440:
268:
346:
2782:
28:
1028:
432:
1225:
There is no specific legislation proclaiming official languages in Papua New Guinea. In the constitution of Papua New Guinea, section 2(11) (literacy) of its preamble mentions '...all persons and governmental bodies to endeavour to achieve universal literacy in Pisin, Hiri Motu or
English' as well as
1226:"tok ples" and "ita eda tano gado". In addition, section 67 (2)(c) mentions "speak and understand Pisin or Hiri Motu, or a vernacular of the country, sufficiently for normal conversational purposes" as a requirement for citizenship by nationalisation; this is again mentioned in section 68(2)(h).
395:
provinces, however, the use of Tok Pisin has a shorter history, and is less universal especially among older people. In the 2011 census, 68.4% of the population were literate in Tok Pisin.
294:, in which German was the official language. Tok Pisin derives some vocabulary from German as a result of this influence. Today however, German is not a generally spoken language in
2762:
1178:
282:
is a language of Papua New Guinea and is used by the government, courts, and the education system. In the 2011 census, 39.9% of the population was literate in
English.
2855:
1411:
439:
2755:
2850:
2748:
2568:
375:
spoken throughout Papua New Guinea. It is an official language of Papua New Guinea and the most widely used language in the country. In parts of
3043:
2900:
1132:
4865:
1404:
3565:
1083:
1111:
2714:
2679:
1184:
1084:"The French Language Celebrated in Papua New Guinea | Coopération Régionale et Relations Extérieures de la Nouvelle-Calédonie"
2540:
4961:
4895:
3911:
2829:
1397:
4910:
4880:
2878:
1346:
4850:
3172:
4905:
4885:
3867:
384:
376:
4835:
3916:
4900:
4875:
2719:
2583:
3023:
1198:
1066:
4890:
4745:
2819:
1672:
1449:
991:
873:
247:
231:
52:
1285:
4264:
3905:
3558:
3448:
2729:
2442:
638:
4020:
3947:
3929:
3806:
3746:
3741:
2771:
2689:
2674:
2646:
2432:
2427:
2393:
1046:
645:
581:
493:
486:
4713:
4708:
3921:
3067:
2613:
1492:
1041:
848:
843:
4287:
4208:
4096:
4034:
3707:
3702:
2709:
2669:
2533:
2497:
2492:
1936:
1537:
685:
561:
556:
188:
3543:
4939:
4870:
4845:
4825:
4810:
4723:
4077:
4072:
3940:
3935:
3751:
3621:
3590:
3078:
2882:
Countries and territories where
English is the national language or the native language of the majority
2704:
2684:
2452:
2148:
1903:
853:
500:
472:
4860:
4840:
4718:
3874:
3766:
3551:
2259:
2115:
2064:
952:
944:
928:
660:
518:
328:
267:
184:
3176:
Countries and territories where
English is an official language, but not the majority first language
982:. Austronesian has several primary branches, all but one of which are found exclusively on Taiwan.
4915:
4591:
4325:
4006:
3894:
3464:
3055:
2593:
757:
1310:
Maitz, PĂ©ter; Volker, Craig Alan (2017). "Documenting
Unserdeutsch: Reversing Colonial Amneasia".
4815:
4788:
4621:
3856:
3636:
3580:
3340:
2087:
901:
196:
409:
Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a simplified version of the
4920:
4611:
4440:
4424:
4333:
4050:
4045:
3666:
3631:
2954:
2814:
2563:
2526:
2502:
1097:
921:
915:
777:
729:
414:
345:
180:
4830:
4820:
4805:
4537:
4455:
4270:
4013:
3976:
3776:
3717:
3392:
3013:
2578:
2378:
1991:
1802:
1779:
1577:
571:
528:
290:
From 1884 to 1914, the northern half of the present-day country was a German colony known as
4689:
4519:
4481:
4367:
4358:
4301:
4250:
3122:
2724:
2628:
2549:
2482:
2457:
2054:
936:
723:
699:
624:
208:
139:
80:
8:
4855:
3841:
3671:
3521:
3093:
3049:
2926:
2891:
2699:
2623:
2507:
2487:
2049:
1607:
616:
447:
Outside Papua New Guinea, Papuan languages that are also spoken include the languages of
111:
59:
1337:
Palmer, Bill (2018). "Language
Families of the New Guinea Area". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).
