192:
971:
Which translates to: "The muse of
Leonidas of the Nile offers up to thee, O Caesar, this writing, at the time of thy nativity; for the sacrifice of Calliope is always without smoke: but in the ensuing year he will offer up, if thou wilt, better things than this." Here the sum of both the first and
1089:
In Greek, each unit (1, 2, ..., 9) was assigned a separate letter, each tens (10, 20, ..., 90) a separate letter, and each hundreds (100, 200, ..., 900) a separate letter. This requires 27 letters, so the 24-letter alphabet was extended by using three obsolete letters:
1927:
The footnote to this reads: "See the reference to the Rh. Mus. in the textual note. The numerical value of the Greek letters in Nero's name (1005) is the same as that of the rest of the sentence; hence we have an equation, Nero = the slayer of one's own
925:
Also in the 1st century AD, Leonidas of
Alexandria created isopsephs, epigrams with equinumeral distichs, where the first hexameter and pentameter equal the next two verses in numerical value. He addressed some of them to Nero:
237:
used the alphabet. It is just a short step from using letters of the alphabet in everyday arithmetic and mathematics to seeing numbers in words, and to writing with an awareness of the numerical dimension of words.
910:(13:18): "Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six." The word rendered "count",
1135:
This alphabetic system operates on the additive principle in which the numeric values of the letters are added together to form the total. For example, 241 is represented as σμα (200 + 40 + 1).
1924:
1013:
Which translates to: "One line is made equal in number to one, not two to two; for I no longer approve of long epigrams." Here each line totals 4111.
110:
in a word to form a single number. The total number is then used as a metaphorical bridge to other words evaluating the equal number, which satisfies
241:
An early reference to isopsephy, albeit of more-than-usual sophistication (employing multiplication rather than addition), is from the mathematician
208:
267:"I love her whose number is 545." Another says "Amerimnus thought upon his lady Harmonia for good. The number of her honorable name is 45."
2048:
Greek
Gematria/Isopsephia Calculator – Requires Flash 8 or greater – Also Accepts Unicode Greek letters and will add them up for you
1081:, as having "mastered all there was to know of the science of geometry and numbers", was a master in composing isopsephic works.
2047:
1982:
1938:
1903:
2028:
2067:
1772:
892:{} i {} d {} i {} a {} n {} {} {} m {} e {} t {} e {} r {} a {} {} {} a {} p {} e {} k {} t {} e {} i {} n {} e {}
889:{} ι {} δ {} ι {} α {} ν {} {} {} μ {} η {} τ {} ε {} ρ {} α {} {} {} α {} π {} ε {} κ {} τ {} ε {} ι {} ν {} ε {}
2077:
212:
251:('Nine maidens, praise the glorious power of Artemis'), what does the product of all its elements equal?"
1017:
196:
1823:
Ast, R.; Lougovaya, J. (2015). "The Art of
Isopsephism in the Greco-Roman World". In Jördens, A. (ed.).
895:( 10 + 4 + 10 + 1 + 50 ) + ( 40 + 8 + 300 + 5 + 100 + 1 ) + ( 1 + 80 + 5 + 20 + 300 + 5 + 10 + 50 + 5 )
1056:
It is the votive stele for a boy who won a competition in singing. The words in each line add up to
1065:
that is 2730, and that total is also given at the end of each line. Also in the 2nd century AD,
1859:
Psychoyos, Dimitris K. (April 2005). "The forgotten art of isopsephy and the magic number KZ".
