Hispanic and Latino American Muslims

2777:- Imam Yusuf Rios was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to a devout Christian family. In his late teens he yearned strongly to be a Catholic Monk. During his studies at Borromeo Seminary he studied Catholic and Western Philosophy and theology. It is during this period in his life where he discovered the path to Islam. He joined the Muslim community in Cleveland and began studying Islam more seriously for a number of years. His passion of learning Islam led him to join the student body at Islamic American University in Detroit where he received his foundation in the Arabic & Islamic Sciences. He then traveled to Cairo, Egypt where he continued his pursuit of Islamic knowledge for many years. He studied at the Asheera Academy for Higher Education in Islamic Psychology and Tradition (under the auspices of Al-Azhar University), Madrasatul-Hamd, and Masjid Al-Azhar. He was honored to study (both privately and publicly) with some of the most pre-eminent scholars of the Islamic sciences from Al-Azhar University. Some of his most influential teachers include Shaykh Sa’ad Al-Jawesh Al-Azhari from whom he received both specialized and general ijazaat in hadith sciences and transmission, as well as Dr. Ahmad Taha Rayyan–one of the most renowned scholars of Maliki fiqh. Imam Yusuf has a BA in Western Philosophy and Sociology from John Carroll University and is working on a Masters in Islamic Sciences at the Islamic University of Minnesota. He is also a founding member of the Three Puerto Rican Imams project 2819:- Nahela Morales is a dedicated, passionate Mexican Muslim convert, humanitarian activist, international public speaker, community organizer, and mother of one. She co-founded Embrace, an initiative created for Reverts by Reverts. Their mission is to empower, integrate, and serve our Muslim convert community by providing social and educational space to encourage growth, shape Islamic identity, and equip them with the knowledge needed for their lifetime journey. She currently serves as the Dallas Chapter lead and Marketing Director. She has had the opportunity to speak in countries like Sweden, Columbia, Brazil, and her native Mexico. She has represented a variety of oppressed demographics through her years as an activist and humanitarian. Since 2019, she has served on the board of CAIR-Central North, whose mission is to protect civil rights, enhance understanding of Islam, promote justice, and empower American Muslims. Her dedication and discipline enable her to mentor and serve on other boards nationwide, including ISPU. She is pursuing her Master in Divinity at Bayan Islamic Graduate School, accredited through Chicago Theological Seminary. 2813:- Wendy Díaz was born in Puerto Rico, where she spent half her childhood before moving to the U.S. She is a poet, author, and translator and co-founder of Hablamos Islam, a social project focused on creating educational resources about Islam in Spanish, including children’s programming and literature. After graduating from the University of Maryland with a BA in modern languages and linguistics, specializing in secondary education, she began her career as a teacher. She later discovered her passion for creative writing and storytelling and decided to dedicate her efforts to creating unique stories for children. Through Hablamos Islam, she has authored, translated, and/or published more than 15 books. Her poetry is also featured in the Muslim American Writers at Home Anthology published by Freedom Voices Publications. Wendy’s bilingual children’s books have been distributed in over a dozen Spanish-speaking countries, while her online children’s programming has been viewed in more than 40 countries worldwide. She also works as a freelance writer and translator, and her work is published in various online and print publications. 1054: 2807:- Vilma Habibah is the Co-host of America’s Islamic Radio. Born and raised in Puerto Rico, Vilma Santos converted to Islam after gaining knowledge in Islamic Studies and changed her name to Vilma Habibah. She provides interfaith and intracultural da’wah (teaching about Islam) in Spanish for a number of organizations. She found her true calling in community activism and has been an active member of the Islamic Community for over ten years. Her long list of achievements includes holding the title of Chapter Leader of IslamInSpanish New York. Vilma Habibah has numerous accolades to her name, such as the Humanity Award of 2014 and the Community Hero Award of 2018. In addition to that, she won the prestigious “Woman Impact of the Year” award, presented by the United Nations. 2771:- Born in New York of Puerto Rican Descent, raised in Union City, New Jersey, and accepted Islam in 1999. He was granted a scholarship to study Arabic and Islamic Sciences in Egypt from 2004-2007. Imam Daniel obtained a Bachelor’s and Master’s in Islamic Studies from the Islamic University of Minnesota under Shaikh Waleed Idris Al Manessey. He is currently working on his PhD in the field of Dawah. Imam Daniel is the Imam/Religious Director of the Muslim Association of Lehigh Valley in Whitehall, PA. He previously served as the imam of Pearland Islamic Center and the Islamic Society of Triplex in Texas, volunteered as an Islam In Spanish educator, and was a youth coordinator with the North Hudson Islamic Educational Center. 2629: 2625:, which is the acronym for Los Angeles Latino Muslims Association. Their mission statement states that "LALMA is an organization of Latino Muslims that promotes a better understanding of Islam to the Spanish speaking community and establishes a forum of spiritual nurturing and social support to Latino Muslims, building bridges among the monotheistic community and advocating for social justice in accordance with Islamic values." LALMA now stands for La Asociacion Latino Musulmana de America and is still based in the Los Angeles area. 2832: 999: 5962: 5434: 35: 2765:- Imam Wesley Lebron is a Puerto Rican, born and raised in NJ, who converted to Islam in 1998. He has played a critical role in Dawah, education, and revert care for many Islamic organizations. He holds a Bachelor’s in Islamic Studies from Mishkah Islamic University of North America. He is the President of the 3 Puerto Rican Imams projects and serves as director of programs and education for MAS NY Reverts Reconnect. 5423: 2846: 2224: 5972: 2789:- Juan Jose Galvan is a notable author, speaker, and advocate for the Latino Muslim community. Born in Texas as a third-generation Mexican-American and the son of migrant workers, Juan spent his early years hoeing cotton in the rural Texas Panhandle. He obtained his degree from the University of Texas at Austin in 2001, and it was during this time that he embraced Islam. He co-authored a report called 2498:. For example, the Spanish language has remnants of Arabic influence in thousands of words such as "Ojalá" (may God will)." Moreover, many Latinos are descended from Muslim West African slaves who were imported to Latin America during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, as well as Muslim Arabs from the Levant who immigrated to Latin America during the 19th and 20th centuries. 2783:- Daniel Khalil Salgado is a Muslim convert of Puerto Rican descent. He embraced Islam in 1995. He holds a Bachelors from SUNY Binghamton, a Masters from Murray State University, and a Masters in Islamic Studies and Christian-Muslim Relations from Hartford International. He also holds a diploma in Arabic from Umm Al Qura Islamic University from Makkah, Saudi Arabia. 2379:

environment in prison, which in turn lessens their likelihood to have to turn to violence and aggression. Spalek and El-Hassan suggest that the work of prison Imams is vital and needs to have greater support, especially during the transition period when individuals and adjusting to life after being released from prison. Studies also show that rates of

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1991 an estimated 35,000 people in prison converted to Islam every year, and more recent estimates range from 30,000–40,000 per year. With the growth of the imprisoned population with mass incarceration and the growth of Islam in the U.S., these numbers are bound to be under-representing the Muslim convert population in prison.

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Palombo, “ll liberation theologies emerge during struggles for socioeconomic, political, and psychological liberation from objective and subjective forms of oppression,” and “the revelatory activity of God in history demonstrates a 'preferential option for the poor' and sides against those who exert oppression and domination.”

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began providing multi media material in the Spanish language and conduct (sermons) in Spanish at two locations in the Houston area. The weekly sessions are broadcast online to the worldwide Spanish-speaking Muslim population. In 2016, IslamInSpanish opened up the first Spanish-speaking Islamic Center

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Islam in the United States has a unique context of shared self-discovery of historically marginalized groups like African Americans and Latinos, which make up a large proportion of the Muslim population in the U.S., along with Middle Eastern, African, South Asian, and Southeast Asian immigrant Muslim

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showed that Latino Muslims accounted for an estimated 6 percent out of the Muslims living in the U.S. In 2015, the Pew Research Center estimated that there were about 3.3 million Muslims in the U.S. A previous Pew Research study of Muslim Americans in 2007 estimated that 10% of native-born Muslims in

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Similar to the struggle of African Americans, Latino Muslims can find solidarity and a similar theological understanding of struggle and oppression through Islam. Islamic liberation theology is similar to Christian liberation theology in many ways, but the break from Christianity, and Catholicism in

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in the U.S. media, Hispanic Muslims are also concerned about the representation of Islam in broader society, especially in Spanish language outlets. Wilfredo Amr Ruiz is an attorney and Muslim chaplain, originally from Puerto Rico, who is often asked to address and contextualize current events with

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However, like African American converts, Latino Muslims have experienced some tension with the growing immigrant Muslim community in the U.S. who "deem them inauthentic because they either lack Arabic language skills or they do not adhere to certain religious practices." In an effort to connect and

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There is not a lot of information about Hispanic and Latino Muslims from the colonial period up to the 19th century. Most of what we know about the Latino Muslim population came from the latter half of the 20th century when more Hispanics and Latinos living in the United States began to reestablish

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Although there are inconsistent exact numbers of conversions, many scholars and chaplains cite Islam as the fastest growing religion among the incarcerated population. It is estimated that 15% of the U.S. prison population is Muslim, mostly composed of African Americans but followed by Latinos. In

