1080:
rights held by others. The capacity of
Australian law to recognise the rights and interests held under traditional law and custom will also be a factor... The source of native title is the system of traditional laws and customs of the native title holders themselves." Native title rights and interests may include the right to live in an area or to access it for traditional purposes; to visit and protect sacred sites; to hunt, fish or gather resources; or to teach law and custom. Exclusive possession can only be recognised over certain parts of Australia, such as vacant
840:"The orders I propose to make are of special significance as they constitute the first recognition and protection of native title resulting in the ongoing enjoyment of native title in the State of Victoria and, it would appear, on the South-Eastern seaboard of Australia. These are areas in which the Aboriginal peoples suffered severe and extensive dispossession, degradation and devastation as a consequence of the establishment of British sovereignty over their lands and waters during the 19th century."
1147:. They can give traditional owner group recognition in areas where native title rights have been extinguished, or where it is difficult for a group to prove that it persists. Such agreements are resolved through negotiation, and recognition of traditional ownership and various other land rights in land may be achieved without an actual native title determination. Examples of such arrangements are the Indigenous land use agreement or, in Victoria, a settlement under the
280:. Governor Bourke declared Batman's Treaty was "void and of no effect as against the rights of the Crown" and declared any person on "vacant land of the Crown" without authorization from the Crown to be trespassing. The proclamation was approved by the Colonial Office. The official objection to the Treaty was that Batman had attempted to negotiate directly with the Aboriginal people, whom the British did not recognise as having any claim to any lands in Australia.
1553:
1072:
the traditional laws and customs; it is inalienable other than by surrender to the Crown; and rights over the land may range from access and usage rights to rights of exclusive possession. Native title rights and interests are based on laws and customs that pre-date the
British acquisition of sovereignty; they are distinct from the rights granted by government such as statutory land rights of the kind found in the
1135:
only conduct native title claim mediation by referral from the
Federal Court, which may also order mediation by other agencies or persons. The purpose of mediation is to assist parties to clarify the issues in dispute, to explore options for settlement and to reach agreement. Mediation is a structured process, with the intention of a mutually agreed outcome rather than having a decision imposed by a judge.
3969:
3874:
3834:
3616:
3528:
3488:
3438:
1703:
1635:
1393:
judgment, 18 years after lodgement. This was the first claim for a first land use agreement to be agreed to in any
Australian capital city. The rights cover Adelaide's whole metropolitan area and includes "17 parcels of undeveloped land not under freehold". Some of the land is Crown land, some belongs to the state government and some is private land owned by corporations. Justice
1243:(TOSA) "provides for an out-of-court settlement of native title. The Act allows the Victorian Government to recognise traditional owners and certain rights in Crown land. In return for entering into a settlement, traditional owners must agree to withdraw any native title claim, pursuant to the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) and not to make any future native title claims".
1272:, the term refers to "a local descent group of Aboriginals who: (a) have common spiritual affiliations to a site on the land, being affiliations that place the group under a primary spiritual responsibility for that site and for the land; and (b) are entitled by Aboriginal tradition to forage as of right over that land". A similar definition was incorporated in the
690:, which may be extinguished one by one, for example, by a mining lease. In this case, the lease did not confer 'exclusive possession', because the claimants could pass over the land and do various things. But some parts of native title rights were extinguished, including the rights to control access and make use of the land.
1261:") of the country in question. However, this term has sometimes proved problematic in law: it is not mentioned in the NTA, but Indigenous Land Use Agreements (see below), which are provided for under the Act, require that the Indigenous group or groups party to the agreement assert "traditional ownership" of the area.
344:, which established a procedure to transfer almost 50 per cent of land in the Northern Territory (around 600,000 km2) to collective Aboriginal ownership. The Fraser government continued to implement many of the previous government's initiatives, under the description "self-management" rather than self-determination.
389:
the sooner they are decided the better, but the resolution of such questions by the courts will not be assisted by imprecise, emotional or intemperate claims. In this, as in any other litigation, the claimants will be best served if their claims are put before the court dispassionately, lucidly and in proper form'.
1160:, but usually the traditional owners are required to withdraw any existing native title claims. Such settlements can include any matters agreed to by all parties, which may included recognition of traditional owner rights, grants of freehold for specified purposes, or the right to be consulted and participate in
1185:) is a voluntary agreement between a native title group and others about the use of land and waters, provided for under the Act. They must be about native title matters, but can include other matters. They enable people to negotiate flexible and pragmatic agreements to suit their particular circumstances.
1286:
described by the term. Distinguishing between "historical people" and others who have been custodians of the land for many generations add to the complexity. In the case of some agreements, historical people may be recognised as parties even when they don't have "traditional" associations with the land.
1534:
perspective on native title; to assist in developing more efficient native title processes; and to advocate for the co-existence between
Indigenous and non-Indigenous interests in land based on compatible land use. All of the reports from 1994 to 2016 have been published online. Changes brought about
1079:
According to the
National Native Title Tribunal (2013): "The native title rights and interests held by particular Aboriginal people will depend on both their traditional laws and customs and what interests are held by others in the area concerned. Generally speaking, native title must give way to the
1071:
Native title is the term adopted in
Australian law to describe the rights to land and waters possessed by Indigenous Australians under their customary laws that are recognised by the Australian legal system. Native title is able to be possessed by a community or individual depending on the content of
912:
2007, a package of coordinated measures and technical amendments to improve the performance of the native title system. These are aimed at making the native title process more efficient and to speed up the determination of whether native title exists on the 580 claims that had been registered but not
592:
in 1996 clarified the uncertainty. The court found that the statutory pastoral leases (which cover some 40% of the
Australian land mass) under consideration by the court did not bestow rights of exclusive possession on the leaseholder. As a result, native title rights could co-exist, depending on the
1134:
Native title in
Australia frequently involves mediation between native title parties and other groups with an interest in native title, such as the Australian Government, state and territory governments, miners and pastoralists. Amendments to the NTA made in 2012 meant that the NNTT would henceforth
1095:
reported that "Courts have indicated that native title is not to be understood in terms equivalent to common law property interests, but they often still tend to draw on these concepts... The prevailing view of the nature and content of native title is hybrid, drawing on traditional laws and customs
1037:
celebrated the determination. The owners will participate in the mining negotiations and exploration work, from which royalties may flow in the future, but just as important is the right to hunt, gather, teach and perform cultural activities and ceremonies, and allow the young people to connect with
863:
found that native title continues to exist within an area in and around Perth. It was the first judgment recognising native title over a capital city and its surroundings. The claim area itself is part of a much larger area included in the "Single
Noongar Claim", covering the south-western corner of
821:
region of Western Victoria won recognition of their native title on 13 December 2005 after a ten-year legal process commenced in 1995 when they filed an application for a determination of native title in respect of certain land and waters in Western Victoria. It was the first successful native title
517:
However, when the tide of history has washed away any real acknowledgment of traditional law and any real observance of traditional customs, the foundation of native title has disappeared. Thus although over some parts of Australia native title has been lost, in large areas of the nation's interior,
1066:
The English-derived legal system, which was brought to Australia with colonisation, which includes the common law and enacted laws ("Australian law"). As Australia was (and remains) designated as a "settled" colony, the laws of England were imported with any local laws not recognised (as they would
657:
The determination by Justice Olney in 1998 ruled that the 'tide of history' had 'washed away' any real acknowledgement of traditional laws and any real observance of traditional customs by the applicants. The 2002 High Court decision adopted strict requirements of continuity of traditional laws and
1467:
An alternative settlement, the South West Native Title Settlement for Noongar people in Western Australia, aims to resolve native title claims in exchange for statutory recognition of the Noongar people as the traditional owners of south-Western Australia. As of 2020 it is the largest native title
723:
in the Northern Territory. It was the first judgment by the High Court of native title over waters. The judge, Olney J, determined that members of the Croker Island community have a native title right to have free access to the sea and sea-bed of the claimed area for a number of purposes. The case
388:
said, at paragraph 21, 'The question what rights the aboriginal people of this country have, or ought to have, in the lands of Australia is one which has become a matter of heated controversy. If there are serious legal questions to be decided as to the existence or nature of such rights, no doubt
1285:
distinguishes between "core" and "contingent" rights, which he says are recognised among most Aboriginal peoples. So there are sometimes challenges in finding "the right people for the right country", complicated by the fact that there are cases where both primary and secondary rights holders are
1344:
for Noongar people in Western Australia aims to resolve native title claims in exchange for statutory recognition of the Noongar people as the traditional owners of south-Western Australia. As of 2020 it is the largest native title settlement in Australian history, affecting about 30,000 Noongar
1188:
An ILUA may exist over areas where native title has, or has not yet, been determined; may be entered into regardless of whether there is a native title claim over the area or not; and may be part of a native title determination, or settled separately from a native title claim. An ILUA is binding
1028:
said that the determination recognised Indigenous involvement (Jamangku, Japuwuny, Parlakuna-Parkinykarni and Yilyilyimawu peoples) with the land "at least since European settlement and probably for millennia". The court sitting took place nearly 800 kilometres (500 mi) south of Darwin, and
508:
as native title holders over part of their traditional lands. The Court rejected the notion that all Indigenous rights to land were abolished upon acquisition of sovereignty over Australia. The Court held that native title rights continued to exist, and that these rights existed by virtue of the
1392:
An Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA) was agreed with the Kaurna Yerta Aboriginal Corporation (KYAC) and effected on 19 November 2018. The agreement was among the South Australian government, the federal government and the Kaurna people, with formal recognition coming after the Federal Court
724:
established that traditional owners do have native title of the sea and sea-bed; however common law rights of fishing and navigation mean that only non-exclusive native title can exist over the sea. The decision paved the way for other native title applications involving waters to proceed.
