3275:
Mesopotamian law, the offspring of such a union would be credited to Sarah (Gn. 16:2). The name Yishmaʿeʾl is known from various ancient
Semitic cultures and means "God has hearkened," suggesting that a child so named was regarded as the answer to a request. Ishmael was circumcised at the age of thirteen by Abraham and expelled with his mother Agar at the instigation of Sarah, Abraham's wife, who wanted to ensure that Isaac would be Abraham's heir (Gn. 21). In the New Testament, Paul uses this incident to symbolize the relationship between Judaism and Christianity (Gal. 4:21–31). In the Genesis account, God blessed Ishmael, promising that he would be the founder of a great nation and a "wild ass of a man" always at odds with others (Gn. 16:12). So Abraham rose up in the morning, and taking bread and a bottle of water, put it upon her shoulder, and delivered the boy, and sent her away. And she departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Bersabee. And when the water in the bottle was spent, she cast the boy under one of the trees that were there. Genesis chapter 21: And she went her way, and sat over against him a great way off as far as a bow can carry, for she said: I will not see the boy die: and sitting over against, she lifted up her voice and wept. And God heard the voice of the boy: and an angel of God called to Agar from heaven, saying: What art thou doing, Agar? fear not: for God hath heard the voice of the boy, from the place wherein he is. Arise, take up the boy, and hold him by the hand: for I will make him a great nation. And God opened her eyes: and she saw a well of water, and went and filled the bottle, and gave the boy to drink. And God was with him: and he grew, and dwelt in the wilderness, and became a young man, an archer. And he dwelt in the wilderness of Pharan, and his mother took a wife for him out of the land of Egypt. At the same time Abimelech, and Phicol the general of his army said to Abraham: God is with thee in all that thou dost. Swear therefore by God, that thou wilt not hurt me, nor my posterity, nor my stock: but according to the kindness that I have done to thee, thou shalt do to me, and to the land wherein thou hast lived a stranger. And Abraham said: I will swear. And he reproved Abimelech for a well of water, which his servants had taken away by force. And Abimelech answered: I knew not who did this thing: and thou didst not tell me, and I heard not of it till today. And Abraham took sheep and oxen and gave them to Abimelech: and both of them made a league. And Abraham set apart seven ewe lambs of the flock. And Abimelech said to him: What mean these seven ewe lambs which thou hast set apart? But he said: Thou shalt take seven ewe lambs at my hand: that they may be a testimony for me, that I dug this well. Therefore that place was called Bersabee: because there both of them did swear. And they made a league for the well of oath. And Abimelech, and Phicol the general of his army arose and returned to the land of the Palestines. But Abraham planted a grove in Bersabee, and there called upon the name of the Lord God eternal. And he was a sojourner in the land of the Palestines many days. Douay Rheims Bible. He is credited with twelve sons, described as "princes according to their tribes" (Gn. 25:16), representing perhaps an ancient confederacy. The Ishmaelites, vagrant traders closely related to the Midianites, were apparently regarded as his descendants. The fact that Ishmael's wife and mother are both said to have been Egyptian suggests close ties between the Ishmaelites and Egypt. According to Genesis 25:17, Ishmael lived to the age of 137. Islamic tradition tends to ascribe a larger role to Ishmael than does the Bible. He is considered a prophet and, according to certain theologians, the offspring whom Abraham was commanded to sacrifice (although surah Judaism has generally regarded him as wicked, although repentance is also ascribed to him. According to some rabbinic traditions, his two wives were Aisha and Fatima, whose names are the same as those of Muhammad's wife and daughter Both Judaism and Islam see him as the ancestor of Arab peoples. Bibliography A survey of the Bible's patriarchal narratives can be found in Nahum M. Sarna's Understanding Genesis (New York, 1966). Postbiblical traditions, with reference to Christian and Islamic views, are collected in Louis Ginzberg's exhaustive Legends of the Jews, 2d ed., 2 vols., translated by Henrietta Szold and Paul Radin (Philadelphia, 2003). Frederick E. Greenspahn (1987 and 2005)
3589:
between the two of them—Iraq under
Persian rule, Syria, Palestine, and North Africa part of the Byzantine Empire. They spoke a variety of different languages and were for the most part Christians, with some Jewish minorities. Their Arabization and Islamization took place with the vast expansion of Islam in the decades and centuries following the death of the Prophet in 632 CE. The Aramaic language, once dominant in the Fertile Crescent, survives in only a few remote villages and in the rituals of the Eastern churches. Coptic, the language of Christian Egypt before the Arab conquest, has been entirely replaced by Arabic except in the church liturgy. Some earlier languages have survived, notably Kurdish in Southwest Asia and Berber in North Africa, but Arabic, in one form or another, has in effect become the language of everyday speech as well as of government, commerce, and culture in what has come to be known as "the Arab world."
1199:
1540:
1491:
808:
1304:
424:
1065:
1615:
1920:
1374:
559:
993:
1227:
1760:
961:
31:
890:
1389:
871:
1681:
1715:("the Young Arab Society"), a small Arab nationalist club, in Paris. Its stated aim was "raising the level of the Arab nation to the level of modern nations." In the first few years of its existence, al-Fatat called for greater autonomy within a unified Ottoman state rather than Arab independence from the empire. Al-Fatat hosted the
1598:
Intellectual life in Egypt during the
Fatimid period achieved great progress and activity, due to many scholars who lived in or came to Egypt, as well as the number of books available. Fatimid Caliphs gave prominent positions to scholars in their courts, encouraged students, and established libraries
1719:
in Paris, the purpose of which was to discuss desired reforms with other dissenting individuals from the Arab world. However, as the
Ottoman authorities cracked down on the organization's activities and members, al-Fatat went underground and demanded the complete independence and unity of the Arab
1024:
tribe. They returned to Yemen and allied themselves with the
Himyarites who installed them as a vassal kingdom that ruled Central Arabia from "Qaryah Dhat Kahl" (the present-day called Qaryat al-Faw). The Lakhmids contested control of the Central Arabian tribes with the Kindites with the Lakhmids
3588:
At the time of the
Prophet's birth and mission, the Arabic language was more or less confined to Arabia, a land of deserts, sprinkled with oases. Surrounding it on land on every side were the two rival empires of Persia and Byzantium. The countries of what now make up the Arab world were divided
1291:
strove to resolve the conflict when he came to power in 717. He rectified the disparity, demanding that all
Muslims be treated as equals, but his intended reforms did not take effect, as he died after only three years of rule. By now, discontent with the Umayyads swept the region and an uprising
3274:
ISHMAEL, or, in Hebrew, Yishmaʿeʾl; eldest son of
Abraham. Ishmael's mother was Agar, an Egyptian slave-girl whom Sarah had as her maid and eventually donated to Abraham because this royal couple were aged and childless but they were unaware then of God's plan and Israel; in accordance with
3435:
1887:
During the Cold War the Arab world would be fought over by the West and East, with both sides supporting and sending troops into various conflicts. The UK would set up the
Central Treaty Organization to serve as the Middle East equivalent of NATO in 1955 before it was disbanded in 1979.
582:
Zabdibel, who aided the
Seleucids in the battle of Raphia (217 BC), were described as Arabs; Zabdibel and his men were not actually identified as Palmyrenes in the texts, but the name "Zabdibel" is a Palmyrene name leading to the conclusion that the sheikh hailed from Palmyra. After the
1817:, meaning "catastrophe." To this day, millions of Palestinians are still displaced from their homes and are unable to return. After the 1948 Arab Israeli war and subsequent conflicts due to antisemitism, pogroms, and state oppression, the vast majority of Jews in the Arab world would
3443:
1879:
in an attempt to force America to stop supporting Israel. The abundance of oil in the Arab countries has directly and indirectly led to conflict and prevented Arab countries from diversifying their economies in what some economists calls the
673:. To the east of Antioch was another Arab group that ruled in Chalcidice represented by the Rhambaei, Gambarus and Themella, who were ruled by way of various Arab princes, including a famous Alchaedamnus who fought against
831:
often in form of "King of the Arabs". The Osroeni and Hatrans were part of several Arab groups or communities in upper Mesopotamia, who also included the Praetavi of Singara (present-day Sinjar, Iraq) reported by
1037:
Sassanids dissolved the Lakhmid dynasty in 602, being under puppet kings, then under their direct control. They ruled much of the Northern/Central Arabian peninsula, until they were destroyed by the Lakhmid king
1650:. According to some modern historians, their influx was a major factor in the arabization of the Maghreb. Although Berbers ruled the region until the 16th century (under such powerful dynasties as the
1895:
would begin in Tunisia and soon spread across the Arab world. During the Arab Spring many Arab countries underwent pro-democracy revolutions against their ruling governments. It would result in the
3983:(Suppl. 4). Lyon, France: Société des Amis de la bibliothèque Salomon-Reinach/Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux (Fédération de recherche sur les sociétés anciennes): 310–340.
