M23 rebellion - Knowledge

1999: 1746: 5838: 399: 273: 262: 1757:, M23 leader met with him and agreed to let him mediate, which resulted in M23 agreeing to withdrawing their forces from Goma and Sake in principle, although a timeframe did not appear to have been agreed upon. However, a DRC military spokesman claimed that M23 had refused to abandon Goma and said: "They have refused to leave the city of Goma. This is a declaration of war, and we intend to resume combat." Nevertheless, the next day the situation appeared to ease, with M23 agreeing to a withdrawal from captured territory, with the intention of eventually leaving Goma and returning to their original positions before they took the city. 1484: 2148: 134: 1599:

rebels resumed their offensive the next day and in larger numbers; their advance put them within 18 miles of Goma. The army retreated under heavy fire to the southern outskirts of Kibumba after being forced back by the rebels, according to the provincial governor. The government army began to regroup around the nearby town of Kilimanyoka after the retreat. Later rebels claimed to have seized control of Kibumba but said they had no plans on attacking Goma. A UN spokesman told that the M23 appeared to be well equipped with night vision equipment and 120mm mortars.

48: 1908: 408: 368: 352: 306: 295: 284: 159: 146: 1799: 1471:, a North Kivu provincial capital with a population of one million people. By the end of November that year, the conflict had forced more than 140,000 people to flee their homes, according to the U.N. refugee agency, in addition to the refugees already forced from their homes by previous rounds of fighting in the region. After repelling an ill-organized government counterattack and making some further gains, M23 agreed to withdraw from Goma on their own and left the city in early December. 419: 359: 1761: 171: 6169: 429: 375: 184: 5848: 239: 226: 197: 1791:, consists of two principal parts. First, it calls on the DRC to implement security reforms, work to strengthen its government, and increase cooperation with its neighbors. Second, it calls on neighboring countries to help structurally reform certain DRC organizations, but to otherwise refrain from interfering with DRC internal affairs. It also opens the possibility of a UN intervention brigade being established in the region. 1639: 1612: 2052:, Uganda, the Congolese government delegation left the talks after a failure to agree to a wording of a document intended to officially end the insurgency. Government spokesman Lambert Mende said: "Uganda seems now to be acting as part of the conflict. It has interests in M23." At the same time, no dates for talks to resume were set. 1571:. Some 600 DRC troops fled across the border and took refuge in Uganda. The rebels issued a statement that they would cease their offensive if the government agreed to holding peace talks with them. The United Nations condemned rebel attacks in the region after an Indian peacekeeper was killed in the fighting. 2117:

stated that Rwandan authorities could be charged for "aiding and abetting" war crimes: "There is a line that one can cross under international law where you can be held responsible for aiding a group in a way that makes possible their commission of atrocities." The United States cited Rwandan support

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Fighting broke out again in November 2012, with reports of heavy gunfire and explosions near Goma. Both sides blamed the other for the outbreak of hostilities. Government forces claimed M23 rebels suffered 110 dead, a claim the rebels denied. Government forces reportedly used tanks and helicopters in

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The next day, following the two-week UN-backed offensive the government claimed to have defeated the rebels, as the group said it is ending its rebellion and would disarm and demobilise its forces in order to pursue a political solution. The announcement came hours after its fighters were driven out

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Following Uganda's calls for a ceasefire on 1 November and government shelling the next day, as well as a new offensive on 3 November in the hills around the border with Uganda and Rwanda, M23 leader Bertrand Bisimwa called to "immediately end hostilities" and that "we call on the facilitator of the

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DR Congo president Joseph Kabila urged the city's people to "resist" the group's takeover. UN spokesman Eduardo del Buey said peacekeepers "cannot substitute" for the national army, adding that the 1,500 UN troops in Goma held their fire because they did not want to risk civilian lives. UN Secretary

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reports on the scene confirmed that heavily armed M23 soldiers were present and walking through the city unchallenged, and that the UN peacekeepers present were not resisting the M23 advance through the city. Some residents came onto the streets to greet the rebel takeover. After guards of the local

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On 24 February 2013, eleven African nations signed an agreement designed to bring peace to the region. In October 2013, Congo told the UN that the M23 movement was virtually finished after being pushed back to a small area near Rwanda. On 7 November 2013, following significant defeats to a UN-backed

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A UN report stated that the rebels were getting support from Rwanda. According to the DR Congo government, 25 Rwandan members of M23 have surrendered as part of a total of over 370 M23 soldiers that have allegedly surrendered by 25 June. On 19 November, Rwanda claimed that the DRC government forces

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Several African countries have discussed contributing troops to an intervention force, which, if formed, would supplement the 17,000 UN military personnel already working in the area. The M23 rebels were not represented in the deal's negotiations or at the signing. M23 spokesperson Bertrand Bisimwa

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Almost 3,000 members of the Congolese army and police forces switched sides in Goma on 20 November and joined the rebellion as M23 continued its advance, seizing control of the town of Sake and stating that it intends to overthrow the national government. M23 forces began advancing towards the town

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said: "He started that rebellion. He gave them arms, he gave them financial support, he gave them equipment, and he gave them uniforms. So, it's not like I'm talking out of the blue. But, then, the chameleon he is, he turns around and then he postures as if he's the one who wants to bring peace."

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On 30 July, the group were given a 48-hour ultimatum by the U.N. to leave the Goma area or face "use of force." Between 21 and 29 August, heavy fighting outside Goma left 57 rebels, 10–23 government soldiers, 14 civilians and one Tanzanian U.N. peacekeeper dead. 720 government soldiers and 10 U.N.