4530:
4525:
4320:
4305:
4282:
4198:
4057:
3995:
3826:
3821:
3771:
3652:
3602:
2618:
2608:
2598:
2588:
2477:
2287:
2206:
2039:
2029:
2004:
1888:
1815:
1714:
1627:
1597:
1477:
1383:
1259:
975:
718:
703:
680:
601:
596:
523:
392:
192:
48:
4759:
4703:
4629:
4616:
4606:
4555:
4550:
4461:
4403:
4372:
4223:
4067:
4062:
4040:
3836:
3831:
3816:
3712:
3676:
3641:
3324:
2694:
2651:
2573:
2332:
2292:
2034:
2014:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1830:
1744:
1612:
1562:
1342:
1263:
1116:
1033:
967:
959:
887:
838:
783:
772:
611:
606:
591:
566:
291:
115:
35:
4636:
4601:
4596:
4446:
4435:
4382:
4130:
4116:
4109:
4082:
3969:
3883:
3793:
3761:
3736:
3728:
3694:
3574:
3475:
3443:
3333:
3148:
2978:
2437:
2322:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2224:
2216:
2201:
2143:
1926:
1855:
1764:
1754:
1749:
1734:
1602:
1587:
1557:
1434:
1341:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–20.
1319:
1249:
948:
790:
767:
762:
666:
513:
479:
463:
426:
368:
357:
349:
295:
279:
223:
168:
127:
119:
102:
95:
64:
44:
4731:
4347:
1517:
1238:"PolĂtica LinguĂstica Na Oceania: Nas Fronteiras da Colonização e da Globalização"
859:
743:
4693:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4543:
4414:
4392:
4387:
4309:
4291:
4257:
4158:
4137:
4123:
3983:
3811:
3801:
3756:
3682:
3485:
2447:
2368:
2355:
2345:
2340:
2282:
2272:
2158:
2128:
2100:
2077:
2009:
1961:
1941:
1931:
1911:
1878:
1863:
1840:
1825:
1810:
1759:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1701:
1667:
1657:
1637:
1632:
1622:
1592:
1512:
1497:
1472:
1467:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
707:
689:
631:
586:
576:
507:
456:
372:
331:. The lexicon is derived from German, while the substrate language is Tok Pisin.
324:
320:
250:
became the fourth officially recognised language in May 2015, and is used by the
239:
200:
149:
131:
107:
1389:
4930:
4766:
4509:
4487:
4466:
4377:
4340:
4315:
4295:
4275:
4186:
4172:
4165:
4151:
4101:
4086:
4027:
3661:
3616:
3415:
3141:
3112:
3029:
2966:
2824:
2406:
2401:
2373:
2312:
2267:
2229:
2196:
2186:
2166:
2133:
2123:
2024:
2019:
1999:
1981:
1951:
1946:
1921:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1868:
1835:
1820:
1769:
1739:
1709:
1682:
1652:
1642:
1567:
1552:
1547:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1502:
1487:
1482:
1012:
In 2011, 67.6% of the population of Papua New Guinea over 10 years of age were
932:
894:
736:
713:
693:
670:
653:
549:
153:
1187:
on 18 March 2008 – via Office of the Prime
Minister of Papua New Guinea.
958:
The
Austronesian languages are widely spread across the globe, as far west as
4955:
4777:
4752:
4678:
4585:
4570:
4498:
4492:
4472:
4430:
4397:
4179:
4144:
4090:
3962:
3955:
3782:
3626:
3061:
3007:
2911:
2411:
2383:
2363:
2317:
2277:
2234:
2191:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2138:
2095:
2072:
2044:
1787:
1677:
1662:
1647:
1582:
1572:
1542:
1507:
1254:
1237:
1203:
971:
880:
832:
750:
674:
534:
410:
380:
243:
27:
1323:
1183:(Speech). World Leaders Forum. Columbia University, New York. Archived from
4738:
4216:
3611:
3421:
3266:
3256:
3036:
2105:
1956:
1916:
1845:
1617:
1339:
The
Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
866:
541:
388:
312:
307:
272:
251:
212:
3573:
3363:
3313:
3271:
3135:
3099:
3018:
2931:
2834:
2740:
1792:
417:. In the 2011 census, 4.7% of the population were literate in Hiri Motu.