1481:
recognises Noongar ownership, and the settlement includes six individual Indigenous Land Use Agreements (ILUAs). On 19 December 2019, the Federal Court upheld the Native Title Registrarβs decision to register the six ILUAs, and settlement is expected to begin in the second half of 2020.
509:
continuing connection of Indigenous People to land, independent from a grant from the Crown. Native title would continue to exist as long as traditional laws and customs continue to be observed, unless the rights were otherwise extinguished by an incompatible grant by the Crown. Justice
1278:(EPBC), but legislation differed in various states, such as the South Australian legislation referring to an "Aboriginal person who has, in accordance with Aboriginal tradition, social, economic and spiritual affiliations with, and responsibilities for, the lands or any part of them".
1477:
693:
The claim was remitted to the Full Court of the Federal Court to determine in accordance with the decision of the High Court. The claimants reached an agreement about the claim area and a determination was made in 2003. "Exclusive possession native title was recognised over
1313:"Denotes linkages with the past that are actively kept alive by the traditional owner group members. It is not restricted to features or activities understood to be fully continuous with, and identical to, such activities or features in pre-contact Aboriginal society".
212:
the communal, group or individual rights and interests of Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islander people in relation to land and waters, possessed under traditional law and custom, by which those people have a connection with an area which is recognised under
795:, and was the largest land return since 1984. At the 2004 ceremony Rann said the return of the land fulfilled a promise he made to Archie Barton in 1991 when he was Aboriginal Affairs Minister, after he passed legislation to return lands including the sacred
3150:
3052:
97:
in relation to claims made by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and hears applications for, and makes, native title determinations. Appeals against these determinations can be made to a full sitting of the Federal Court and then to the
1046:
In March 2023, 8578.35 kilometres along the coast of the Grey River in Victoria. The case was the first Native Title case heard in the state of Victoria for 10 years. At the Federal Court at Warnambool designated the land as native title rights.
421:
in March 1981. This legislation gave significant rights well in advance of any other to date in Australia. In 1981, SA Premier Tonkin returned 102,650 square kilometres (39,630 sq mi) of land (10.2% of the state's land area) to the
1023:
recognised the native title rights of the Gurindji people to 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi) of the Wave Hill Station, allowing them to receive royalties as compensation from resource companies who explore the area. Justice
1308:
to include those people recognised by the Attorney-General as traditional owners, based on their traditional and cultural associations with the land, and there are government guidelines detailing what these terms mean. They state that
1112:
to hold (as trustee) or manage (as agent) their native title. Following a determination, Prescribed Bodies Corporate are entered onto the NNTR. At this point, the corporation becomes a Registered Native Title Body Corporate (RNTBC).
371:
arguing that Aboriginal people retained rights to land as an Aboriginal nation or nations existed pre-settlement and continues to exist, and that their land had been taken by conquest rather than by settlement. The court held in
864:
Western Australia. An appeal was subsequently lodged and in 2008 the Full Court of the Federal Court upheld parts of the appeal by the Western Australian and Commonwealth governments against Justice Wilcox's judgment.
1526:
on the operation of the NTA and its effect on the exercise and enjoyment of human rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and to report on other matters as and when requested by the Attorney-General.
1297:) is used to refer to various types of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander corporations. Such a corporation is usually the negotiating body when determining native title outcomes. (A TOC is distinct from the
1451:(DELWP). In October 2010, the State entered into a Traditional Owner Land Management Agreement with the Yorta Yorta, which established the Yorta Yorta Traditional Owner Land Management Board to jointly manage
698:, Kanggurru Island, Aboriginal reserves within the Kununurra townsite, Glen Hill pastoral lease and Hagan Island. Non-exclusive rights were recognised over a number of areas including islands in Lake Argyle."
1537:
271:
Australia did not experience litigation involving Aboriginal native title until the 1970s, though several earlier cases tangentially involved issues of native title. In 1835, John Batman purported to sign
561:. The Act attempted to clarify the legal position of landholders and the processes to be followed for native title to be claimed, protected and recognised through the courts. The Act also established the
1096:
for content, but also at times idiosyncratically adopting common law terms to describe the nature or character of the rights". It is a complex area of law. The Act continues to be reviewed and amended.
968:", the High Court ruled for the first time on compensation for the extinguishment of native title in Australia. It is considered a "landmark" native title case, because the clauses contained within the
1443:, which was the first Victorian agreement reached outside the native title process, and applies to designated areas of Crown land in north central Victoria, with direct engagement between Yorta Yorta,
1468:
settlement in Australian history, affecting about 30,000 Noongar people and encompassing around 200,000 km (77,000 sq mi) in south-western Western Australia. It has been described as "
1281:
A further complexity is introduced in a form of ranking of rights, for example in New South Wales, a traditional owner must be both born in the country and have a cultural association with the land.
1196:
ILUAs are an alternative to making an application for native title determination, generally processed within less than six months, and may deal with a wide range of issues, including such topics as:
1108:
of approved native title determinations. A determination can be that native title does or does not exist. As part of the determination of native title, native title groups are required to nominate a
1116:
On 1 July 2011, the 160 registered determinations of native title covered some 1,228,373 km (474,277 sq mi) (approximately 16 per cent) of the land mass of Australia; and registered
384:. However, the substantive issue of continuing land rights was not heard due to the lack of precision, vagueness and other serious deficiencies with the statement of claim presented to the court.
4650:
2628:
1416:
1405:
As of 2020, four native title claims have been determined in Victoria; three of them resulted in the recognition of native title by agreement via a consent determination in the Federal Court. In
812:
1149:
993:, resulting in an historic determination in February 2020, involving both native title and an ILUA, covering an area of 48,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi) in Western Australia.
336:
was set up. The latter consisted of elected Aboriginal representatives, who would advise the Minister of Aboriginal Affairs. The Whitlam government introduced legislation later passed by the
4766:
3232:
2796:
2822:
677:
of the Federal Court ruled in their favour in recognition of the native title. Western Australia appealed the decision to the Full Court of the Federal Court, then to the High Court.
184:; mineral rights; decision-making processes for dealing with land; dealing with income from land use agreements; and negotiations about leases for development on Aboriginal land. The
1519:
926:
904:
3022:
4153:
1143:
Alternative settlements (also termed "broader settlements") may be negotiated out of court, often being resolved more quickly and efficiently than via the court process under the
1076:. Native title rights and interests may exist over land and waters to the extent that they are consistent with other rights established over the land by law or executive action.
624:. The amendments substantially restricted Native Title by narrowing the right to negotiate and extinguishing Native Title on most pastoral and mining leases granted before 1994.
4472:
1274:
654:, which was dismissed by Justice Olney of the Federal Court in 1998. Appeals to the Full Bench of the Federal Court in 2001, and the High Court in 2002 were also dismissed.
4108:
3123:
86:. Native title can co-exist with non-Aboriginal proprietary rights and in some cases different Aboriginal groups can exercise their native title rights over the same land.
