750:
throughout Syria" were also against the formation of a Jewish state. It concluded that the only way to establish a viable Jewish state would be with armed force to enforce it. This was precisely what the
Commission wanted to avoid, so they dismissed the idea, saying that Zionists anticipated "a practically complete dispossession of the present non-Jewish inhabitants to Palestine, by various forms of purchase". That said, there would be nothing wrong with Jews coming to "Israel" and simply living as Jewish Syrian citizens, but noted "nor can the erection of such a Jewish State be accomplished without the gravest trespass upon the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine". The latter statement was based on the assumption that an army of at least 50,000 would be required to establish Jewish ownership by force. In respect to the creation of a Jewish state in the Middle East, the report cautioned "Not only you as president but the American people as a whole should realise that if the American government decided to support the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, they are committing the American people to the use of force in that area, since only by force can a Jewish state in Palestine be established or maintained."
723:
742:
766:
places which are most sacred to
Christians-those having to do with Jesus-and which are also sacred to Moslems, are not only not sacred to Jews, but abhorrent to them. It is simply impossible, under those circumstances, for Moslems and Christians to feel satisfied to have these places in Jewish hands, or under the custody of Jews." The Commission recommended to include Palestine in a united Syrian State, the holy places being cared for by an International and Inter-religious Commission, in which also the Jews would have representation. All Syria should become under a single Mandate, led by a Power desired by the people, with America as first choice.
131:
734:'s requirement that "nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights existing in non-Jewish communities in Palestine" led the commission to recommend "that only a greatly reduced Zionist program be attempted by the Peace Conference, and even that, only very gradually initiated." The commission found that "Zionists looked forward to a practically complete dispossession of the present non-Jewish inhabitants of Palestine, by various forms of purchase". Nearly 90% of the Palestinian population was emphatically against the entire Zionist program.
396:
258:
3523:
2815:
exclusively on the claims of France--and the resistance to those claims by the Arabs whom France sought to rule.... The
British, like the French, had staked out an enormous claim in the Middle East, but Lloyd George successfully kept the British claims from being scrutinised. When President Wilson's Commission of Inquiry went out to ascertain the wishes of the Middle Eastern peoples, it did not go to Mesopotamia, where British India had instituted direct rule.
25:
375:, both French and British diplomats greeted it with public approval, but behind the scenes the outcome had already been decided. Lord Snell criticized the British government's handling of Arab nationalism, noting that the King-Crane Commission report commented: "Arab nationalism in Palestine has been artificially puffed up by methods which the Government should never have allowed. Only a little firmness is needed to deflate it.
759:"The fact that the Arabic-speaking portion of the Turkish Empire has been the birthplace of the three great religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and that Palestine contains places sacred to all three, makes inevitably a center of interest and concern for the whole civilised world. No solution which is merely local or has only a single people in mind can avail."
371:
French and the
British agreed to divide the Middle East between the two of them after the war. When they reached the Paris Peace Conference, this agreement made negotiation on the Middle East nearly impossible. When American diplomats proposed the King–Crane Commission to investigate popular sentiment in the
749:
The
Commission Report was skeptical of the viability of a Jewish state in "Syria". The logic of the Commission went along the lines that the first principle to be respected must be self-determination. It pointed out that "feeling against the Zionist program is not confined to Palestine", but "people
436:
The dispatch of the
Commission, combined with Wilson's claim that the “nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of an autonomous development,” sparked optimism in the Arab world that the era of imperialism
409:
The
Commission was originally proposed by the United States as an international effort to assess ''the state of opinion there with regard to , and the social, racial, and economic conditions.'' The plan received little support from the other nations, with many claimed delays. The Americans gradually
378:
The
British also engaged in secret negotiations with the emir of Mecca in the Hussein-McMahon correspondence before the conference occurred. Ultimately, this would cause the British to fall into poor standing with the Arabs because they would betray Arab trust by conducting simultaneous negotiations
765:
Narrating the fear felt by
Christians and Muslims over their holy places, it mentions: "With the best possible intentions, it may be doubted whether the Jews could possibly seem to either Christians or Moslems proper guardians of the holy places, or custodians of the Holy Land as a whole. ..... The
552:
The commission's visit to the region was 42 days long, from June 10 to July 21, 1919; 15 days were spent in OETA South, 10 in OETA West, 15 in OETA East, and 2 in OETA North. With respect to OETA North ("Cilicia"), the
Commission "did not endeavor to give thorough hearings... feeling that it is not
737:
The report noted that there is a principle that the wishes of the local population must be taken into account and that there is widespread anti-Zionist feeling in Palestine and Syria, and the holy nature of the land to Christians and Moslems as well as Jews must preclude solely Jewish dominion. It
2814:
The proposal was viewed as childish by the French and British career officials, who did not believe that public opinion, in the European and American sense, existed in the Middle East. Nonetheless the British Prime Minister tried to make the best of it by attempting to get the commission to focus
440:
The Commission's effectiveness was hampered by the fact that it was the British army that actually protected them and controlled the translators, giving a skewed view of opinion where it was considerably easier to decry the French than the British. In spite of this, based on interviews with local
349:
to guide the postwar period. They hoped for Western support to achieve self-rule, marking the end of imperialism in the Middle East. However, their disillusionment was palpable as reflected in the reactions during the King-Crane Commission, where "William Yale’s disappointed expectations of Arab
370:
The French allied themselves with the British in order to press their claims. While the British did not have the same connection with the Middle East, they were still interested in expanding and defending their existing colonial empire. In what came to be known as the Sykes-Picot agreement, the
774:
The King-Crane commission created "the first-ever survey of Arab public opinion," but its results went largely unheeded. The table below shows results of the petitions received from OETA South (became Palestine), OETA West (became Lebanon and Western Syria) and OETA East (became Syria and
3333:
Letter from Undersecretary Henry Fletcher to Secretary of State Leland Harrison, April 7, 1922. Record Group 59, General Records of the Department of State, 763.72119/7161, Microfilm Publication 367, Reel 439, National Archives and Records Administration, quoted in
709:
and nationalistic grounds that would become a modern democracy that protected the rights of its minorities. The Commission succeeded in convincing many of the educated, secular elite of this goal, but this didn't affect the negotiations at Versailles. Historian
241:
after the other countries withdrew to avoid the risk of being "confronted by recommendations from their own appointed delegates which might conflict with their policies". With the withdrawal of other allied nations, the commission lost any real credibility.
448:
move in to occupy the region, because only the United States could be trusted to guide the people to self-sufficiency and independence rather than become an imperialist occupier. From King's personal writings, it seems that his overriding concern was the
288:
The French, in particular, had extensive claims in the Middle East. Since as early 1900, the French began to build relationships and claims on political, moral and economic grounds. They created a role for themselves as the traditional protector of
3308:, Paris, August 28, 1919, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Volume XII, Field Missions of the American Commission to Negotiate Peace, Document 380, Paris Peace Conf. 181.9102/9 (
2674:, Paris, August 28, 1919, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Volume XII, Field Missions of the American Commission to Negotiate Peace, Document 380, Paris Peace Conf. 181.9102/9 (
2646:
Even though the Commission's report did not lead to Palestinian independence, it acts as an important historical reference point for Palestinians to prove the existence of their movement, nationhood, and political goals as early as 1919.
472:
The British Foreign Office was willing to allow either the United States or Great Britain to administer the proposed Palestine mandate, but not the French or the Italian governments. The point ended up being moot in any case, as
305:
Finally, French capitalists controlled 63% of the Ottoman Public Debt. This economic tie made France very concerned about the fate of the Ottoman Empire. The French were adamant that because of their unique relationship with
553:
seriously to be considered a part of Syria, and desiring not to open up as yet the question of the Turkish-speaking portion of the former Turkish Empire." The population estimates included in the report are as follows:
410:
realized that the British and French had already come to their own backroom deals about the future of the region, and new information could only muddy the waters. So, the United States alone sponsored the commission.
441:
elites, the Commission concluded that, while independence was preferred, the Americans were considered the second-best choice for a colonial power, the British the third-best, and the French easily the worst choice.
718:
was the result regardless, and the native elites were left either powerless or granted power only at the whim of the French. This helped set back the cause of an actual Syrian liberal democracy in Gelvin's view.
297:
in Lebanon with missionaries and schools, deepening their relationship with the Christian religious community. Many Lebanese Christians feared domination as a religious minority and vocally supported the
3398:
Smith, L.V., 'Wilsonian Sovereignty in the Middle East: The King–Crane Commission Report of 1919', in D. Howland and L. White, The State of Sovereignty, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009.
444:
Based on these interviews, King concluded that while the Middle East was "not ready" for independence, a colonial government would not serve the people well either. He recommended instead that the
325:
and global revolutionary activities, namely, the “year of travelling revolutions” across the North Africa and the Middle East. They aimed to establish independent nation-states, inspired by
714:
believes that the Commission actually weakened the stature of the pro-Western elites in Syria, as their vocal support of complete independence made no impact upon the result. The
517:, which it never did. As a result, the report was only released to the public in 1922, after the Senate and House had passed a joint resolution favoring the establishment of a
245:
The Commission submitted its report to the Paris Peace Conference in August 1919. Its working being undercut from the beginning by France and the United Kingdom's pact, the
505:, contrary to the expressed wishes of both the interviewees and the Commission itself. In the United States, the report floundered with Wilson's sickness and later death.
3507:
2767:
Britain and France backed out rather than find themselves confronted by recommendations from their own appointed delegates which might conflict with their policies
3830:
726:
Results of the petitions received from OETA South (became Palestine), OETA West (became Lebanon and Western Syria) and OETA East (became Syria and Transjordan)
525:. Public opinion was divided when it was learned that the Arab majority had requested an American mandate with a democratically elected constituent assembly.