1848:
On March 22, 1945, the Arab League would be founded in Cairo, originally with only six but currently consisting of 21 member countries. Its goal is to foster cooperation between member countries.
1599:
in their palaces, so that scholars might expand their knowledge and reap benefits from the work of their predecessors. The Fatimids were also known for their exquisite arts. Many traces of
1708:
in Cairo, and ended the Abbasid Caliphate. Arabs did not feel the change of administration because the Ottomans modeled their rule after the previous Arab administration systems.
1323:
Umayyads expanded their Empire westwards capturing North Africa from the Byzantines. Before the Arab conquest, North Africa was conquered or settled by various people including
3234:
357:
letter from before 648 BC. The Nabaytau reportedly lived in the Babylonian border region, and were probably the namesake of the city of Nabatu mentioned in an inscription of
1567:, the daughter of Muhammad, in the early 10th century. Egypt was the political, cultural, and religious centre of the Fatimid empire. The Fatimid state took shape among the
3767:
Schsenwald, William L. "The Vilayet of Syria, 1901–1914: A Re-Examination of Diplomatic Documents As Sources." Middle East Journal (1968), Vol 22, No. 1, Winter: p. 73.
1525:
generals taking the political side of the kingdom while Abbasid Caliphs were engaged in civil activities and continued patronizing science, arts and literature.
4314:
4262:
314:(744–727 BC), the "Arabāy" (Arabs) were among the Syrians integrated into the Assyrian administrative system, and were reportedly located in the regions of
3883:. Routledge. pp. 11 METHODOLOGY (modern Saudi Arabia minus the east coast, the Sinai and Negev deserts, and parts of modern Jordan, Syria, and Iraq).
1287:
of the region. However, the Arabs' higher status among non-Arab Muslim converts and the latter's obligation to pay heavy taxes caused resentment. Caliph
3227:
1802:. All are all modern states and became significant as distinct political entities. There is also a large Arab diaspora worldwide following the fall,
1447:
became an intellectual centre for science, philosophy, medicine and education as the Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge and established the "
3760:
3514:
1521:. Members of the Abbasid royal family escaped the massacre and resorted to Cairo, which had broken from the Abbasid rule two years earlier; the
4132:
223:
since 6000 BCE. By about 850 BCE, a complex network of settlements and camps were established. The earliest Arab tribes emerged from Bedouins.
945:
language like the ones spoken in Yemen at the time. Upon their settlement in the Levant around 300 CE, the Ghassanids also became part of the
3220:
1283:
established Arabic as the Caliphate's official language in 686. This reform greatly influenced the conquered non-Arab peoples and fueled the
1132:
of the surrounding territories controlled by the Sassanians and Romans, effectually establishing what is known in Islamic chronology as the
1803:
169:
4508:
4878:
4535:
5006:
3535:
1250:. The Umayyads derived most of their military from Arabs of Syria, and heavily sponsored poetry. They established garrison towns at
3813:
446:
texts give a clearer picture of Arabic's developmental history and emergence. Ancient North Arabian is a collection of texts from
4986:
4267:
1443:
such as "The ink of the scholar is more holy than the blood of martyrs" stressing the value of knowledge. During this period the
1347:. This new state was characterized by an expansion of trade, culture and knowledge, and saw the construction of masterpieces of
89:
is the home of the first attested "Arab" groups, as well as other Arab groups that spread in the land and existed for millennia.
1427:
was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from
882:; these included kingdoms and confederations of tribes that dominated large swaths of land in the Arabian Peninsula, Levant and
1198:
823:
which they had occupied and ruled since the 2nd century BC, and which they had continued to rule until the 3rd century CE. The
4914:
4861:
4545:
4518:
4411:
4349:
4276:
4245:
4197:
4157:
4108:
4078:
4051:
4024:
3955:
3869:
3803:
3574:
3498:
3386:
3334:
3292:
3267:
19:
4717:
4570:
1509:
began to fracture in the 10th century; afterwards, in the 1190s, there was a revival of their power, which was ended by the
968:
Greeks and Romans referred to all the nomadic population of the desert in the Near East as Arabi. The Romans called Yemen "
4996:
4976:
4485:
1818:
4335:
4292:
3662:
1420:
and declared it the capital of the Caliphate. Unlike the Umayyads, the Abbasids had the support of non-Arab subjects.
893:
Map of the Lakhmid Kingdom in the 6th-century at its peak. Light green is Sasanian territory governed by the Lakhmids.
697:
until the 2nd century, and were involved in the affairs of late Seleucid monarchs under their chief Sempsigeramus. In
4991:
4981:
4961:
4931:
4472:
4439:
4381:
3915:
3888:
3736:
3425:
3359:
518:
was adopted by Arabs to the south, and evolved into modern Arabic script around the 4th century. This is attested by
4956:
1339:, the Umayyads lost most of their territories with the exception of Iberia. Their last holding became known as the
3604:
811:
Approximate map of the kingdoms of Hatra, Edessa and Adiabene as vassals of the Parthians in Mesopotamia in 200 CE
2186:
1813:
caused nearly one million Arabs to flee to nearby countries. The events of 1948 are known to Palestinians as the
1039:
173:
3674:
5001:
4936:
4775:
3710:
2866:
1343:. It was the rule of the grandson of the founder of this new emirate that the state entered a new phase as the
4644:
5026:
4971:
4951:
4941:
3629:
3551:
3522:
1219:
205:
2431:
4966:
4946:
4620:
1771:
1646:, they travelled westwards. The Banu Hilal quickly defeated the Zirids and deeply weakened the neighboring
1397:
651:
638:. The Tanukhids initially appear in 196 CE as a federation of Arab tribes roaming the western banks of the
2361:
1012:. The Kindites originally migrated from Yemen along with the Ghassanids, where they had served as nomad
506: – Semitic-speakers who settled the region centuries before them. Their early inscriptions were in
1043:
941:
in the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE; it's not clear whether or not Ghassanids originally spoke Arabic or a
909:
and acting as a buffer between them and the Romans and unruly nomadic Arab tribes further south. Their
185:
4742:
764:
inhabited and became numerous in the area west of the Dead Sea, whose names comprised an admixture of
219:
Historically, the Bedouin engaged in nomadic herding, agriculture and sometimes fishing in the Syrian
4907:
4322:
1744:
1548:
4537:
Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four: The University of California Book of North African Literature
1539:
665:
were an Arab group ruled by a certain Aziz, who played an important role in the affairs of the last
4397:
3110:
1810:
1705:
1560:
1522:
1490:
1203:
670:
157:
4800:
Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (2008-01-07).
4467:
Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pg 26–38
2856:
1902:
In modern times an Arab diaspora of 50 million has been formed by emigrants from Arab countries.
1693:
1514:
1377:
1316:
1280:
1185:
942:
137:
3778:
3493:(1st Harvard Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
1344:
1167:
827:
was similarly ruled by an Arab dynasty since the 2nd century CE, whose rulers assumed the title
3649:
3257:
2961:
2906:
1129:
1059:
1004:
was yet another Arab entity in central Arabia, established in 450 CE as a confederation of the
807:
733:
486:
121:
4851:
4401:
3992:
3972:
3564:
3322:
3282:
4369:
3695:
3376:
2951:
2921:
1716:
678:
650:, who lead her forces into Palestine, Arabia and even the edges of Egypt, and also served as
479:
443:
358:
112:. Today, "Arab" refers to a variety of large numbers of people whose native regions form the
3793:
1340:
4900:
3841:
3543:
3095:
2976:
1600:
4761:
1218:; it is the oldest mosque in the Maghreb and represents an architectural testimony of the
8:
4825:
4799:
3185:
2196:
1608:
769:
721:
311:
298:
in 853 BC, Arabs were part of a Damascene coalition of Syrian and Israelite allies under
252:
177:
4801:
3817:
2501:
4126:
3754:
3508:
3302:
2891:
2656:
2541:
2401:
2126:
2061:
1584:
1424:
1336:
1133:
1111:
1005:
757:
710:
702:
674:
588:
515:
466:, but also of pre-Arabic languages previously spoken in the Arabian peninsula, such as
201:
125:
93:
2481:
1355:
which housed over 400,000 volumes. With the collapse of the Umayyad state in 1031 AD,
1238:, built in 715, is one of the oldest, largest and best preserved mosques in the world.
