1911:
1921:
24:
155:
1515:
1010:
780:
623:
2412:
1876:
1369:
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925:
2558:
1364:
765:
2523:
1886:
1344:
785:
1800:
2015:
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322:
1234:
578:
427:
2563:
2427:
1505:
1249:
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193:, judges retained greater power than their continental counterparts and began to develop a body of precedent. Originally civil law was one common legal system in much of
1299:
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2310:
2060:
1635:
800:
588:
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613:
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1199:
890:
2422:
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2192:
1835:
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1462:
1447:
1274:
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990:
965:
815:
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755:
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568:
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2005:
1810:
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985:
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835:
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1815:
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1730:
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865:
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795:
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1467:
1402:
1174:
1121:
970:
880:
770:
2384:
1957:
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702:
218:
209:, it became fractured into separate national systems. This change was brought about by the development of separate national
88:
1550:
60:
264:
245:. In accordance with its history, the interpretation of European law relies less on policy considerations than U.S. law.
658:& Martin Gelter, The Transatlantic Divergence in Legal Thought: American Law and Economics vs. German Doctrinalism,
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1294:
1114:
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392:
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41:
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695:
636:
276:
222:
2351:
2222:
2035:
554:
242:
1567:
1543:
1419:
1254:
139:
229:
were the most influential. Around this time civil law incorporated many ideas associated with the
2232:
34:
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2142:
1943:
1745:
603:
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688:
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542:
230:
175:
81:
8:
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1865:
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280:
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2187:
2162:
2020:
1740:
1610:
598:
497:
472:
327:
214:
159:
138:, which form the basis of the two dominant forms of legal system of private law,
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2167:
2080:
2075:
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2010:
1995:
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Hastings
International and Comparative Law Review 2008, vol. 31, p. 295-360
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130:
refers to the legal systems of Europe. Europe saw the birth of both the
1380:
1099:
210:
143:
547:
167:
23:
669:
659:
241:. Law in the EU is however mixed with precedent in case law of the
187:
154:
2362:
190:
1935:
680:
194:
126:
1528:
237:'s Law is based on a codified set of laws, laid down in the
561:
122:
674:, forthcoming in Encyclopedia on Law & Economics.
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1951:
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1517:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
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2371:
1958:
1944:
1551:
1537:
1403:
1389:
1122:
1108:
703:
689:
624:Law of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
166:The law of Europe has a diverse history.
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
1410:
1129:
562:Dependencies, autonomies and territories
153:
2587:
158:First page of the 1804 edition of the
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1939:
1532:
1384:
1103:
684:
248:
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
270:
265:European Convention on Human Rights
13:
2392:
14:
2611:
1965:
710:
182:, as later developed through the
1919:
1910:
1909:
1245:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1011:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
781:Democratic Republic of the Congo
22:
1558:
186:by medieval legal scholars. In
33:needs additional citations for
2413:Federated States of Micronesia
1877:British Indian Ocean Territory
649:
393:Law of the Republic of Ireland
1:
642:
323:Law of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1370:United States Virgin Islands
671:History of Law and Economics