3741:
2659:
that publication "would not be compatible with the public interest". The Commission's report was ultimately published in the December 2, 1922 edition of the
741:
722:
3140:
269:
At the Paris Peace Conference, groups of imperial nations such as France and Britain sought to divide the Ottoman Empire among themselves using the
3801:
3500:
3756:
89:
3761:
3485:
61:
3855:
3773:
3767:
469:, the probability of a huge military involvement and occupation overseas, even given British and French approval, was practically nil.
42:
3850:
3493:
68:
3338:, King-Crane Commission Digital Archival Collection, Oberlin College Archives, Ken Grossi, Maren Milligan, Ted Waddelow, August 2011
437:
was coming to an end. The Arabs united to form their political proposals, based on ideas of self-determination and minority rights.
3845:
2961:
494:
194:, consisting primarily of an American delegation was a commission of inquiry concerning the disposition of areas within the former
221:, surveyed local public opinion, and assessed its view on the best course of action for the region. Originally meant to be led by
538:
173:
2985:
Allen, Lori. 2020. A History of False Hope: Investigative Commissions in Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press. P. 185.
2951:
Allen, Lori. 2020. A History of False Hope: Investigative Commissions in Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press. P. 122.
3466:
404:
75:
3389:
3202:
3063:
2936:
249:, and colonialist designs, the Peace Conference had largely concluded the area's future by the time the report was finished.
141:
magazine in December 1922. The publication was described as a "Suppressed Official Document of the United States Government."
698:
The Commission Report, which was published in 1922, concluded that the Middle East was not ready for independence and urged
2995:
57:
3779:
3729:
3645:
462:
3840:
3650:
3549:
2828:
2697:
365:
285:, the participants were exhausted and particularly interested in the fate of their imperial rival, the Ottoman Empire.
3368:
2745:
2656:
108:
3835:
3288:
454:
430:
3582:
702:
be established on the territories whose purpose was to accompany a process of transition to self-determination.
3118:
46:
3623:
3592:
3671:
3515:
202:
82:
3301:
3305:
2670:
3808:
3555:
3335:
699:
246:
3045:
350:
nationalist enthusiasm... found insufficiently proven by the Arabs' lackluster emotional reactions.
3587:
3577:
2807:
541:. This area covered would today encompass Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan, as well as
238:
2634:
and rejected that Turkey would respect the rights of the Armenian population, in the light of the
3746:
3543:
3309:
2675:
715:
490:
290:
35:
481:, heads of governments of Great Britain and France, prevailed in drafting the provisions of the
3379:
489:. Lloyd George commented that "the friendship of France is worth ten Syrias." France received
337:
played a crucial role in evaluating their aspirations. Arabs relied on Wilson's assurances of
3681:
3639:
3633:
3356:
3192:
2661:
380:
359:
346:
334:
137:
3676:
518:
514:
458:
418:
158:
130:
2692:
395:
8:
3794:
3734:
3719:
3702:
3696:
3628:
3613:
3561:
3517:
731:
522:
502:
482:
384:
2655:
Its publication was initially suppressed for various reasons, and later reported by the
486:
3269:
3235:
738:
also noted that Jews at that time constituted only 10% of the population of Palestine.
478:
474:
330:
314:
206:
3254:
Green, Elliott A. (1992). "The Curious Careers of Two Advocates of Arab Nationalism".
3538:
3385:
3364:
3198:
3114:
3059:
2932:
2897:
2741:
2711:
2635:
2625:
706:
3478:
3306:
Report of the American Section of the International Commission on Mandates in Turkey
2671:
Report of the American Section of the International Commission on Mandates in Turkey
513:
The Report was not intended to be published until the US Senate actually passed the
3686:
3618:
3051:
2924:
2889:
426:
278:
162:
453:
correct course of action, not necessarily tempered by politics or pragmatism. The
257:
3724:
3691:
3666:
3567:
3352:
2715:
711:
533:
The Commission's "Report upon Syria" covered the Arab territories of the defunct
422:
3572:
3467:"Anglo-American Relations in Palestine 1919-1925: An Experiment in Realpolitik"
3405:
2877:
542:
414:
372:
326:
322:
299:
274:
270:
262:
226:
195:
177:
2893:
3824:
3381:
America's Forgotten Middle East Initiative: The King-Crane Commission of 1919
2901:
2802:
534:
234:
2916:
466:
318:
3055:
2928:
2844:
Citing, U.S. State Department, The Paris Peace Conference, Vol. 11, p. 75.
281:
sought to oppose such plans. The conference began in 1919. In the wake of
3402:
The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict
282:
745:
Summary of Arguments Presented to the Commission For and Against Zionism
3751:
2702:
237:
representatives, it ended as an investigation conducted solely by the
2782:
931:
3. For Separate Palestine under British if French have Syrian Mandate
528:
294:
3413:
The Question of Palestine, 1914-1918: British-Jewish-Arab Relations.