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Clashes once again broke out in July 2013, as M23 fought back against what it said was an army assault involving aircraft and artillery. Government forces used heavy weapons against the rebels in the town of Muja, just north of Goma. A government spokesman claimed that 120 M23 members were killed,

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said he hopes the accord will usher in "an era of peace and stability" for Africa's Great Lakes region, but cautioned that the agreement "only the beginning of a comprehensive approach that will require sustained engagement." He also said that a special envoy would be deployed in Congo in the near

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The "UN condemned the atrocity as "horrifying" in its scale and systematic nature." The American Bar Association's office in Goma has identified 1,014 victims, but the UN had a final list of about 126. The DRC Army prosecuted officers in 2014 in what was called the Minova Trial, the largest rape

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On 18 November, it was reported that Congolese troops and the administration were leaving Goma in a hurry as M23 was at the gates of the city. The North Kivu governor left on a boat en route to South Kivu. The United Nations troops did not react when the rebels bypassed their camp on the road to

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Despite the calls, the army accused the rebels of bombing Bunagana. Army spokesman Olivier Hamuli said: "This is not fighting, it is bombs launched by M23 targeting the population of Bunagana. They are targeting civilians." Conversely, the rebels said that they were attacked with heavy weapons.

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In May 2013, fighting continued for the first time in six months as M23 attacked the government's forces north of Goma. At least 15 rebels and four government soldiers were killed in the fighting on 20 May as both sides traded artillery fire in the town of Mutaho near Goma after rebels tried to

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On 15 November, MONUSCO helicopter gunships were deployed to support government forces as they fought to hold off a rebel attack south of Kibumba, flying 17 sorties and firing more than 500 rockets and missiles. The combined army and UN assault killed approximately 64 M23 fighters. However, the

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M23 forces began an assault against army positions in Goma on 19 November, sending mortar shells and machine gun fire into the city which was still being defended by the government army. M23 spokesman Lt. Col. Vianney Kazarma said "Fighting is already taking place on the streets of Goma this

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By late morning, Congolese government troops had been forced back to the west of the city, with many abandoning their positions and withdrawing westwards from Goma entirely. Rebels marched into the centre without a shot being fired as the government army fled and UN peacekeepers stood down.

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prison fled Goma, along with the national army, more than a thousand criminal prisoners escaped through a hole in the prison wall. The rebels ordered civil servants back to work, warning they will not tolerate corruption, and allowed the UN troops to continue to patrol the streets.

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reported that four civilians were killed and 10 others were wounded in Bunagana on 4 November. UN, EU and AU envoys urged both sides not to undo the progress made in peace talks and that M23 should renounce its rebellion and the army should hold off from further military action.

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in 2003. The conflict reignited in late 2021 after rebel "general" Sultani Makenga and 100 rebel fighters attacked the border town of Bunagana but failed. A few months later, with a much larger force, the rebels of the M23 movement renewed their attack and captured Bunagana.

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morning." The DRC government spokesman confirmed the claim saying, "We have yet to stop this attack; they have not taken Goma yet." Congolese army units were reported to be holding defensive positions in the city centre and the airport armed with tanks and machine guns.

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province. By 10 July, they were 40 kilometers from the city of Goma. Witnesses said rebels appeared to be taking towns and villages with ease, with government troops usually melting away. The towns of Rubare and Ntamugenga had also reportedly fallen to the rebels.

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and government forces between 4 April 2012 and 7 November 2013. It ended when a peace agreement was made among eleven African nations, and the M23 troops surrendered in Uganda. The rebellion was part of continued fighting in the region after the formal end of the

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and 10 army soldiers were killed. The claim could not be independently verified. During the same fighting government's forces were accused by the UN of mistreatment of M23 detainees and desecration of corpses of M23 combatants. On 24 July 2013 the government's

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Despite the agreement, there were difficulties in pacifying the region. Over the 14–15 December weekend, at least 21 people were discovered to have been hacked to death in the area, although the perpetrators were not known. There were also concerns about

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at about 3:00. Bisimiwa issued a statement that read: "The chief of general staff and the commanders of all major units are requested to prepare troops for disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration on terms to be agreed with the government of Congo."

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region said from Pretoria: "In a region that has suffered so much, this is obviously a significant positive step in the right direction." On 6 November 2013, the 23 March rebels fled the country. The next day, the rebels surrendered at

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M23 forces entered the city proper on 20 November, advancing on foot up the main road towards the city centre. Heavy bursts of small arms fire could be heard in the city and near the airport. M23 was reported to have captured the

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Government forces, despite having withdrawn from Sake, launched a counterattack to retake the city on 22 November leading to heavy clashes with M23 forces there. The surprise counterattack was badly beaten by the rebels.

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had joined the M23. Stearns commented that this "is a significant development, since Makenga was the second highest ranking CNDP officer behind Ntaganda in the Amani Leo structure as the deputy commander of South Kivu."

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Local police surrendered their posts and weapons without resistance. M23 made a statement later on announcing: "The town of Goma fell at 11:33 local time, despite the attack helicopters, despite the heavy weapons, the

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fired tank and mortar shells across the border into its territory. The DRC government confirmed the incident, but claimed that Rwanda shelled its own territory to justify a wider-scale intervention in the DRC.

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trial in DRC history. Only a few junior officers were convicted. There has been insufficient financial support for the women who were victimized, and insufficient protection for them in the years since.

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said the discussions had been productive thus far. Joseph Kabila said negotiations would continue, but added that time was running out to reach an agreement, citing the 15 March deadline for the talks.

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criticized M23 for alleged human rights violations during the takeover, including destruction of property, "intimidation of journalists", and the abduction of women and children. Noting that the

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said the agreement was not a long-term solution. "You're not going to be able to impose peace from above or the outside on people who don't want peace", he remarked. On his blog about Congo,

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In late October, the Congolese army captured two towns from M23 rebels: Kiwanja and Buhumba, both of which are in the Rutshuru area of North Kivu province, near the Rwandan border.

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called the agreement and appointment of a UN envoy "important steps" in the peace process and commended the spirit of "good neighborliness" demonstrated. However, regional analyst

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agrees writing "So are we back in a peace process? Not really. Or more precisely: We don't know yet. The agreement is more a statement of principles than a concrete action plan."

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and those loyal to Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, who is allied with Bosco Ntaganda, have killed ten men and two others were hospitalized. M23 has denied that it is hit by dissent.