4309:
1387:
74:
The concept recognises that in certain cases there was and is a continued beneficial legal interest in land held by Indigenous peoples which survived the acquisition of
3663:"We acknowledge the Traditional Custodians of NSW, and their continued connection to land, water and culture. We pay our respects to Elders past, present and emerging."
526:, "native title has its origin and is given its content by the traditional laws acknowledged by and the customs observed by the Aboriginal inhabitants of a territory".
2301:
2263:
1120:(ILUAs) covered about 1,234,129 km (476,500 sq mi) (about 16 per cent) of the land mass, as well as about 5,435 km (2,098 sq mi) of sea.
401:
5055:
593:
terms and nature of the particular pastoral lease. Where there was a conflict of rights, the rights under the pastoral lease would prevail over native title rights.
4234:
110:, is a body that applies the "registration test" to all new native title claimant applications, and undertakes future act mediation and arbitral functions. The
4444:
4016:
4738:
4693:
4258:
3990:
166:. By contrast, native title arises as a result of the recognition, under Australian common law, of pre-existing Indigenous rights and interests according to
4084:
5246:
3597:
944:
430:
people. However, it did not give the people the power of veto over mining activities; any disputes would need to be resolved by an independent arbitrator.
4708:
1998:
1448:
4796:
2886:
2837:
4786:
3571:
3085:
1502:
for the native title sector". Its members include regional Native Title Representative Bodies (NTRBs), Native Title Service Providers (NTSPs), local
757:. Land rights were recognised over 31,000 square kilometres (12,000 sq mi) of land (half the size of Tasmania) via an ILUA on 5 July 2011.
2734:
5142:
4746:
4477:
4389:
3724:
3737:
3707:
320:(also known as the Woodward Royal Commission) was established in 1973 to inquire into appropriate ways to recognise Aboriginal land rights in the
4640:
4462:
3950:
3236:
1898:
1576:
1252:
972:
pertaining to the determination of compensation payable due to the extinguishment of native title had never been heard before in the High Court.
3789:
1193:/s (RNTBC) and other parties, and bind all persons holding native title in the area of the ILUA, regardless of whether they are parties or not.
417:
in November 1978, several months prior to his resignation from Parliament. An amended bill, following extensive consultation, was passed by the
5283:
1586:
1383:
930:. It allows the Federal Court to determine who may mediate a claim, whether that be the court itself, the Native Title Tribunal, or otherwise.
4344:
3764:
2965:
5043:
4771:
4125:
4101:
17:
3354:"Broader native title settlements and the meaning of the term 'traditional owners': AIATSIS Native Title Conference, Melbourne, 4 June 2009"
1374:
No native title claim has ever been granted in the ACT, because of the lack of historical records enabling such a determination to be made.
5213:
4610:
4487:
3658:
111:
3855:
441:
people. The legislation was proclaimed in January 1985 and was followed by a ceremony in the desert attended by Maralinga Tjarutja leader
5169:
4184:
2931:
1943:
Brock, Peggy; Gara, Tom (2017). "3. From segregation to self-determination in the twentieth century". In Brock, Peggy; Gara, Tom (eds.).
1581:
241:, etc. If native title is granted, specific rights are decided on a case-by-case basis, and may only sometimes includes freehold title.
5278:
5090:
4878:
4863:
4482:
4419:
3466:
1541:
removed the statutory obligation for an annual Social Justice and Native Title Report such as those produced up to and including 2016.
333:
2607:
1345:
people and encompassing around 200,000 km (77,000 sq mi) in south-western Western Australia. It has been described as "
4781:
4688:
4424:
2995:
1440:
2908:
1397:
said it would be "the first time in Australia that there been a positive outcome within the area of (native title) determination".
5288:
5241:
4897:
4406:
4177:
1993:
5334:
5225:
5181:
4801:
4600:
4467:
4106:
4082:
3127:
1923:
1805:
733:
290:
250:
4312:
Proviso provides any protection for the rights of Aboriginal people to the occupation or enjoyment of their lands. β refers to
5018:
4535:
1298:
1190:
1109:
3258:
2780:
233:(Cth), of Indigenous Australians' rights and interests in land and waters according to their own traditional laws and customs.
4492:
4209:
3160:
3062:
2110:
1727:
1591:
986:
3895:
2277:
5033:
4713:
4382:
1753:
964:
lands surrounding Timber Creek. It related to various earlier cases since 1997. Described as "the most significant β¦ since
237:
Native title has also been described as a "bundle of rights" in land, which may include such rights as camping, performing
3509:
2873:
5261:
2481:
1566:
1411:(see above) in 2003, native title was determined not to exist by the Federal Court. The native title determinations are:
1353:
188:(NTA) gives recognition that "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have rights to land, water and sea, including
167:
151:
4070:
3387:
669:(1998) addressed an application made on behalf of the Miriuwung and Gajerrong people of the east Kimberly, over land in
5355:
5080:
5000:
4761:
4625:
1341:
454:
1129:
5147:
4980:
4950:
4545:
4170:
4142:
4118:
4094:
2242:
1958:
1571:
1210:
377:
317:
297:
explicitly rejected the concept of native title, ruling against the claimants on a number of issues of law and fact.
4277:
4254:
The Native Title Infobase includes selected material commencing from 1839 to the present day - online catalogue only
4222:
3815:
1435:
Although the Yorta Yorta people's claim did not meet the legal standard for native title under the Act, in 2004 the
803:' mission camp) to the Maralinga Tjarutja people. The Maralinga Tjarutja lands now total 102,863 square kilometres.
5317:
5251:
4940:
4830:
4776:
4580:
4525:
2781:"The 2007 Amendments to the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth): Technical Amendments or Disturbing the Balance of Rights?"
1469:
1346:
1092:
953:
5099:
5008:
4660:
4510:
4454:
4375:
4045:
3353:
1231:
There are three types of ILUAs: Body Corporate Agreements, Area Agreements and Alternative Procedure Agreements.
1059:
The traditional laws and customs that regulated the lives of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders prior to the
616:
605:
192:
in some cases, but does not provide ownership". It allows for negotiations over land, but does not provide for a
176:
4245:
5327:
5311:
5256:
4728:
4107:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. Native Title Research Unit (June 2000).
4083:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. Native Title Research Unit (June 2000).
3149:
Australian Law Reform Commission (28 May 2015). "The nature and content of native title rights and interests".
2041:
1523:
562:
238:
103:
5065:
2431:
47:
groups or individuals to land that derive from their maintenance of their traditional laws and customs. These
5038:
4756:
4673:
4620:
4570:
4502:
2797:
Clayton Utz β Amendments to the Native Title Act 1993 β some improvements for the energy and resources sector
1282:
1117:
921:
750:
119:
4816:
4110:
A guide to Australian legislation relevant to native title: Volume Two (WA, Tas., ACT, NT and Commonwealth)
2973:
874:
707:
3284:
1257:
Alternative agreements require that the claimants demonstrate that they are the "traditional owners" (or "
834:
and Jupagalk people. In his reasons for judgment Justice Merkel explained the significance of his orders:
5293:
5132:
5023:
4868:
4806:
4791:
4678:
4563:
4550:
3209:
1950:
1161:
788:
488:(1992) was the foundational case for native title in Australia. In 1992 the rejection of native title in
285:
266:
5115:
4751:
4703:
4558:
2677:
2657:
2637:
2494:
2418:
2370:
2350:
2330:
2310:
1020:
381:
90:
4216:
4202:
Customary Land Tenure and Registration in Australia and Papua New Guinea: Anthropological Perspectives
1895:
5360:
5271:
5075:
4970:
4683:
1503:
1357:
1323:
1060:
754:
501:
2690:
2151:
Recognizing Aboriginal title: the Mabo case and Aboriginal resistance to English-settler colonialism
5186:
5105:
4811:
3977:
2465:
2395:
2272:
2216:
2178:
2169:
2096:
1974:
1877:
1853:
1801:
965:
856:
682:
579:
484:
478:
474:
57:
5220:
5157:
5152:
4990:
4935:
4434:
2932:"'It is your land': Traditional owners granted native title and funding deal in Australian first"
2722:
2469:
2399:
2284:
2220:
2195:
2182:
2065:
2045:
1881:
1857:
1833:
949:
368:
181:
99:
4059:
2765:
2629:
Clarke on behalf of the Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria
5164:
4853:
4414:
4398:
4295:
4270:
3860:
Victoria Government. Dept of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) Forests and Reserves
3820:
Victoria Government. Dept of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) Forests and Reserves
2808:
2751:
2456:
2037:
1944:
1781:
1407:
638:
364:
163:
94:
44:
4197:
2414:
2083:
1265:
5322:
5192:
5127:
4873:
4723:
4439:
4429:
2996:"Wave Hill walk-off veterans recognised in 'particularly special' native title determination"
2673:
2653:
2633:
2490:
2346:
2306:
1318:
1258:
557:
552:
538:
505:
450:
277:
147:
115:
67:
40:
2857:
2486:
2366:
449:. This granted rights over 75,000 square kilometres (29,000 sq mi) of land in the
4848:
4308: (17 January 2019) His Honour quotes Kirby in Fejo, who dismissed an argument that the
4305:
3110:
2718:
2461:
2391:
2326:
2268:
2212:
2174:
2061:
2033:
2003:
1873:
1849:
1821:
1452:
1436:
1025:
1008:
800:
742:
651:
189:
4086:
A guide to Australian legislation relevant to native title: Volume One (NSW, VIC, QLD, SA)
3051:
Australian Law Reform Commission (28 May 2015). "Native title in its historical context".
