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228:—conveniently justifying the permanent German retention of those Belgian and French territories that Germany had just conquered during World War I. As an alternative to the idea of natural borders, Toynbee proposes making free trade, partnership, and cooperation between various countries with interconnected economies considerably easier so that there would be less need for countries to expand even further—whether to their natural borders or otherwise. In addition, Toynbee advocated making national borders based more on the principle of
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Natural borders are not to be confused with landscape borders, which are also geographical features that demarcate political boundaries. Although landscape borders, like natural borders, also take forms of forests, water bodies, and mountains, they are manmade instead of natural. Installing a
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criticized the concept of natural borders. Specifically, Toynbee criticized this concept as providing a justification for launching additional wars so that countries can attain their natural borders. Toynbee also pointed out how once a country attained one set of natural borders, it could
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Expanding until natural borders are reached, and maintaining those borders once conquered, have been a major policy goal for a number of states. For example, the
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64:. The "doctrine of natural boundaries" developed in Western culture in the 18th century being based upon the "natural" ideas of
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220:, some Germans began to advocate for even more western natural borders—specifically ones that extend all of the way up to
177:-designated political boundaries, goes against nature by modifying the borderland's natural geography. For one, China's
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339:"FRONTIER, FORTIFICATION, AND FORESTATION: DEFENSIVE WOODLAND ON THE SONG–LIAO BORDER IN THE LONG ELEVENTH CENTURY"
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The Pivot of the Four
Quarters: a preliminary enquiry into the origins and character of the ancient Chinese city
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Natural borders can be a source of territorial disputes when they shift. One such example is the
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subsequently aim to attain another, further set of natural borders; for instance, the
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built an extensive defensive forest in its northern border to thwart the nomadic
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State boundaries which follow geographic features such as rivers, mountains, etc.
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or their subdivisions which is concomitant with natural formations such as
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expanded continuously until it reached certain natural borders: first the
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19:"Natural boundaries" redirects here. For other boundaries, see
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Grand Duchy of
Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogithia in 1386–1434
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A Political and Social
History of Modern Europe, volume 1
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264:(3rd ed.). New Delhi: McGraw-Hill. p. 70.
173:landscape border, usually motivated by demarcating
146:sought to expand its borders towards the Alps, the
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262:Political Geography: the Spatiality of Politics
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189:Criticism
289:(1971).
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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