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On 24 February 2013, leaders of 11 African nations signed an agreement designed to bring peace to the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Among the signers were

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declared that the UK government decided to withhold a multimillion-dollar aid payment to Rwanda over allegations that it is backing M23 rebels. Rwandan Foreign Minister

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and discovered mass graves. On 30 October, the first town seized by the rebels in 2012 was stormed by UN-backed Congolese troops as the rebels abandoned Bunagana.

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Government spokesman Laurent Mende said that many rebel fighters were surrendering and that Congo was ready to pursue peace talks. The U.S. special envoy for the

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On 20 July, M23 and government forces exchanged heavy weapons fire around Kibumba and Rugari, forcing thousands of civilians to flee towards

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On 25 February, disagreement between factions of the M23 about how to react to the peace agreement led to violence. M23's political leader,

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Full text of the Agenda for the Dialogue between the Government of the DRC and the M23 on the situation in Eastern Congo, 16 January 2013

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Rwanda denied that it was backing the rebels, calling the accusation an attempt to make the nation a "scapegoat" for DRC's problems. The

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authorized the deployment of an intervention brigade within MONUSCO to carry out targeted offensive operations, with or without the

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Separately, negotiations between the Congolese government and rebel leaders continued in neighboring Uganda. Ugandan Vice President

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The U.S. government announced on 21 July that it would cut military aid to Rwanda. U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues

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for M23 officers and soldiers who were in Uganda and Rwanda and fears of renewed instability. Furthermore, on 2 January, Colonel

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by marginalising the leaders of Burundi and Tanzania by not inviting them for the talks. Freedom and Unity Front leader General

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gunships, piloted by Ukrainian soldiers from high altitudes, inflicted heavy civilian casualties near the village of Rumangabo.

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In October 2013, Congo told the UN that the movement was virtually finished after being pushed back from its key position at

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replied that the measure "is based on allegations of faulty reports which we have said for the last six months are wrong."

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Goma. The following day, M23 demanded that the Congolese government open peace talks, or face an escalation of fighting.

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said she welcomes the deal and called on the Congolese government to continue working towards peace.

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described Goma's takeover as "raising serious questions about the stability of Congo as a whole."

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Thousands of hungry and demoralized government soldiers fled back in disarray to the town of

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state on 21 November. They announced their next intended target after Bukavu as the city of

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as about 1,500 fighters, believed to be most of the force were held after surrendering in

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United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Kampala peace talks to immediately put in place a mechanism to monitor the ceasefire."

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On 8 July, the rebels captured Rutshuru, 70 kilometers north of Goma, the capital of

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and 300 loyal troops defected from the DRC and clashed with government forces in the

1507: 1453: 1428: 1271: 1169: 1057: 851: 841: 783: 212: 7576: 6764: 3477:"M23 rebels will not leave Congo city of Goma; army calls it a "declaration of war"" 1784:, both of whom had been accused of aiding the rebellion, a charge the nations deny. 7835: 7735: 7527: 7229: 6833: 6294: 6279: 6245: 6120: 6078: 5948: 5793: 5611: 5432: 5421: 5260: 5250: 5194: 5106: 4760: 4609: 4495: 4401: 4007: 3980: 3862: 3836: 3810: 3734: 3645: 3218: 3042: 2986:"RD Congo : militaires et autorités fuient Goma face à l'avancée des rebelles" 2791: 2590: 2359: 2298: 2271: 2129: 2091:, who helped lead the counter-operations, was killed in North Kivu province by the 1827: 1433: 1360: 1313: 1308: 1293: 1174: 946: 931: 863: 643: 633: 592: 507: 315: 47: 6146:

International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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On 1 December, M23 rebels pulled out of Goma, later under Congolese army control.

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Mark Townsend, "Revealed: how the world turned its back on rape victims of Congo"

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On 30 November 2012, the United Kingdom's international development secretary

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said he had not read the agreement but hoped it would not reignite fighting.

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On 18 March 2013, Bosco Ntaganda turned himself in to the U.S. embassy in

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retake it from the government, which had recently seized it from them.

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government offensive, M23 troops crossed into Uganda and surrendered.

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A South African peacekeeper from the MONUSCO force, pictured in 2013

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the fighting, which saw rebels advance closer to Goma nevertheless.

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BBC News – Bosco Ntaganda: Wanted Congolese in US mission in Rwanda

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against the DRC government and the peacekeeping contingent of the

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Moses Rono BBC Africa security correspondent (5 November 2013).

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Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)

5847: 3270: 2033: 2029: 1854: 1781: 1777: 1724: 1701: 1651: 1568: 1461: 1457: 1445: 244: 231: 202: 1885:, was sacked. In a statement signed by M23's military leader, 1611: 6284: 6212: 2531:"Casualties as Congo and UN forces fight rebels – Yahoo News" 2125:

said it was unable to confirm that Rwanda has supported M23.

2122: 3444: 3361: 2272:"Rwanda defence chief leads DR Congo rebels, UN report says" 1896: 5931: 5375: 4906:"U.S. cuts military aid to Rwanda over Congo rebel support" 4065:"United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's Statements" 3889:

February 2013 "Clashes among DR Congo rebels leave 10 dead"

3583:"African leaders sign deal aimed at peace in eastern Congo" 3333:"Congo dispatch: Goma cowers under rule of its new masters" 2898:"UN defends failed attempt to halt capture of Congo's Goma" 2621:"UK withholds Rwanda aid over claims it backs Congo rebels" 1616: 1583: 1528: 1468: 883: 53: 3837:"DR Congo: Army 'seizes' eastern towns held by M23 rebels" 3124: 2846:"Thousands flee heavy fighting between Congo army, rebels" 2202:. Africareview.com (2 June 2012). Retrieved on 2013-09-04. 4814:"Rwanda accuses DR Congo of bombing amid battle for Goma" 4496:"DR Congo's M23 rebel chief Sultani Makenga 'surrenders'" 4035:"Congo army, M23 rebels clash for a second day near Goma" 3863:"DR Congo: Bunagana residents flee M23 clashes to Uganda" 2619:

Laura Smith-Spark and David McKenzie (30 November 2012).