1797:
8:
4698:
4605:
4367:
1919:
1825:
1596:
674:
4286:β includes all applications relating to native title and Indigenous Land Use Agreements.
5298:
5208:
5137:
5122:
4945:
4858:
4821:
3862:. State of Victoria (Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning). 12 June 2019
3822:. State of Victoria (Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning). 12 June 2019
3738:"Doma development to be built over possible Aboriginal men's business site in Canberra"
2028:
1034:
1002:
647:
548:
438:
329:
321:
313:
273:
27:
Australian law recognising that Aboriginal people have rights to their traditional land
851:
In 2005 the Federal Court brought down a judgment recognising the native title of the
4960:
4930:
4883:
4718:
4515:
4331:
4205:
4198:"Chapter Ten: Outstation Incorporation as Precursor to a Prescribed Body Corporate 1"
4166:
4138:
4114:
4090:
3708:"Native Title Determination Details: SCD2018/001 - Kaurna Peoples Native Title Claim"
3319:
3156:
3058:
2909:"Timber Creek Native Title Compensation Claim Brings High Court to NT for First Time"
2238:
1954:
1656:
1105:
1016:
981:
957:
784:
670:
621:
337:
294:
4079:β Summary of points in the land rights movement and native title for a Yr 11 course.
3183:
3086:"Connection to Country: Review of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) (ALRC Report 126)"
2546:"Nangkiriny v State of Western Australia [2004] FCA 1156 (8 September 2004)"
775:
handed back title to 21,000 square kilometres of land to the Maralinga Tjarutja and
771:
In May 2004, following the passage of special legislation, South Australian Premier
4668:
4630:
3546:"Broader native title settlements and the meaning of the term 'traditional owners'"
2521:"Nangkiriny v State of Western Australia [2002] FCA 660 (12 February 2002)"
1558:
1301:(RNTBC), which manages the land after a native title determination has been made.)
1030:
891:
792:
687:
48:
4356:
4273:
at Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS)
3634:"MTWW Protocols and Procedures Working in Partnership with Aboriginal Communities"
3620:
3419:
3023:"First native title ruling in decade returns Victorian land to traditional owners"
2571:
2545:
2520:
2118:
2080:
Constitutional Confusion in the Cocos Islands: The Strange Deliverance of Lim Keng
1616:
5048:
4132:
3679:
3633:
1902:
1012:
879:
695:
427:
407:
159:
4292:
From Milirrpum to Mabo: The High Court, Terra Nullius and Moral Entrepreneurship
1478:
Noongar (Koorah, Nitja, Boordahwan) (Past, Present, Future) Recognition Act 2016
5303:
5198:
5070:
4975:
1495:
1444:
1394:
806:
585:
510:
214:
155:
36:
3973:
3878:
3838:
3532:
3496:
3492:
3446:
3442:
3306:
3302:
3152:
Connection to Country: Review of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth): Final report
3054:
Connection to Country: Review of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth): Final report
1711:
1707:
1639:
180:(see below) covers the granting of land to Aboriginal Land Trusts; setting up
5349:
5013:
4925:
4590:
4530:
1684:
860:
720:
497:
442:
325:
75:
5203:
5110:
5060:
4965:
4840:
4540:
3545:
1531:
589:
446:
418:
143:
32:
3882:
3842:
787:
border, was then called the Unnamed Conservation Park. It is now known as
4920:
4595:
3765:""Our ancestors will be smiling": Kaurna people gain native title rights"
1428:
1422:
827:
434:
423:
414:
385:
139:
79:
62:
3212:. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Studies
1415:
Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Yupagalk Peoples (known as
1104:
The National Native Title Register (NNTR), maintained by the NNTT, is a
822:
claim in south-eastern Australia and in Victoria, determined by Justice
813:
Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria
719:
groups of Aboriginal people to an area of seas and sea-beds surrounding
392:
5028:
4915:
4910:
4585:
4575:
4520:
3790:"Kaurna Yerta is a step closer to finding a home in Tarntanya Adelaide"
1081:
823:
776:
584:
After the Mabo decision it was uncertain as to whether the granting of
543:
One year after the recognition of the legal concept of native title in
226:
52:
1946:
Colonialism and its Aftermath: A history of Aboriginal South Australia
5174:
4905:
3576:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
3550:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2887:"What Next After 'Most Significant' Native Title Decision Since Mabo"
1499:
1326:
wording which is used to pay respects to the people of that Country.
772:
766:
746:
620:. This Act, also known as the "10 Point Plan", was introduced by the
360:
118:
on legal and legal-policy regarding on native title, and assists the
83:
3638:
Women's Health Goulburn North East Womenβs Health Promotion Victoria
3467:"About Indigenous Land Use Agreements (ILUAs): [Fact sheet]"
745:
and others were plaintiffs, were cases addressing the claims of the
551:
formalised the recognition by legislation with the enactment by the
61:
in 1992. The doctrine was subsequently implemented and modified via
4645:
4635:
2835:
2715:
Northern Territory of Australia v Arnhem Land Aboriginal Land Trust
2323:
Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v State of Victoria
989:
was involved in a large native title claim from 1996, based on the
887:
780:
356:
3126:. National Native Title Tribunal. 19 December 2007. Archived from
2237:(4 ed.). Australia: LexisNexis Butterworths. pp. 56β57.
1643:
1316:
Apart from the legal definitions, the terms traditional owners or
883:
4204:. Asia-Pacific Environment Monographs. ANU E Press. p. 199.
4162:
3662:
3030:
2612:
2139:
Sydney Morning Herald, 3 Dec 2008, "Hero of the Maralinga People"
1530:
The objectives of the Commissioner were to provide and promote a
1520:
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner
961:
852:
831:
818:
3148:
3050:
2596:
The Age 25 August 2004, "Maralinga Handover Prompts Celebration"
1203:
how native title rights coexist with the rights of other people;
2735:"The High Court's decision in the Blue Mud Bay case: a summary"
2572:"Bidyadanga Initial Works Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA)"
1015:
in the area, as there were mining interests in area covered by
796:
779:
people. The land, 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) north-west of
715:(2001), addressed an application made on behalf of a number of
2966:"Native Title rights recognised over famous Wave Hill Station"
2884:
1638:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under an
1221:
employment and economic opportunities for native title groups;
437:'s Labor government passed legislation to return lands to the
170:. Native title is not a grant or right created by governments.
4985:
4955:
3972:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3968:
3877:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3873:
3837:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3833:
3619:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3615:
3531:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3527:
3491:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3487:
3441:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3437:
3301:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1706:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1702:
1634:
1275:
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
1156:
Alternative settlements agreements can be made alongside the
1055:
Native title concerns the interaction of two systems of law:
1352:
An Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA) was agreed with the
807:
2005 β Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagalk
4615:
1388:
Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia
1304:
In Victoria, a "traditional owner group" is defined in the
890:
were involved in this case, which involved Blue Mud Bay in
716:
332:, and initiatives such as the Aboriginal Land Fund and the
193:
4397:
4155:
Indigenous Health and Wellbeing: The Importance of Country
4134:
Coming to terms : Aboriginal title in South Australia
3900:
Western Australian Government. Dept of Premier and Cabinet
3230:
2432:"Land, Approvals and Native Title Unit - Key Legal Events"
2302:
Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria
2264:
Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria
2097:
Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981
1967:
411:
Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981
402:
Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981
2510:, Issue 1, National Native Title Tribunal, December 2001.