1157:
4574:
3261:
3206:
3000:
2518:
1162:
963:
452:
176:
172:
144:
71:
3385:
3368:
3347:
3236:
3130:
1444:
1439:
1001:
448:
404:
364:
353:
340:
235:
227:
219:
204:
199:— namely English and German — have also been spoken and adapted into
84:
76:
40:
3438:
3358:
3296:
3281:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3087:
2972:
2936:
2920:
1013:
157:
996:
PNGSL is an official language of Papua New Guinea; it is based on
3502:
3491:
3246:
3241:
3226:
3221:
2994:
2984:
2947:
161:
135:
152:
spoken in the country. In 2006, Papua New Guinea Prime
Minister
3497:
3291:
3286:
3251:
3231:
3106:
2989:
2960:
2941:
1078:
1076:
997:
979:
940:
316:
4234:
3480:
3470:
3453:
3398:
3353:
3276:
3216:
3211:
466:
spoken in Papua New Guinea, following Palmer, et al. (2018):
1073:
183:
spoken in Papua New Guinea, most of which are classified as
4238:
3458:
3432:
3426:
1283:
927:
Austronesian languages spoken in Papua New Guinea include
431:
156:
stated that "Papua New Guinea has 832 living languages (
2856:
List of countries where English is an official language
1384:
Language distribution maps for individual PNG provinces
1133:"Which Country Has Most Number of Languages? Not India"
242:, is the most widely spoken, serving as the country's
924:
arrived in New Guinea approximately 3,500 years ago.
435:
The Trans-New Guinea Family according to Malcolm Ross
195:
in a few outer islands. Since the late 19th century,
1199:"Papua New Guinea's Incredible Linguistic Diversity"
1023:
2781:
1371:(15th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
985:
1419:
1098:"Launching of Japanese Language Proficiency Test"
4953:
2851:List of countries by English-speaking population
3559:
2756:
2534:
1405:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1219:
1112:"Papua New Guineans embrace Russian exchange"
3044:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2901:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
1309:
920:People speaking languages belonging to the
167:Most of these are classified as indigenous
3566:
3552:
2770:
2763:
2749:
2541:
2527:
1412:
1398:
1270:
1253:
1067:"PNG University promotes French language"
909:
443:Hotel Room Door Signs in Papua New Guinea
218:Languages with statutory recognition are
2548:
1177:Somare, Michael T. (21 September 2006).
1130:
438:
430:
344:
266:
1386:(SIL International in Papua New Guinea)
4954:
2830:English in the Commonwealth of Nations
1366:
1336:
1312:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
1176:
3547:
2796:
2744:
2522:
1393:
1286:Papua New Guinea 2011 National Report
1235:
193:Polynesian Ellicean–Outlier languages
1367:Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005).
1284:National Statistical Office (2015).
1180:Statement at the World Leaders Forum
1131:Krishnan, Varun B. (7 August 2019).
420:
254:population throughout the country.
142:country in the world. According to
13:
2780:
1369:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
1359:
1291:(Report). Port Moresby. p. 57
14:
4973:
2797:
1377:
3024:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1026:
26:
2820:History of the English language
1450:Papua New Guinean Sign Language
1330:
1303:
1229:
992:Papua New Guinean Sign Language
986:Papua New Guinean Sign Language
301:
248:Papua New Guinean Sign Language
232:Papua New Guinean Sign Language
53:Papua New Guinean Sign Language
2569:Federated States of Micronesia
1191:
1170:
1150:
1124:
1104:
1090:
1059:
1:
4962:Languages of Papua New Guinea
1421:Languages of Papua New Guinea
1052:
1047:Education in Papua New Guinea
974:, and as far as north as the
21:Languages of Papua New Guinea
4896:Central and South New Guinea
3068:United States Virgin Islands
1242:Alfa: Revista de LinguĂstica
1042:Papua New Guinean literature
415:Austronesian language family
398:
334:
257:
7:
1019:
1007:
189:Admiralty Islands languages
10:
4978:
4866:East Bird's Head – Sentani
2785:English speaking countries
989:
913:
424:
402:
338:
305:
262:
4929:
4906:East New Guinea Highlands
4798:
4776:
4688:
4569:
4508:
4413:
4357:
4233:
4196:
3993:
3912:Nuclear South Bird's Head
3893:
3854:
3792:
3726:
3692:
3650:
3600:
3589:
3519:
3407:
3377:
3323:
3305:
3184:
3171:
3162:
3121:
3077:
2910:
2890:
2877:
2868:
2864:
2843:
2807:
2803:
2792:
2778:
2660:
2637:
2556:
2470:
2420:
2392:
2354:
2331:
2258:
2215:
2157:
2114:
2086:
2063:
1990:
1902:
1854:
1801:
1778:
1700:
1691:
1458:
1427:
953:West New Britain Province
945:East New Britain Province
929:Meso-Melanesian languages
329:East New Britain Province
285:
271:English-language sign on
185:Western Oceanic languages
101:
91:
70:
58:
34:
25:
20:
3936:Nuclear East Bird's Head
3575:Papuan language families
3465:Northern Mariana Islands
3056:Turks and Caicos Islands
2715:Northern Mariana Islands
1255:10.1590/1981-5794-1909-4
1236:Silva, Diego B. (2019).