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For many Latino Muslims, converting to Islam was an easy process because of the overall similarities between their new and old religions. Despite all of these similarities, most converts may experience rejection and criticism from their Latino families and friends. Like other Muslims, Latinos who

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Islam allows those convicted of crimes to recover from the stigma of being a "criminal". By following the teachings of Islam, people who are convicted of a crime have a moral framework for rehabilitation and recovery as well as providing prisoners with a more positive way to cope with the harsh

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has Christian roots in the Latin American struggle for social justice in light of colonialism and oppression, but the term has also been applied in an Islamic context. Islamic liberation theology emerged from the struggle against "settler colonialism and apartheid in South Africa." According to

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of a number of variables. Some of the factors that need attention include the religious tone of the Latino community, the role of Latinos in the United States, the location of Islam in American civic life, the relationships between immigrant Muslim communities and Latinos, and a host of other

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In addition, Islam often draws in converts because of the nature of the religion is that a person has a direct relationship with God. One does not need a mediator, like a priest in Catholicism. There is a relative simplicity within Islam with structure and theology in this respect.

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Islam began to have a more significant influence on the Latino community in the barrios in the Northeast in the early 70s through converts being introduced to the religion in African-American mosques. Others made the connection through others who were affiliated with the

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Other reasons for conversion include finding resonance with Islam after researching other religions, or having an academic interest in Islam that leads to a spiritual interest. Others also choose to convert because they are dating or married to someone who is Muslim.

2354:, which in turn leads to the necessity for social and political activism, much like the Muslim activists of the 20th century that challenged colonialism and corruption of the government. In addition, the Qur'an tells the stories of the prophets and their "belief ( 2304:, resident scholar at the Omar Foundation, says "in their own countries Hispanics did not see the Church supporting the rights of the poor. Rather it sided with the rich and the influential." This, he argues, has contributed to some Latinos converting to Islam. 2493:

Islam draws to Hispanic and Latino individuals because many people feel that it allows them to reclaim their historical ties to "a glorious past" of the Islamic world. Many Latinos feel a connection with Spain's eight centuries of influence of Islam through the

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and reconnect with their ties to Spanish-speakers in the Americas, particularly in regards to culture, ethnicity, and religion. Meanwhile, a similar reclaiming of ties was occurring among African-Americans, especially with the founding of the Nation of Islam.

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communities. As a result of the multicultural Islamic community and the concept of ummah, the term "Raza Islámica" is used to refer to "the vision of the Prophet Muhammad—a society in which Islam, not tribe, color, nor clan, is the mark of one's identity."

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continues to be the largest, but not the only, religious denomination among most Hispanics. In contrast, the Arabs took Islam to very few Latin American countries such as Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala and Colombia via post-independence immigration.

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was established after a group of Latino Muslims in New York felt that their "particular culture, languages, social situations, and contributions to Islamic history" were not well addressed in the African-American or immigrant Muslim communities.

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integrate themselves with the Muslim community, many Latino converts will choose an Islamic name to go by. Often converts will use this second name in Muslim settings and their given name in the context of family and the Latino community.

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community grows, the gap between African American and immigrant Muslim communities is narrowing, meaning that Latino Muslims can more easily connect with both groups. Latino Muslims can share in the fight for social justice and against

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Despite the benefits for Muslim converts in terms of rehabilitation, some authors describe concerns about the threat of radicalization within prisons. Black nationalist sentiments have a legacy within many U.S. prisons, but less so

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According to Abbas Barzegar, "Future research aimed at understanding the significance of the rising role of Islam among Latinos in the United States needs to be placed along a comprehensive matrix that allows for the simultaneous

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Latino Muslim communities have created support systems, both physically and virtually, through the presence of small mosques and online sites that provide support systems for Latino Muslims, including

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Hispanic Muslim communities have grown across the United States, including in Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, Texas, New Jersey, Illinois, Florida, Arizona, and California.

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the U.S. are Hispanic. A more recent Pew Research study on Latinos and Religion found that less than 0.5% of Latinos identify as Muslim, which would be around 265,000 people.

728: 638: 2438:. The population of Hispanic Muslims has increased 30 percent to some 200,000 since 1999, estimates Ali Khan, national director of the American Muslim Council in Chicago. 5927: 3886: 3124: 5490: 2583:. Literally, PIEDAD means “Taqwa, piety or God-fearing.” In its acronym form it reads “Propagación Islámica para la Educación y la Devoción a Aláh el Divino” (Islamic 2610:

is its current president. It is now one of the most well-known Latino Muslim groups, working with other organizations inside and outside the United States, including

5173: 2646: 5055: 1029: 5791: 4423: 733: 2322:. The process of conversion is instead often referred to as "reversion" due to it being the rediscovery and connection with a lost heritage and tie to Islam. 2752: 2653: 5040: 718: 2657: 5463: 2607: 3522: 2481:

The majority of respondents said they first heard about Islam from a friend (40%), while 13% were introduced by a spouse, and 8% by a family member.