2052:
1968:
8:
2072:
903:
242:
292:
which appears to be another example. In Greek, Νερων, Nero, has the numerical value as:
1919:
1876:
1872:
907:
273:, writing in 121 AD, reports a political slogan that someone wrote on a wall in Rome:
2024:
1990:
1942:
1899:
1880:
1868:
1788:
220:
30:
16:
Numerological connection between words whose letters' number values have equal sums
1840:
The universal history of numbers: from prehistory to the invention of the computer
151:. It is also related to the ancient number systems of many other peoples (for the
2037:
Y.H.S. II (2021). The Jesus Code(x): A Geometrical
Revelation. ISBN 9789464067590
1783:
1287:
1100:
204:
152:
148:
1554:
1237:
1171:
234:
230:
156:
121:
117:
107:
69:
2061:
2020:
1193:
176:
124:
for numerical calculation and accounting, with a counter generically called
2017:
The Greek
Qabalah: Alphabetic Mysticism and Numerology in the Ancient World
1798:
1708:
1686:
1664:
1576:
1332:
1066:
160:
1530:
1486:
1464:
1442:
225:
172:
168:
1803:
1793:
1778:
981:
180:
20:
254:
More conventional are the instances of isopsephy found in graffiti at
1074:
977:
917:
270:
216:
1070:
191:
144:
1020:
is a 2nd-century AD example of isopsephic elegiac verse. It says:
1642:
1508:
1283:
1259:
1091:
973:
255:
2053:
Greek
Isopsephia Line Calculator – Unicode – Flash not required
1420:
164:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1719:
1697:
1675:
1653:
1631:
1609:
1598:
1587:
1565:
1542:
1519:
1497:
1475:
1453:
1431:
1409:
1398:
1387:
1365:
1354:
1343:
1321:
1299:
1271:
1248:
1226:
1215:
1204:
1182:
1160:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1103:
1094:
1078:
1058:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1001:
991:
960:
951:
942:
933:
911:
260:
246:
125:
111:
245:, writing in the 3rd century BC. He asks: "Given the verse:
229:, numerals were predominantly alphabetical. For instance in
1376:
1310:
215:
in the 8th and 9th centuries AD, and promoted in Europe by
60:
54:
42:
36:
1620:
1077:
and builder described by his son, the famous physician
1965:
The
Revelation of St. John the Divine Self-Interpreted
1084:
922:, has the same "pebble" root as the word isopsephy.
57:
51:
48:
39:
45:
33:
2059:
1029:ΟΡΘΕΙΗ ΔΩΡΟΝ ΛΕΟΝΤΕΥΣ ΑΝΕΘΗΚΕ ΒΟΑΓΟΣ ΒΨΛ
1047:ΚΑΙ ΜΕΣΤΕΨΕ ΠΑΤΗΡ ΕΙΣΑΡΙΘΜΟΙΣ ΕΠΕΣΙ ΒΨΛ
1038:ΜΩΑΝ ΝΙΚΗΣΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΑΔΕ ΕΠΑΘΛΑ ΛΑΒΩΝ ΒΨΛ
993:Εἱς προς ἑνα ψηφοισιν ισαζεται, ου δυο δοιοις
980:line is equal in number to its corresponding
935:Θυει σοι τοδε γραμμα γενεθλιακαισιν εν ὡραις,
1822:
953:Καλλιοπης γαρ ακαπνον αει θυος· εις δε νεωτα
1854:
1852:
1850:
1109:
280:"Nero, Orestes, Alcmeon their mothers slew.
248:ΑΡΤΕΜΙΔΟΣ ΚΛΕΙΤΕ ΚΡΑΤΟΣ ΕΞΟΧΟΝ ΕΝΝΕΑ ΚΟΥΡΑΙ
131:
87:
1939:"Revelation 13 Barnes' Notes on the Bible"
1827:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 82–98.
972:second distich is 5699. In another of his
1896:Studies in Biblical and Semitic Symbolism
1893:
1858:
175:, and its legacy remains an influence in
1887:
1847:
285:A calculation new. Nero his mother slew"
190:
130:('pebble'), analogous to the Latin word
2060:
1967:. New York: Thomas Whittaker. p.
1962:
258:, dating from around 79 AD. One reads
2014:
1837:
1085:Letter values of the Greek alphabet
1003:Ου γαρ ετι στεργω την δολιχογραφιην
962:Ην εθελῃς, θυσει τουδε περισσοτερα.
13:
2008:
1873:10.1515/semi.2005.2005.154-1-4.157
1018:Temple of Artemis at Sparta Orthia
14:
2089:
2041:
106:is the practice of adding up the
1825:Ägyptische Magie und ihre Umwelt
1773:About the Mystery of the Letters
29:
1920:The Lives of the Twelve Caesars
944:Καισαρ, Νειλαιη Μουσα Λεωνιδεω.
1975:
1956:
1931:
1912:
1894:Farbridge, Maurice H. (2003).
1831:
1816:
387:50 + 5 + 100 + 800 + 50 = 1005
195:Example of isopsephy from the
163:languages was also popular in
147:: the same practice using the
1:
918:
881:
870:
859:
848:
837:
826:
815:
804:
793:
782:
771:
760:
749:
738:
727:
716:
705:
694:
683:
672:
661:
650:
639:
628:
617:
606:
595:
584:
573:
562:
551:
540:
529:
518:
507:
496:
485:
474:
463:
452:
441:
430:
419:
408:
397:
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
331:
323:
315:
307:
299:
126:
112:
108:number values of the letters
7:
1765:
384:Ν {} ε {} ρ {} ω {} ν {} {}
197:Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia
10:
2094:
1743:
1720:
1698:
1676:
1654:
1632:
1610:
1588:
1566:
1543:
1520:
1498:
1476:
1454:
1432:
1410:
1388:
1366:
1344:
1322:
1300:
1272:
1249:
1227:
1205:
1183:
1161:
1128:
1119:
1104:
1095:
1059:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1002:
992:
961:
952:
943:
934:
912:
898:"He killed his own mother.