464:Papuan language families
462:Below is a full list of
4911:Yele – West New Britain
4901:Central West New Guinea
3341:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2680:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1324:10.1075/jpcl.32.2.06mai
197:West Germanic languages
171:, which form a diverse
4940:Proto-Trans–New Guinea
4851:Trans-Fly–Bulaka River
2955:British Virgin Islands
2815:English-speaking world
2786:
2772:English-speaking world
916:Austronesian languages
910:Austronesian languages
444:
436:
361:
276:
181:Austronesian languages
179:. There are also many
140:linguistically diverse
4891:West Papuan Highlands
4886:West Trans–New Guinea
4697:families and isolates
4578:families and isolates
4243:families and isolates
4202:families and isolates
4035:East Cenderawasih Bay
3999:families and isolates
3898:families and isolates
3895:Bird's Head Peninsula
3860:families and isolates
3393:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
3014:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2784:
2663:and other territories
2550:Languages of Oceania
677:) (also in Indonesia)
442:
434:
348:
270:
175:across the island of
4836:Binanderean–Goilalan
4690:Bismarck Archipelago
3917:Inanwatan–Duriankere
937:New Ireland Province
319:Creole German, is a
209:Torres Strait Creole
81:New Guinea Highlands
4881:Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
4876:Left May – Kwomtari
3807:Greater Binanderean
3050:Trinidad and Tobago
2927:Antigua and Barbuda
922:Austronesian family
754:(also in Indonesia)
663:(also in Indonesia)
657:(also in Indonesia)
649:(also in Indonesia)
582:Greater Binanderean
553:(also in Indonesia)
545:(also in Indonesia)
238:, an English-based
4799:Proposed groupings
4714:South Bougainville
4709:North Bougainville
4199:Western New Guinea
3996:Western New Guinea
2787:
1428:Official languages
1158:"Papua New Guinea"
1120:. 17 October 2019.
976:Formosan languages
849:South Bougainville
844:North Bougainville
445:
437:
362:
277:
187:, as well as some
154:Sir Michael Somare
4949:
4948:
4565:
4564:
4288:Leonhard Schultze
3906:South Bird's Head
3868:Timor-Alor-Pantar
3850:
3849:
3584:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3158:
3157:
2738:
2737:
2730:Wallis and Futuna
2638:Associated states
2516:
2515:
2466:
2465:
1348:978-3-11-028642-7
1117:Radio New Zealand
1034:New Guinea portal
966:, as far east as
686:Leonhard Schultze
327:spoken mainly in
292:German New Guinea
125:
124:
4969:
4826:Southeast Papuan
4811:Northwest Papuan
4719:Central Solomons
4355:
4354:
4265:Lower Sepik-Ramu
3948:West Bird's Head
3930:East Bird's Head
3794:Papuan Peninsula
3729:Papua New Guinea
3695:Papua New Guinea
3598:
3597:
3591:Trans-New Guinea
3578:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3476:Papua New Guinea
3444:Marshall Islands
3334:Christmas Island
3169:
3168:
3165:
3149:Pitcairn Islands
2979:Falkland Islands
2875:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2805:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2720:Pitcairn Islands
2690:French Polynesia
2675:Christmas Island
2604:Papua New Guinea
2584:Marshall Islands
2557:Sovereign states
2543:
2536:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2453:Southeast Papuan
2443:Ramu–Lower Sepik
1698:
1697:
1459:Major Indigenous
1414:
1407:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1372:
1353:
1352:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1281:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1029:
639:Lower Sepik-Ramu
473:Trans-New Guinea
427:Papuan languages
421:Papuan languages
358:Lae War Cemetery
296:Papua New Guinea
169:Papuan languages
