4626: 4612: 4608: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4571: 4567: 4558: 4556: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4178: 4174:, p. 59–60 4170: 4161: 4153: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4048: 4046: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4023: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3925: 3917: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3877: 3873: 3854: 3850: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3762: 3754: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3726: 3722: 3718:, p. 35–36 3714: 3710: 3702: 3693: 3684: 3680: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3566: 3562: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3482: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3392:, pp. 6–10 3388: 3384: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3346:Simple Heraldry 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3296: 3292: 3288:, pp. 1–18 3284: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3249: 3245: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3200: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3156:arms of Nunavut 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3090: 3079:Heraldry portal 3077: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3060: 3057: 3048: 3041: 3032: 3025: 2935:Roman Dutch law 2903: 2901:Modern heraldry 2874:Pahlavi scripts 2870: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2766:"stamp, seal" ( 2756: 2750: 2734:emblem of Italy 2683: 2677: 2580: 2567: 2554: 2541: 2536: 2530: 2512: 2506: 2488:as part of its 2477: 2385: 2383:Slovak heraldry 2367:Polish heraldry 2349:Main articles: 2345: 2321:southern France 2317: 2289:Main articles: 2285: 2268: 2246:French heraldry 2216:Main articles: 2212: 2189:Roman Dutch law 2165: 2153:Main articles: 2151: 2064: 2046:German heraldry 2038:Danish heraldry 2032:Main articles: 2028: 2007: 2005:National styles 1989:where present, 1981:or shield, the 1948: 1942: 1933: 1927: 1880: 1852: 1747: 1739:Main articles: 1737: 1730: 1727: 1718: 1715: 1706: 1703: 1694: 1691: 1682: 1679: 1670: 1667: 1651:German heraldry 1561: 1435: 1429: 1352: 1346: 1338:Line (heraldry) 1299: 1293: 1225: 1219: 1091:, it is termed 975:The metals are 946: 940: 866: 860: 791: 755: 753: 748: 747: 741: 734: 720: 713: 706: 699: 692: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 617: 612: 606: 561: 541:College of Arms 443: 365:Norman invasion 361:Bayeux Tapestry 344: 338: 331: 328:Bayeux Tapestry 320: 311: 300: 291: 284: 275: 268: 259: 256: 247: 234:Reverse of the 232: 178:Book of Numbers 149: 144: 142:Equestrian seal 130: 124: 28: 23: 22: 18:Heraldic symbol 15: 12: 11: 5: 7446: 7436: 7435: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7395: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7347: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7329:Trophy of arms 7326: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7297: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7288:banner of arms 7280: 7275: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7250: 7244: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7224: 7216: 7208: 7200: 7190: 7180: 7168: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7146: 7137: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7114: 7102: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7029: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7005: 6993: 6981: 6969: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6934: 6921: 6919: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6895: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6872:Tristram/Bowen 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6803: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6220: 6218: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6187: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6110: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6071: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6049: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6032: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6015: 6010: 6009: 6008: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5958:Ecclesiastical 5955: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5868: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5792:Barron, Oswald 5788: 5782: 5777: 5769: 5768:External links 5766: 5764: 5763: 5749: 5734: 5718: 5705: 5689: 5672: 5666: 5650: 5644: 5631: 5620: 5608: 5599: 5593: 5580: 5566: 