2118:

for the M23 militia, while they employed child soldiers.

5575: 5490: 4349:"DR Congo battles rage despite ceasefire offer – Africa" 4297:"Congo army enters last major rebel stronghold – Africa" 3811:"BBC News – DR Congo: Bosco Ntaganda appears before ICC" 3189:"RPT-War-weary Goma frets under uneasy rebel occupation" 3158:"Congo rebels seize eastern city as U.N. forces look on" 2704:"DRC rebels vow not to stop at Goma, say Kabila must go" 1815:

future. United States ambassador to the United Nations,

1740: 6096:

Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

4999:"DRC conflict leads US to stop military aid for Rwanda" 1537:

Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, 2011

4091:

DR Congo: Army pounded the positions of M23 Rumangabo.

3981:"BBC News – DR Congo fighting: Goma clashes 'kill 19'" 6794: 5001:. Radio Netherlands. 21 November 2012. Archived from 4445: 4443: 3744:. Bbc.co.uk (18 March 2013). Retrieved on 2013-09-04. 3246:"DR Congo rebels capture Goma, accused of atrocities" 2958:

Jonny Hogg and Louis Charbonneau (18 November 2012).

2929:"U.N. attack helicopters hit rebels in eastern Congo" 2649:. Agence France-Presse. 23 March 2009. Archived from 2360:"DR Congo: M23's Makenga and Runiga factions 'clash'" 2098: 1452:(MONUSCO). Mutineers formed a rebel group called the 6101:

Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3785:"The surrender of Bosco Ntaganda – Al Jazeera Blogs" 3271:

Jeffrey Gettleman and Josh Kron (20 November 2012).

2960:"Well-equipped rebels advance in eastern Congo -U.N" 2647:"DR Congo government, CNDP rebels 'sign peace deal'" 2143: 2002:

Government troops of the FARDC near Goma in May 2013

4451:"DR Congo rebels say their revolt is over – Africa" 3954:"Rebels and army clash in DR Congo's Goma – Africa" 2556:

BDlive – SA soldiers getting more involved in Congo

7956:Civil wars in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4440: 4271:"Congolese soldiers push back M23 rebels – Africa" 2819:"DR Congo rebels seize strategic town of Rutshuru" 2516:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 135–6. 2447:"International court detains Rwandan-born warlord" 2242:"UN troops clash with rebels in DR Congo – Africa" 2188: 2186: 1563:On 6 July 2012, M23 attacked and took the town of 5843:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations 5777:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations 5025:"SANDF unable to confirm Rwandan support for M23" 4402:"BBC News – DR Congo claims defeat of M23 rebels" 4163:"International News | World News – ABC News" 4137:"International News | World News – ABC News" 3978: 3673: 3445:Richard Lough and Jonny Hogg (27 November 2012). 3362:Edmund Kagire, Melanie Gouby (22 November 2012). 2299:"BBC News – DR Congo M23 rebels 'end insurgency'" 2105:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations 7932: 4111:"UN gives ultimatum to DR Congo rebels – Africa" 3728: 3417: 3415: 3308:. CTV News. Associated Press. 21 November 2012. 2762:"Congo rebels offer peace talks with government" 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 1685:had begun with fighting in the same region, the 1467:On 20 November 2012, M23 rebels took control of 5990: 5894:Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries 4241:"Congolese Army Says It Has Taken 2 More Towns" 3125:Pete Jones and David Smith (20 November 2012). 3096:"DRC rebels capture Goma without firing a shot" 3012:"DR. Congo rebels give 24-hour talks ultimatum" 2579:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 107. 2472: 2183: 1764:M23 rebels withdrawing from Goma, November 2012 1514:National Congress for the Defence of the People 1442:National Congress for the Defence of the People 4875:"Rwanda accuses Congo of shelling border town" 4838: 4779: 4700:"DR Congo risks violence despite rebel defeat" 2759: 2296: 2077:government of the Democratic Republic of Congo 6780: 6198: 5820: 5074: 4934: 4667:"Children among group hacked to death in DRC" 4323:"DRC's M23 rebels declare ceasefire – Africa" 3412: 2843: 2732: 2671: 2497: 2193:South Africa deploys troops to DR Congo: News 1857:, Rwanda, where he requested transfer to the 1130: 1025: 557: 466: 7951:2013 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 7946:2012 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5962: 4571:"DRC leaves Uganda-hosted talks with rebels" 3669: 3667: 3538:"Rebels Pull Out of Strategic City in Congo" 2816: 2574: 2511: 2440: 2438: 85:(1 year, 7 months and 3 days) 5624: 4375:"DR Congo army defeats M23 rebels – Africa" 3646:"DR Congo: African leaders sign peace deal" 3330: 3093: 2864: 2444: 1951: 1567:less than a kilometer from the border with 1547: 6787: 6773: 6205: 6191: 5827: 5813: 5081: 5067: 4903: 4872: 4811: 4728: 4005: 3676:"'Framework' Announced for Peace in Congo" 3613:"African Leaders Sign DR Congo Peace Deal" 3243: 3155: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3014:. Agence France-Presse. 19 November 2012. 2926: 2701: 1137: 1123: 1032: 1018: 564: 550: 473: 459: 4787:"Clashes in eastern DR Congo claim lives" 3664: 3535: 3435:, 13 June 2015; accessed 15 November 2017 2525: 2523: 2435: 1903:United Nations Force Intervention Brigade 1897:United Nations Force Intervention Brigade 1589: 480: 6936:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 4761:"Rwanda 'supporting DR Congo mutineers'" 4731:"Death of Mamadou: DRC's warrior leader" 4637:"DRC government and M23 sign peace deal" 3640: 3638: 3219:"Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city" 2591:"Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city" 2265: 2263: 2210: 2208: 1997: 1906: 1797: 1759: 1744: 1637: 1610: 1482: 7479:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) 7153:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis 4032: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3273:"Congo Rebels Seize Provincial Capital" 3264: 3043:"DR Congo M23 rebels 'enter Goma city'" 3030: 2872:"UN calls for end to DR Congo violence" 2167: 2154:Democratic Republic of the Congo portal 1666:has let the town fall into our hands." 335: 324: 7933: 4816:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from 4221:from the original on 24 September 2015 3934:from the original on 28 September 2013 3787:. Blogs.aljazeera.com. 20 March 2013. 3674:Jeffrey Gettleman (24 February 2013). 3536:Gettleman, Jeffrey (1 December 2012). 3300: 3298: 3248:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from 2988:. AFP via Romandie. 18 November 2012. 2710:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from 2683:from the original on 21 September 2013 2577:The War Report: Armed Conflict in 2012 2520: 2514:The War Report: Armed Conflict in 2013 2354: 2352: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2071:On 12 December 2013, Kenyan President 1519:On 4 April 2012, it was reported that 973:Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila 7668:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict 7589:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes 6768: 6186: 5808: 5655: 5219:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government 5062: 4916:from the original on 3 September 2012 4897: 4851:from the original on 21 November 2012 4602: 4584:from the original on 12 November 2013 4408:from the original on 26 November 2018 4169:from the original on 1 September 2013 3765:from the original on 6 September 2015 3686:from the original on 24 February 2013 3652:from the original on 24 February 2013 3635: 3623:from the original on 26 February 2013 3593:from the original on 28 February 2013 3548:from the original on 30 December 2012 3457:from the original on 27 November 2012 3387: 3343:from the original on 18 November 2018 3312:from the original on 21 November 2012 3283:from the original on 20 November 2012 3186: 3168:from the original on 21 November 2012 3137:from the original on 22 November 2012 3106:from the original on 21 November 2012 3075:from the original on 22 February 2014 2962:. Reuters via TheStar. Archived from 2908:from the original on 29 November 2012 2878:from the original on 20 November 2012 2825:from the original on 19 November 2012 2798:from the original on 23 December 2012 2410: 2392:from the original on 6 September 2012 2366:from the original on 28 February 2013 2278:from the original on 27 November 2012 2260: 2205: 1741:Peace negotiations and M23 withdrawal 1694: 1646:M23 forces moved in two columns past 1332: 1118: 1013: 928: 802: 757: 735:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government 545: 454: 5031:from the original on 3 February 2016 4979:from the original on 7 November 2013 4457:from the original on 6 November 2013 4381:from the original on 6 November 2013 4355:from the original on 5 November 2013 4329:from the original on 4 November 2013 4303:from the original on 1 November 2013 4277:from the original on 31 October 2013 4251:from the original on 9 November 2013 4195:from the original on 5 November 2013 4071:from the original on 3 February 2016 4045:from the original on 4 November 2013 3855: 3829: 3791:from the original on 2 November 2013 3560: 3400:from the original on 31 October 2013 3225:from the original on 5 December 2012 3199:from the original on 4 November 2013 3049:from the original on 5 December 2012 3018:from the original on 4 December 2017 2992:from the original on 3 February 2016 2597:from the original on 5 December 2012 2537:from the original on 5 November 2013 2510:Estimate for 2013 only presented by 2485:from the original on 31 October 2013 2305:from the original on 6 November 2013 2222:from the original on 3 December 2013 1787:The deal, which was brokered by the 1555:reported on 4 May 2012 that Colonel 929: 7758:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict 7709:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 7224:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 6038:2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash 5912:East African campaign (World War I) 5150:East African campaign (World War I) 4839:Katrina Manson (19 November 2012). 