24:
753:
About the international importance of Palestine, the report noted:
342:
338:
310:, they should be one of the nations to receive a mandate in Syria.
218:
176:
concerning the disposition of non-Turkish areas within the former
2631:
546:
214:
3434:
Syrian and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism.
313:
Meanwhile, after World War I, Arabs in Greater Syria, including
265:
of the United States was an avowed opponent of secret diplomacy.
3047:
A History of False Hope: Investigative Commissions in Palestine
2538:
c. Protests against Interference with free access to Commission
2434:
c. Protests against Interference with free access to Commission
2331:
c. Protests against Interference with free access to Commission
222:
2590:
5. Against Secret Treaties, especially treaties dividing Syria
2149:
1. For Complete Zionist program (Jewish State and immigration)
2829:"Woodrow Wilson and the Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict"
2681:
King Crane Commission, “King-Crane report on the Near East,”
307:
230:
210:
730:
Although the commission was sympathetic toward Zionism, the
302:. This gave the French political credibility in the region.
3455:
A Modern History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine.
2763:
The Arabs: A Narrative History from Mohammed to the Present
498:
2641:
3236:"I. The Report upon Syria: III-Recommendations, Zionism"
2630:
The Commission expressed support for the creation of an
413:
The Commission's representatives appointed by President
3742:
Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence
3270:"I. The Report upon Syria: II General Considerations"
2878:"The French Economic Interests in the Ottoman Empire"
769:
3141:"Crane and King's Long-Hid Report On The Near East"
2783:"The King-Crane Commission Report, August 28, 1919"
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3111:The Palestine Papers, 1917–1922: Seeds of Conflict
529:Conclusions regarding Syria, Palestine and Lebanon
192:1919 Inter-Allied Commission on Mandates in Turkey
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
2921:Global Middle East: Into the Twenty-First Century
3822:
3357:"The Ironic Legacy of the King-Crane Commission"
2619:
2099:4. Choice of Mandate left to Damascus Conference
1956:b. For American Mandate if mandate is obligatory
1125:10. For Inclusion of Cilicia with Armenian State
421:, a theologian and fellow college president (of
3024:. New York: Praeger Publishers. pp. 54–56.
1583:b. For British Mandate if mandate is obligatory
959:4. For Autonomous Palestine within Syrian State
705:The Commission hoped for a "Syria" built along
3377:
3211:
1771:b. For French Mandate if mandate is obligatory
1152:11. For Inclusion of Cilicia with Syrian State
3831:Aftermath of World War I in the United States
3501:
3427:Palestine Papers 1917-1922 Seeds of Conflict.
3050:. Stanford University Press. pp. 31–70.
2072:e. For American “Assistance” as second choice
124:Inter-Allied Commission on Mandates in Turkey
3436:Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
3184:
3000:Britannica Academic, Encyclopædia Britannica
2966:Britannica Academic, Encyclopædia Britannica
2882:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1693:e. For British “Assistance” as second choice
201:The Commission began as an outgrowth of the
3774:American trusteeship proposal for Palestine
3336:Restoring Lost Voices of Self-Determination
3092:
3090:
3077:
3075:
1881:e. For French “Assistance” as second choice
1370:3. For Democratic Representative Government
1042:7. For Autonomous Lebanon with Syrian State
16:1919 inquiry on the post-WWI Ottoman Empire
3730:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry report
3508:
3494:
1482:7. For Autonomy for all provinces of Syria
129:
3157:Report, Office of the Historian, page 756
2740:(2nd ed.). Pluto Press. p. 73.
1455:6. For Abolition of Foreign Capitulations
1260:3. For Independence of all Arab Countries
1231:2. For Independence of Iraq (Mesopotamia)
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3289:"Opinions Matter: A Lesson From History"
3190:
3172:
3160:
3087:
3072:
2875:
2712:King-Crane Commission Digital Collection
2562:4. Against Article 22 of League Covenant
2511:b. Specific Criticisms of Administration
2406:b. Specific Criticisms of Administration
2306:b. Specific Criticisms of Administration
2043:d. For American Mandate as second choice
740:
721:
394:
256:
3441:Syria and Lebanon Under French Mandate.
3420:. Syria and Lebanon: A Political Essay.
3321:
3108:
2826:
2760:
1664:d. For British Mandate as second choice
1398:4. For Guarding of Rights of Minorities
1069:8. For Inclusion of Bekaa with Damascus
539:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
508:
399:1919 Photo of the King Crane Commission
273:while anti-imperialist leaders such as
135:The first publication of the report in
3823:
3443:London: Oxford University Press, 1958.
3422:London: Oxford University Press, 1946.