5550: 5539: 5530: 5518: 5506: 5497: 5484: 5478: 5465: 5459: 5451:Scots Heraldry 5446: 5440: 5424: 5417: 5411: 5398: 5392: 5375: 5369: 5352: 5333: 5319: 5310: 5298: 5290:Dennys, Rodney 5286: 5278:Burke, Bernard 5274: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5236: 5216: 5204: 5181: 5168: 5155: 5131: 5104: 5077: 5050: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4983: 4963: 4950: 4943: 4918: 4903: 4879: 4872: 4849: 4836:Greek Reporter 4822: 4810: 4798: 4786: 4774: 4758: 4745: 4726: 4699: 4687: 4683:Pinches (1994) 4675: 4663: 4648: 4631: 4624: 4606: 4593: 4581: 4565: 4555:on Aug 5, 2012 4541:"Differencing 4532: 4519: 4517:, pp. 186 4507: 4495: 4482: 4470: 4453:Pottinger, Don 4440: 4436:Boutell (1890) 4428: 4416: 4404: 4392: 4380: 4376:Basic Heraldry 4367: 4365:, pp. 101 4355: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4306: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4255: 4243: 4231: 4215: 4203: 4191: 4176: 4159: 4155:Boutell (1890) 4142: 4130: 4118: 4106: 4102:Boutell (1890) 4094: 4082: 4067: 4065:, pp. 6–7 4063:Boutell (1890) 4055: 4030: 4009: 3997: 3967: 3954: 3950:Boutell (1890) 3942: 3923: 3906: 3894: 3871: 3848: 3825: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3760: 3745: 3733: 3720: 3708: 3691: 3678: 3665: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3587: 3575: 3560: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3495: 3480: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3429: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3362: 3350: 3330: 3318: 3314:Boutell (1890) 3306: 3290: 3273: 3261: 3243: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3208: 3198: 3185: 3176: 3147: 3138: 3128: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3093: 3083: 3082: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3051: 3049: 3042: 3035: 3033: 3026: 3019: 3009:copyright laws 2902: 2899: 2894:noble families 2869: 2866: 2851:Main article: 2848: 2845: 2819:, such as the 2813:Eastern Europe 2809:Turkic peoples 2752:Main article: 2749: 2746: 2679:Main article: 2676: 2673: 2648:in function. 2532:Main article: 2529: 2526: 2510:Greek heraldry 2508:Main article: 2505: 2502: 2476: 2473: 2469:Ottoman Empire 2344: 2341: 2284: 2283:Latin heraldry 2281: 2266:Welsh heraldry 2250:Irish heraldry 2238:Devon heraldry 2211: 2208: 2204:Dutch colonies 2185:noble families 2173:Gelre Armorial 2155:Dutch heraldry 2150: 2149:Dutch heraldry 2147: 2034:Czech heraldry 2027: 2024: 2011:western Europe 2006: 2003: 1956:Middle English 1944:Main article: 1941: 1938: 1929:Main article: 1926: 1923: 1879: 1876: 1851: 1848: 1755:Saxe-Altenburg 1736: 1735:Helm and crest 1733: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1661: 1560: 1557: 1431:Main article: 1428: 1425: 1348:Main article: 1345: 1342: 1295:Main article: 1292: 1289: 1249:bendy sinister 1221:Main article: 1218: 1215: 1143:alternate vair 1122:, or miniver. 942:Main article: 939: 936: 920:sinister flank 912:sinister chief 862:Main article: 859: 856: 849:, symbols, or 799:shield of arms 793: 792: 790: 789: 782: 775: 767: 764: 763: 750: 749: 735: 721: 714: 707: 700: 693: 686: 679: 672: 665: 658: 651: 650: 649: 646: 645: 638: 637: 628: 627: 616: 613: 608:Main article: 605: 602: 560: 557: 474:Windsor Castle 442: 439: 382:Second Crusade 337: 334: 333: 332: 321: 314: 312: 301: 294: 292: 285: 278: 276: 269: 262: 260: 257: 250: 248: 236:Narmer Palette 233: 226: 187:Nebra sky disc 148: 145: 126:Main article: 123: 120: 37:Hyghalmen Roll 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7445: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7384: 7378: 7377:Sigillography 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7223: 7217: 7215: 7209: 7207: 7201: 7198: 7191: 7188: 7181: 7179: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7115: 7112: 7103: 7100: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7006: 7003: 6994: 6991: 6982: 6979: 6970: 6967: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6944: 6935: 6932: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6747:Laurel wreath 6745: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5888:Grant of arms 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5836: 5835:Heraldic Arts 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5750:0-7153-4464-1 5746: 5742: 5741: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5673: 5669: 5667:0-907853-47-1 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5645:9781844772247 5641: 5637: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5594:0-900455-45-4 