1439:
entered into a Cooperative Management Agreement with the
596:
225:
Native title is the recognition in Australian law, under
3210:"Native Title Corporations: Prescribed Bodies Corporate"
300:
129:
3921:
3514:
Victoria State Government. Justice and Community Safety
3124:"Exactly what is native title? β What is native title?"
1336:
Native title in Australia Β§ By state and territory
154:
governments. Land rights usually consist of a grant of
4361:
Government of Australia. Attorney-General's Department
2316:
1329:
1200:
native title holders agreeing to a future development;
4071:"AATL: Historical land right legislations Flashcards"
2823:"Native Title Amendment Act 2009 β Information sheet"
2766:
Native Title Amendment(Technical Amendments) Act 2007
996:
933:
196:
over development, and nor does it grant land, as the
51:
rights were first recognised as a part of Australian
2296:
2294:
1975:
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976
1548:
1130:
Mediation in Australia Β§ Native title mediation
1050:
945:
Northern Territory v Mr Griffiths and Lorraine Jones
221:
Commonwealth Government's indigenous.gov.au website:
4161:. Native Title Research Report: Report No. 1/2009.
1999:
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)
1887:
1449:
Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning
1084:, or areas already held by Indigenous Australians.
4797:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
2740:. Northern Territory Government. 11 February 2009.
2663:
2258:
2256:
2254:
1839:
1506:(PBCs) and Traditional Owner Corporations (TOCs).
1498:organisation whose website states that it is the "
878:, establishing a precedent for sea rights over an
661:
251:Indigenous land rights in Australia Β§ History
4235:"Native title and the claim process: an overview"
2839:Native Title Amendment Act 2009 Information Sheet
2411:Attorney-General of the Northern Territory v Ward
2291:
910:Native Title Amendment (Technical Amendments) Act
867:
627:
5347:
2885:National Indigenous Television (19 March 2019).
2188:
1827:
1522:was required to prepare an annual report to the
1485:
872:The 2008 decision by the High Court decided the
460:
4316:(1998) 195 CLR 96. (This case is based on s 61
4182:
3233:"Annual Report 2010-2011: President's Overview"
3044:
2550:Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements
2525:Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements
2356:
2251:
1870:Wade v New South Wales Rutile Mining Co Pty Ltd
1577:Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation
1268:" varies among jurisdictions. According to the
1253:Indigenous Australian traditional custodianship
727:
529:
378:Aboriginal nation holds any kind of sovereignty
134:According to the Attorney-General's Department:
5284:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
4787:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
4200:. In Weiner, James F.; Glaskin, Katie (eds.).
3674:
3672:
3670:
3420:"About Indigenous Land Use Agreements (ILUAs)"
3142:
2615:, 14 December 2005. Accessed 10 September 2011
2164:
2162:
2160:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1587:List of native title claims in South Australia
1384:List of native title claims in South Australia
1099:
445:, John Bannon and Aboriginal Affairs Minister
395:Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act
4772:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
4383:
3896:"South West Native Title Settlement timeline"
3702:
3700:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
2570:Bourova, Evgenia; Dias, Nuwan (5 July 2011).
1811:
897:
4839:
4151:
3078:
2778:
2023:
2021:
1063:by the British ("Aboriginal customary law").
1019:'s pastoral lease. On 8 September 2020, the
658:customs for native title claims to succeed.
455:British nuclear weapons testing at Maralinga
347:
4289:
4278:"Native Title National Practice Area (NPA)"
3667:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
2569:
2474:
2449:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2157:
1981:
1582:List of Australian native title court cases
1538:Human Rights Legislation Amendment Act 2017
1335:
952:case, ruled in 2019, regarding land around
938:
203:
4879:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
4864:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council
4390:
4376:
3974:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
3879:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
3839:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
3725:Kaurna People Native Title Settlement ILUA
3697:
3684:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
3564:
3533:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
3493:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
3452:
3443:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3303:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
2963:
2623:
2621:
2336:
2111:"Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 (SA)"
1863:
1772:
1708:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
1640:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
1234:
632:
610:The Wik decision led to amendments to the
334:National Aboriginal Consultative Committee
208:National Native Title Tribunal definition:
138:There are fundamental differences between
4183:Gardiner-Garden, John (12 October 1993).
4017:"Social Justice and Native Title Reports"
3945:
3943:
3538:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2836:Australian Local Government Association.
2708:
2018:
1994:"Aboriginal land rights and native title"
1942:
1909:
1441:Yorta Yorta Nation Aboriginal Corporation
1364:
1138:
902:In 2007 the Howard government passed the
568:
453:, including the land contaminated by the
4345:"Search Register of Native Title Claims"
4302:Walker v State of South Australia (No 2)
3762:
3621:Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY 3.0 AU)
3405:
3385:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3116:
3020:
2376:
2084:(1982-1983) 13(3) Federal Law Review 229
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1896:Governor Bourke's Proclamation 1835 (UK)
646:, addressed a native title claim by the
146:. Land rights are rights created by the
4601:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
4473:People from politics and public service
4195:
3808:
3782:
3590:
3370:
3351:
2964:Wellington, Shahni (9 September 2020).
2929:
2923:
2618:
2202:
2089:
1679:
1677:
1509:
1067:be in "conquered" or "ceded" colonies).
739:Nangkiriny v State of Western Australia
734:Bidyadanga Community, Western Australia
291:Supreme Court of the Northern Territory
14:
5348:
4399:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
3940:
3386:Cawthorn, Michael (22 November 2017).
2993:
2950:
2683:
2608:Past gives us strength, Aborigines say
2148:
1299:Registered Native Title Body Corporate
1191:Registered Native Title Body Corporate
1110:Native Title Prescribed Body Corporate
1041:
799:area (which also included the site of
328:introduced a new policy of Aboriginal
4371:
3763:Richards, Stephanie (21 March 2018).
3744:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3735:
3338:
3002:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2938:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2906:
2855:
2233:Bartlett, Richard (1 December 2019).
2209:Wik Peoples v The State of Queensland
1929:
1722:
1720:
1609:
1592:Native title legislation in Australia
1457:Traditional Owner Settlement Act 2010
1306:Traditional Owner Settlement Act 2010
1241:Traditional Owner Settlement Act 2010
1150:Traditional Owner Settlement Act 2010
987:Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation
289:(the "Gove land rights case") in the
130:Definitions: Native title/land rights
4581:Literature of Indigenous Australians
4152:Ganesharajah, Cynthia (April 2009).
4130:
3856:"Agreements with Traditional Owners"
3502:
2907:James, Felicity (5 September 2018).
2727:
2650:Bennell v State of Western Australia
1754:"Native title, rights and interests"
1674:
1462:
1246:
956:, involving a compensation claim by
673:and the Northern Territory. Justice
35:is the set of rights, recognised by
4290:Van Krieken, Robert (1 July 2000),
4271:Native title research and resources
1567:Aboriginal land rights in Australia
1354:Kaurna Yerta Aboriginal Corporation
1330:Examples of alternative settlements
760:
650:Aboriginal people of north central
588:would extinguish native title. The
492:was overruled by the High Court in
468:
260:
24:
4762:Aborigines Progressive Association
4263:Australian Human Rights Commission
4039:
4021:Australian Human Rights Commission
3995:Australian Human Rights Commission
3955:Australian Human Rights Commission
3510:"Traditional Owner Settlement Act"
2930:Meachim, Laura (7 February 2020).
1746:
1717:
1649:
1377:
1342:South West Native Title Settlement
1007:A claim was lodged in 2016 by the
997:2020 β Gurindji, Wave Hill Station
982:Yamatji Β§ Native Title claims
934:Further significant determinations
513:in this landmark decision stated:
25:
5372:
4324:
4240:. National Native Title Tribunal.
3476:. Commonwealth of Australia. 2017
3426:. Commonwealth of Australia. 2017
2994:Bardon, Jane (9 September 2020).
2077:
1818:Williams v Attorney General (NSW)
1691:. Commonwealth of Australia. 2017
1623:. Commonwealth of Australia. 2019
1572:Australian Aboriginal sovereignty
1360:and effected on 19 November 2018.