4741:from the original on 20 August 2017 4710:from the original on 20 August 2017 4680:from the original on 20 August 2017 4647:from the original on 20 August 2017 4521:DR Congo rebels surrender in Uganda 4143:from the original on 28 August 2013 3987:from the original on 13 August 2013 3960:from the original on 20 August 2013 3605: 3295: 3187:Lough, Richard (25 November 2012). 2792:"DR Congo rebels 'advance on Goma'" 2627:from the original on 20 August 2013 2473:Johnny McDevitt (1 December 2012). 2423:from the original on 11 August 2014 2386:"DR Congo troops shell rebel bases" 2349: 2328: 2317: 2269:According to a leaked U.N. report. 2248:from the original on 27 August 2013 2059:was also accused of subverting the 1876: 1356:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 803: 758: 13: 7466:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict 7008:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 4551:from the original on 22 March 2014 4117:from the original on 1 August 2013 3817:from the original on 1 August 2013 3716:from the original on 11 April 2013 3513:. 28 November 2012. Archived from 3483:. 26 November 2012. Archived from 2575:Casey-Maslen, Stuart, ed. (2013). 2533:. News.yahoo.com. 26 August 2013. 2512:Casey-Maslen, Stuart, ed. (2014). 2453:from the original on 15 April 2014 2297:Andrew Harding (5 November 2013). 2099:Allegations of Rwandan involvement 1993: 1771: 1039: 14: 7997: 7703:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 7406:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 6305:Transitional Government (2003–06) 5724:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 5046: 4947:from the original on 26 July 2012 4793:from the original on 14 June 2012 4767:from the original on 21 July 2012 4617:from the original on 5 March 2016 4603:Butty, James (20 November 2013). 4502:from the original on 12 June 2018 4014:from the original on 18 July 2013 3979:Gabriel Gatehouse (21 May 2013). 3869:from the original on 3 March 2013 3843:from the original on 2 March 2013 2772:from the original on 17 July 2012 2475:"Congo rebels withdraw from Goma" 2411:Smith, David (28 November 2012). 2337:from the original on 3 April 2015 1606: 1427:(DRC), that occurred between the 1346:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 1144: 7533:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 6214:Democratic Republic of the Congo 6168: 6167: 5846: 5836: 5091:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5017: 4991: 3388:Jones, Pete (26 November 2012). 3331:David Blair (21 November 2012). 3094:Mike Pflanz (20 November 2012). 2874:. Al Jazeera. 18 November 2012. 2146: 1948:peacekeepers were also wounded. 1749:MONUSCO troops around Goma, 2012 1497:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1425:Democratic Republic of the Congo 571: 443:Civilian casualties: 283+ killed 427: 417: 406: 397: 373: 366: 357: 350: 304: 293: 282: 271: 260: 237: 224: 195: 182: 169: 157: 144: 140:Democratic Republic of the Congo 132: 99:Democratic Republic of the Congo 46: 7550:Piracy off the coast of Somalia 4959: 4928: 4873:Jonny Hogg (19 November 2012). 4866: 4832: 4812:Phil Moore (19 November 2012). 4805: 4753: 4722: 4692: 4659: 4629: 4596: 4563: 4537: 4514: 4488: 4469: 4393: 4367: 4341: 4315: 4289: 4263: 4233: 4207: 4181: 4155: 4129: 4103: 4083: 4057: 4033:Katombe, Kenny (15 July 2013). 4026: 3999: 3972: 3946: 3930:. 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BBC News. 25 February 2013. 2290: 2234: 2036:by the borders, this included 2026:Mgahinga Gorilla National Park 740:Torture and killing of Lumumba 289:Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz 1: 7851:2014 Lesotho political crisis 7808:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) 6971:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 5155:Belgian Congo in World War II 4729:Phil Moore (6 January 2014). 4498:. BBC News. 7 November 2013. 4476:Defeated M23 rebels flee DRC. 2737:. congosiasa.blogspot.co.nz. 2445:Mike Corder (22 March 2013). 2177: 1755:Uganda People's Defence Force 1478: 110:Congolese government victory 16:2012–2013 conflict in the DRC 7845:SADC intervention in Lesotho 7447:OLA insurgency, 2018–present 7401:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) 7158:ECOWAS military intervention 6878:2011–2014 factional violence 6322:M23 offensive (2022–present) 6295:Second Congo War (1998–2003) 6270:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65) 6246:Congo Free State (1885–1908) 5982:2009 Eastern Congo offensive 5545:2009 Eastern Congo offensive 4067:. Un.org. 30 November 2011. 3127:"Goma falls to Congo rebels" 2817:Oliver Farry (9 July 2012). 2733:Jason Stearns (4 May 2012). 2565:, retrieved 29 December 2013 2172: 2043: 1859:International Criminal Court 1262:M23 offensive (2022–present) 1185:2009 Eastern Congo offensive 857:Assassination of Habyarimana 23:M23 offensive (2022–present) 7: 7961:Wars involving South Africa 7522:Puntland–Somaliland dispute 7377:Insurgency in Northern Chad 6437:Foreign policy under Mobutu 5510:Operation North Night Final 5412:Ascension of Laurent Kabila 4904:Joe Bavier (21 July 2012). 4789:. Al Jazeera. 6 June 2012. 4006:Mark Doyle (15 July 2013). 3071:. IGIHE. 20 November 2012. 2471:As of 1 December 2012, see 2388:. Al Jazeera. 18 May 2012. 2139: 1398:Child soldiers in the Congo 916:Ascension of Laurent Kabila 791:Non-aggression pact of 1979 114:M23 disarms and demobilises 76:– 7 November 2013 10: 8002: 7813:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado 7634:Abyei conflict (2022–2023) 7489:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict 7354:Djotodia period, 2013–2014 7165:Western Togoland Rebellion 6280:State of Katanga (1960–63) 6126:Great Lakes refugee crisis 5864:Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement 4841:"Congo rebels attack Goma" 4485:6 November 2013, 11:11am / 4191:. Un.org. 29 August 2013. 3865:. BBC News. 1 March 2013. 3839:. BBC News. 2 March 2013. 2333:. African Defence Review. 2102: 1900: 1883:Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero 1753:According to the chief of 1629:Goma International Airport 1501: 869:Great Lakes refugee crisis 164:Force Intervention Brigade 52:UN forces and refugees in 20: 7865: 7822: 7794: 7785: 7724: 7695: 7650:Second Sudanese Civil War 7642: 7604: 7558: 7514: 7434: 7425: 7393: 7364: 7333: 7293: 7210: 7187: 7178: 7127: 7101: 7075: 7054: 7017: 6963: 6954: 6922: 6893: 6855: 6815: 6806: 6726: 6674: 6606: 6597: 6540: 6531: 6407: 6398: 6341: 6332: 6290:First Congo War (1996–98) 6221: 6164: 6051: 6030: 5904: 5856: 5733: 5710: 5550:2014 North Kivu offensive 5528: 5483: 5420: 5364: 5321: 5229:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld 5175: 5127: 5097: 4763:. BBC News. 28 May 2012. 3648:. BBC. 24 February 2013. 