150:living languages
148:, there are 840
128:Papua New Guinea
65:Papuan languages
30:
18:
17:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4925:
4794:
4780:
4772:
4696:
4694:Solomon Islands
4684:
4577:
4561:
4504:
4409:
4353:
4242:
4229:
4201:
4192:
3998:
3989:
3897:
3889:
3875:North Halmahera
3859:
3846:
3788:
3767:East Strickland
3747:Kainantu-Goroka
3742:Finisterre-Huon
3722:
3688:
3646:
3593:
3585:
3583:classification)
3577:
3572:
3542:
3529:
3507:
3486:Solomon Islands
3403:
3373:
3319:
3301:
3180:
3163:
3154:
3117:
3073:
2906:
2886:
2869:
2860:
2839:
2799:
2788:
2774:
2769:
2739:
2734:
2662:
2656:
2639:
2633:
2614:Solomon Islands
2552:
2547:
2517:
2512:
2462:
2433:Kainantu–Goroka
2428:Finisterre–Huon
2421:Larger families
2416:
2394:Turama–Kikorian
2388:
2350:
2327:
2254:
2211:
2153:
2116:East Strickland
2110:
2082:
2059:
1986:
1898:
1850:
1797:
1774:
1693:
1687:
1460:
1454:
1423:
1418:
1380:
1375:
1362:
1360:Further reading
1357:
1356:
1349:
1335:
1331:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1271:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1175:
1171:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1129:
1125:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1010:
994:
988:
918:
912:
907:
661:Eastern Pauwasi
519:East Strickland
494:Kainantu-Goroka
487:Finisterre-Huon
457:Solomon Islands
429:
423:
407:
401:
373:creole language
343:
337:
325:creole language
310:
304:
288:
265:
260:
132:sovereign state
12:
11:
5:
4975:
4965:
4964:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4935:
4933:
4931:Proto-language
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4784:
4782:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4592:Pahoturi River
4589:
4581:
4579:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4553:
4548:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4515:
4513:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4469:
4464:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4420:
4418:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4352:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4299:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4244:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4220:
4212:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4002:
4000:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3922:Konda–Yahadian
3919:
3914:
3901:
3899:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3757:Enga-Kewa-Huli
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3595:
3587:
3586:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3416:American Samoa
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3389:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3142:Norfolk Island
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3113:United Kingdom
3110:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3030:Sint Eustatius
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2967:Cayman Islands
2963:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2872:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2825:British Empire
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Norfolk Island
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2670:American Samoa
2666:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2640:of New Zealand
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2471:Sign languages
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1378:External links
1376:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1329:
1318:(2): 365–397.
1302:
1269:
1248:(2): 317–347.
1228:
1218:
1207:. 24 July 2017
1190:
1169:
1149:
1123:
1103:
1089:
1072:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1021:
1018:
1009:
1006:
990:Main article:
987:
984:
914:Main article:
911:
908:
906:
905:
898:
891:
884:
877:
870:
863:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
758:Pahoturi River
755:
747:
740:
733:
726:
721:
716:
711:
697:
683:
678:
664:
658:
650:
642:
635:
628:
621:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
546:
538:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
508:Enga-Kewa-Huli
504:
497:
490:
483:
468:
425:Main article:
422:
419:
403:Main article:
400:
397:
339:Main article:
336:
333:
306:Main article:
303:
300:
287:
284:
264:
261:
259:
256:
138:, is the most
123:
122:
105:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
74:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
38:
32:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4974:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4816:South Pauwasi
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4778:Rossel Island
4775:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4622:Yelmek-Maklew
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4573:and southern
4572:
4571:Gulf of Papua
4568:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:Bayono-Awbono
4207:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:Tofanma-Namla
4095:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Turama-Kikori
3706:
3704:
3703:Gogodala-Suki
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
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411:Motu language
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4921:Indo-Pacific
4871:Kwomtari–Fas
4846:Asmat–Mombum
4787:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4744:
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4730:
4724:Butam-Taulil
4677:
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4663:
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4628:
4612:Doso-Turumsa
4584:
4542:
4518:
4497:
4480:
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4454:
4445:
4441:Yellow River
4425:Middle Sepik
4423:
4400:(West Wapei)
4346:
4339:
4332:
4263:
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4249:
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4215:
4185:
4178:
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4129:
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4115:
4108:
4078:Lepki-Murkim
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3941:Hatam–Mansim
3928:
3904:
3882:
3873:
3866:
3781:
3752:Chimbu-Wahgi
3681:
3667:Greater Awyu
3632:Paniai Lakes
3622:Asmat-Kamoro
3525:
3522:Dependencies
3490:
3463:
3431:
3422:Cook Islands
3414:
3391:
3384:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3312:
3267:South Africa
3257:Sierra Leone
3175:
3147:
3140:
3105:
3098:
3086:
3066:
3054:
3042:
3037:Sint Maarten
3035:
3028:
3006:
2999:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2946:
2919:
2899:
2881:
2661:Dependencies
2647:Cook Islands
2603:
1904:Chimbu–Wahgi
1692:Other Papuan
1578:Mussau-Emira
1420:
1368:
1338:
1332:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1245:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1202:
1193:
1185:the original
1179:
1172:
1161:
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1136:
1126:
1115:
1106:
1092:
1061:
1011:
1000:and various
995:
957:
943:, spoken in
935:, spoken in
926:
919:
900:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
854:Butam-Taulil
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
782:
778:Doso-Turumsa
749:
742:
735:
728:
652:
644:
637:
630:
623:
548:
540:
533:
506:
501:Chimbu-Wahgi
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
461:
446:
408:
363:
313:Unserdeutsch
311:
308:Unserdeutsch
302:Unserdeutsch
289:
278:
273:Doini Island
217:
213:Unserdeutsch
166:
143:
126:
87:(nationwide)
15:
4861:Dani–Kwerba
4841:Arai–Samaia
4831:Papuan Gulf
4821:East Papuan
4806:West Papuan
4538:Middle Ramu
4456:Upper Sepik
4271:Lower Sepik
4014:Lakes Plain
3984:Tanah Merah
3777:Duna-Bogaya
3655:, Indonesia
3612:Ok-Oksapmin
3605:, Indonesia
3581:Palmer 2018
3364:Philippines
3314:Puerto Rico
3272:South Sudan
3136:New Zealand
3100:Isle of Man
3019:Saint Lucia
2932:The Bahamas
2835:Anglosphere
2594:New Zealand
2260:Ok–Oksapmin
2065:Duna–Pogaya
2055:Warwar Feni
1992:New Ireland
1803:Binanderean
1142:14 February
542:Ok-Oksapmin
529:Duna-Bogaya
4916:Sepik–Ramu
4575:New Guinea
4520:Lower Ramu
4482:Sepik Hill
4368:Marienberg
4359:Torricelli
4326:Amto-Musan
4302:Upper Yuat
4251:Torricelli
4007:Tor-Kwerba
3693:Southwest
3651:Southeast
3449:Micronesia
3262:Somaliland
3207:The Gambia
3001:Montserrat
2458:Torricelli
2050:Sursurunga
1608:Numanggang
1163:Ethnologue
1053:References
964:Madagascar
951:spoken in
724:Amto-Musan
700:Upper Yuat
625:Torricelli
453:East Timor
177:New Guinea
173:sprachbund
145:Ethnologue
112:Indonesian
72:Vernacular
60:Indigenous
4856:Trans-Fly
4789:YĂ©lĂ® Dnye
4512:subgroups
4417:subgroups
4361:subgroups
3994:Northern
3857:Nusantara
3842:Manubaran
3672:Kayagaric
3594:subgroups
3524:shown in
3386:Gibraltar
3369:Singapore
3348:Hong Kong
3237:Mauritius
3131:Australia
2564:Australia
2288:Ninggerum
2207:Samberigi
2040:Ramoaaina
2030:Niwer Mil
2005:Fanamaket
1889:Onobasulu
1816:Binandere
1715:Angaataha
1694:languages
1628:Ramoaaina
1598:Niwer Mil
1478:Awad Bing
1461:languages
1445:Tok Pisin
1440:Hiri Motu
1264:204627919
1137:The Hindu
1002:home sign
931:(such as
902:YĂ©lĂ® Dnye
617:Manubaran
449:Indonesia
405:Hiri Motu
399:Hiri Motu
393:Milne Bay
365:Tok Pisin
354:Tok Pisin
341:Tok Pisin
335:Tok Pisin
258:Languages
236:Tok Pisin
228:Hiri Motu
220:Tok Pisin
205:Tok Pisin
158:languages
92:Immigrant
85:Tok Pisin
77:Hiri Motu
49:Hiri Motu
41:Tok Pisin
4956:Category
4760:Makolkol
4630:Dibiyaso
4558:(Tanggu)
4531:Misegian
4526:Ottilien
4321:Left May
4306:Arafundi
4283:Kwomtari
4224:Uhunduni
4197:Central
4058:Nimboran
3855:Eastern
3827:Goilalan
3822:Koiarian
3727:Central
3601:Central
3439:Kiribati
3359:Pakistan
3306:Americas
3297:Zimbabwe
3282:Tanzania
3202:Eswatini
3197:Cameroon
3192:Botswana
3088:Guernsey
2973:Dominica
2937:Barbados
2921:Anguilla
2912:Americas
2808:Articles
2579:Kiribati
2503:Sinasina
2293:Oksapmin
2035:Patpatar
2015:Konomala
1977:Tembagla
1972:Sinasina
1967:Salt-Yui
1831:Orokaiva
1745:Safeyoka
1618:Pele-Ata
1613:Nyindrou
1563:Mangseng
1020:See also
1014:literate
1008:Literacy
968:Rapa Nui
960:Malagasy
888:Makolkol
784:Dibiyaso
719:Left May
704:Arafundi
681:Kwomtari
602:Goilalan
597:Koiarian
356:sign at
203:such as
162:dialects
116:Japanese
79:(in the
36:Official
4781:isolate
4704:Baining
4637:Kaki Ae
4617:Komolom
4607:Teberan
4556:Ataitan
4551:Tamolan
4462:Wogamus
4447:Yerakai
4404:Monumbo
4373:Arapesh
4131:Kapauri
4117:Burmeso
4110:Abinomn
4068:Mairasi
4063:Sentani
4041:Pauwasi
3970:Maybrat
3884:Tambora
3837:Kwalean
3832:Yareban
3817:Mailuan
3718:Awin-Pa
3713:Kiwaian
3677:Kolopom
3642:Somahai
3526:italics
3503:Vanuatu
3492:Tokelau
3408:Oceania
3247:Nigeria
3242:Namibia
3227:Liberia
3222:Lesotho
3123:Oceania
3094:Ireland
2995:Jamaica
2985:Grenada
2948:Bermuda
2725:Tokelau
2629:Vanuatu
2333:Teberan
2323:Yonggom
2308:Telefol
2303:Suganga
2298:Setaman
2250:Tairuma
2245:Toaripi
2240:Orokolo
2225:Kaki Ae
2202:Lembena
2172:Bisorio
2144:Odoodee
1927:Kandawo
1780:Awin–Pa
1765:Yagwoia
1755:Susuami
1750:Simbari
1735:Kawacha
1603:Nobonob