5590: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5487:Louda, Jiří; 5485: 5481: 5479:9780900455131 5475: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5460:9780717942282 5456: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5441:9780806305837 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5412:9780760710821 5408: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5393:9780517566657 5389: 5384: 5383: 5376: 5372: 5370:9780498066832 5366: 5361: 5360: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5239: 5237:9780806300719 5233: 5229: 5228: 5220: 5214:, p. 238 5213: 5212:Slater (2003) 5208: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5172: 5165: 5159: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5018: 5009: 5000: 4986: 4984:9783447054256 4980: 4976: 4975: 4967: 4960: 4954: 4946: 4944:87-567-1685-0 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4875: 4869: 4853: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4814: 4807: 4802: 4795: 4790: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4673:, p. 158 4672: 4667: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4646:, p. 129 4645: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4597: 4591:, p. 128 4590: 4585: 4578: 4575: 4569: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4544: 4536: 4529: 4523: 4516: 4511: 4505:, p. 124 4504: 4499: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4438:, p. 311 4437: 4432: 4425: 4420: 4414:, p. 330 4413: 4408: 4402:, p. 259 4401: 4396: 4389: 4384: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4351:Or and Argent 4346: 4339: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4310: 4303: 4298: 4291: 4286: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4252: 4247: 4240: 4235: 4229:, pp. 74 4228: 4224: 4219: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4156: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4139: 4134: 4128:, p. 231 4127: 4126:Slater (2003) 4122: 4115: 4114:Slater (2003) 4110: 4103: 4098: 4091: 4086: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4064: 4059: 4045:on 2012-07-22 4044: 4040: 4034: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3986:on 2006-04-27 3985: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3964: 3958: 3951: 3946: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3920: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3903: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3810: 3805: 3798: 3793: 3786: 3781: 3774: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3757: 3752: 3750: 3742: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3669: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3584: 3579: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3557: 3556:Wagner (1946) 3553: 3547: 3541:, pp. 62 3540: 3535: 3528: 3527:Wagner (1946) 3523: 3516: 3511: 3504: 3499: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3462: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3438: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3380:, pp. 6. 3379: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3247: 3241:, p. 183 3240: 3237:, p. 1; 3236: 3231: 3227: 3212: 3202: 3195: 3189: 3180: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3142: 3132: 3123: 3119: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3101:Sigillography 3099: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3069: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2960:, guilds and 2959: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2909:, Scotland's 2908: 2907:Kings of Arms 2898: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2826: 2825:royal symbols 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2706:coats of arms 2702: 2698: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2669:Date Masamune 2666: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2634:coats of arms 2631: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2579: 2566: 2553: 2540: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2511: 2504:Greek symbols 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2280: 2278: 2273: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169:Low Countries 2164: 2160: 2156: 2146: 2144: 2143:divided field 2139: 2137: 2132: 2129:and northern 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2076:South Savonia 2073: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2016:South African 2012: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1969:arms used in 1968: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1937: 