579:Law of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
428:Law of Republic of Macedonia
7:
630:
205:and around the time of the
10:
2616:
637:Legal systems of the world
277:Legal systems of the world
274:
149:
2504:
2481:
2400:
2344:
2296:
2258:
1973:
1905:
1864:
1824:
1566:
1491:
1418:
1345:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1263:
1137:
1024:
999:
718:
555:Law of Vatican City State
243:European Court of Justice
2559:Northern Mariana Islands
1626:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1365:Turks and Caicos Islands
766:Central African Republic
589:Law of the Faroe Islands
538:Law of England and Wales
2524:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1887:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
614:Law of Nagorno-Karabakh
543:Law of Northern Ireland
197:, but with the rise of
2016:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1295:British Virgin Islands
1131:Law in North America
664:; Martin Gelter &
604:Law of the Isle of Man
458:Law of Northern Cyprus
453:Law of the Netherlands
213:, of which the French
163:
2507:and other territories
1412:Law in South America
1235:Saint Kitts and Nevis
926:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
786:Republic of the Congo
533:Law of United Kingdom
343:Law of Czech Republic
275:Further information:
157:
1801:United Arab Emirates
666:Kristoffel Grechenig
656:Kristoffel Grechenig
413:Law of Liechtenstein
201:in the 17th century
176:Corpus Juris Civilis
42:improve this article
2259:States with limited
1828:limited recognition
1250:Trinidad and Tobago
1145:Antigua and Barbuda
1001:States with limited
281:Jurisdiction (area)
1185:Dominican Republic
619:Law of Nakhichevan
518:Law of Switzerland
260:European Union law
164:
2582:
2581:
2574:Wallis and Futuna
2482:Associated states
2360:
2359:
1933:
1932:
1870:other territories
1526:
1525:
1498:other territories
1378:
1377:
1267:other territories
1097:
1096:
1028:other territories
801:Equatorial Guinea
488:Law of San Marino
448:Law of Montenegro
423:Law of Luxembourg
403:Law of Kazakhstan
308:Law of Azerbaijan
255:Council of Europe
249:Supranational law
207:French Revolution
118:
117:
110:
92:
2607:
2564:Pitcairn Islands
2534:French Polynesia
2519:Christmas Island
2448:Papua New Guinea
2428:Marshall Islands
2401:Sovereign states
2387:
2380:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2297:Dependencies and
2233:Northern Ireland
1974:Sovereign states
1960:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1923:
1913:
1912:
1882:Christmas Island
1568:Sovereign states
1553:
1546:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1518:
1506:Falkland Islands
1420:Sovereign states
1405:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1335:Saint Barthélemy
1265:Dependencies and
1138:Sovereign states
1124:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1088:(United Kingdom)
1084:Tristan da Cunha
1080:Ascension Island
1072:
1059:
1050:
1026:Dependencies and
719:Sovereign states
705:
698:
691:
682:
681:
675:
653:
594:Law of Gibraltar
418:Law of Lithuania
271:Law by countries
203:Nordic countries
170:underwent major
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2506:
2500:
2483:
2477:
2458:Solomon Islands
2396:
2394:Law in Oceania
2391:
2361:
2356:
2340:
2298:
2292:
2278:Northern Cyprus
2260:
2254:
2148:North Macedonia
1969:
1964:
1934:
1929:
1901:
1869:
1860:
1841:Northern Cyprus
1827:
1820:
1562:
1557:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1499:
1497:
1487:
1414:
1409:
1379:
1374:
1268:
1266:
1259:
1133:
1128:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1070:
1057:
1048:
1029:
1027:
1020:
1004:
1002:
995:
714:
709:
679:
678:
654:
650:
645:
633:
628:
599:Law of Guernsey
569:Law of Abkhazia
564:
559:
548:Law of Scotland
503:Law of Slovenia
498:Law of Slovakia
473:Law of Portugal
328:Law of Bulgaria
283:
273:
251:
215:Napoleonic Code
160:Napoleonic Code
152:
114:
103:
97:
94:
57:"Law in Europe"
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
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2561:
2556:
2554:Norfolk Island
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2514:American Samoa
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2484:of New Zealand
2479:
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2398:
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2389:
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2375:
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2357:
2355:
2354:
2352:European Union
2348:
2346:
2345:Other entities
2342:
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2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
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2300:
2299:other entities
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2240:
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2223:United Kingdom
2220:
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2195:
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2078:
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2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:Czech Republic
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
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1971:
1970:
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1962:
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1400:
1393:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1355:Sint Eustatius
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1300:Cayman Islands
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1261:
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1127:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1073:
1060:
1051:
1037:Canary Islands
1033:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
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868:
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828:
823:
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803:
798:
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783:
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773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
722:
720:
716:
715:
712:Law in Africa
708:
707:
700:
693:
685:
677:
676:
647:
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629:
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621:
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586:
581:
576:
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565:
563:
560:
558:
557:
552:
551:
550:
545:
540:
530:
528:Law of Ukraine
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
478:Law of Romania
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
438:Law of Moldova
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
388:Law of Iceland
385:
383:Law of Hungary
380:
375:
373:Law of Germany
370:
368:Law of Georgia
365:
360:
358:Law of Finland
355:
353:Law of Estonia
350:
348:Law of Denmark
345:
340:
335:
333:Law of Croatia
330:
325:
320:
318:Law of Belgium
315:
313:Law of Belarus
310:
305:
303:Law of Austria
300:
298:Law of Armenia
295:
293:Law of Andorra
290:
288:Law of Albania
284:
272:
269:
268:
267:
262:
257:
250:
247:
235:European Union
151:
148:
136:British Empire
116:
115:
98:September 2014
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2612:
2601:
2600:Legal systems
2598:
2596:
2595:Law in Europe
2593:
2592:
2590:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:New Caledonia
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:Easter Island
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
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2456:
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2409:
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2403:
2399:
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2369:
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2343:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:Faroe Islands
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:South Ossetia
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2244:
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2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
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2189:
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2176:
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2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:Liechtenstein
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:Law in Europe
1961:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:South Ossetia
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
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1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
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1754:
1752:
1749:
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1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
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1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
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1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
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1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1511:French Guiana
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1255:United States
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
998:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
841:Guinea-Bissau
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
721:
717:
713:
706:
701:
699:
694:
692:
687:
686:
683:
673:
672:
667:
663:
662:
657:
652:
648:
638:
635:
634:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
609:Law of Jersey
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:Law of Crimea
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
556:
553:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
523:Law of Turkey
521:
519:
516:
514:
513:Law of Sweden
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