3069:"DRC Army Accepts Defeat" 2794:. BBC News. 9 July 2012. 2331:"How M23 was rolled back" 2218:. MONUSCO. 12 June 2013. 1419:was an armed conflict in 1341: 1333: 1195:2014 North Kivu offensive 1154: 1049: 941: 837:War in Uganda (1986–1994) 832:Second Sudanese Civil War 815: 770: 745:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld 581: 491: 442: 389: 343: 253: 124: 60: 45: 37: 32: 7753:2008 invasion of Anjouan 7349:Civil War (2012–present) 7318:Pool Department conflict 6412:Administrative divisions 5698:Western DR Congo clashes 5387:AFD insurgency (1996–99) 4481:12 November 2013 at the 4217:. eNCA. 29 August 2013. 3895:. AFP. 25 February 2013. 3427:16 November 2017 at the 2561:30 December 2013 at the 2274:. BBC. 17 October 2012. 2093:Allied Democratic Forces 1952:Congolese army offensive 1548:Beginning of hostilities 1393:Western DR Congo clashes 1373:2011 coup d'etat attempt 7966:Wars involving Tanzania 7748:Hanish Islands conflict 7284:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion 7135:Guinea-Bissau Civil War 6977:Herder–farmer conflicts 6901:Western Sahara conflict 6317:M23 rebellion (2012–13) 6258:Belgian Congo (1908–60) 6084:Belgian colonial empire 5977:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign 5688:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion 5639:M23 offensive (2022–24) 5540:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign 5458:Assassination of Kabila 5187:Force Publique mutinies 4862:(subscription required) 4527:8 November 2013 at the 1930:Congolese national army 1388:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion 1190:M23 rebellion (2012–13) 1180:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign 585:Force Publique mutinies 311:James Aloizi Mwakibolwa 7571:Somali–Kenyan conflict 7460:Second Afar insurgency 7067:Sierra Leone Civil War 6275:Congo Crisis (1960–65) 6236:Colonization (1867–85) 6089:Kivu frontier incident 5889:East African Community 5287:Port Francqui incident 4453:. Al Jazeera English. 4377:. Al Jazeera English. 4351:. Al Jazeera English. 4325:. Al Jazeera English. 4299:. Al Jazeera English. 4273:. Al Jazeera English. 4113:. Al Jazeera English. 4096:27 August 2013 at the 3956:. Al Jazeera English. 3813:. BBC. 26 March 2013. 2821:. France 24. Reuters. 2244:. Al Jazeera English. 2079:and the M23 movement. 2061:East African Community 2003: 1921: 1807: 1765: 1750: 1643: 1619: 1590:November M23 offensive 1499: 1440:In April 2012, former 1304:Kasindi church bombing 1078:October 2020 offensive 670:Port Francqui incident 254:Commanders and leaders 68:4 April 2012 7830:Bophuthatswana crisis 7494:Oromia–Somali clashes 7412:Boko Haram insurgency 7372:Civil War (2005–2010) 6989:Boko Haram insurgency 6912:Clashes, 2020–present 5765:during the Congo Wars 5678:2013 Kinshasa attacks 5401:Operation Thunderbolt 5376:Formation of the AFDL 5329:Stanleyville mutinies 2001: 1910: 1810:UN Secretary-General 1806:near Goma, March 2013 1801: 1763: 1748: 1641: 1614: 1486: 1383:2013 Kinshasa attacks 1267:Anti-MONUSCO protests 884:Formation of the AFDL 390:Casualties and losses 7981:Rebellions in Africa 7802:Mozambican Civil War 7762:Burundian conflicts 7742:Djiboutian Civil War 7454:Insurgency in Ogaden 7082:Liberian Civil Wars 6995:Niger Delta conflict 6151:2014 Mutarule attack 5683:2014 Mutarule attack 5592:2017 Semuliki attack 5555:2017 CNPSC offensive 5516:Plaine Savo massacre 5160:Masisi-Lubutu revolt 4676:. 16 December 2013. 4643:. 13 December 2013. 4580:. 12 November 2013. 4547:. 17 February 2014. 3740:28 June 2018 at the 3712:. 24 February 2013. 3619:. 24 February 2013. 3589:. 24 February 2013. 2904:. 21 November 2012. 2198:24 June 2013 at the 2168:Notes and references 1919:intervention brigade 1200:2017 CNPSC offensive 714:Violettes Imperiales 56:during the rebellion 7913: / 7841:Lesothan conflicts 7766:1993–2005 Civil War 7484:Afar–Somali clashes 7271:2022–2024 offensive 7266:2012–2013 rebellion 7108:Ivorian Civil Wars 6941:Tunisian revolution 6883:2014–2020 civil war 6863:2008 Kufra conflict 6800:conflicts in Africa 5782:tensions since 2022 5772:Belgian colonialism 5711:Perennial conflicts 5693:2018 Yumbi massacre 5596:Nationwide attacks 5484:Post-2003 conflicts 5407:Overthrow of Mobutu 5005:on 18 December 2012 4885:on 22 November 2012 4247:. 26 October 2013. 3517:on 28 November 2012 3511:The Washington Post 3487:on 27 November 2012 3481:The Washington Post 3337:The Daily Telegraph 2653:on 30 November 2012 2021:African Great Lakes 1924:In March 2013, the 1535:'s cheating in the 1299:August 2022 attacks 958:Gbadolite Agreement 911:Overthrow of Mobutu 847:Burundian Civil War 433:1 killed, 1 wounded 7917:1.6038°S 29.1953°E 7888:Colour revolutions 7686:Sudanese civil war 7538:2009–present phase 7278:Batwa–Luba clashes 7147:Casamance conflict 7024:Tuareg rebellions 6984:Religious violence 6930:Algerian Civil War 6846:Terrorism in Egypt 6575:Telecommunications 6422:Court of Cassation 6386:Former place names 6111:Katanga insurgency 6106:Rwandan Revolution 5942:Massacres of Hutus 5905:Military relations 5874:Sun City Agreement 5753:Conflict resources 5718:Katanga insurgency 5673:Batwa–Luba clashes 5469:Effacer le tableau 5463:Kisangani massacre 5393:Kichwamba massacre 5381:Massacres of Hutus 5212:Congo-Stanleyville 5167:Léopoldville riots 5140:Batetela rebellion 4975:. 4 October 2013. 4820:on 11 January 2013 4706:. 7 January 2014. 4534:. 7 November 2013. 4432:has generic name ( 4165:. Abcnews.go.com. 4139:. 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7268: 7257: 7256:(2009–present) 7254:Ituri conflict 7251: 7248:Dongo conflict 7245: 7244:(2004–present) 7239: 7236:Ituri conflict 7233: 7227: 7226:(1996–present) 7221: 7214: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7203:(1975–present) 7198: 7191: 7189: 7182: 7180:Central Africa 7176: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7167:(2020–present) 7162: 7161: 7160: 7150: 7149:(1982–present) 7144: 7141:Guinea clashes 7138: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7047:(2012–present) 7042: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7010:(2021–present) 7005: 7004: 7003: 6992: 6991:(2009–present) 6986: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6967: 6965: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6938: 6933: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6907:War, 1975–1991 6897: 6895: 6894:Western Sahara 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6873:2011 civil war 6865: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6848:(2013–present) 6843: 6837: 6836:(2011–present) 6831: 6826: 6819: 6817: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6792: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6769: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6744: 6743: 6736: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6611:Child marriage 6607: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6512:Prime Minister 6509: 6508: 6507: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6471:Chief of Staff 6463: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6446: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6227: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: articles 6210: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6187: 6178: 6177: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6069:Bwito Chiefdom 6066: 6061: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6004: 5998: 5996: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5957: 5956: 5954:Dongo conflict 