595:
and defeated the Sassanian armies in several battles, even reaching the capital city,
4857:
4541:
4514:
4468:
4435:
4407:
4377:
4345:
4272:
4241:
4193:
4153:
4114:
4104:
4074:
4047:
4020:
3984:
3951:
3911:
3884:
3865:
3799:
3742:
3732:
3706:
3623:
3570:
3494:
3421:
3382:
3355:
3330:
3288:
3263:
3001:
2846:
2451:
2091:
2081:
2071:
1956:
1675:
1630:
saw a large influx of ethnic Arabs. Starting with the 11th century, the Arab bedouin
1534:
1405:
1368:
1293:
1193:
1161:
1097:
934:
784:
522:
inscriptions (beginning in the 1st century BC) and the many Arabic personal names in
507:
248:
133:
129:
101:
1480:
1404: clan. The Abbasids led a revolt against the Umayyads and defeated them in the
901:
assumed leadership from the Tanukhids and established themselves as clients for the
4757:
4374:
The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Periods, Volume 1
4310:
3155:
3151:
3140:
3121:
2786:
2766:
2746:
2666:
2461:
2341:
2266:
2256:
2206:
2136:
2036:
1986:
1896:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1790:
Most Arabs in modern times live in the Arab world, which comprises 22 countries in
1392:
Scholars at an Abbasid library in Baghdad. Maqamat of al-Hariri Illustration, 1237.
1308:
1026:
1001:
914:
841:
824:
729:
658:
611:
584:
543:
511:
414:
295:
255:
period through their onomastics and toponyms. These tribes were present throughout
53:
45:
4493:
1700:
From 1517 to 1918, much of the Arab world was under the suzerainty of the Turkish
1571:
Berbers, in the West of the North African littoral, in Algeria, in 909 conquering
1303:
646:
of the Romans. They rebelled against Roman authority in 378 CE under their queen,
642:
who later made way into central and northern Syria, where they became part of the
302:, who ruled over an Arab kingdom located in the northeastern parts of present-day
294:: a certain Bur-'Anat of Yašbuq, and Hadaṯa of a tribe whose name is lost. In the
73:
begins in the mid-9th century BCE, which is the earliest known attestation of the
4365:
4235:
4147:
4098:
4068:
4041:
4014:
3945:
3859:
3091:
3061:
2826:
2816:
2726:
2706:
2596:
2531:
2491:
2471:
2381:
2306:
2296:
2286:
2246:
2216:
2156:
2146:
2026:
1976:
1614:
1604:
1544:
1518:
1494:
1452:
1448:
1352:
1087:
902:
833:
686:
539:
410:
331:
279:
1064:
478:. The texts are either written in variants or closely related sister scripts of
52:. One of several ancient female rulers in antiquity of Arab origin. Depicted as
4892:
4668:
4330:
4318:
3460:
3166:
3076:
3020:
2796:
2686:
2616:
2316:
1881:
1876:
1834:
1799:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1701:
1689:
1671:
1408:
effectively ending their rule in all parts of the Empire with the exception of
1231:
1189:
1034:
1017:
977:
918:
879:
272:
161:
49:
4853:
Fear and Faith in Paradise: Exploring Conflict and Religion in the Middle East
4596:
1711:
In 1911, Arab intellectuals and politicians from throughout the Levant formed
1373:
423:
5020:
4692:
4326:
4118:
3988:
3746:
3637:
3046:
2551:
2411:
1619:
1510:
1505:
The Abbasids ruled for 200 years before they lost their central control when
1215:
1125:
1009:
874:
Tanukhid territories in the Levant, Mesopotamia and Arabia in the 4th century
682:
647:
527:
366:
291:
260:
86:
1919:
1226:
985:, and called unconquered deserts bordering the empire to the south and east
840:. This elaborate Arab presence in upper Mesopotamia was acknowledged by the
558:
3050:
2521:
2276:
1864:
1795:
1444:
1016:
for the armies of the Sabaean and Himyarite kings, but were turned back in
992:
986:
973:
969:
926:
780:
725:
591:
was taken prisoner. Assuming the side of Rome, the Palmyrenes united under
482:
451:
362:
335:
287:
58:
4190:
Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs
921:
likely between 250 and 300 CE. The Ghassanids were part of an influx from
3729:
Frontiers of the state in the late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921
2910:
2676:
2586:
2371:
2226:
2176:
1892:
1851:
Many Arab countries rely heavily on oil exports to fuel their economies.
1826:
1822:
1791:
1724:
1498:
1401:
1284:
1243:
1013:
954:
950:
883:
698:
603:
370:
307:
256:
244:
209:
189:
181:
165:
109:
30:
4016:
The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads
3404:
1759:
960:
4149:
The Arabs in Antiquity Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads
3795:
The League of Arab States: A Study in Dynamics of Regional Organization
3196:
2836:
2806:
2636:
2441:
2006:
1651:
1643:
1631:
1472:
1409:
1356:
1348:
1171:
910:
861:
845:
623:
592:
499:
475:
428:
402:
346:
239:
texts of the 9th to 5th centuries BC where they inhabited parts of the
113:
74:
1821:. There would be subsequent wars between Arab countries and Israel in
4802:"The Baghdad Pact (1955) and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)"
3181:
3136:
3106:
3031:
3016:
2421:
2391:
2236:
1996:
1936:
1868:
1685:
1436:
1413:
1312:
1055:
761:
737:
694:
643:
639:
635:
615:
596:
526:
inscriptions. From about the 2nd century BC, a few inscriptions from
523:
467:
436:
418:
394:
339:
286:
in 858 BC, he fought a force which included two Arab chieftains from
232:
4215:
2965:
2736:
2696:
2646:
2606:
2511:
2166:
2116:
2016:
1712:
1655:
1647:
1635:
1588:
1576:
1428:
1247:
1235:
1207:
1121:
1077:
1021:
938:
906:
898:
865:
857:
837:
753:
749:
666:
631:
567:
563:
519:
503:
471:
459:
378:
315:
264:
149:
3256:
Fredrick E. Greenspahn (2005). "Ishmael". In Lindsay Jones (ed.).
889:
192:
while respecting the individual sovereignty of its member states.
3125:
3035:
3005:
2940:
2776:
2756:
2716:
2626:
2561:
2351:
1966:
1872:
1659:
1627:
1572:
1564:
1506:
1484:
1468:
1460:
1432:
1417:
1388:
1381:
1332:
1324:
1297:
1288:
1271:
1211:
1177:
930:
816:
796:
662:
607:
575:
562:
The ruins of Palmyra. The Palmyrenes were an admixture of Arabs,
463:
406:
398:
382:
373:. Ashurbanipal launched a punitive campaign against the Arabs in
354:
319:
299:
236:
82:
78:
37:
4879:"Diasporas: A Global and Vibrant Force for Arab Democratization"
3779:
Arab League formed — History.com This Day in History — 3/22/1945
3489:
Ruthven, Albert Hourani; with a new afterword by Malise (2010).
3461:"ʿARAB i. Arabs and Iran (pre-Islamic) – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
3200:
3080:
2936:
1946:
1875:. OPEC would cease the export of oil to America after the 1973
1860:
1740:
1639:
1580:
1568:
1440:
1362:
1328:
1277:
1141:
1069:
1030:
949:, along with several other Arab tribes in the region including
820:
788:
765:
741:
717:
627:
579:
547:
447:
374:
303:
283:
240:
220:
141:
117:
105:
3861:
The Ituraeans and the Roman Near East: Reassessing the Sources
1579:
capital. In 921 the Fatimids established the Tunisian city of
1400:, one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad and of the same
514:, thus producing some of the earliest clear Arabic texts. The
3170:
2925:
2895:
1814:
1603:
exist in Cairo today; the most defining examples include the
1592:
1552:
1476:
1464:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1242:
In 661, the Rashidun Caliphate shifted into the hands of the
1181:
1155:
1137:
1117:
982:
922:
870:
776:
745:
619:
455:
432:
268:
153:
145:
97:
3971:
Graf, David Franck (1 January 2003). Sartre, Maurice (ed.).
3563:
Lewis, Bernard Ellis & Churchill, Buntzie Ellis (2008).
3262:. Vol. 7. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 4551–4552.
1665:
1591:
in Tunisia, and in 969 they conquered Egypt and established
275:(911–891 BC), Aramaean and Arab clans formed a confederacy.
176:, forming the modern Arab states. After the adoption of the
4434:. New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing. pp. 50–52.