3351:
3178:
3166:
3096:
3081:
3019:
2853:
2642:Significance for the Palestinian Cause
1854:d. For French Mandate as second choice
1097:9. For Inclusion of Bekaa with Lebanon
1014:6. Against Independent Greater Lebanon
353:
3489:
3471:Journal of American Studies of Turkey
3408:, 31-33. New York: B. L. Mazel, 1969.
3361:The Middle East and the United States
3286:
3253:
3191:Ovendale, Ritchie (23 October 2015).
3139:Ellis, William T. (3 December 1922).
3138:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
2914:
2777:
2775:
1202:1. For Absolute Independence of Syria
3464:
3194:The Origins of the Arab Israeli Wars
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
521:in Palestine along the lines of the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3780:Israeli Declaration of Independence
3450:New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972.
825:Total Number of Petitions Received:
13:
3856:Aftermath of World War I in Turkey
3429:New York: Braziller, George, 1972.
3345:
3028:
2772:
2636:genocide suffered by the Armenians
2278:a. General Anti-British Statements
986:5. For Independent Greater Lebanon
405:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)
150:1919, but not published until 1922
14:
3867:
2862:
2735:
2377:a. General Anti-French statements
1427:5. Arabic to be Official Language
770:Results of the petitions received
390:
3851:Documents of Mandatory Palestine
3521:
3274:The King-Crane Commission Report
3240:The King-Crane Commission Report
3127:Minutes of the Eastern Committee
3113:. George Brazziler. p. 51.
2996:"Hussein-McMahon correspondence"
205:The Commission visited areas of
23:
3846:1919 in international relations
3415:New York: Schocken Books, 1973.
3355:(1999). Lesch, David W. (ed.).
3327:
3315:
3295:
3280:
3262:
3246:
3151:
3132:
3102:
3013:
2988:
2979:
2954:
2876:Raccagni, Michelle (May 1980).
2482:a. General Anti-Arab Statements
2178:2. For Modified Zionist program
34:needs additional citations for
3672:Western Wall Commission report
3550:McMahon–Hussein correspondence
2945:
2908:
2847:
2820:
2796:
2754:
2729:
366:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence
172:Official investigation by the
1:
3651:Palestinian citizenship order
3287:Zogby, James (11 July 2008).
3129:, UK Archives, PRO CAB 27/24.
2858:. Beirut: Khayats. p. 1.
2738:The Palestine Israel Conflict
2650:
2620:Conclusions regarding Armenia
3598:King–Crane Commission report
2785:. Hellenic Resources Network
2693:World War I Document Archive
1985:c. For American “Assistance”
457:had regained control of the
203:1919 Paris Peace Conference.
7:
3439:Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley.
3197:. Routledge. pp. 51–.
2014:Total American First Choice
1608:c. For British “Assistance”
321:due to the collapse of the
293:. The French supported the
10:
3872:
3697:Woodhead Commission report
3629:Haycraft Commission report
3583:Anglo-French Modus Vivendi
3044:Allen, Lori (2020-12-15).
2915:Allen, Lori (2020-12-04).
2827:Brecher, Frank W. (1987).
2623:
2235:F—Protests and Criticisms:
2205:3. Against Zionist program
1798:c. For French “Assistance”
1635:Total British First Choice
1341:2. For Emir Feisal as King
463:the 1918 midterm elections
402:
363:
357:
252:
3841:1919 in the United States
3789:
3712:
3659:
3640:League of Nations mandate
3624:Paulet–Newcombe Agreement
3606:
3593:Faisal–Weizmann agreement
3531:
2917:"A History of False Hope"
2894:10.1017/s0020743800054672
2856:The King Crane Commission
2761:Nutting, Anthony (1964).
1825:Total French First Choice
1312:1. For Democratic Kingdom
902:2. For Separate Palestine
791:
788:
785:
782:
465:. In light of Republican
168:
154:
146:
128:
123:
3588:Anglo-French Declaration
3578:Declaration to the Seven
3109:Ingrams, Doreen (1973).
3020:Petran, Tabitha (1972).
2836:American Jewish Archives
2808:A Peace to End All Peace
2722:
493:while Britain would get
239:United States government
190:, officially called the
174:United States Government
3836:1919 in Mandatory Syria
3619:Palin Commission report
3544:The Future of Palestine
3461:Macmillan and Co, 1969.
3378:Andrew Patrick (2015).
3310:Office of the Historian
2962:"Sykes-Picot Agreement"
2685:55 no. 27 (winter 1922)
2676:Office of the Historian
1927:a. For American Mandate
716:French Mandate of Syria
58:"King–Crane Commission"
3692:Peel Commission report
3667:Shaw Commission report
3477:: 3–18. Archived from
2854:Howard, Harry (1963).
2817:
2662:Editor & Publisher
1554:a. For British Mandate
746:
727:
400:
266:
138:Editor & Publisher
3682:Passfield white paper
3634:Churchill White Paper
3556:Sykes–Picot agreement
3465:Knee, Stuart (1997).