493:Law of Serbia
491:
489:
486:
484:
483:Law of Russia
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
468:Law of Poland
466:
464:
463:Law of Norway
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
443:Law of Monaco
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
408:Law of Latvia
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
378:Law of Greece
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
363:Law of France
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
338:Law of Cyprus
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
282:
278:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:Enlightenment
228:
224:
220:
219:Austrian Code
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
161:
156:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:
124:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
2505:Dependencies
2491:Cook Islands
2288:Transnistria
2250:Vatican City
1966:
1866:Dependencies
1796:Turkmenistan
1761:Saudi Arabia
1560:Law in Asia
1494:Dependencies
1360:Sint Maarten
1340:Saint Martin
1076:Saint Helena
1047:
951:South Africa
941:Sierra Leone
746:Burkina Faso
670:
660:
651:
574:Law of Ă…land
508:Law of Spain
433:Law of Malta
398:Law of Italy
172:codification
165:
132:Roman Empire
121:
119:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
2438:New Zealand
2326:Isle of Man
2261:recognition
2208:Switzerland
2143:Netherlands
1925:Asia portal
1826:States with
1746:Philippines
1686:South Korea
1681:North Korea
1576:Afghanistan
1330:Puerto Rico
1240:Saint Lucia
1190:El Salvador
1003:recognition
956:South Sudan
846:Ivory Coast
227:Swiss codes
199:nationalism
184:Middle Ages
178:of Emperor
2589:Categories
2178:San Marino
2138:Montenegro
2118:Luxembourg
2098:Kazakhstan
2001:Azerbaijan
1806:Uzbekistan
1781:Tajikistan
1696:Kyrgyzstan
1676:Kazakhstan
1596:Bangladesh
1586:Azerbaijan
1325:Montserrat
1320:Martinique
1315:Guadeloupe
1170:Costa Rica
1058:(Portugal)
1016:Somaliland
936:Seychelles
901:Mozambique
886:Mauritania
871:Madagascar
826:The Gambia
761:Cape Verde
643:References
144:common law
68:newspapers
2408:Australia
2316:Gibraltar
2113:Lithuania
1892:Hong Kong
1846:Palestine
1771:Sri Lanka
1766:Singapore
1646:Indonesia
1483:Venezuela
1428:Argentina
1310:Greenland
1225:Nicaragua
1200:Guatemala
891:Mauritius
180:Justinian
168:Roman law
2423:Kiribati
2336:Svalbard
2321:Guernsey
2268:Abkhazia
2238:Scotland
2193:Slovenia
2188:Slovakia
2163:Portugal
2021:Bulgaria
1915:Category
1836:Abkhazia
1786:Thailand
1741:Pakistan
1721:Mongolia
1716:Maldives
1711:Malaysia
1611:Cambodia
1473:Suriname
1463:Paraguay
1448:Colombia
1275:Anguilla
1210:Honduras
1180:Dominica
1155:Barbados
1082: /
1078: /
1071:(France)
1065: /
1043: /
1039: /
991:Zimbabwe
966:Tanzania
816:Ethiopia
811:Eswatini
791:Djibouti
756:Cameroon
741:Botswana
631:See also
239:Treaties
188:Medieval
134:and the
2569:Tokelau
2473:Vanuatu
2228:England
2218:Ukraine
2168:Romania
2128:Moldova
2086:Ireland
2081:Iceland
2076:Hungary
2066:Germany
2061:Georgia
2051:Finland
2046:Estonia
2041:Denmark
2026:Croatia
2011:Belgium
2006:Belarus
1996:Austria
1991:Armenia
1986:Andorra
1981:Albania
1811:Vietnam
1726:Myanmar
1706:Lebanon
1636:Georgia
1591:Bahrain
1581:Armenia
1478:Uruguay
1453:Ecuador
1433:Bolivia
1305:Curaçao
1290:Bonaire
1285:Bermuda
1215:Jamaica
1195:Grenada
1150:Bahamas
1067:RĂ©union
1063:Mayotte
1054:Madeira
1049:(Spain)
1045:Melilla
976:Tunisia
946:Somalia
931:Senegal
916:Nigeria
906:Namibia
896:Morocco
861:Liberia
856:Lesotho
806:Eritrea
776:Comoros
751:Burundi
726:Algeria
191:England
174:in the
150:History
82:scholar
2544:Hawaii
2468:Tuvalu
2331:Jersey
2273:Kosovo
2213:Turkey
2203:Sweden
2183:Serbia
2173:Russia
2158:Poland
2153:Norway
2133:Monaco
2103:Latvia
2071:Greece
2056:France
2031:Cyprus
1856:Taiwan
1791:Turkey
1756:Russia
1691:Kuwait
1671:Jordan
1661:Israel
1621:Cyprus
1606:Brunei
1601:Bhutan
1458:Guyana
1438:Brazil
1230:Panama
1220:Mexico
1165:Canada
1160:Belize
1086:
1069:
1056:
986:Zambia
981:Uganda
921:Rwanda
876:Malawi
836:Guinea
731:Angola
233:. The
223:German
217:, the
195:Europe
127:Europe
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
2463:Tonga
2453:Samoa
2443:Palau
2433:Nauru
2306:Ă…land
2243:Wales
2198:Spain
2123:Malta
2093:Italy
1897:Macau
1816:Yemen
1776:Syria
1751:Qatar
1731:Nepal
1666:Japan
1641:India
1631:Egypt
1616:China
1443:Chile
1280:Aruba
1205:Haiti
1041:Ceuta
961:Sudan
911:Niger
866:Libya
851:Kenya
831:Ghana
821:Gabon
796:Egypt
736:Benin
211:codes
140:civil
89:JSTOR
75:books
2539:Guam
2496:Niue
2418:Fiji
1736:Oman
1701:Laos
1656:Iraq
1651:Iran
1468:Peru
1350:Saba
1175:Cuba
971:Togo
881:Mali
771:Chad
279:and
225:and
142:and
120:The
61:news
1868:and
1496:and
125:of
123:law
44:by
2591::
668:,
221:,
146:.
2386:e
2379:t
2372:v
1959:e
1952:t
1945:v
1552:e
1545:t
1538:v
1404:e
1397:t
1390:v
1123:e
1116:t
1109:v
704:e
697:t
690:v
162:.
111:)
105:(
100:)
96:(
86:·
79:·
72:·
65:·
38:.
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