3329:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. January 2012. p. 156.
3065:
1856:
1852:
1809:
In 1948, Britain withdrew from Palestine and the resulting
1583:
as their new capital. In 948 they shifted their capital to
1263:
1149:
792:
690:
369:, and by the 6th century had migrated to the area south of
323:
4173:
Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: Volume 1, Part 1
1680:
972:". The Romans called the vassal nomadic states within the
736:, and from there they expanded their territories into the
251:. Several Arab tribes and towns are identified during the
96:(632–661), the term "Arab" referred to any of the largely
1475:
were also major intellectual centres with cities such as
1145:
681:. Another Arab group or community was established in the
458:
which not only recorded ancient forms of Arabic, such as
4496:
on 2010-06-16 – via Shorter Shi'ite Encyclopaedia.
4693:"OPEC: What is it and what is happening to oil prices?"
3947:
The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion
4070:
An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions
3255:
1735:, former Ottoman colonies were divided up between the
326:. Tiglath-Pileser III even appointed a certain Arab,
4315:"Kinda — The relations of Kinda with Saba and Himyar"
3638:"The Arab Empire | Mohammed | Umayyad Empire History"
1634:
tribes migrated to the West. Having been sent by the
606:
succeeded him in 270 under the regency of his mother
578:
in the late first millennium BC. The soldiers of the
263:, and in many times their presence often accompanied
3814:"Arab League from The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed"
3698:
Published by New Zealand History at nzhistory.net.nz
3281:
Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brannon M. (April 2010).
502:
were nomads who moved into territory vacated by the
4043:
Tiglath-pileser III, Founder of the Assyrian Empire
3418:
The Syrian desert: caravans, travel and exploration
878:Several Arab entities flourished during middle and
381:, capturing Abiyate the Qedarite and taking him to
334:jurisdiction. Arab raiders were also active in the
124:of the 7th and 8th centuries. The Arabs forged the
4214:
996:Approximate extent of the Kingdom of Kinda, c. 500
634:with the help of the Arab enemies of Zenobia, the
77:language. Tradition holds that Arabs descend from
44:240 – c. 274 CE) was a third-century queen of the
542:inscriptions mentioning Arabs have been found at
5018:
4922:
4743:"What Have We Learned about the Resource Curse?"
4645:"About the League of Arab States: Member States"
365:(669–631 BC) most Nabayatu clans shifted to the
4776:"The Impact of the Cold War on the Middle East"
1528:
1396:The Abbasids were the descendants of
1105:
3562:
3536:"The Emergence and Expansion of Islam to 1500"
4908:
4092:
4090:
3675:"10 Greatest Empires in the History of World"
3280:
3228:
913:counterparts served the same purpose for the
905:by 300 CE, ruling from their capital city of
4533:
4510:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set
4477:
4100:Ancient Syria: a three thousand year history
3759:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3660:
3513:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3458:
1804:defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
1363:Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 & 1261–1517)
1274:, all of which developed into major cities.
550:, one of which dates to the 2nd century AD.
4554:
4506:
4376:. Cambridge University Press. p. lix.
3661:Pillalamarri, Akhilesh (22 February 2015).
3284:The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism
1626:It was not until the 11th century that the
271:, which was mentioned in an inscription by
136:(750–1258) caliphates, creating one of the
4915:
4901:
4336:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
4233:
4131:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4087:
3973:"Arabs in Syria: Demography and epigraphy"
3864:. Cambridge University Press. p. 18.
3781:. History.com. Retrieved on 28 April 2014.
3611:. Archived from the original on 2014-12-15
3249:
3235:
3221:
1551:for the newly established capital city of
1459:) in Baghdad. Rival dynasties such as the
1156:Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 & 756–1031)
345:A reference to the potential ancestors of
4876:
4364:
4183:
4181:
4066:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3791:
3374:
3327:Britannica Student Encyclopedia (A-Z Set)
1666:Under the Ottoman Empire (1299–1922/1923)
1029:in 540 after the fall of their main ally
164:, which ruled much of the Arab world. In
4540:. Univ of California Press. p. 42.
4425:
4423:
4396:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3943:
3792:MacDonald, Robert W. (8 December 2015).
3663:"The 5 Most Powerful Empires in History"
3605:"Islam, The Arab Empire Of The Umayyads"
1679:
1613:
1538:
1489:
1387:
1372:
1302:
1225:
1197:
1063:
991:
959:
888:
869:
819:Arabs were in possession of the city of
806:
557:
422:
4856:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
4309:
4268:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
4260:
4212:
3905:
3878:
3772:
3488:
3375:MacArthur, John F. (15 December 2001).
3349:
1296:came to power and moved the capital to
1214:was founded in 670 by the Arab general
510:but gradually switched to their spoken
5019:
4849:
4750:The Annual Review of Political Science
4534:Joris, Pierre; Tengour, Habib (2012).
4461:
4187:
4178:
3964:
3924:
3839:
3569:. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 137.
1435:. The Abbasids were influenced by the
530:reveal a dialect no longer considered
361:(721–710 BC). During the campaigns of
4896:
4762:10.1146/annurev-polisci-052213-040359
4718:"The Truth About the 1973 Oil Crisis"
4621:"Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries"
4429:
4420:
4216:"Hatra and the Parthian Commonwealth"
4145:
4096:
4039:
4012:
3999:
3857:
3415:
1871:founded OPEC on 14 September 1960 in
1559:The Fatimid caliphate was founded by
1547:, commissioned by the Fatimid Caliph
388:
20:History of the Arabs (disambiguation)
4740:
4403:Historic Cities of the Islamic World
4344:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 120.
3970:
3727:L., Rogan, Eugene (1 January 2004).
3650:"Top 10 Greatest Empires In History"
1913:Historical Arab states and dynasties
1754:
1618:Arabesque pattern behind hunters on
1412:. In 762, the second Abbasid Caliph
964:Ghassanid kingdom in the 6th century
4483:
4271:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4237:The Parthians: The Forgotten Empire
1595:as the capital of their caliphate.
1456:
1246:, who established their capital in
116:due to the spread of Arabs and the
13:
4507:Shillington, Kevin (4 July 2013).
3833:
3726:
3566:Islam: The Religion and the People
1315:, constructed during the reign of
1049:
184:was founded on 22 March 1945. The
100:or settled Arabic tribes from the
14:
5038:
4103:. Corby. pp. 278 & 359.
3858:Myers, E. A. (11 February 2010).
3696:Page 8 – The Arab Revolt, 1916–18
3533:
1359:was divided into small kingdoms.
802:
720:, another Arab group known since
705:, was an Arab group known as the
267:tribes. In the land of Laqē near
120:throughout the region during the
4192:. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 3–6.
3442:. 2 October 2016. Archived from
3416:Grant, Christina Phelps (2003).
2334:Western dynasties and caliphates
1918:
1758:
1750:
1351:architecture and the library of
1136:. The state was centered at the
897:In central Arabia and Iraq, the
851:
614:, quickly capturing most of the
214:
29:
4877:al-Sharif, Amine (2020-08-11).
4870:
4843:
4818:
4793:
4768:
4734:
4710:
4685:
4661:
4637:
4613:
4588:
4563:
4527:
4500:
4448:
4390:
4358:
4303:
4285:
4254:
4227:
4206:
4166:
4139:
4060:
4033:
3899:
3850:
3784:
3420:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.
3378:Terrorism, Jihad, and the Bible
1497:receiving a delegation sent by
848:, meaning "land of the Arabs".
138:largest land empires in history
4594:
4571:"A Chronology of Arab History"
4406:. Leiden: Brill. p. 264.
4265:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
3798:. Princeton University Press.
3731:. Cambridge University Press.
3718:
3687:
3596:
3480:
3436:"The Nomadic Tribes of Arabia"
3395:
3368:
3343:
3315:
1517:in 1258 and killed the Caliph
1:
4741:Ross, Michael L. (May 2015).
3846:. Human Relations Area Files.
3552:"History of the Arabs (book)"
3491:A history of the Arab peoples
1905:
1431:to the newly founded city of
1220:Arab conquest of North Africa
587:in 260 CE, the Roman emperor
493:
231:Arabs are first mentioned in
206:History of the ancient Levant
188:endorsed the principle of an
41:
4923:History of the Arab diaspora
4673:Council on Foreign Relations
4261:Jullien, Christelle (2018).
4221:Oriens et Occidens – Band 21
1899:as well as other conflicts.