3056:10.1515/9781503614192
2929:10.1515/9781503614192
2812:
1742:a. For French Mandate
1290:C—Form of Government:
851:A—Territorial Limits:
744:
725:
398:
381:Sykes-Picot agreement
360:Sykes-Picot agreement
347:democratic principles
335:King-Crane Commission
260:
247:Sykes–Picot Agreement
188:King–Crane Commission
2683:Editor and Publisher
1511:D—Choice of Mandate:
519:Jewish National Home
515:Treaty of Versailles
509:Delay in publication
459:United States Senate
419:Henry Churchill King
159:Henry Churchill King
43:improve this article
3747:Morrison–Grady Plan
3735:Survey of Palestine
3703:White Paper of 1939
3677:Hope Simpson report
3614:San Remo Resolution
3562:Balfour Declaration
3518:Mandatory Palestine
873:1. For United Syria
732:Balfour Declaration
523:Balfour Declaration
483:San Remo conference
385:Balfour Declaration
354:Secret negotiations
291:Lebanese Christians
3720:Biltmore Programme
3411:Friedman, Isaiah.
3363:. Westview Press.
3291:. Huffington Post.
3145:The New York Times
2127:E—Zionist Program:
747:
728:
479:Georges Clemenceau
401:
331:self-determination
267:
3818:
3817:
3768:UN Partition Plan
3738:
3539:Damascus Protocol
3516:Key documents of
3446:Petran, Tabitha.
3425:Ingrams, Doreen.
3391:978-1-78453-274-1
3276:. 28 August 1919.
3242:. 28 August 1919.
3204:978-1-317-86768-5
3065:978-1-5036-1419-2
2938:978-1-5036-1419-2
2811:, 1989, pp 396-97
2626:Wilsonian Armenia
2617:
2616:
696:
695:
537:, then under the
184:
183:
119:
118:
111:
93:
3863:
3762:Ad Hoc Committee
3732:
3687:MacDonald letter
3526:
3525:
3524:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3432:Khoury, Philip.
3395:
3374:
3353:Gelvin, James L.
3339:
3331:
3325:
3324:, pp. 40–41
3319:
3313:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3232:
3209:
3208:
3188:
3182:
3181:, pp. 22–24
3176:
3170:
3169:, pp. 18–20
3164:
3158:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3106:
3100:
3099:, pp. 16–17
3094:
3085:
3084:, pp. 13–14
3079:
3070:
3069:
3041:
3026:
3025:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2992:
2986:
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2977:
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2974:
2973:
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2949:
2943:
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2912:
2906:
2905:
2873:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2833:
2824:
2818:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2736:Harms, Gregory.
2733:
2657:State Department
2638:during the war.
2257:1. Anti-British—
778:
777:
556:
555:
487:Treaty of Sèvres
431:Democratic Party
427:Charles R. Crane
327:President Wilson
275:President Wilson
163:Charles R. Crane
133:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3785:
3725:Harrison Report
3708:
3655:
3602:
3568:Hogarth message
3527:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3453:Tibawi, Abdul.
3418:Hourani, Albert
3392:
3371:
3348:
3346:Further reading
3343:
3342:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3300:
3296:
3285:
3281:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3252:
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3177:
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3103:
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3066:
3042:
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3018:
3014:
3005:
3003:
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2989:
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2939:
2913:
2909:
2874:
2863:
2852:
2848:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2765:. C.N. Potter.
2759:
2755:
2748:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2716:Oberlin College
2653:
2644:
2628:
2622:
2356:2. Anti-French—
1180:B—Independence:
792:Syria Complete
772:
531:
511:
423:Oberlin College
407:
393:
373:region of Syria
368:
362:
356:
329:'s emphasis on
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142:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3869:
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3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3573:Bassett letter
3570:
3565:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:on 2005-03-09.
3462:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3406:Walter Laqueur
3399:
3396:
3390:
3384:. I.B.Tauris.
3375:
3369:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3340:
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3294:
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3012:
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2978:
2953:
2944:
2937:
2907:
2888:(3): 339–376.
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2632:Armenian state
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775:Transjordan).
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429:, a prominent
415:Woodrow Wilson
392:
391:The Commission
389:
355:
352:
323:Ottoman Empire
300:French Mandate
271:mandate system
263:Woodrow Wilson
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196:Ottoman Empire
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178:Ottoman Empire
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3147:. p. 33.
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2803:David Fromkin
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2463:
2461:3. Anti-Arab—
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2110:
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2025:
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2019:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
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1990:
1987:
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845:
842:
840:
837:
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832:
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827:
824:
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819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
796:
795:
780:
779:
776:
767:
758:
757:
756:
755:
754:
751:
743:
739:
735:
733:
724:
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713:
708:
703:
701:
691:
689:
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658:
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621:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
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588:
585:
582:
581:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
557:
554:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:Ottoman Syria
526:
524:
520:
516:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
442:
438:
434:
433:contributor.