1932: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1913:, hereditary 1912: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1889: 1884: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864:Ne vile velis 1861: 1860:Thomas Nevile 1857: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1725: 1720: 1713: 1708: 1701: 1696: 1689: 1684: 1677: 1672: 1665: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1565: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:vair in point 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 950: 945: 935: 933: 932:sinister base 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 900:nombril point 897: 893: 888: 886: 882: 877: 875: 870: 865: 855: 852: 848: 844: 838: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 788: 783: 781: 776: 774: 769: 768: 766: 765: 762: 752: 751: 745: 740: 739: 732: 731: 726: 725: 719: 718: 712: 711: 705: 704: 698: 697: 691: 690: 684: 683: 677: 676: 670: 669: 663: 662: 656: 655: 648: 647: 644: 640: 639: 636: 633: 630: 629: 625: 621: 620: 611: 601: 598: 595: 594:nationalistic 591: 585: 583: 579: 578:stained glass 575: 570: 566: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 531: 527: 526: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 501: 496: 492: 488: 484: 475: 471: 467: 462: 458: 456: 452: 448: 438: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 408: 406: 402: 397: 395: 389: 387: 383: 379: 374: 369: 366: 362: 353: 348: 343: 329: 325: 322:The death of 318: 313: 308: 307: 298: 293: 289: 282: 277: 273: 266: 261: 254: 249: 245: 241: 237: 230: 225: 224: 223: 221: 217: 216:Nine Worthies 213: 209: 205: 200: 198: 197: 190: 188: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 143: 139: 135: 129: 119: 115: 113: 109: 104: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 43: 39: 38: 32: 19: 7367:Phaleristics 7300:Roll of arms 7266:Applications 7178:Bleu celeste 7164:Rare colours 6857:Ormonde/Wake 6742:Fleur-de-lis 6304:Inescutcheon 6269:Crozier head 6114:Coat of arms 6001:Augmentation 5908:King of Arms 5871: 5801: 5739: 5729: 5713: 5709: 5696: 5676: 5657: 5635: 5624: 5615: 5603: 5584: 5574: 5557: 5544: 5534: 5525: 5513: 5501: 5492: 5469: 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After the 2726:World War II 2722:Soviet Union 2719: 2704: 2695: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2645: 2637: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2577: 2564: 2551: 2538: 2537: 2534:Mon (emblem) 2519: 2513: 2478: 2401: 2346: 2338: 2318: 2286: 2269: 2213: 2194:burgher arms 2192: 2176: 2166: 2140: 2108: 2080:Finnish Army 2074:, a city of 2029: 2008: 1962: 1958: 1949: 1934: 1919: 1908: 1893: 1863: 1854:An armorial 1853: 1813: 1806: 1783: 1779: 1764: 1669:Dimidiation 1648: 1644:inescutcheon 1641: 1637: 1626: 1613: 1609: 1593: 1582: 1580: 1544:fleur-de-lis 1521: 1498: 1496: 1436: 1421: 1393:inescutcheon 1389: 1353: 1315: 1311:Varpaisjärvi 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1135:vair in bend 1134: 1131:vair in pale 1130: 1127:counter-vair 1126: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100:red squirrel 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1073:ermine spots 1072: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:, sky blue; 1038:bleu de ciel 1037: 1034:bleu-céleste 1033: 1032:, or brown; 1029: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 991:, or black; 988: 984: 980: 976: 974: 969: 965: 961: 955: 931: 927: 923: 919: 916:dexter flank 915: 911: 908:center chief 907: 904:dexter chief 903: 899: 896:honour point 895: 891: 889: 884: 878: 871: 867: 839: 815: 811:coat of arms 796: 738:Coat of arms 736: 728: 722: 715: 708: 701: 694: 687: 680: 673: 666: 659: 652: 643:coat of arms 631: 586: 562: 549:Earl Marshal 534: 523: 517: 504: 498: 486: 479: 455:King of Arms 450: 444: 428: 409: 398: 390: 386:Montfaucon's 370: 357: 271: 239: 204:devised arms 201: 194: 191: 176: 165:Mesopotamian 150: 116: 105: 73:coat of arms 48: 47: 42:Roll of arms 35: 7372:Vexillology 7133:Rare metals 7113:(blood red) 6711:Winged lion 6691:Sea-griffin 6626:Hippocampus 6559:Allocamelus 6201:Fimbriation 6129:Compartment 6106:Achievement 6074:Marshalling 6040:distinction 5898:Law of arms 5883:Authorities 5679:. Penguin. 