1704:. The Ottomans defeated the
1529:Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171)
1144:from 632 until 656 CE, when
1106:Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
925:due to conflict between the
709:who came into conflict with
574:Arabs are first recorded in
195:
174:territories were partitioned
92:Before the expansion of the
7:
4850:Karber, Phil (2012-06-18).
4456:A history of medieval Islam
4297:www.cartographic-images.net
3906:Hoyland, Robert G. (2001).
3879:Hoyland, Robert G. (2001).
3540:University of Massachusetts
3350:Hoyland, Robert G. (2001).
2054:Arab empires and caliphates
1096: Expansion during the
1086: Expansion during the
553:
226:
156:in the south. In 1517, the
10:
5043:
4625:Jewish Virtual Library.org
4513:. Routledge. p. 668.
4486:"Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt"
4458:, Routledge, 1965, page 13
3979:. La Syrie hellénistique.
3703:The Berlin–Baghdad Express
1745:League of Nations mandates
1669:
1622:, 11th–12th century, Egypt
1532:
1366:
1175:
1165:
1159:
1109:
1053:
917:after their settlement in
855:
775:Arabs were also living in
630:. Zenobia was defeated by
392:
199:
186:Charter of the Arab League
17:
4928:
4067:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2015).
3944:Lipiński, Edward (2000).
3628:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1398:Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
4649:Museum With No Frontiers
4234:Ellerbrock, Uwe (2021).
4213:de Jong, Albert (2013).
4019:. Taylor & Francis.
3843:Culture Summary: Bedouin
3259:Encyclopedia of Religion
2362:Umayyad state of Córdoba
1204:Great Mosque of Kairouan
844:, who called the region
671:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
342:'s (722–705 BC) troops.
4040:Elayi, Josette (2022).
3409:Encyclopædia Britannica
3307:www.therefinersfire.org
1694:Flag of the Arab Revolt
1378:Mustansiriya University
1186:Nasrid dynasty (Sistan)
787:nome called Arabia, in
435:, Jordan, built by the
4883:Arab Reform Initiative
4454:John Joseph Saunders,
4293:"Dionysius Periegetes"
4188:Shahid, Irfan (1984).
4097:Bryce, Trevor (2014).
3950:. Peeters Publishers.
3523:"HISTORY OF MIGRATION"
1731:was overthrown by the
1697:
1623:
1556:
1502:
1393:
1385:
1335:and Romans. After the
1320:
1292:occurred in which the
1239:
1223:
1102:
1076: Expansion under
1060:Early Muslim conquests
1025:eventually destroying
997:
965:
894:
875:
812:
734:Anti-Lebanon mountains
571:
440:
338:, where they attacked
210:Bedouin § History
170:defeated and dissolved
122:early Muslim conquests
4601:Question of Palestine
4560:Choueiri, pp.166–168.
4240:. Oxford: Routledge.
3840:Chatty, Dawn (2009).
3701:Sean McMeekin (2012)
3667:The National Interest
3465:www.iranicaonline.org
3381:. Thomas Nelson Inc.
2952:Sultanate of Zanzibar
2867:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
1717:Arab Congress of 1913
1683:
1638:to punish the Berber
1617:
1542:
1493:
1391:
1376:
1306:
1229:
1201:
1148:moved the capital to
1130:campaigns of conquest
1100:, 661–750/A.H. 40–129
1067:
1054:Further information:
995:
963:
892:
873:
856:Further information:
810:
661:and in the region of
561:
444:Ancient North Arabian
426:
359:Marduk-apla-iddina II
160:was conquered by the
56:on the obverse of an
5027:History of the Arabs
4430:Lunde, Paul (2002).
3908:Arabia and the Arabs
3881:Arabia and the Arabs
3546:on 3 September 2016.
3527:www.historyworld.net
3352:Arabia and the Arabs
1601:Fatimid architecture
1416:founded the city of
1345:Caliphate of Córdoba
1168:Caliphate of Córdoba
1090:, 632–661/A.H. 11–40
1008:tribes ruled by the
981:, after the city of
701:region close by the
689:Arabs who dominated
536:pre-classical Arabic
290:tribes of the lower
71:history of the Arabs
18:For other uses, see
4806:2001-2009.state.gov
4398:Bosworth, C. Edmund
4146:Retso, Jan (2013).
4013:Retso, Jan (2013).
3642:www.historybits.com
3446:on 21 December 2016
3323:"Arabian Peninsula"
3303:"Ishmael and Isaac"
3287:. Scarecrow Press.
1929:Ancient Arab states
1798:, and parts of the
1609:Al-Azhar University
1140:, in particular in
1120:after the death of
1080:, 622–632/A.H. 1–11
836:, and the Arabs of
815:Further north, the
722:Alexander the Great
654:in the Roman army.
610:, who declared the
312:Tiglath-Pileser III
178:Alexandria Protocol
3534:Power, Bethany G.
3459:electricpulp.com.
2994:Current monarchies
2657:Sharifate of Mecca
2127:Emirate of Tbilisi
2117:Emirate of Armenia
1967:Kingdom of Osroene
1770:. You can help by
1698:
1624:
1563:, a descendant of
1557:
1503:
1425:Islamic Golden Age
1394:
1386:
1341:Emirate of Córdoba
1337:Abbasid Revolution
1321:
1240:
1224:
1134:Rashidun Caliphate
1112:Rashidun Caliphate
1103:
1088:Rashidun Caliphate
1020:by the Abdul Qais
998:
966:
895:
876:
813:
752:, coming close to
711:Alexander Jannaeus
703:Qalamoun Mountains
679:Caesar's civil war
572:
516:Nabataean alphabet
441:
389:Classical kingdoms
310:. In the reign of
202:Pre-Islamic Arabia
152:in the north, and
140:reaching southern
132:(661–750) and the
108:, North and Lower
94:Rashidun Caliphate
5014:
5013:
4863:978-1-4422-1479-8
4669:"The Arab League"
4597:"About the Nakba"
4547:978-0-520-26913-2
4520:978-1-135-45670-2
4413:978-90-04-15388-2
4351:978-90-04-07819-2
4311:Beeston, A. F. L.
4278:978-0-19-866277-8
4247:978-0-367-48190-2
4199:978-0-88402-115-5
4159:978-1-136-87282-2
4110:978-0-19-100292-2
4080:978-90-04-28982-6
4053:978-1-62837-430-8
4026:978-1-136-87282-2
3957:978-90-429-0859-8
3871:978-1-139-48481-7
3805:978-1-4008-7528-3
3705:. Belknap Press.
3609:history-world.org
3576:978-0-13-271606-2
3500:978-0-674-05819-4
3411:. 3 October 2023.
3388:978-1-4185-1897-4
3336:978-1-61535-557-0
3294:978-1-4617-1895-6
3269:978-0-02-865740-0
3245:
3244:
3210:
3209:
2985:
2984:
2977:Tippu Tip's State
2875:
2874:
2847:Emirate of Beihan
2579:Arabian Peninsula
2570:
2569:
2325:
2324:
2109:Eastern dynasties
2100:
2099:
2045:
2044:
1957:Nabataean Kingdom
1947:Kingdom of Lihyan
1882:paradox of plenty
1819:migrate to Israel
1788:
1787:
1676:Ottoman Caliphate
1535:Fatimid Caliphate
1515:conquered Baghdad
1406:Battle of the Zab
1369:Abbasid Caliphate
1194:Ikhshidid dynasty
1162:Umayyad Caliphate
1098:Umayyad Caliphate
626:in 271, reaching
377:from his base in
102:Arabian Peninsula
5034:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4894:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4747:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4492:. Archived from
4484:al-Amin, Hasan.
4481:
4475:
4465:
4459:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4427:
4418:
4417:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4366:Yarshater, Ehsan
4362:
4356:
4355:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4218:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4185:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4130:
4122:
4094:
4085:
4084:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4010:
3997:
3996:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3941:
3922:
3921:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3875:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3816:. Archived from
3809:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3750:
3722:
3716:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3681:. 24 March 2010.