1588:Nekgini
1558:Mandara
1498:Bugawac
1435:English
1211:20 July
1004:forms.
949:Nakanai
839:Baining
791:Kaki Ae
773:Teberan
612:Kwalean
607:Yareban
592:Mailuan
572:Awin-Pa
567:Kiwaian
413:of the
385:Central
377:Western
371:-based
369:English
350:English
323:-based
280:English
263:English
224:English
201:creoles
136:Oceania
120:Russian
103:Foreign
96:Chinese
45:English
4672:Purari
4665:Porome
4658:Pawaia
4651:Karami
4644:Kamula
4602:Oriomo
4597:Eleman
4436:Nukuma
4383:Maimai
4241:basin
4159:Massep
4138:Kembra
4124:Elseng
4083:Senagi
4021:Border
3772:Kutubu
3762:Bosavi
3737:Madang
3683:Marori
3498:Tuvalu
3378:Europe
3292:Zambia
3287:Uganda
3252:Rwanda
3232:Malawi
3185:Africa
3164:
3107:Jersey
3079:Europe
2990:Guyana
2961:Canada
2942:Belize
2892:Africa
2870:
2700:Hawaii
2624:Tuvalu
2483:Kailge
2438:Madang
2369:Baramu
2346:Folopa
2341:Dadibi
2283:Ngalum
2273:Faiwol
2217:Eleman
2129:Gobasi
2101:Fiwaga
2078:Pogaya
2020:Kuanua
2010:Kandas
1962:Nomane
1942:Maring
1932:Kaugel
1912:Chuave
1879:Kaluli
1864:Aimele
1856:Bosavi
1841:Yekora
1826:Korafe
1811:Baruga
1760:Tainae
1730:Kamasa
1725:Hamtai
1720:Ankave
1668:Uneapa
1658:Tangga
1638:Solong
1633:Seimat
1623:Petats
1593:Ngaing
1533:Kuanua
1513:Iatmul
1473:Amanab
1468:Adzera
1345:
1262:
998:Auslan
980:Taiwan
947:; and
941:Kuanua
826:Purari
819:Porome
812:Pawaia
805:Karami
798:Kamula
768:Oriomo
763:Eleman
667:Senagi
646:Border
524:Kutubu
514:Bosavi
480:Madang
455:, and
367:is an
321:German
317:Rabaul
286:German
240:creole
230:, and
160:, not
108:French
4767:Sulka
4544:Grass
4415:Sepik
4393:Palei
4388:Wapei
4341:Tayap
4310:Piawi
4292:Walio
4258:Sepik
4235:Sepik
4187:Yetfa
4173:Molof
4166:Mawes
4152:Kimki
4102:Yapen
4087:Angor
4073:Kaure
3812:Dagan
3802:Angan
3653:Papua
3603:Papua
3481:Samoa
3471:Palau
3454:Nauru
3399:Malta
3354:India
3277:Sudan
3217:Kenya
3212:Ghana
2844:Lists
2619:Tonga
2609:Samoa
2599:Palau
2589:Nauru
2508:Wanib
2488:Mehek
2448:Sepik
2407:Omati
2402:Ikobi
2379:Tirio
2374:Bitur
2356:Tirio
2313:Tifal
2268:Bimin
2230:Keoru
2197:Kyaka
2187:Ipili
2167:Angal
2159:Engan
2134:Konai
2124:Fembe
2025:Label
2000:Bilur
1982:Wahgi
1952:Narak
1947:Melpa
1937:Kuman
1922:Golin
1894:Sonia
1884:Kasua
1874:Edolo
1869:Beami
1836:Suena
1821:Ewage
1770:Yipma
1740:Menya
1710:Akoye
1702:Angan
1683:Waris
1653:Sulka
1573:Mende
1568:Mbula
1553:Lihir
1548:Kurti
1538:Kuman
1528:Kovai
1523:Kobon
1503:Dedua
1488:Bimin
1483:Barok
1295:3 May
1289:(PDF)
1260:S2CID
933:Nalik
895:Sulka
737:Taiap
708:Piawi
690:Walio
671:Angor
632:Sepik
587:Dagan
577:Angan
315:, or
164:)."
4753:Kuot
4732:AnĂŞm
4692:and
4679:Tabo
4510:Ramu
4499:Amal
4488:Tama
4473:Abau
4467:Iwam
4378:Urim
4348:Yadë
4334:Busa
4316:Yuat
4296:Papi
4276:Ramu
4239:Ramu
4180:Usku
4145:Keuw
4091:Dera
4051:West
4046:East
3963:Mpur
3956:Abun
3783:Wiru
3662:Anim
3617:Dani
3459:Niue
3433:Guam
3427:Fiji
3325:Asia
3008:Saba
2695:Guam
2652:Niue
2574:Fiji
2478:Enga
2412:Rumu
2384:Were
2364:Abom
2318:Urap
2278:Mian
2235:Opao
2192:Kewa
2182:Huli
2177:Enga
2149:Samo
2139:Kubo
2096:Fasu
2073:Duna
2045:Siar
1788:Awin
1678:Vitu
1663:Tobo
1648:Suau
1583:Mutu
1543:Kuot
1518:Kâte
1508:Dobu
1493:Bola
1343:ISBN
1297:2020
1213:2017
1144:2022
881:Kuot
860:AnĂŞm
833:Tabo
744:Yadë
730:Busa
714:Yuat
694:Papi
675:Dera
550:Anim
535:Wiru
391:and
381:Gulf
252:deaf
211:and
191:and
130:, a
4746:Kol
4739:Ata
4586:Yam
4493:Ram
4431:Ndu
4398:One
4217:Dem
4028:Sko
3977:Mor
3627:Mek
2106:Foi
1957:Nii
1917:Dom
1846:Zia
1673:Ura
1320:doi
1250:doi
978:of
970:in
962:in
955:).
874:Kol
867:Ata
751:Yam
654:Sko
389:Oro
134:in
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1793:Pa
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