4892:listed here 4157:, p. 8 4104:, p. 9 3990:October 19, 3952:, p. 6 3529:, p. 8 3517:, p. 1 3439:, p. 6 3328:, p. v 3316:, p. 5 3168:Connecticut 3029:hydrocarbon 2498:compartment 2465:Turk's head 2461:house marks 2181:Netherlands 2131:Switzerland 2127:Czech lands 2099:Lapland War 1999:Middle Ages 1975:Middle Ages 1729:Quartering 1598:dimidiation 1576:Stowe House 1559:Marshalling 1269:barry-bendy 1108:vair ancien 995:, or blue; 928:middle base 924:dexter base 843:compartment 710:Compartment 654:Escutcheon 635:achievement 545:Pursuivants 537:Richard III 530:William III 525:visitations 466:pursuivants 326:, from the 324:King Harold 220:Round Table 53:vexillology 34:The German 7317:equestrian 7101:(mulberry) 6827:Harrington 6757:Quatrefoil 6686:Salamander 6631:Hippogriff 6589:Cockatrice 6569:Amphiptere 6541:Wolfsangel 6521:Portcullis 6433:Black swan 6387:Camelopard 6216:Ordinaries 6134:Escutcheon 6084:impalement 6079:quartering 6062:variations 5980:Attributed 5918:pursuivant 5699:. London: 5124:(3): 2–4. 5070:(3): 1–4. 5043:(1): 1–4. 4990:2016-06-13 4886:Some 6939 4873:434003102X 4559:2012-06-19 4465:1119559413 4049:2012-06-19 4024:2012-06-19 3570:, p. 3223:References 3170:require a 3107:Totem pole 3087:Emblematic 2958:government 2913:, and the 2821:East Slavs 2801:Sarmatians 2715:monarchies 2518:' tragedy 2494:escutcheon 2395:county in 2091:Winter War 1987:supporters 1979:escutcheon 1895:Supporters 1693:Impalement 1653:, animate 1629:quartering 1620:(see also 1587:impalement 1505:Quadrupeds 1492:supporters 1460:wild boars 1383:, and the 1344:Ordinaries 1273:paly-bendy 987:, or red; 892:fess point 807:supporters 622:Part of a 597:propaganda 582:embroidery 520:Henry VIII 340:See also: 147:Precursors 132:See also: 89:supporters 7410:resources 7355:socialist 7278:Hatchment 7273:Bookplate 7253:Carnation 7240:Realistic 7053:Erminites 6891:Tinctures 6842:Hinckaert 6807:Bourchier 6661:Ouroboros 6646:Manticore 6551:Legendary 6526:Reremouse 6463:Przepaska 6392:Hind/stag 6382:Dog/hound 6191:Attitudes 6168:Supporter 6096:Societies 6057:divisions 6006:abatement 5829:Heraldica 5685:878505764 4713:The Hague 4579:(97): 16. 3342:Pottinger 3114:Footnotes 2890:Sasanians 2886:Parthians 2882:al-Masudi 2837:talismans 2805:Scythians 2768:Mongolian 2603:mondokoro 2565:mondokoro 2516:Aeschylus 2424:Lithuania 2177:Wapenboek 1967:blazoning 1862:'s motto 1569:Grenville 1500:attitudes 1417:flaunches 1233:variation 1186:papelonné 1120:menu-vair 1112:gros vair 1104:vair ondé 1050:carnation 1046:columbine 958:tinctures 938:Tinctures 668:Supporter 590:patriotic 451:blazoning 416:King John 373:Alexius I 288:Legionary 208:Pharamond 108:antiquity 7433:Heraldry 7427:Category 7362:Logotype 7305:Illyrian 7187:Brunâtre 7111:Sanguine 7048:Erminois 7016:(purple) 6909:Hatching 6904:Tricking 6867:Stafford 6767:Shamrock 6716:Woodwose 6696:Sea-lion 6666:Pantheon 6641:Lindworm 6584:Chollima 6579:Biscione 6574:Basilisk 6496:Crapaudy 6397:Kangaroo 6259:Componée 6253:Łękawica 6149:pavilion 6144:Mantling 6023:courtesy 6018:Alliance 5946:dominion 5941:National 5872:Heraldry 5794:(1911). 5759:02020303 5728:(1988). 5695:(1967). 5656:(1981). 5614:(1967). 5572:(1903). 5556:(1997). 5524:(1976). 5491:(1981). 5430:(1973). 5359:Heraldry 5348:09023803 5325:(1904). 5304:(1988). 5292:(1975). 5280:(1967). 5162:See the 5147:Archived 5138:See the 5126:Archived 5099:Archived 5097:(1): 6. 5072:Archived 5045:Archived 4959:Heraldik 4929:(1972). 4895:Archived 4866:. 2004. 4842:10 March 4721:63382927 4545:Cadency" 4455:(1953). 3194:tincture 3136:visible. 3065:See also 3045:castagne 3031:molecule 2970:Anglican 2954:academia 2786:used by 2660:datemono 2591:Japanese 2496:and the 2444:Slovakia 2412:Bulgaria 2397:Slovakia 2277:Napoleon 2200:republic 2097:and the 2014:such as 1844:Anglican 1840:his arms 1809:mantling 1802:Loyalist 1614:sinistra 1594:per pale 1572:Armorial 1528:crescent 1488:griffins 1484:unicorns 1464:martlets 1326:tincture 1253:chevrony 1182:plumetty 1085:erminois 1042:amaranth 1030:brunâtre 1005:sanguine 830:mantling 689:Mantling 632:Heraldic 569:burghers 468:wearing 431:Crusades 420:Henry II 153:Egyptian 65:pedigree 57:ceremony 49:Heraldry 7338:Related 7206:Cendrée 7189:(brown) 7043:Ermines 7014:Purpure 7004:(green) 6980:(black) 6953:Colours 6933:(white) 6837:Heneage 6779:Thistle 6772:Trefoil 6706:Unicorn 6681:Phoenix 6676:Pegasus 6671:Panther 6656:Musimon 6651:Mermaid 6636:Lampago 6606:Enfield 6599:Chinese 6536:Serpent 6531:Scallop 6501:Dolphin 6475:Pelican 6470:Martlet 6458:Szaszor 6428:Alerion 6402:Leopard 6377:Bull/ox 6351:Saltire 6339:Roundel 6314:Lozenge 6284:Flaunch 6249:Chevron 6239:Bordure 6224:Annulet 6196:Erasure 6183:Charges 6047:Canting 6035:Cadency 5996:Armiger 5970:Burgher 5923:private 5893:History 5270:6102523 4858:日本の家紋大全 3558:, pl. 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