3670:
3657:
3645:
3633:
3627:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3559:
3556:Historyworld.net
3547:
3542:. Archived from
3530:
3518:
3512:
3504:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3431:
3412:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3298:
3277:
3253:
3237:
3230:
3223:
2998:
2997:
2962:Nabahani dynasty
2907:Nabahani dynasty
2892:Makhzumi dynasty
2888:
2887:
2583:
2582:
2338:
2337:
2137:Emirate of Crete
2113:
2112:
2058:
2057:
2037:Kingdom of Kinda
1987:Kingdom of Hatra
1937:Kingdom of Qedar
1933:
1932:
1922:
1910:
1909:
1897:Syrian civil war
1783:
1780:
1762:
1755:
1706:Mamluk Sultanate
1684:Soldiers of the
1458:
1439:injunctions and
1309:Dome of the Rock
1095:
1085:
1075:
1002:Kingdom of Kinda
825:Kingdom of Hatra
730:Southern Lebanon
724:, inhabited the
612:Palmyrene Empire
602:Odaenathus' son
585:Battle of Edessa
544:Sumatar Harabesi
512:Nabataean Arabic
415:Kingdom of Hatra
296:Battle of Qarqar
158:Mamluk Sultanate
46:Palmyrene Empire
43:
33:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
4924:
4921:
4891:
4890:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4848:
4844:
4835:
4833:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4810:
4808:
4798:
4794:
4785:
4783:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4745:
4739:
4735:
4726:
4724:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4702:
4700:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4677:
4675:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4653:
4651:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4629:
4627:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4605:
4603:
4593:
4589:
4580:
4578:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4505:
4501:
4482:
4478:
4466:
4462:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4319:Bosworth, C. E.
4308:
4304:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4263:"Beth 'Arabaye"
4259:
4255:
4248:
4232:
4228:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4186:
4179:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4144:
4140:
4124:
4123:
4111:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4011:
4000:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3942:
3925:
3918:
3904:
3900:
3891:
3872:
3855:
3851:
3838:
3834:
3823:
3821:
3812:
3806:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3752:
3751:
3739:
3723:
3719:
3692:
3688:
3673:
3656:. 22 June 2010.
3648:
3636:
3621:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3550:
3521:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3485:
3481:
3469:
3467:
3449:
3447:
3434:
3428:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3301:
3295:
3270:
3254:
3250:
3241:
3212:
3211:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2922:Mahdali dynasty
2885:
2877:
2876:
2817:Muscat and Oman
2587:Imamate of Oman
2580:
2572:
2571:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2055:
2047:
2046:
1977:Emesene Dynasty
1930:
1908:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1768:needs expansion
1753:
1678:
1670:Main articles:
1668:
1642:for abandoning
1605:Al-Hakim Mosque
1561:al-Mahdi Billah
1545:Al-Azhar Mosque
1537:
1531:
1495:Harun al-Rashid
1449:House of Wisdom
1371:
1365:
1196:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1126:Rashidun armies
1118:their new faith
1114:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1062:
1052:
1050:Medieval period
868:
854:
834:Pliny the Elder
805:
556:
496:
421:
411:Emesene dynasty
393:Main articles:
391:
353:, is made in a
332:Sinai peninsula
280:Shalmaneser III
229:
217:
212:
200:Main articles:
198:
166:First World War
118:Arabic language
67:
66:
65:
64:
63:
34:
23:
12:
11:
5:
5040:
5030:
5029:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:United Kingdom
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4888:
4869:
4862:
4842:
4817:
4792:
4767:
4733:
4709:
4684:
4660:
4636:
4612:
4587:
4562:
4553:
4546:
4526:
4519:
4499:
4476:
4460:
4447:
4440:
4419:
4412:
4389:
4382:
4370:"Introduction"
4357:
4350:
4323:van Donzel, E.
4302:
4284:
4277:
4253:
4246:
4226:
4205:
4198:
4177:
4165:
4158:
4138:
4109:
4086:
4079:
4059:
4052:
4032:
4025:
3998:
3963:
3956:
3923:
3916:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3889:
3870:
3849:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3804:
3783:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3737:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3713:. pp. 288, 297
3699:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3671:
3658:
3646:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3575:
3560:
3548:
3531:
3519:
3499:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3456:
3432:
3426:
3413:
3394:
3387:
3367:
3360:
3342:
3335:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3299:
3293:
3268:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3021:Ras al Khaymah
3013:
3012:
3009:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2937:Mazrui dynasty
2933:
2932:
2929:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2352:Fihrid Emirate
2348:
2347:
2344:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1877:Yom Kippur War
1800:Horn of Africa
1786:
1785:
1765:
1763:
1752:
1749:
1733:British Empire
1729:Ottoman Empire
1702:Ottoman Empire
1690:Arabian Desert
1672:Ottoman Empire
1667:
1664:
1533:Main article:
1530:
1527:
1367:Main article:
1364:
1361:
1232:Umayyad Mosque
1190:Zengid dynasty
1160:Main article:
1157:
1154:
1110:Main article:
1107:
1104:
1092:
1082:
1072:
1051:
1048:
1042:, and his son
1018:Eastern Arabia
978:Arabia Petraea
880:late Antiquity
853:
850:
804:
803:In Mesopotamia
801:
783:times, in the
756:. In southern
713:(103–76 BCE).
555:
552:
495:
492:
390:
387:
292:Orontes valley
273:Adad-nirari II
228:
225:
216:
213:
197:
194:
162:Ottoman Empire
35:
28:
27:
26:
25:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5039:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4918:
4913:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4865:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4846:
4831:
4827:
4826:"Arab Spring"
4821:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4557:
4549:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4503:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4474:
4473:0-8157-3283-X
4470:
4464:
4457:
4451:
4443:
4441:0-7894-8797-7
4437:
4433:
4426:
4424:
4415:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4385:
4383:0-521-20092-X
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4280:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4257:
4249:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4230:
4222:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4182:
4174:
4169:
4161:
4155:
4152:. Routledge.
4151:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4093:
4091:
4082:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4049:
4046:. SBL Press.
4045:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3919:
3917:0-203-76392-0
3913:
3910:. Routledge.
3909:
3902:
3892:
3890:0-203-76392-0
3886:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3853:
3845:
3844:
3836:
3820:on 2019-05-13
3819:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3787:
3780:
3775:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3738:0-521-89223-6
3734:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3680:
3679:Top Ten Lists
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3625:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3590:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3427:1-136-19271-9
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3405:"Arab people"
3402:
3401:
3398:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3361:0-203-76392-0
3357:
3354:. Routledge.
3353:
3346:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:Umm al-Quwain
3108:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2412:Muslim Sicily
2410:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2041:450 AD–550 AD
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1981:64 BC–300s AD
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:132 BC–244 AD
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:400 BC–106 AD
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:600 BC–100 BC
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1941:800 BC–300 BC
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1782:
1779:December 2017
1773:
1769:
1766:This section
1764:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1751:Modern period
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1692:carrying the
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1357:Islamic Spain
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1216:Uqba ibn Nafi
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1099:
1089:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
994:
990:
988:
984:
980:
979:
975:
971:
962:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:South Semitic
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:South Arabian
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
891:
887:
885:
881:
872:
867:
863:
859:
852:Late kingdoms
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
809:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:Orontes river
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
657:South of the
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
577:
569:
565:
560:
551:
549:
546:northeast of
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:Qaryat al-Faw
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
491:
489:
488:
484:
483:south Arabian
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
438:
434:
430:
425:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Syrian Desert
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:descended on
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:Syrian Desert
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
224:
222:
215:Neolithic age
211:
207:
203:
193:
191:
190:Arab homeland
187:
183:
180:in 1944, the
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:in the east,
147:
144:in the west,
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
87:Syrian Desert
84:
81:, the son of
80:
76:
72:
69:The recorded
61:
60:
55:
51:
47:
39:
32:
21:
16:
4882:
4872:
4852:
4845:
4834:. Retrieved
4832:. 2020-01-17
4829:
4820:
4809:. Retrieved
4805:
4795:
4784:. Retrieved
4782:. 2022-05-24
4779:
4770:
4753:
4749:
4736:
4725:. Retrieved
4721:
4712:
4701:. Retrieved
4699:. 2022-05-03
4696:
4687:
4676:. Retrieved
4672:
4663:
4652:. Retrieved
4648:
4639:
4628:. Retrieved
4624:
4615:
4604:. Retrieved
4600:
4590:
4579:. Retrieved
4577:. 1956-10-01
4575:The Atlantic
4574:
4565:
4556:
4536:
4529:
4509:
4502:
4494:the original
4489:
4479:
4463:
4455:
4450:
4431:
4402:
4392:
4373:
4360:
4341:
4334:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4266:
4256:
4236:
4229:
4220:
4208:
4189:
4172:
4168:
4148:
4141:
4099:
4069:
4062:
4042:
4035:
4015:
3991:– via
3980:
3976:
3966:
3946:
3907:
3901:
3880:
3860:
3852:
3842:
3835:
3822:. Retrieved
3818:the original
3794:
3786:
3774:
3728:
3720:
3702:
3689:
3678:
3666:
3653:
3641:
3613:. Retrieved
3608:
3598:
3587:
3580:. Retrieved
3565:
3555:
3544:the original
3539:
3526:
3490:
3482:
3468:. Retrieved
3464:
3448:. Retrieved
3444:the original
3439:
3417:
3408:
3397:
3377:
3370:
3351:
3345:
3326:
3317:
3306:
3283:
3273:
3258:
3251:
3206:1921–present
3191:1900–present
3176:1868–present
3161:1833–present
3146:1810–present
3131:1783–present
3116:1775–present
3101:1761–present
3086:1752–present
3071:1749–present
3056:1744–present
3051:Saudi Arabia
3041:1727–present
3026:1727–present
3011:1631–present
2021:300s–500s AD
1901:
1891:In 2011 the
1890:
1886:
1865:Saudi Arabia
1850:
1847:
1808:
1796:North Africa
1789:
1776:
1772:adding to it
1767:
1722:
1710:
1699:
1625:
1620:ivory plaque
1597:
1585:Al-Mansuriya
1558:
1519:Al-Musta'sim
1504:
1445:Muslim world
1422:
1395:
1322:
1317:Abd al Malik
1281:Abd al-Malik
1276:
1241:
1124:in 632, the
1115:
999:
987:Arabia Magna
976:
974:Roman Empire
970:Arabia Felix
967:
946:
929:kingdoms of
896:
877:
828:
814:
779:even in pre-
774:
726:Bekaa valley
715:
706:
685:valley, the
659:Taurus range
656:
622:and most of
618:, including
601:
573:
535:
532:proto-Arabic
531:
497:
485:
452:Saudi Arabia
442:
363:Ashurbanipal
350:
344:
336:Beqaa Valley
327:
277:
253:Neo-Assyrian
230:
218:
91:
70:
68:
59:antoninianus
57:
15:
4997:Switzerland
4987:Philippines
4977:New Zealand
4830:History.com
4756:: 239–259.