1051:Native title rights and interests
975:
846:
701:
518:native title could be recognised.
318:Aboriginal Land Rights Commission
4340:(Latest version as of July 2020)
3967:
3872:
3832:
3614:
3526:
3486:
3436:
3388:"Traditional Owner Corporations"
3231:National Native Title Tribunal.
3021:Latimore, Jack (28 March 2023).
2856:Hobbs, Harry (4 November 2022).
2825:. Department of Social Security.
2506:National Native Title Tribunal,
1893:National Archives of Australia,
1701:
1633:
1551:
1189:between a native title group or
1093:Australian Law Reform Commission
954:Timber Creek, Northern Territory
382:Cherokee Nation v Georgia (1831)
380:, distinguishing the US case of
5100:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
4336:Federal Register of Legislation
4185:"The Mabo debate: a chronology"
4009:
3983:
3914:
3888:
3848:
3756:
3729:
3651:
3626:
3312:
3277:
3251:
3224:
3202:
3188:Federal Register of Legislation
3176:
3104:
3014:
2987:
2900:
2878:
2849:
2829:
2815:
2809:Native Title Amendment Act 2009
2801:
2790:
2772:
2758:
2752:Native Title Amendment Act 2007
2744:
2643:
2599:
2590:
2563:
2538:
2513:
2500:
2424:
2404:
2226:
2142:
2133:
2103:
2071:
2051:
1846:Randwick Corporation v Rutledge
1270:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
1215:extinguishment of native title;
927:Native Title Amendment Act 2009
905:Native Title Amendment Act 2007
662:1998β2003 β Miriuwung Gajerrong
617:Native Title Amendment Act 1998
606:Native Title Amendment Act 1998
599:Native Title Amendment Act 1998
342:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
177:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
5312:Uluru Statement from the Heart
4729:Torres Strait Island languages
4349:National Native Title Tribunal
4165:. Native Title Research Unit.
3712:National Native Title Tribunal
3598:"The meaning of 'traditional'"
3474:National Native Title Tribunal
3424:National Native Title Tribunal
3352:Edelman, David (3 June 2009).
3289:National Native Title Tribunal
2779:Frith, Angus (November 2008).
2153:. University of Toronto Press.
2064: at , (1979) 53 ALJR 403,
1787:
1689:National Native Title Tribunal
1455:(a TOSA settlement, under the
1118:Indigenous land use agreements
868:2008 β Blue Mud Bay sea rights
826:involving Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa,
817:The Aboriginal peoples of the
628:Cases after the 1998 amendment
563:National Native Title Tribunal
276:with Aboriginal elders in the
106:(NNTT), established under the
104:National Native Title Tribunal
13:
1:
4777:Australian Aborigines' League
4757:Aborigines Advancement League
4674:Australian Aboriginal English
4296:(2000) 23 UNSW Law Journal 63
3926:National Native Title Council
3572:"Prescribed Bodies Corporate"
2482:Yarmirr v Northern Territory
1621:Attorney-General's Department
1602:
1492:National Native Title Council
1486:National Native Title Council
1291:Traditional Owner Corporation
1179:Indigenous land use agreement
573:
522:As Justice Brennan stated in
367:, commenced an action in the
112:Attorney-General's Department
18:Indigenous land use agreement
4817:National Reconciliation Week
4113:. Aboriginal Studies Press.
4089:. Aboriginal Studies Press.
3736:Evans, Jake (21 June 2020).
2974:Special Broadcasting Service
1728:"Curricula Project Glossary"
1322:of the land are included in
1264:The definition of the term "
1123:
875:Blue Mud Bay sea rights case
741:(2002 & 2004), in which
728:2002 & 2004 β Nangkiriny
713:Yarmirr v Northern Territory
708:Yarmirr v Northern Territory
168:traditional laws and customs
7:
4869:NSW Aboriginal Land Council
4807:Registered Aboriginal Party
4792:National Indigenous Council
4679:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
2858:"The Timber Creek Decision"
1916:Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd
1544:
1400:
1162:natural resource management
1100:Native title determinations
1033:and others involved in the
920:was further amended by the
789:Mamungari Conservation Park
286:Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd
267:Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd
255:
10:
5377:
5247:Constitutional recognition
5116:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
4752:Aboriginal Medical Service
4282:Federal Court of Australia
4250:Federal Court of Australia
3324:Federal Court of Australia
2678:Federal Court (Full Court)
2578:(28 October 2011 ed.)
2419:Federal Court (Full Court)
2371:Federal Court (Full Court)
2331:Federal Court (Full Court)
2219:1 (23 December 1996),
1798:[1889] UKLawRpAC 7
1504:Prescribed Body Corporates
1381:
1333:
1250:
1127:
1021:Federal Court of Australia
1000:
979:
898:2007 & 2009 amendments
810:
764:
731:
705:
636:
603:
577:
536:
472:
413:was introduced by Premier
399:
303:Aboriginal Land Rights Act
264:
248:
244:
198:Aboriginal Land Rights Act
91:Federal Court of Australia
5356:Native title in Australia
5234:
5089:
4999:
4896:
4737:
4659:
4641:Traditional custodianship
4501:
4453:
4405:
4314:Fejo v Northern Territory
4131:Berg, Shaun, ed. (2010).
4060:Resources in your library
4051:Native Title in Australia
2636: (13 December 2005),
2468:1 (11 October 2001),
2349: (24 November 1998),
2309: (18 December 1998),
2235:Native Title in Australia
2232:
1358:Adelaide, South Australia
1324:Acknowledgment of Country
1061:colonisation of Australia
419:Tonkin Liberal government
295:Justice Richard Blackburn
5106:Australian Frontier Wars
4812:Reconciliation Australia
2417: (9 December 2003),
2415:[2003] FCAFC 283
2388:Western Australia v Ward
2363:Western Australia v Ward
2343:Ward v Western Australia
2329: (8 February 2001),
2170:Mabo v Queensland (No 2)
2044:403 (5 April 1979),
1906:Accessed 3 November 2008
1804:286 (3 April 1889),
1779:Attorney-General v Brown
1470:Australia's first treaty
1347:Australia's first treaty
1172:
1167:
939:2008β2019 β Timber Creek
882:for the first time. The
683:Western Australia v Ward
667:Ward v Western Australia
580:Wik Peoples v Queensland
494:Mabo v Queensland (No 2)
485:Mabo v Queensland (No 2)
479:Mabo v Queensland (No 2)
475:Mabo v Queensland (No 1)
312:and the election of the
204:Native title definitions
182:Aboriginal land councils
58:Mabo v Queensland (No 2)
5158:Australian history wars
5019:Contemporary visual art
4435:Torres Strait Islanders
4332:"Native Title Act 1993"
4246:"Native Title Infobase"
4223:"Mabo and Native Title"
4196:Glaskin, Katie (2007).
3190:. Australian Government
3184:"Native Title Act 1993"
2719:[2008] HCA 29
2674:[2008] FCAFC 63
2654:[2006] FCA 1243
2634:[2005] FCA 1795
2398:1 (8 August 2002),
2347:[1998] FCA 1478
2307:[1998] FCA 1606
2115:Documenting a Democracy
1734:. Australian Government
1235:TOSA settlements (Vic.)
950:High Court of Australia
686:that native title is a
680:The High Court held in
633:1998β2002 β Yorta Yorta
496:, which recognised the
369:High Court of Australia
100:High Court of Australia
4854:Kimberley Land Council
4704:PamaβNyungan languages
4694:Loanwords into English
4611:Religion and mythology
4564:Torres Strait Islander
4415:Aboriginal Australians
4259:"Native Title Reports"
3991:"Native Title Reports"
3680:"Settlement Agreement"
2676: (23 April 2000),
2487:[1998] FCA 771
2457:Commonwealth v Yarmirr
2367:[2000] FCA 191
2149:Russel, Peter (2005).