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
406:
397:
388:
386:
382:
376:
374:
367:
361:
351:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
303:
301:
296:
292:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
264:
259:
250:
248:
243:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
139:
132:
127:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3778:
3766:
3701:
3646:Constitution
3638:
3597:
3560:
3548:
3479:the original
3474:
3470:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3404:, edited by
3401:
3380:
3360:
3329:
3322:Brecher 1987
3317:
3302:Page 758-763
3297:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3248:
3239:
3193:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3153:
3144:
3134:
3126:
3110:
3104:
3046:
3021:
3015:
3004:. Retrieved
3002:. 2020-06-08
2999:
2990:
2981:
2970:. Retrieved
2968:. 2020-05-22
2965:
2956:
2947:
2920:
2910:
2885:
2881:
2855:
2849:
2839:
2835:
2822:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2787:. Retrieved
2766:
2762:
2756:
2737:
2731:
2682:
2669:
2660:
2654:
2645:
2629:
2234:
2126:
1906:3. American—
1510:
1289:
1179:
850:
773:
764:
752:
748:
736:
729:
712:James Gelvin
704:
697:
683:Grand Total
576:
571:
566:
561:
551:
532:
512:
475:Lloyd George
471:
467:isolationism
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
412:
408:
377:
369:
345:, expecting
319:independence
312:
304:
287:
268:
244:
200:
191:
187:
185:
136:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3179:Gelvin 1999
3167:Gelvin 1999
3097:Gelvin 1999
3082:Gelvin 1999
1533:1. British—
600:Christians
495:Mesopotamia
455:Republicans
283:World War I
279:Amir Faysal
99:August 2019
3825:Categories
3752:Bevin Plan
3256:Crossroads
3120:0807606480
3006:2024-04-10
2972:2024-04-10
2789:2010-08-03
2665:magazine.
2651:The Report
2624:See also:
1721:2. French—
783:OETA South
692:3,247,500
676:1,505,000
673:1,095,000
595:2,365,000
592:1,250,000
562:OETA South
403:See also:
364:See also:
358:See also:
261:President
69:newspapers
3809:Aftermath
2902:0020-7438
820:Per Cent
808:Per Cent.
802:Per Cent.
789:OETA East
786:OETA West
572:OETA East
567:OETA West
503:Palestine
446:Americans
317:, sought
315:Palestine
295:Maronites
207:Palestine
155:Author(s)
3802:Timeline
2842:(1): 37.
2718:Archives
814:Per Cent
700:mandates
670:647,500
645:110,000
628:140,000
612:587,500
609:125,000
606:400,000
589:600,000
586:515,000
583:Muslims
485:and the
383:and the
343:autonomy
339:security
235:American
219:Anatolia
3795:History
707:liberal
667:Totals
662:45,000
659:20,000
656:20,000
650:Others
642:30,000
639:15,000
636:65,000
625:80,000
622:60,000
617:Druses
603:62,500
547:Cilicia
451:morally
425:), and
379:in the
253:Context
231:Italian
227:British
215:Lebanon
169:Purpose
147:Created
83:scholar
3757:UNSCOP
3457:London
3448:Syria.
3388:
3367:
3201:
3117:
3062:
2935:
2923:: 32.
2900:
2744:
1849:14.68
1766:14.52
653:5,000
577:Totals
501:) and
333:. The
223:French
217:, and
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3713:1940s
3660:1930s
3607:1920s
3532:1910s
3258:(33).
3022:Syria
2832:(PDF)
2723:Notes
2698:IPCRI
2613:52.9
2585:55.3
2506:1.87
2456:0.59
2429:1.29
2401:60.5
2229:72.3
2173:0.59
2121:1.23
2094:. 15
2038:60.5
2009:57.0
1951:3.05
1876:0.15
1793:0.05
1716:55.3
1688:2.19
1659:3.75
1630:0.21
1578:3.53
1505:1.02
1450:0.27
1422:54.9
1393:1.82
1336:59.3
1255:68.5
1226:73.5
1147:0.16
1120:0.59
1092:0.21
1064:1.76
1037:57.0
1009:10.9
981:1.29
926:0.32
897:80.4
633:Jews
543:Hatay
491:Syria
417:were
308:Syria
211:Syria
90:JSTOR
76:books
3386:ISBN
3365:ISBN
3199:ISBN
3115:ISBN
3060:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2898:ISSN