4722:The Balance
4331:Pellat, Ch.
3450:16 December
2911:Pate Island
2884:East Africa
2677:Sulaymanids
2617:Ukhaidhirds
2402:Sulaymanids
2372:Muhallabids
2277:Munqidhites
2177:Shirvanshah
2031:300s–602 AD
2001:196–1100 AD
1991:100s–241 AD
1893:Arab Spring
1792:Middle East
1727:, when the
1725:World War I
1720:provinces.
1499:Charlemagne
1402:Banu Hashim
1353:Al-Ḥakam II
1285:Arabization
1068:Age of the
1014:auxiliaries
955:Banu Judham
951:Banu Amilah
884:Mesopotamia
791:across the
746:Trachonitis
699:al-Zabadani
652:auxiliaries
604:Vaballathus
371:Wadi Sirhan
308:Wadi Sirhan
288:transhumant
257:Mesopotamia
245:Mesopotamia
182:Arab League
128:(632–661),
110:Mesopotamia
4836:2023-11-19
4811:2023-11-20
4786:2023-11-19
4727:2023-11-19
4703:2023-11-19
4678:2023-11-19
4654:2023-11-19
4630:2023-11-19
4606:2023-10-23
4581:2023-10-23
4223:: 143–161.
3824:2017-12-16
3711:0674064321
3615:2017-12-16
3197:Hashemites
3152:Al Maktoum
3122:Al Khalifa
2807:Upper Yafa
2797:Ya'arubids
2637:Qarmatians
2522:Sumadihids
2011:220–638 AD
2007:Ghassanids
1906:References
1652:Almoravids
1632:Banu Hilal
1473:al-Andalus
1457:بيت الحكمة
1410:al-Andalus
1349:al-Andalus
1176:See also:
1172:Al-Andalus
1166:See also:
1116:United by
1040:Al-Mundhir
915:Byzantines
862:Ghassanids
846:Arbayistan
789:Arsinoites
738:Phoenician
624:Asia Minor
593:Odaenathus
500:Nabataeans
494:Nabataeans
480:epigraphic
476:Taymanitic
429:Al Khazneh
427:Façade of
403:Nabataeans
355:Babylonian
347:Nabataeans
172:, and its
114:Arab world
75:Old Arabic
4992:Singapore
4982:Palestine
4962:Indonesia
4932:Argentina
4490:Imam Reza
4340:Volume V:
4327:Lewis, B.
4127:cite book
4119:877868387
4073:. BRILL.
3989:2496-7114
3755:cite book
3747:826413749
3654:Listverse
3582:21 August
3509:cite book
3440:Boundless
3182:Al Sharqi
3137:Al Nuaimi
3107:Al Mualla
3096:Abu Dhabi
3092:Al Nahyan
3032:Al Qasimi
3017:Al Qasimi
2981:1860–1887
2971:1858–1895
2956:1856–1964
2946:1746–1828
2931:1277–1495
2916:1203–1894
2871:1926–1970
2861:1906–1934
2851:1903–1967
2841:1858–1967
2837:Qu'aitids
2831:1836–1921
2827:Rashidids
2821:1820–1970
2811:1800–1967
2801:1624–1742
2791:1597–1872
2781:1463–1521
2771:1454–1526
2761:1395–1967
2757:Kathirids
2751:1305–1487
2747:Jarwanids
2741:1253–1320
2731:1229–1454
2721:1159–1174
2711:1154–1624
2707:Nabhanids
2701:1083–1174
2691:1076–1253
2681:1063–1174
2671:1047–1138
2667:Sulayhids
2566:1837–1969
2562:Senussids
2556:1554–1659
2546:1230–1492
2536:1049–1078
2526:1041–1091
2516:1039–1110
2506:1031–1091
2502:Jawharids
2496:1027–1063
2492:Muzaynids
2486:1026–1057
2482:Hammudids
2476:1023–1062
2472:Yahsubids
2466:1023–1091
2456:1020–1086
2446:1013–1039
2436:1012–1051
2426:1004–1412
2392:Aghlabids
2321:1697–1842
2311:1517–1865
2301:1480–1677
2291:1517–1697
2281:1025–1157
2271:1024–1080
2267:Mirdasids
2257:Numayrids
2237:Jarrahids
2227:Mazyadids
2207:Hamdanids
2197:Hashimids
2157:Habbarids
2147:Dulafids
1997:Tanukhids
1869:Venezuela
1831:1967-1970
1686:Arab Army
1662:, etc.).
1648:Hammadids
1549:Al-Mu'izz
1483:rivaling
1414:al-Mansur
1313:Jerusalem
1128:launched
1056:Caliphate
947:foederati
911:Ghassanid
903:Sasanians
842:Sasanians
795:, and in
785:Ptolemaic
781:Christian
770:Canaanite
762:Idumaeans
758:Palestine
742:Aurinitis
707:Zabadaioi
644:foederati
640:Euphrates
636:Tanukhids
616:Near East
599:, twice.
597:Ctesiphon
524:Nabataean
468:Dadanitic
437:Nabateans
419:Tanukhids
395:Qedarites
340:Sargon II
330:, to the
328:Idibi'ilu
196:Antiquity
168:, it was
62:(272 CE).
5021:Category
4957:Honduras
4697:BBC News
4400:(2007).
4368:(1983).
4342:Khe–Mahi
4333:(eds.).
4313:(1986).