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In 2017, the Latino Muslim Survey — an online, English/Spanish survey with more than 560 U.S. Latino Muslim participants — released its results.

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to be the unaltered and final revelation of God. The Spaniards took the Roman Catholic faith to Latin America via imperialism and colonialism;

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and Islam give them a sense of familiarity with their new religion. However, some Latino Muslims had difficulty with the Church, believing in

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with African Americans, and can empathize with immigrant Muslims through the experience of having a racially fluid cultural identity.

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by from Los Angeles began a study group to learn about Islam in the Spanish language. Because of much interest, they formed

2362:) for social justice," which further motivates Muslims to follow the example of the prophets and engage in social activism. 3831: 3574: 2837: 2125: 1003: 880: 163: 5996: 5864: 5859: 5817: 5770: 5765: 5760: 952: 947: 942: 5822: 2884: 2798: 2603: 1137: 3125:"Five Years Since the Release of 'New Muslim Cool': Hispanic Muslims Growing Segment of U.S. Muslim Religious Culture" 798: 5869: 5844: 5834: 4927: 4881: 4541: 4535: 3841: 3411: 3019: 1621: 708: 159: 78: 3887:

Five Years Since the Release of ‘New Muslim Cool’: Hispanic Muslims Growing Segment of U.S. Muslim Religious Culture

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faith. Hispanic and Latino Americans are an ethnolinguistic group of citizens of the United States with origins in

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connections to Islam by both English and Spanish-language media in the U.S. There is also a 2009 documentary film

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Ciftci, Mehmet (1 July 2015). "Liberation Theology: A Comparative Study of Christian and Islamic Approaches".

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34% of participants described their decision to embrace Islam as a "conversion," 40% saw it as a "reversion."

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The majority of Hispanic converts to Islam are women. Hispanic and Latino Muslims also include people with

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particular, allows many Latino Muslims to disassociate from their historical oppressors in the Americas.

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In 1982 a group of Mexican Muslims established the Association of Latin American Muslims, based in D.C.

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The survey found that 93% stated that religion provides meaningful guidance in their day-to-day living.

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Findings determined that many converts were attracted to the devotion of Islamic beliefs and practices.

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to educate and worship Allah the Most High). Their numerous seminars have included speakers like Imam

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Bowen, Patrick (June 2013). "U.S. Latina/o Muslims Since 1920: From 'Moors' to 'Latino Muslims'".

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As a result, Latino ties to Islam largely resulted from African American links. For example, the

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live in various cities within the United States and have shown a growing presence in states like

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SpearIt (2012). "Religion as Rehabilitation? Reflections on Islam in the Correctional Setting".

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Bowen, Patrick D. (2013). "U.S. Latina/o Muslims Since 1920: From "Moors" to "Latino Muslims"".

5557: 5389: 5318: 5287: 5217: 4141: 4136: 4054: 2929: 2879: 2628: 2165: 1956: 1736: 1192: 982: 920: 231: 5533: 915: 5611: 5335: 5313: 4064: 3941: 3731: 3231:(2000). "Muhammad: Prophet of Liberation - a Christian Perspective from Political Theology". 1649: 1616: 1576: 1319: 1309: 1097: 533: 375: 323: 303: 5952:

The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.

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Palombo, Matthew (2014). "The Emergence of Islamic Liberation Theology in South Africa".

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Some Latino Muslims claim conversion to Islam as a return to their true heritage. Muslim

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Other notable Latino Muslims, scholars, educators, leaders, and contributors include:

2599:, and others. PIEDAD began as dawah directed to the overlooked Hispanic women in NYC. 2350:

Islam is seen as "refusing" the concept of separation of religion and politics of the

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Some Latinos have argued that Islamic values harmonize with the traditional values of

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on religion, statistics are scarce and wide-ranging. A 2011 study conducted by the

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The vast majority of Latino Muslims surveyed (91%) self-identify as Sunni Muslims.