2742:ISBN
2607:81.3
2601:10.7
2582:1033
2579:82.1
2573:17.4
2533:0.2
2527:0.34
2500:0.51
2450:0.51
2423:1.04
2398:1129
2395:85.0
2389:25.5
2295:0.08
2289:0.45
2226:1350
2223:90.0
2220:1040
2217:19.7
2211:85.3
2200:0.4
2167:0.18
2161:0.45
2083:0.66
2067:0.4
2061:0.34
2055:0.66
2035:1129
2032:86.1
2026:28.0
2006:1064
2003:84.3
1997:18.2
1980:0.4
1974:0.17
1968:0.66
1870:0.25
1837:48.1
1820:0.1
1814:0.08
1782:0.22
1754:47.7
1713:1032
1710:82.2
1704:15.7
1641:18.4
1560:18.4
1499:0.08
1444:0.08
1419:1023
1416:86.5
1413:1000
1387:0.68
1362:1102
1359:86.9
1356:1005
1353:21.2
1333:1107
1330:87.0
1327:1006
1324:21.5
1284:5.2
1266:11.5
1252:1278
1249:84.3
1223:1370
1220:92.2
1217:1066
1214:29.1
1208:67.0
1174:0.1
1163:0.45
1136:0.67
1114:0.34
1086:0.25
1080:0.22
1034:1062
1031:82.0
1025:24.2
997:43.9
954:0.1
948:0.08
920:0.17
914:0.22
894:1500
891:94.3
888:1022
885:41.9
879:85.0
843:1863
838:1157
545:and
499:Iraq
477:and
341:and
277:and
233:and
186:The
161:and
62:news
3052:doi
2925:doi
2890:doi
2703:HRI
2610:988
2604:940
2576:955
2494:5.1
2488:2.7
2444:1.3
2417:2.7
2392:983
2386:114
2383:1.5
2301:15
2208:222
2155:2.7
2105:8.9
2049:1.9
2029:996
2023:125
2000:975
1991:1.1
1962:1.1
1945:1.6
1933:0.8
1846:274
1843:3.6
1834:215
1831:6.5
1763:271
1760:3.5
1751:213
1748:6.5
1707:962
1682:1.1
1676:5.8
1670:0.8
1653:1.2
1647:1.8
1619:0.9
1572:1.2
1566:0.9
1493:2.9
1477:53
1461:1.9
1433:3.8
1410:4.2
1404:1.5
1381:5.8
1365:59
1347:0.8
1318:1.9
1278:5.0
1246:976
1211:130
1205:174
1108:1.5
1053:7.4
1028:954
1022:108
1006:203
1003:0.6
994:196
965:9.2
937:0.3
908:1.1
882:187
876:221
833:446
828:260
817:No.
811:No.
805:No.
799:No.
461:in
45:by
3827::
3473:.
3469:.
3359:.
3304:;
3272:.
3238:.
3213:^
3143:.
3089:^
3074:^
3058:.
3030:^
2998:.
2964:.
2931:.
2919:.
2896:.
2886:11
2884:.
2880:.
2864:^
2840:39
2838:.
2834:.
2805:,
2774:^
2714:,
2598:48
2570:78
2503:35
2491:23
2453:11
2426:24
2420:12
2414:12
2214:88
2170:11
2118:23
2102:23
1994:86
1948:57
1942:19
1936:36
1840:42
1828:17
1757:41
1745:17
1701:70
1685:41
1679:13
1673:26
1656:70
1650:14
1638:48
1575:66
1569:14
1557:48
1502:19
1490:13
1474:10
1430:10
1407:19
1390:34
1378:26
1350:95
1321:96
1281:97
1275:58
1263:30
1243:17
1240:76
1237:10
1234:26
1117:11
1061:33
1050:33
978:24
962:24
549:.
387:.
229:,
225:,
213:,
209:,
198:.
3737:)
3733:(
3509:e
3502:t
3495:v
3475:5
3459::
3394:.
3373:.
3312:)
3207:.
3123:.
3068:.
3054::
3009:.
2975:.
2941:.
2927::
2904:.
2892::
2792:.
2750:.
2678:)
2593:0
2565:0
2555:0
2550:0
2545:0
2530:4
2524:4
2519:0
2514:0
2497:5
2485:7
2447:5
2441:6
2409:0
2380:4
2349:0
2344:0
2339:0
2334:0
2324:0
2319:0
2314:0
2309:0
2298:3
2292:1
2286:2
2281:0
2197:8
2192:0
2187:0
2184:3
2181:8
2164:2
2158:2
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2113:0
2108:0
2091:3
2086:0
2080:3
2075:0
2064:8
2058:4
2052:3
2046:5
2020:3
2017:8
1988:3
1977:8
1971:2
1965:3
1959:3
1939:8
1930:2
1899:0
1894:0
1889:0
1884:0
1873:3
1867:3
1862:0
1857:0
1817:2
1811:1
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1774:0
1696:0
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1644:8
1627:4
1622:0
1616:4
1611:0
1601:0
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1496:1
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1401:4
1384:8
1373:0
1344:2
1315:5
1272:2
1269:9
1171:2
1166:0
1160:2
1155:0
1144:3
1139:0
1133:3
1128:0
1111:4
1105:7
1100:0
1089:4
1083:3
1077:1
1072:0
1056:0
1045:0
1017:0
1000:7
989:0
973:0
968:0
951:2
945:1
940:0
934:1
923:6
917:2
911:1
905:3
497:(
180:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
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87:·
80:·
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