4175:, p. 449
3624:cite web
3470:7 August
3186:Fujairah
3167:Al Thani
3077:Al Sabah
2966:Wituland
2901:896–1279
2857:Idrisids
2787:Qasimids
2767:Tahirids
2737:Usfurids
2727:Rasulids
2697:Zurayids
2661:968–1925
2647:Wajihids
2641:899–1077
2631:897–1962
2621:865–1066
2607:Yufirids
2601:819–1138
2597:Ziyadids
2591:751–1970
2532:Tahirids
2462:Abbadids
2442:Tujibids
2416:831–1091
2382:Idrisids
2366:756–1031
2346:710–1019
2342:Salihids
2307:Harfushs
2297:Turabays
2261:990–1081
2251:990–1096
2247:Uqaylids
2241:970–1107
2231:961–1150
2221:955–1071
2217:Rawadids
2211:890–1004
2201:869–1075
2181:861–1538
2167:Kaysites
2161:854–1011
2131:736–1122
2096:909–1171
2092:Fatimids
2086:750–1258
2082:Abbasids
2072:Umayyads
2062:Rashidun
2027:Lakhmids
2017:Salihids
1713:al-Fatat
1656:Almohads
1636:Fatimids
1607:and the
1589:Kairouan
1577:Aghlabid
1469:Umayyads
1467:and the
1461:Fatimids
1437:Qur'anic
1429:Damascus
1294:Abbasids
1248:Damascus
1244:Umayyads
1236:Damascus
1208:Kairouan
1122:Muhammad
1078:Muhammad
1010:Kindites
907:Al-Hirah
899:Lakhmids
866:Kindites
858:Lakhmids
838:Adiabene
754:Damascus
750:Batanaea
732:and the
718:Itureans
695:Aresutha
675:Tigranes
667:Seleucid
632:Aurelian
589:Valerian
568:Arameans
564:Amorites
554:In Syria
520:Safaitic
504:Edomites
472:Hasaitic
460:Safaitic
379:Damascus
351:Nabayatu
316:Damascus
259:and the
237:Assyrian
233:Biblical
227:Iron age
150:Anatolia
126:Rashidun
4780:Arcadia
3126:Bahrain
3062:Al Said
3047:Al Saud
3036:Sharjah
3006:Morocco
3002:'Alawis
2941:Mombasa
2777:Jabrids
2717:Mahdids
2687:Uyunids
2651:926–965
2627:Rassids
2611:847–997
2552:Saadids
2542:Nasrids
2452:Amirids
2432:Bakrids
2422:Kanzids
2406:814–922
2396:800–909
2386:788–974
2376:771–793
2356:745-757
2317:Shihabs
2287:Ma'nids
2191:864–928
2187:Alavids
2171:860–964
2151:840–897
2141:824–961
2121:654–884
2076:661–750
2066:632–661
1873:Baghdad
1737:British
1688:in the
1660:Hafsids
1628:Maghreb
1587:, near
1573:Raqqada
1565:Fatimah
1555:in 969.
1511:Mongols
1507:Wilayas
1485:Baghdad
1481:Córdoba
1433:Baghdad
1418:Baghdad
1382:Baghdad
1333:Vandals
1325:Berbers
1298:Baghdad
1289:Umar II
1272:Samarra
1212:Tunisia
1178:Abbadid
1070:Caliphs
1035:Persian
931:Qataban
817:Osroeni
797:Thebaid
772:names.
740:coast,
687:Emesene
677:and in
663:Antioch
608:Zenobia
576:Palmyra
538:. Five
508:Aramaic
464:Hismaic
407:Palmyra
399:Osroene
383:Assyria
300:Gindibu
265:Aramean
134:Abbasid
130:Umayyad
98:nomadic
83:Abraham
79:Ishmael
54:empress
38:Zenobia
5002:Turkey
4937:Brazil
4860:
4544:
4517:
4471:
4438:
4410:
4380:
4348:
4329:&
4275:
4244:
4196:
4156:
4117:
4107:
4077:
4050:
4023:
3993:Persée
3987:
3954:
3914:
3887:
3868:
3802:
3745:
3735:
3709:
3573:
3497:
3424:
3385:
3358:
3333:
3291:
3266:
3201:Jordan
3081:Kuwait
2512:Hudids
1867:, and
1861:Kuwait
1841:, and
1741:French
1723:After
1654:, the
1640:Zirids
1581:Mahdia
1575:, the
1569:Kutama
1523:Mamluk
1513:, who
1453:Arabic
1441:hadith
1329:Punics
1278:Caliph
1192:, and
1142:Medina
1094:
1084:
1074:
1033:. The
1031:Himyar
1022:Rabi'a
935:Himyar
864:, and
821:Edessa
766:Arabic
760:, the
628:Ancyra
580:sheikh
548:Harran
540:Syriac
534:, but
487:musnad
448:Jordan
417:, and
375:Hauran
349:, the
320:Tadmor
304:Jordan
284:Pattin
249:Arabia
241:Levant
221:steppe
208:, and
142:France
106:Levant
85:. The
36:Queen
4972:Italy
4952:Haiti
4942:Chile
4746:(PDF)
4432:Islam
4317:. In
3977:Topoi
3171:Qatar
3156:Dubai
3141:Ajman
2926:Kilwa
2896:Shewa
1815:Nakba
1644:Shias
1593:Cairo
1553:Cairo
1477:Cairo
1465:Egypt
1268:Mosul
1260:Basra
1256:Raqqa
1252:Ramla
1182:Taifa
1138:Hejaz
1027:Kinda
1006:Ma'ad
983:Petra
939:Sabaa
923:Yemen
919:Syria
829:malka
777:Egypt
691:Emesa
669:king
648:Mavia
620:Egypt
456:Syria
433:Petra
278:When
269:Terqa
154:Sudan
146:China
50:Syria
4967:Iran
4947:Cuba
4858:ISBN
4595:VS.
4542:ISBN
4515:ISBN
4469:ISBN
4436:ISBN
4408:ISBN
4378:ISBN
4346:ISBN
4273:ISBN
4242:ISBN
4194:ISBN
4154:ISBN
4133:link
4115:OCLC
4105:ISBN
4075:ISBN
4048:ISBN
4021:ISBN
3985:ISSN
3952:ISBN
3912:ISBN
3885:ISBN
3866:ISBN
3800:ISBN
3761:link
3743:OCLC
3733:ISBN
3707:ISBN
3630:link
3584:2017
3571:ISBN
3515:link
3495:ISBN
3472:2017
3452:2017
3422:ISBN
3383:ISBN
3356:ISBN
3331:ISBN
3289:ISBN
3264:ISBN
3066:Oman
1857:Iraq
1853:Iran
1843:2006
1839:1982
1835:1973
1827:1967
1823:1956
1739:and
1674:and
1543:The
1479:and
1423:The
1307:The
1270:and
1264:Kufa
1230:The
1202:The
1170:and
1150:Kufa
1058:and
1044:'Amr
1000:The
953:and
937:and
793:Nile
768:and
748:and
716:The
693:and
566:and
498:The
474:and
462:and
454:and
324:Homs
322:and
306:and
247:and
235:and
4758:doi
1884:".
1811:war
1774:.
1743:as
1471:of
1463:of
1451:" (
1380:in
1311:in
1234:in
1206:in
1146:Ali
431:in
48:in
5023::
4881:.
4828:.
4804:.
4778:.
4754:18
4752:.
4748:.
4720:.
4695:.
4671:.
4647:.
4623:.
4599:.
4573:.
4488:.
4422:^
4372:.
4338:.
4325:;
4321:;
4295:.
4219:.
4180:^
4129:}}
4125:{{
4113:.
4089:^
4001:^
3981:13
3975:.
3926:^
3856:*
3790:*
3757:}}
3753:{{
3741:.
3677:.
3665:.
3652:.
3640:.
3626:}}
3622:{{
3607:.
3602:*
3586:.
3554:.
3538:.
3525:.
3511:}}
3507:{{
3463:.
3438:.
3407:.
3325:.
3305:.
3272:.
1863:,
1859:,
1855:,
1845:.
1837:,
1833:,
1829:,
1825:,
1806:.
1794:,
1747:.
1658:,
1611:.
1487:.
1455::
1331:,
1327:,
1300:.
1266:,
1262:,
1258:,
1254:,
1210:,
1188:,
1184:,
1180:,
1152:.
1046:.
989:.
957:.
933:,
886:.
860:,
799:.
744:,
728:,
490:.
470:,
450:,
413:,
409:,
405:,
401:,
397:,
385:.
318:,
243:,
204:,
104:,
42:c.
40:,
4916:e
4909:t
4902:v
4885:.
4866:.
4839:.
4814:.
4789:.
4764:.
4760::
4730:.
4706:.
4681:.
4657:.
4633:.
4609:.
4584:.
4550:.
4523:.
4444:.
4416:.
4386:.
4354:.
4299:.
4281:.
4250:.
4202:.
4162:.
4135:)
4121:.
4083:.
4056:.
4029:.
3995:.
3960:.
3920:.
3893:.
3874:.
3827:.
3808:.
3763:)
3749:.
3669:.
3644:.
3632:)
3618:.
3558:.
3529:.
3517:)
3503:.
3474:.
3454:.
3430:.
3391:.
3364:.
3339:.
3309:.
3297:.
3236:e
3229:t
3222:v
3203:)
3199:(
3188:)
3184:(
3173:)
3169:(
3158:)
3154:(
3143:)
3139:(
3128:)
3124:(
3113:)
3109:(
3098:)
3094:(
3083:)
3079:(
3068:)
3064:(
3053:)
3049:(
3038:)
3034:(
3023:)
3019:(
3008:)
3004:(
2968:)
2964:(
2943:)
2939:(
2928:)
2924:(
2913:)
2909:(
2898:)
2894:(
1880:"
1781:)
1777:(
1696:.
1501:.
1384:.
1319:.
1222:.
570:.
439:.
22:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