430:, the verbatim word of God, and the teachings and normative examples (called the 5578: 5325: 5022: 4967: 4767: 4453: 4413: 4302: 4258: 4032: 3753:"First Spanish-Speaking Islamic Center Opens for Growing Muslim Latino Community" 3401: 3009: 2737: 2679:, a Puerto Rican Muslim rap artist, that helps to counter Islamophobia rhetoric. 2672: 2580: 2327: 2288:

Many Latino converts come from Catholic backgrounds and the similarities between

2205: 2058: 2038: 2021: 2006: 2001: 1981: 1951: 1946: 1921: 1911: 1844: 1781: 1771: 1751: 1691: 1686: 1676: 1611: 1596: 1501: 1474: 1464: 1424: 1409: 1404: 1354: 1349: 1289: 1227: 1187: 1082: 1070: 843: 538: 426: is the last messenger of God. The primary scriptures of Islam are the 295: 247: 235: 227: 179: 167: 5448: 5437: 5154: 5007: 4849: 4551: 2904: 2722: 2637: 2355: 2266: 2200: 2190: 2180: 2093: 2053: 1971: 1941: 1756: 1696: 1636: 1591: 1571: 1546: 1521: 1484: 1469: 1444: 1419: 1329: 1274: 1217: 1202: 1182: 1172: 1147: 1087: 803: 459: 455: 307: 243: 239: 183: 3211: 5990: 5340: 5167: 5017: 4556: 4519: 4494: 4331: 3523:"Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism" 3367: 3244: 3176:

SpearIt (2012). "Raza Islámica - Prisons, Hip Hop, and Converting Converts".

2592: 2530: 2435: 2427:. The Latino Muslim community is estimated to be between 40,000 and 200,000. 2140: 2135: 1791: 1711: 1551: 1511: 1459: 1454: 1372: 1339: 1232: 1122: 925: 833: 793: 447: 403: 351: 3655: 2971: 5427: 5352: 5002: 4854: 4732: 4448: 4297: 4282: 3996: 2851: 2667: 2588: 2297: 2293: 2228: 419: 415: 2537:

to Spanish to accommodate the growing Spanish-speaking Muslim community.

5523: 4979: 4469: 4377: 4277: 4164: 3575:"New report explores the identity of Latino Muslims in the United States" 3359: 3288:

Spalek, Basia; El-Hassan, Salah (May 2007). "Muslim Converts in Prison".

2930:"Latino Muslims in the United States: Reversion, Politics, and Islamidad" 2717: 2676: 2510: 2454: 2319: 2301: 2289: 282: 271: 3871: 3669: 2300:. Islam solves the problems many Latinos have with the Catholic Church. 5540: 5282: 4364: 4321: 4292: 3271: 3042: 2791:

Latino Muslims in the United States: Reversion, Politics, and Islamidad

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had some success recruiting African American and Latino youth through

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practice Islam may face a barrage of harassment and death threats.

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and found solidarity with their understanding of racial struggle.

5562: 5550: 5345: 4941: 4629: 4509: 4387: 4382: 4369: 4353: 4346: 4341: 4073: 3913: 3621:"Latino Muslims in the United States After 9/11: The Triple Bind" 2894: 2550: 2424: 2408: 2282: 1059: 905: 363: 359: 339: 331: 327: 311: 215: 125: 3923: 4859: 4833: 4792: 4753: 4670: 4583: 4504: 4406: 4316: 4247: 4242: 4009: 3933: 3908: 2899: 2576: 2274: 937: 467: 446:

that was revealed many times before through prophets including

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Journal of the High Plains Society for Applied Anthropologists

418: religion teaching that there is only one God ( 5108: 4933: 4887: 4875: 4677: 4663: 4622: 4399: 4237: 4094: 4080: 4001: 3964: 3918: 3898: 2889: 2622: 2584: 2554: 2495: 2359: 2312: 2270: 763: 723: 463: 443: 427: 407: 399: 395: 335: 263: 4774: 4746: 4696: 4643: 4588: 4101: 3399: 3877:

Four Muslim Latinas open up about their journeys to Islam

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Dalfonzo, Gina (2002). "Dangerous prison conversions?".

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Since the United States Census Bureau does not provide

3803:"Latino Muslims in the United States: An Introduction" 3007: 2434:

stated that there were 40,000 Hispanic Muslims in the

3928: 2827: 2540: 2488: 5478: 3724:"Friday Weekly Spanish Khutbah @ Centro Islamico" 3436:"More Hispanic Americans are Converting to Islam" 2793:. He is a contributor and the editor of the book 2641:in the United States. They also hosted the first 2369: 5988: 2682: 2281:is a messenger of God. This is the basis of the 3287: 2993:Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. 2984:Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. 3549:"A new estimate of the U.S. Muslim population" 3069:"Latino Muslims a Growing Presence in America" 2394: 5464: 3949: 2460: 2407:denote an ethnicity, not a race. Many Latino 2246: 1023: 3829: 2632:IslamInSpanish Centro Islamico Grand Opening 5471: 5457: 3956: 3942: 3598:"8 THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT LATINOS AND ISLAM" 3344:"Prison Islam in the Age of Sacred Terror" 2253: 2239: 1030: 1016: 3904:La Asociación Latino Musulmana de América 3577:. Claremont McKenna College. 24 July 2017 3467:"Latinas Choosing Islam over Catholicism" 2696: 478: 79:Learn how and when to remove this message 3800: 3618: 3380: 3074:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 2934:Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Religion 2927: 2627: 1004:Hispanic and Latino Americans portal 3322: 3197: 3175: 3066: 3062: 3060: 3014:. University of California, Riverside. 14: 5989: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3257: 3122: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2617:In 1999 a group of Latino Muslims led 2337: 5452: 5194: 4962: 4578: 3937: 3833:Latino Muslims: Our Journeys to Islam 3641: 3495: 3283: 3281: 3223: 3221: 3193: 3191: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2957: 2795:Latino Muslims: Our Journeys to Islam 881:Indigenous languages of Latin America 115:Across the country, especially in the 6007:Hispanic and Latino American culture 5971: 4963: 4579: 3777:"New Muslim Cool - Film Description" 3595: 3400:Martinez-Vazquez, Hjamil A. (2010). 3341: 3227: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3057: 2838:Hispanic and Latino Americans portal 2391:or other types of radical Islamism. 384:Hispanic and Latino American Muslims 110:Regions with significant populations 95:Hispanic and Latino American Muslims 28: 3453: 3427: 2916: 2604:Latino American Da'wah Organization 953:White Hispanic and Latino Americans 948:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans 943:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans 24: 3899:Latino American Dawah Organization 3860: 3498:"More US Hispanics drawn to Islam" 3464: 3348:The British Journal of Criminology 3290:Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 3278: 3218: 3188: 2996: 2885:Latino American Dawah Organization 2799:Latino American Dawah Organization 25: 6018: 5946: 3892: 3142: 3123:Harbin, Julie P. (28 June 2014). 3089: 2797:. He is the President/CEO of the 2643:National Latino Muslim Convention 2541:Organization in the United States 709:Congressional Hispanic Conference 5970: 5961: 5960: 5918:Stereotypes in the United States 5433: 5432: 5421: 4942:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 4132:Timeline of the history of Islam 3963: 3433: 3302:10.1111/j.1468-2311.2007.00459.x 2844: 2830: 2612:Islamic Society of North America 2432:Islamic Society of North America 2277:(monotheism), and a belief that 2222: 1807:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1133:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1052: 997: 973:Communities with Latino majority 33: 5293:List of ex-Muslim organisations 3823: 3794: 3769: 3745: 3716: 3687: 3662: 3635: 3612: 3589: 3567: 3541: 3515: 3489: 3393: 3374: 3335: 3316: 3251: 3008:Morales, Harold Daniel (2012). 2489:Racial and ethnic ties to Islam 2383:are lower for Muslim converts. 3670:"Interview with LADO / Piedad" 3406:. Wipf & Stock Publisher. 3035: 2987: 2978: 2951: 2370:Conversion to Islam in prisons 436:, composed of accounts called 13: 1: 5928:In the United States Congress 5480:Hispanic and Latino Americans 3801:Barzegar, Abbas (Fall 2003). 3233:Studies in World Christianity 3200:Journal of Religion in Africa 2910: 2801:also known as The LADO Group. 2683:Questions for further inquiry 704:Congressional Hispanic Caucus 392:Hispanic and Latino Americans 224:Northwest Caucasian languages 220:Northeast Caucasian languages 5278:Apostasy in Islam by country 5145:Liberalism and progressivism 3644:Journal of Religious History 3342:Hamm, Mark S. (2009-09-01). 3178:Berkeley la Raza Law Journal 2960:Journal of Religious History 2666:With the common rhetoric of 2457:descent from Latin America. 699:Association of Hispanic Arts 105:50,000 to 70,000. Estimated. 7: 3067:Viscidi, Lisa (June 2003). 2823: 2579:was founded in New York by 2395:Statistics and demographics 2358:) in God and the struggle ( 2285:, or declaration of faith. 744:National Hispanic Institute 739:National Council of La Raza 59:the claims made and adding 10: 6023: 5997:Islam in the United States 5195: 3867:Articles on Latino Muslims 3830:Galvan, Juan, ed. (2017). 2875:Islam in the United States 2461:Latino Muslim Survey (LMS) 2318:and their last stronghold 129:as well as in urban areas. 118:Southwestern United States 5941: 5910: 5805: 5779: 5753: 5710: 5649: 5604: 5571: 5516: 5486: 5416: 5301: 5268: 5208: 5204: 5190: 5117: 5084: 5056:Geography and cartography 5031: 4978: 4974: 4958: 4784: 4706: 4653: 4602: 4598: 4574: 4444: 4268: 4228: 4111: 4063: 3987: 3983: 3972: 3502:Christian Science Monitor 3496:Green, Amy (2006-09-28). 3212:10.1163/15700666-12301272 2928:Espinosa, Gaston (2017). 