2062:[1979] HCA 68
1408:Yorta Yorta v Victoria
1369:
1365:By state and territory
1319:traditional custodians
1259:traditional custodians
1224:cultural heritage; and
1139:Alternative agreements
644:Yorta Yorta v Victoria
639:Yorta Yorta v Victoria
569:Wik and 1998 amendment
520:
365:Cowra, New South Wales
235:
219:
172:
164:Indigenous Australians
45:Torres Strait Islander
5193:Native Title Act 1993
5128:Cummeragunja walk-off
4874:Northern Land Council
4724:Torres Strait English
4651:Torres Strait Islands
4318:Native Title Act 1993
4306:[2013] FCA 93
3285:"Mediation of claims"
3111:[1992] HCA 23
2721: (30 July 2008),
2462:[2001] HCA 56
2392:[2002] HCA 28
2369: (3 March 2000),
2327:[2001] FCA 45
2269:[2002] HCA 58
2213:[1996] HCA 40
2181:1 (3 June 1992),
2175:[1992] HCA 23
2034:[1979] HCA 68
1874:[1969] HCA 28
1850:[1959] HCA 63
1822:[1913] HCA 33
1808:(on appeal from NSW).
1784:; 2 SCR (NSW) App 30.
1661:Northern Land Council
1516:Native Title Act 1993
1431:People (October 2010)
1382:Further information:
1334:Further information:
1087:A 2015 review of the
1001:Further information:
991:Native Title Act 1993
980:Further information:
970:Native Title Act 1993
918:Native Title Act 1993
732:Further information:
558:Native Title Act 1993
553:Australian Parliament
539:Native Title Act 1993
532:Native Title Act 1993
515:
451:Great Victoria Desert
278:Port Phillip District
231:Native Title Act 1993
223:
210:
186:Native Title Act 1993
136:
124:Native Title Act 1993
116:Australian Government
108:Native Title Act 1993
68:Native Title Act 1993
55:with the decision of
4849:Central Land Council
4227:Australians Together
3976:licence. (Statement
2508:Talking Native Title
1922:141 (27 April 1971)
1901:25 July 2008 at the
1657:"Our governing laws"
1510:Human rights reports
1453:Barmah National Park
1437:Victorian Government
1009:Central Land Council
743:John Dudu Nangkiriny
190:exclusive possession
4606:Outstation movement
4445:Western Australians
4265:. 29 November 2015.
4137:. Wakefield Press.
3155:. ALRC Report 126.
3057:. ALRC Report 126.
2287:. 12 December 2002.
1597:Outstation movement
1419:- see above) (2005)
1042:2023 β Eastern Maar
859:metropolitan area.
490:Milirrpum v Nabalco
5299:Stolen Generations
5289:Self-determination
5209:Stolen Generations
5143:Historical figures
5123:Caledon Bay crisis
4946:Fire-stick farming
4859:Maralinga Tjarutja
4478:Performing artists
4338:. 18 January 2019.
4252:. 28 October 2012.
4077:. 11 October 2012.
3997:. 29 November 2015
3957:. 27 November 2015
3714:. 19 November 2018
2278:"Judgment Summary"
2058:Coe v Commonwealth
2029:Coe v Commonwealth
2006:on 26 January 2012
1782:(1847) 1 Legge 312
1417:the "Wimmera claim
1206:access to an area;
1035:Wave Hill walk-off
1003:Wave Hill walk-off
791:. It includes the
549:Keating government
439:Maralinga Tjarutja
374:Coe v Commonwealth
350:Coe v Commonwealth
330:self-determination
322:Northern Territory
314:Whitlam government
152:state or territory
122:to administer the
5343:
5342:
5226:Western Australia
4961:Possum-skin cloak
4892:
4891:
4884:Tiwi Land Council
4719:Taboo on the dead
4684:Australian Creole
4425:Aboriginal groups
4211:978-1-921313-27-1
4046:Library resources
3881:licence. (Stated
3841:licence. (Stated
3796:. 7 February 2020
3578:. 2 December 2014
3552:. 3 February 2016
3263:List of Mediators
3162:978-0-9924069-8-1
3064:978-0-9924069-8-1
1732:indigenous.gov.au
1463:Western Australia
1266:traditional owner
1247:Traditional owner
1017:Wave Hill Station
1011:on behalf of the
785:Western Australia
783:and abutting the
753:region, south of
671:Western Australia
622:Howard government
338:Fraser government
324:. Prime Minister
16:(Redirected from
5368:
5361:Aboriginal title
4837:
4836:
4669:Avoidance speech
4631:Smoking ceremony
4392:
4385:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4352:
4339:
4294:
4285:
4266:
4253:
4241:
4239:
4230:
4215:
4192:
4176:
4160:
4148:
4124:
4100:
4078:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3987:
3981:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3892:
3886:
3876:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3852:
3846:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3733:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3704:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3676:
3665:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3506:
3500:
3495:licence (as per
3490:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3471:
3463:
3450:
3445:licence (as per
3440:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3416:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3383:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3349:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3316:
3310:
3305:licence (as per
3300:
3298:
3296:
3291:. 7 October 2010
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3239:on 24 March 2012
3235:. Archived from
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2961:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2725:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2695:East Arnhem Land
2687:
2681:
2670:Bodney v Bennell
2667:
2661:
2647:
2641:
2625:
2616:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2517:
2511:
2504:
2498:
2478:
2472:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2428:
2422:
2408:
2402:
2385:
2374:
2360:
2354:
2340:
2334:
2320:
2314:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2260:
2249:
2248:
2230:
2224:
2206:
2200:
2196:Native Title Act
2192:
2186:
2166:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2117:. Archived from
2107:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2055:
2049:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2002:. Archived from
1990:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1940:
1927:
1913:
1907:
1891:
1885:
1867:
1861:
1843:
1837:
1829:
1815:
1809:
1800:, (1889) 14
1791:
1785:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1760:. 1 January 1994
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1724:
1715:
1710:licence (as per
1705:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1653:
1647:
1642:licence (as per
1637:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1613:
1561:
1559:Australia portal
1556:
1555:
1554:
1524:Attorney-General
1158:Native Title Act
1145:Native Title Act
1089:Native Title Act
1031:Vincent Lingiari
1013:Gurindji peoples
913:yet determined.
892:East Arnhem Land
855:people over the
793:Serpentine Lakes
761:2004 β Maralinga
688:bundle of rights
612:Native Title Act
469:1988β1992 β Mabo
463:Native Title Act
433:In 1984 Premier
408:South Australian
261:1971 β Milirrpum
120:Attorney-General
49:Aboriginal title
21:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5279:Media portrayal
5242:1967 Referendum
5230:
5138:Gurindji Strike
5133:Day of Mourning
5085:
4995:
4888:
4835:
4733:
4689:Language groups
4655:
4497:
4449:
4401:
4396:
4363:. 8 March 2020.
4355:
4343:
4330:
4327:
4276:
4257:
4244:
4237:
4233:
4221:
4212:
4178:AIATSIS summary
4173:
4158:
4145:
4121:
4097:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4040:Further reading
4037:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4023:. 1 August 2019
4015:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3960:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3928:. 21 April 2020
3920:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3902:. 20 April 2020
3894:
3893:
3889:
3865:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3825:
3823:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3734:
3730:
3717:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3678:
3677:
3668:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3607:
3605:
3604:. 19 March 2014
3596:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3519:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3479:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3453:
3429:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3384:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3294:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2962:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2866:
2864:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2668:
2664:
2648:
2644:
2626:
2619:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2505:
2501:
2479:
2475:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2409:
2405:
2386:
2377:
2361:
2357:
2341:
2337:
2321:
2317:
2299:
2292:
2280:
2276:
2261:
2252:
2245:
2231:
2227:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2189:
2167:
2158:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2121:on 11 July 2007
2109:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2090:
2076:
2072:
2056:
2052:
2040:118; (1979) 53
2026:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1991:
1982:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1951:Wakefield Press
1941:
1930:
1914:
1910:
1903:Wayback Machine
1892:
1888:
1868:
1864:
1844:
1840:
1816:
1812:
1794:Cooper v Stuart
1792:
1788:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1512:
1488:
1465:
1403:
1390:
1380:
1378:South Australia
1372:
1367:
1338:
1332:
1255:
1249:
1237:
1175:
1170:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1102:
1074:Land Rights Act
1053:
1044:
1029:descendants of
1005:
999:
984:
978:
941:
936:
922:Rudd government
900:
880:intertidal zone
870:
849:
815:
809:
769:
763:
736:
730:
710:
704:
696:Lacrosse Island
664:
641:
635:
630:
608:
602:
586:pastoral leases
582:
576:
571:
541:
535:
481:
473:Main articles:
471:
466:
428:Yankunytjatjara
404:
398:
376:(1979) that no
353:
308:In the wake of
306:
274:Batman's Treaty
269:
263:
258:
253:
247:
206:
160:perpetual lease
132:
82:to the land by
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5374:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5304:Half-Caste Act
5296:
5294:Reconciliation
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5272:Protected Area
5269:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5206:
5201:
5199:Pilbara strike
5196:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5103:
5095:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4976:Spinifex resin
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4834:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4714:Sign languages
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4488:Visual artists
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4357:"Native title"
4353:
4341:
4326:
4325:External links
4323:
4322:
4321:
4310:Letters Patent
4299:
4287:
4284:. 17 May 2019.