261:
247:
186:
79: 'equal' and
1987:clarke.biblecommenter.com
1110:
1016:A headstone found at the
136:, from which the English
1809:
143:Isopsephy is related to
116:or "equal" in the term.
2068:Greek words and phrases
1963:Fuller, Samuel (1885).
1838:Ifrah, Georges (1998).
878:
867:
856:
845:
834:
823:
812:
801:
790:
779:
768:
757:
746:
735:
724:
713:
702:
691:
680:
669:
658:
647:
636:
625:
614:
603:
592:
581:
570:
559:
548:
537:
526:
515:
504:
493:
482:
471:
460:
449:
438:
427:
416:
405:
394:
376:
368:
360:
352:
344:
336:
328:
320:
312:
304:
296:
2078:Language and mysticism
2015:Barry, Kieren (1999).
200:
132:
1108:or, in modern Greek,
194:
1983:"Revelation 13"
902:A famous example is
262:Φιλω ης αριθμος ϕμε
243:Apollonius of Perga
223:with his 1202 book
209:adopted and adapted
908:Book of Revelation
201:
1905:978-0-7661-3856-8
1763:
1762:
159:). A gematria of
2085:
2034:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1989:. Archived from
1979:
1973:
1972:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1941:. Archived from
1935:
1929:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1867:(1–4): 157–224.
1856:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1789:Hermetic Qabalah
1746:
1745:
1723:
1722:
1701:
1700:
1679:
1678:
1657:
1656:
1635:
1634:
1613:
1612:
1591:
1590:
1569:
1568:
1546:
1545:
1523:
1522:
1501:
1500:
1479:
1478:
1457:
1456:
1435:
1434:
1413:
1412:
1391:
1390:
1369:
1368:
1347:
1346:
1325:
1324:
1303:
1302:
1275:
1274:
1252:
1251:
1230:
1229:
1208:
1207:
1186:
1185:
1164:
1163:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1007:
1005:
1004:
997:
995:
994:
965:
964:
963:
956:
955:
954:
947:
946:
945:
938:
937:
936:
921:
915:
914:
906:in the Biblical
286:
281:
266:
264:
263:
250:
249:
199:, 2nd century AD
135:
129:
115:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
67:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
50:
47:
44:
41:
38:
35:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2058:
2057:
2044:
2031:
2011:
2009:Further reading
2006:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1892:
1888:
1857:
1848:
1836:
1832:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1784:English Qaballa
1768:
1153:
1143:and lower case)
1142:
1099:(also used are
1087:
1057:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1000:
990:
959:
950:
941:
932:
900:
887:
876:
865:
854:
843:
832:
821:
810:
799:
788:
777:
766:
755:
744:
733:
722:
711:
700:
689:
678:
667:
656:
645:
634:
623:
612:
601:
590:
579:
568:
557:
546:
535:
524:
513:
502:
491:
480:
469:
458:
447:
436:
425:
414:
403:
391:
382:
374:
366:
358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
302:
284:
279:
259:
213:Indian numerals
205:Arabic numerals
189:
153:Arabic alphabet
149:Hebrew alphabet
122:counting boards
99:
96:
93:
90:
86: 'count',
32:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2091:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2042:External links
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1974:
1955:
1930:
1911:
1904:
1898:. p. 94.
1886:
1846:
1830:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1715:
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1711:
1706:
1703:
1693:
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1689:
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1670:
1667:
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1649:
1648:
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1640:
1637:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1281:
1278:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:Letter (upper
1086:
1083:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
998:
969:
968:
967:
966:
957:
948:
939:
877:
866:
855:
844:
833:
822:
811:
800:
789:
778:
767:
756:
745:
734:
723:
712:
701:
690:
679:
668:
657:
646:
635:
624:
613:
602:
591:
580:
569:
558:
547:
536:
525:
514:
503:
492:
481:
470:
459:
448:
437:
426:
415:
404:
393:
392:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
311:
303:
295:
294:
290:
289:
288:
287:
282:
235:Greek numerals
231:Ancient Greece
188:
185:
157:Abjad numerals
118:Ancient Greeks
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2090:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2036:
2032:
2030:1-57863-110-6
2026:
2022:
2021:Samuel Weiser
2018:
2013:
2012:
1993:on 2011-03-20
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1945:on 2011-03-20
1944:
1940:
1934:
1926:
1925:in wikisource
1923:, Nero, 39:2
1922:
1921:
1915:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1842:. p. 25.