2675:that follows the life of 394:who are adherents of the 294: 289: 262: 257: 138: 133: 114: 109: 104: 99: 5375:Islamic view of miracles 3695:"Brief History of LALMA" 3245:10.3366/swc.2000.6.2.139 2865:African-American Muslims 2743:Marta Felicitas Galedary 2645:in conjunction with the 2619:Marta Felicitas Galedary 2509:As the African American 2176:Northern Mariana Islands 1118:Central African Republic 679:Latino American politics 5130:Creationism (evolution) 3656:10.1111/1467-9809.12026 3383:The American Enterprise 3011:Latino Muslim by Design 2972:10.1111/1467-9809.12026 2551:www.HispanicMuslims.com 2273:includes acceptance of 2126:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 589:Stateside Puerto Ricans 5390:Persecution of Muslims 5288:List of former Muslims 4137:Succession to Muhammad 3619:Dotson-Renta, Lara N. 2880:Latin American Muslims 2697:Notable Latino Muslims 2647:Texas Dawah Convention 2633: 2591:, Mohammed Nasim, Dr. 2468:Key findings include: 1877:Bosnia and Herzegovina 502:National origin groups 479:Reasons for conversion 5174:Conversion to mosques 5041:Alchemy and chemistry 3836:. LatinoMuslims.net. 2781:Daniel Khalil Salgado 2769:Imam Daniel Hernández 2748:Armando Bukele Kattán 2631: 1797:Saint Kitts and Nevis 1295:São Tomé and Príncipe 1138:Republic of the Congo 859:United States Spanish 627:Americans by ancestry 534:Costa Rican Americans 324:Asian Latin Americans 304:White Latin Americans 290:Related ethnic groups 5529:Creoles of Louisiana 4900:Ma malakat aymanukum 4475:Association football 4374:Moderate Kharijites 2516:institutional racism 2316:invaded Spain in 711 1622:United Arab Emirates 1058:World percentage of 644:Isleños of Louisiana 609:Venezuelan Americans 594:Salvadoran Americans 579:Paraguayan Americans 574:Panamanian Americans 569:Nicaraguan Americans 554:Guatemalan Americans 549:Ecuadorian Americans 372:Portuguese Americans 320:Afro-Latin Americans 204:Kartvelian languages 5933:Women in journalism 5496:Hispanic and Latino 3914:HispanicMuslims.com 3872:The LADO Newsletter 3553:Pew Research Center 3527:Pew Research Center 3477:on 11 February 2021 3403:Latina/o y Musulmán 3325:Whittier Law Review 3045:. Religionfacts.com 2555:www.Latinodawah.org 2527:Five Percent Nation 2447:Pew Research Center 2344:liberation theology 2338:Liberation theology 1817:Trinidad and Tobago 1657:Antigua and Barbuda 667:Political movements 604:Uruguayan Americans 544:Dominican Americans 529:Colombian Americans 519:Brazilian Americans 509:Argentine Americans 486:Part of a series on 376:Caribbean Americans 96: 5395:Quran and miracles 5309:Criticism of Islam 5013:Geometric patterns 4865:Gender segregation 4436:Non-denominational 3596:Reichard, Raquel. 3360:10.1093/bjc/azp035 3272:10.1111/nbfr.12110 2763:Imam Wesley Lebron 2753:Ustadh Kenny Solis 2634: 1722:Dominican Republic 584:Peruvian Americans 559:Honduran Americans 514:Bolivian Americans 94: 44:possibly contains 5984: 5983: 5645: 5644: 5446: 5445: 5412: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5380:Domestic violence 5370:Islamic terrorism 5365:Islamic extremism 5186: 5185: 5182: 5181: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4740:Marriage contract 4570: 4569: 4530:Political aspects 4259:Story of Prophets 4028:Prophets of Islam 3909:LatinoMuslims.net 3266:(1064): 489–506. 2733:Juan Carlos Gómez 2703:Cristian Gonzáles 2263: 2262: 1153:Equatorial Guinea 1040: 1039: 599:Spanish Americans 564:Mexican Americans 524:Chilean Americans 472:Roman Catholicism 422:), and that 388:Morisco Americans 381: 380: 160:Portuguese Creole 89: 88: 81: 46:original research 16:(Redirected from 6014: 6002:American Muslims 5974: 5973: 5964: 5963: 5953: 5950: 5902:Washington, D.C. 5780:Religious groups 5605:Central American 5569: 5568: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5450: 5449: 5436: 5435: 5428:Islam portal 5426: 5425: 5424: 5206: 5205: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5033:Medieval science 4976: 4975: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4617:Economic history 4600: 4599: 4576: 4575: 4562:Islam by country 4347:Bektashi Alevism 3985: 3984: 3976:Outline of Islam 3958: 3951: 3944: 3935: 3934: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3807: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3730:. 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769: 768: 693: 685: 684: 683: 668: 660: 659: 658: 629: 623: 615: 614: 613: 539:Cuban Americans 503: 493: 481: 296:Latin Americans 275: 274: 268: 266: 236:Karachay-Balkar 151: 147: 128: 116: 92: 85: 74: 68: 65: 50: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6020: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5968: 5955: 5954: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5650:South American 5647: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5573: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5543: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5517:North American 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5430: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5305: 5303: 5302:Related topics 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5274: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5214: 5212: 5202: 5201: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5164: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4972: 4971: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4925: 4923:Sources of law 4920: 4915: 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1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1258:Western Sahara 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1074: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1057: 1049: 1048: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1034: 1027: 1020: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1006: 991: 990: 986: 985: 980: 975: 969: 968: 965: 964: 961: 960: 956: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 934: 933: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 888: 884: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 862: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 826: 820: 