5951: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5832: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5809: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5774: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5745: 5743:Child soldiers 5739: 5737: 5736:related topics 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5726:(1987–present) 5721: 5720:(1963–present) 5714: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5663:Dongo conflict 5659: 5657: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5577:AFD insurgency 5570: 5569: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5536: 5534: 5533:(2004–present) 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5506: 5498: 5496: 5492:Ituri conflict 5485: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5440:Ituri conflict 5436: 5428: 5426: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5331: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5282:Kindu atrocity 5279: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5197: 5189: 5183: 5181: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5135:Congo Arab war 5131: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5104: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5086: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5048: 5047:External links 5045: 5043: 5042: 5016: 4990: 4958: 4927: 4896: 4865: 4831: 4804: 4778: 4752: 4721: 4691: 4658: 4628: 4595: 4562: 4536: 4513: 4487: 4468: 4439: 4392: 4366: 4340: 4314: 4288: 4262: 4232: 4206: 4180: 4154: 4128: 4102: 4082: 4056: 4025: 3998: 3971: 3945: 3919: 3880: 3854: 3828: 3802: 3776: 3746: 3727: 3697: 3663: 3634: 3604: 3559: 3528: 3498: 3468: 3437: 3411: 3380: 3354: 3323: 3294: 3263: 3236: 3210: 3179: 3148: 3117: 3086: 3060: 3029: 3003: 2977: 2950: 2919: 2889: 2863: 2836: 2809: 2783: 2752: 2725: 2694: 2664: 2638: 2608: 2582: 2567: 2548: 2519: 2496: 2464: 2434: 2403: 2377: 2348: 2316: 2289: 2259: 2233: 2204: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2162:Laurent Nkunda 2158: 2157: 2141: 2138: 2103:Main article: 2100: 2097: 2073:Uhuru Kenyatta 2045: 2042: 1995: 1992: 1953: 1950: 1915:special forces 1898: 1895: 1878: 1875: 1824:European Union 1789:United Nations 1773: 1770: 1742: 1739: 1696: 1693: 1688:New York Times 1615:M23 rebels in 1608: 1607:Taking of Goma 1605: 1591: 1588: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1521:Bosco Ntaganda 1480: 1477: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1368:Dongo conflict 1365: 1364: 1363: 1353: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1289:Masambo attack 1286: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1142: 1141: 1134: 1127: 1119: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1042:Ituri conflict 1037: 1036: 1029: 1022: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 942: 939: 938: 922: 921: 919: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 891: 886: 880: 879: 872: 871: 866: 861: 860: 859: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 823: 822: 816: 813: 812: 796: 795: 793: 788: 787: 786: 776: 771: 768: 767: 751: 750: 748: 747: 742: 737: 726: 725: 724: 717: 710: 703: 696: 684: 679: 674: 673: 672: 667: 665:Kindu atrocity 662: 655: 654: 653: 641: 636: 631: 626: 614: 613: 612: 607: 606: 605: 595: 587: 582: 579: 578: 569: 568: 561: 554: 546: 540: 539: 534: 533: 532: 527: 517: 516: 515: 505: 499: 498: 492: 489: 488: 478: 477: 470: 463: 455: 447: 446: 440: 439: 436: 435: 434: 424: 392: 391: 387: 386: 380: 346: 345: 341: 340: 331:Bosco Ntaganda 313: 300:Bansi Ponnappa 256: 255: 251: 250: 248: 247: 234: 220: 209: 208: 207: 206: 205: 192: 179: 127: 126: 122: 121: 118: 117: 116: 115: 107: 103: 102: 93: 91: 87: 86: 66: 58: 57: 43: 42: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7998: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7941:M23 rebellion 7939: 7938: 7936: 7929: 7926: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7873:War on terror 7871: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7852: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7694: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7674:Heglig Crisis 7672: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7656:War in Darfur 7654: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7613: 7612:Heglig Crisis 7610: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7583:Kenyan crisis 7581: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7513: 7505: 7504:War in Amhara 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7424: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7363: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7347: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7332: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7292: 7285: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7242:Kivu conflict 7240: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7202: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102:Côte d'Ivoire 7100: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7016: 7009: 7006: 7002: 7001:2016 conflict 6999: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6868:Libyan crisis 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6790: 6785: 6783: 6778: 6776: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6661:Social issues 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6356:Deforestation 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6312:Kivu conflict 6310: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6231:Early history 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6208: 6203: 6201: 6196: 6194: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6175: 6174: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6007:M23 offensive 6005: 6003: 6002:M23 rebellion 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5964:Kivu conflict 5961: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5830: 5825: 5823: 5818: 5816: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5732: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5634:M23 rebellion 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5587:Beni massacre 5585: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5560:Uvira clashes 5558: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5530:Kivu conflict 5527: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5246:Niemba ambush 5244: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5119:Belgian Congo 5117: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5079: 5077: 5072: 5070: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4962: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4740: 4736: 4735:Aljazeera.com 4732: 4725: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4679: 4675: 4673: 4672:Aljazeera.com 4668: 4662: 4646: 4642: 4641:aljazeera.com 4638: 4632: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4599: 4583: 4579: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4472: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4444: 4435: 4430:|author= 4423: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4100:24 July 2013. 4099: 4095: 4092: 4089:Radio Okapi: 4086: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3915: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3731: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3668: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3105: 3101: 3100:The Telegraph 3097: 3090: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3017: 3013: 3007: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2740: 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