1841:
1834:
1826:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1658:
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1650:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1158:
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155:version, see
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1991:the original
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1947:. Retrieved
1943:the original
1933:
1918:
1914:
1895:
1889:
1864:
1860:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1818:
1799:Sator Square
1771:
1741:
1718:
1696:
1674:
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1123:for 90, and
1088:
1073:, the Greek
1067:Aelius Nicon
1055:
1015:
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901:
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224:
202:
161:Latin script
142:
140:is derived.
137:
103:
83:
80:
76:
73:
24:
18:
1154:literation
226:Liber Abaci
173:Renaissance
169:Middle Ages
104:isopsephism
68:; from
2073:Numerology
2062:Categories
1997:2011-02-02
1949:2011-01-31
1804:Theomatics
1794:Marcosians
1779:Chronogram
982:pentameter
919:psephisato
181:numerology
21:numerology
1881:170540448
1861:Semiotica
1273:Ϝ ϝ / Ϛ ϛ
1132:for 900.
1114:) for 6,
1075:architect
978:hexameter
271:Suetonius
217:Fibonacci
167:from the
138:calculate
84:(psêphos)
25:isopsephy
1928:mother."
1766:See also
1071:Pergamon
974:distichs
913:ψηφισάτω
145:gematria
133:calculus
1643:Upsilon
1509:Omicron
1293:w / st
1286:(later
1284:Digamma
1260:Epsilon
1152:Trans-
1092:digamma
256:Pompeii
187:History
171:to the
127:psephos
91:
2027:
1902:
1879:
1421:Lambda
1288:Stigma
1101:stigma
1060:΄Β΄Ψ΄Λ
976:, the
882:
879:
860:
857:
838:
835:
816:
813:
794:
791:
772:
769:
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747:
728:
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703:
684:
681:
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670:
662:
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640:
637:
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615:
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508:
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464:
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420:
417:
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369:
353:
337:
321:
305:
203:Until
165:Europe
97:pebble
77:(ísos)
1877:S2CID
1810:Notes
1755:Sampi
1731:Omega
1599:Sigma
1555:Koppa
1399:Kappa
1355:Theta
1238:Delta
1216:Gamma
1172:Alpha
1146:Value
1125:sampi
1116:qoppa
1079:Galen
211:from
207:were
120:used
102:) or
82:ψῆφος
72:
70:Greek
2025:ISBN
1900:ISBN
1377:Iota
1311:Zeta
1194:Beta
1149:Name
380:1005
221:Pisa
179:and
113:isos
88:lit.
75:ἴσος
1969:226
1869:doi
1865:154
1759:ts
1751:900
1744:Ϡ ϡ
1727:800
1721:Ω ω
1713:ps
1709:Psi
1705:700
1699:Ψ ψ
1691:ch
1687:Chi
1683:600
1677:Χ χ
1669:ph
1665:Phi
1661:500
1655:Φ φ
1639:400
1633:Υ υ
1621:Tau
1617:300
1611:Τ τ
1595:200
1589:Σ σ
1577:Rho
1573:100
1567:Ρ ρ
1544:Ϙ ϙ
1521:Π π
1499:Ο ο
1477:Ξ ξ
1455:Ν ν
1433:Μ μ
1411:Λ λ
1389:Κ κ
1367:Ι ι
1359:th
1345:Θ θ
1333:Eta
1323:Η η
1301:Ζ ζ
1250:Ε ε
1228:Δ δ
1206:Γ γ
1184:Β β
1162:Α α
1069:of
904:666
786:300
632:100
588:300
348:800
332:100
219:of
19:In
2064::
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1875:.
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1849:^
1735:ō
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1551:90
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1527:80
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1505:70
1491:x
1487:Xi
1483:60
1469:n
1465:Nu
1461:50
1447:m
1443:Mu
1439:40
1425:l
1417:30
1403:k
1395:20
1381:i
1373:10
1337:ē
1315:z
1264:e
1242:d
1220:g
1198:b
1176:a
1111:στ
984::
916:,
852:50
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720:80
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500:50
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37:aɪ
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2033:.
2000:.
1971:.
1952:.
1908:.
1883:.
1871::
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1280:6
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1269:(
1256:5
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1120:ϙ
1105:ϛ
1096:ϝ
1063:,
1006:.
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874:5
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868:ε
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475:a
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450:ι
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434:4
431:d
428:δ
423:+
409:i
406:ι
401:(
372:=
361:ν
356:+
345:ω
340:+
329:ρ
324:+
316:5
313:ε
308:+
297:Ν
265:,
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61:i
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49:ˌ
46:p
43:ə
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