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 807: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 780: 779: 776: 775: 772: 771: 767: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 695: 694: 691: 690: 687: 686: 682: 681: 676: 670: 669: 666: 665: 662: 661: 657: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 630: 625: 624: 621: 620: 617: 616: 612: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 505: 504: 501: 500: 497: 496: 488: 487: 480: 477: 386:also known as 379: 378: 352:Nuevomexicanos 292: 291: 287: 286: 260: 259: 255: 254: 184:Judaeo-Spanish 136: 135: 131: 130: 112: 111: 107: 106: 102: 101: 90: 87: 86: 41: 39: 32: 18:Latino Muslims 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6019: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5977: 5969: 5967: 5959: 5958: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5850:Massachusetts 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5828:San Francisco 5826: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754:Ethnic groups 5752: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5558:Nuevomexicano 5556: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5467: 5462: 5460: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5439: 5431: 5429: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5341:Post-Islamism 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5233:Protestantism 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5189: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071:Ophthalmology 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4819:Death penalty 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785:Other aspects 4783: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4589:Jurisprudence 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4270:Denominations 4267: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4055:Holiest sites 4053: 4051: 4050:Judgement Day 4048: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3971: 3966: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3924:HablamosIslam 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3845: 3843:9781530007349 3839: 3835: 3834: 3826: 3811: 3804: 3797: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3734:on 2016-02-02 3733: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3705:on 2017-01-08 3704: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3622: 3615: 3599: 3592: 3576: 3570: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3441: 3437: 3434:Mort, Steve. 3430: 3415: 3413:9781608990900 3409: 3405: 3404: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3296:(2): 99–114. 3295: 3291: 3284: 3282: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3222: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3192: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3063: 3061: 3044: 3038: 3023: 3021:9781267729910 3017: 3013: 3012: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2990: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2915: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2842: 2839: 2828: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2593:Thomas Irving 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2531:hip hop music 2528: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2497: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2458: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2436:United States 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2384: 2382: 2376: 2367: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352:Enlightenment 2348: 2345: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2296:, and in the 2295: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2220: 2219: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2166:New Caledonia 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2105: 2104: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1957:Liechtenstein 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1822:United States 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1737:French Guiana 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1193:Guinea-Bissau 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1010: 1005: 995: 994: 993: 992: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 970: 963: 962: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 932: 929: 928: 927: 926:Puerto Ricans 924: 922: 921:Nuevomexicano 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 898: 894:Ethnic groups 891: 890: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 831: 830: 827: 825: 822: 821: 814: 813: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 781: 774: 773: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 696: 692:Organizations 689: 688: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 664: 663: 655: 654:Puerto Ricans 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 631: 628: 619: 618: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 499: 498: 495: 490: 489: 485: 484: 476: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 440: 435: 434: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 404:Latin America 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 284: 280: 273: 265: 261: 256: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 232:Crimean Tatar 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 155: 152:(by those of 150: 145: 141: 137: 132: 127: 123: 119: 113: 108: 103: 98: 83: 80: 72: 62: 58: 54: 48: 47: 42:This article 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 5948: 5796: 5589:Puerto Rican 5508:Demographics 5353:Islamophobia 5218:Christianity 5166: 5099:Contemporary 4993:Architecture 4932: 4898: 4886: 4874: 4832: 4825: 4791: 4773: 4768:Nikah mut'ah 4766: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4695: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4534: 4257: 4181: 4163: 4156: 4100: 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