4274:
4268:
4255:
4242:
4231:
4219:
4210:
4193:
4180:
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4149:
4143:
4128:
4119:
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4095:
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4063:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4008:
3982:
3951:"Native Title"
3939:
3913:
3887:
3847:
3816:"Native Title"
3807:
3781:
3755:
3728:
3696:
3666:
3650:
3625:
3589:
3563:
3537:
3501:
3451:
3404:
3369:
3337:
3311:
3276:
3259:"Native Title"
3250:
3223:
3201:
3175:
3161:
3141:
3130:on 12 May 2014
3115:
3103:
3077:
3063:
3043:
3013:
2986:
2949:
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2877:
2848:
2828:
2814:
2800:
2789:
2771:
2757:
2743:
2726:
2707:
2682:
2662:
2642:
2617:
2605:Fergus Shiel,
2598:
2589:
2562:
2537:
2512:
2499:
2473:
2448:
2423:
2403:
2375:
2355:
2335:
2315:
2290:
2250:
2243:
2225:
2201:
2187:
2156:
2141:
2132:
2102:
2088:
2070:
2050:
2017:
1980:
1966:
1959:
1953:. p. 57.
1928:
1908:
1886:
1862:
1838:
1810:
1786:
1771:
1745:
1716:
1673:
1648:
1617:"Native title"
1607:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1546:
1543:
1511:
1508:
1496:not-for-profit
1487:
1484:
1464:
1461:
1445:Parks Victoria
1433:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1402:
1399:
1395:Debra Mortimer
1379:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1350:
1331:
1328:
1248:
1245:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:protection of
1207:
1204:
1201:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1140:
1137:
1128:Main article:
1125:
1122:
1101:
1098:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1040:
998:
995:
977:
976:2020 β Yamatji
974:
940:
937:
935:
932:
899:
896:
869:
866:
861:Justice Wilcox
848:
847:2005 β Noongar
845:
844:
843:
842:
841:
811:Main article:
808:
805:
765:Main article:
762:
759:
749:people in the
729:
726:
706:Main article:
703:
702:2001 β Yarmirr
700:
663:
660:
637:Main article:
634:
631:
629:
626:
604:Main article:
601:
595:
578:Main article:
575:
572:
570:
567:
537:Main article:
534:
528:
511:Gerard Brennan
470:
467:
465:
459:
400:Main article:
397:
391:
352:
346:
305:
299:
265:Main article:
262:
259:
257:
254:
246:
243:
215:Australian law
205:
202:
131:
128:
37:Australian law
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5373:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5336:
5335:Voting rights
5333:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5297:
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5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5273:
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5268:
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5260:
5258:
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5224:
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5219:
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5212:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5188:
5187:Native police
5185:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5154:
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5149:
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5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
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5112:
5109:
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5041:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5014:Bark painting
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
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4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
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4939:
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4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4926:Bush medicine
4924:
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4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
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4901:
4899:
4895:
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4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
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4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4841:Land councils
4838:
4832:
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4820:
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4763:
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4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
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4740:
4739:Organisations
4736:
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4717:
4715:
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4707:
4705:
4702:
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4609:
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4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:Message stick
4589:
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4582:
4579:
4577:
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4572:
4569:
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4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
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4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4531:Deadly Awards
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4500:
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4315:
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4293:
4288:
4283:
4279:
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4272:
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4264:
4260:
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4251:
4247:
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4218:
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4194:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4179:
4174:
4172:9780855756697
4168:
4164:
4157:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4144:9781862548671
4140:
4136:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4122:
4120:0-85575-361-7
4116:
4112:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4098:
4096:0-85575-361-7
4092:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4061:
4058:
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4047:
4022:
4018:
4012:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3726:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3622:
3617:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3534:
3529:
3516:. 15 May 2020
3515:
3511:
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3498:
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3475:
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3460:
3458:
3456:
3448:
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3439:
3425:
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3415:
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3411:
3409:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3355:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3326:. 17 May 2019
3325:
3321:
3315:
3308:
3304:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3265:. 17 May 2019
3264:
3260:
3254:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3211:
3205:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3145:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3092:. 4 June 2015
3091:
3087:
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3017:
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2782:
2775:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2658:Federal Court
2655:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2638:Federal Court
2635:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2593:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2551:
2547:
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2526:
2522:
2516:
2509:
2503:
2496:
2495:Federal Court
2492:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2464:, (2001) 208
2463:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2437:
2436:dpc.wa.gov.au
2433:
2427:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2394:, (2002) 213
2393:
2389:
2384:
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2368:
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2352:
2351:Federal Court
2348:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2311:Federal Court
2308:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2271:, (2002) 214
2270:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2244:9780409350920
2240:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2218:
2215:, (1996) 187
2214:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2177:, (1992) 175
2176:
2172:
2171:
2165:
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2161:
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2112:
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2099:
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2074:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1962:
1960:9781743054994
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:Supreme Court
1921:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1879:
1876:, (1969) 121
1875:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1852:, (1959) 102
1851:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1806:Privy Council
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1775:
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1755:
1749:
1733:
1729:
1723:
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1473:
1471:
1460:
1458:
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1438:
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1425:People (2007)
1424:
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1398:
1396:
1389:
1385:
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1267:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1218:compensation;
1217:
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1199:
1198:
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1194:
1192:
1186:
1184:
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1111:
1107:
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1077:
1075:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1026:Richard White
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
983:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:
931:
929:
928:
923:
919:
914:
911:
907:
906:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:
865:
862:
858:
854:
839:
838:
837:
836:
835:
833:
829:
825:
820:
814:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
768:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
725:
722:
721:Croker Island
718:
714:
709:
699:
697:
691:
689:
685:
684:
678:
676:
672:
668:
659:
655:
653:
649:
645:
640:
625:
623:
619:
618:
613:
607:
600:
594:
591:
587:
581:
566:
564:
560:
559:
554:
550:
546:
540:
533:
527:
525:
519:
514:
512:
507:
506:Torres Strait
504:(Mer) in the
503:
502:Murray Island
499:
498:Meriam people
495:
491:
487:
486:
480:
476:
464:
461:Mabo and the
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:Archie Barton
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
420:
416:
412:
409:
403:
396:
390:
387:
386:Justice Gibbs
383:
379:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
351:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:Gough Whitlam
323:
319:
316:in 1972, the
315:
311:
304:
298:
296:
292:
288:
287:
281:
279:
275:
268:
252:
242:
240:
234:
232:
228:
222:
218:
216:
209:
201:
200:(ALRA) does.
199:
195:
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187:
183:
179:
178:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
135:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
76:radical title
72:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
5310:
5267:Native title
5266:
5221:Tent embassy
5204:Pintupi Nine
5191:
5111:Bathurst War
5098:
5081:Yininmadyemi
5066:Sandpainting
5061:Papunya Tula
5056:NATSIA Award
5044:Music groups
4966:Scarred tree
4936:Dugout canoe
4626:Sacred sites
4541:The Dreaming
4483:Sportspeople
4360:
4348:
4335:
4317:
4313:
4301:
4291:
4281:
4262:
4249:
4226:
4201:
4188:
4154:
4133:
4109:
4085:
4074:
4050:
4025:. Retrieved
4020:
4011:
3999:. Retrieved
3994:
3985:
3959:. Retrieved
3954:
3930:. Retrieved
3925:
3916:
3904:. Retrieved
3899:
3890:
3864:. Retrieved
3859:
3850:
3824:. Retrieved
3819:
3810:
3798:. Retrieved
3793:
3784:
3772:. Retrieved
3768:
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648:Yorta Yorta
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140:land rights
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5153:Prehistory
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2723:High Court
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2691:"Baniyala"
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2470:High Court
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3307:this page
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1500:peak body
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767:Maralinga
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256:Pre-Mabo
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5091:History
4991:Woomera
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2613:The Age
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