Post-war Britain (1945–1979)

228: 1850:"Thirteen Wasted Years!" was a popular slogan attacking the Conservative record 1951–1964. Criticism came primarily from Labour. In addition there were attacks by the right wing of the Conservative Party itself for its tolerance of socialist policies. The critics contend that Britain was overtaken by its economic competitors, and was unable to prevent a troublesome wage-price upward spiral. Historian Graham Goodlad calls for taking a longer perspective. He argues that there were significant advances in transport, healthcare, and higher education. It is unrealistic to expect that Britain could have continued as a world power after the huge expense of the Second World War, and the independence of India and other colonies. Goodlad says the Conservative foreign-policy leadership properly adjusted Britain's world role by building an independent nuclear capacity and maintaining a leading role in world affairs, and anyway successive governments seldom did a better job. 61: 1401:, who was elected Prime Minister the following April by a large majority of the parliament. The International Court of Justice was called in to settle the dispute, but a 50/50 profit-sharing arrangement, with recognition of nationalisation, was rejected by Mossadegh. Direct negotiations between the British and the Iranian government ceased, and over the course of 1951, the British ratcheted up the pressure on the Iranian government and explored the possibility of a coup against it. U.S. President Truman was reluctant to agree, placing a much higher priority on the Korean War. Churchill's return to power and 1910:, the Minister for the Arts; she had Wilson's full support. He saw the Open University as a major marker of the Labour Party's commitment to modernisation. He emphasised that it would strengthen a more competitive economy while also fostering greater equality of opportunity and social mobility. He especially favoured heavy use of technology, such as television and radio broadcast of its courses. There were strong doubters and opponents in the government and in commercial broadcasting; Wilson outmaneuvered them to get the budget approved, even though its sums proved far too small. 1769: 1314: 1473: 382: 1324: 1672: 1865: 1454:. Once again, Churchill's government inherited a crisis, and once again Churchill chose to use direct military action against those in rebellion while attempting to build an alliance with those who were not. He stepped up the implementation of a "hearts and minds" campaign and approved the creation of fortified villages, a tactic that would become a recurring part of Western military strategy in South-East Asia, especially in the American role in the 1103: 2143: 1564: 193: 180: 1969: 1166:

but as a successful completion of a process long underway, and strongly supported by Labour and indeed most of the conservative party as well. A major reason that Churchill was in the wilderness during the 1930s was his refusal to support the Conservative position in favor of independence for India. Independence strengthened the

2052:) on 1 January 1973 after winning a decisive vote on membership in the House by 336–244, a majority of 112. It was, says biographer John Campbell, "Heath's finest hour." Meanwhile, on the domestic front, galloping inflation led him into confrontation with some of the most powerful trade unions. Energy shortages related to the 1145:

independent dominion like Canada or Australia. Many of the Congress leaders in India had studied in England, and were highly regarded as fellow idealistic socialists by Labour leaders. Attlee was the Labour expert on India and took special charge of decolonization. Attlee found that Churchill's viceroy, Field Marshal

1883:

narrowly won the general election with a majority of five. This was not sufficient to last for a full term and, after a short period of competent government, in March 1966, he won re-election with a landslide majority of 99. As Prime Minister, his opponents accused him of deviousness, especially over

1548:

had been slow to realise the need for change in Britain's world role. After Suez they started to heed Treasury warnings about the effect of high defence expenditure on the economy, and the slow growth of the British population compared with the United States and the Soviet Union. Historians often use

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and did not have to be repaid, however they carried the proviso that Britain modernise the management of its major corporations. The aid permitted Britain to provide consumption at tolerable levels despite the austerity. About 40 per cent of the dollars went for food, drink and tobacco from the U.S.

1165:

provinces were split. Historian Yasmin Khan estimates that between a half-million and a million men, women and children were killed. Gandhi himself was assassinated by a Hindu activist in January 1948. Popular and elite opinion in Britain at the time did not view Indian independence as a humiliation

1139:

warned he needed a further seven army divisions to prevent communal violence if independence negotiations failed. None were available, so political restructuring was accelerated. The Labour government gave independence to India and Pakistan in an unexpectedly quick move in 1947. One recent historian

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in 1947 sharply cut expenses. Marshall Plan money began flowing in 1948, and by the time it ended in 1951 the financial crisis was over. The new Labour government knew the expenses of British involvement across the globe were financially crippling. The post-war military cost £200 million a year, to

992:

which started operations in 1947. It entitled all citizens to healthcare, which, funded by taxation, was free at the point of delivery. The opposition from physicians was bought off by allowing them to keep lucrative private practices on the side. All hospitals were nationalised and brought into the

2256:

If Wilson's record as prime minister was soon felt to have been one of failure, that sense of failure was powerfully reinforced by Callaghan's term as premier. Labour, it seemed, was incapable of positive achievements. It was unable to control inflation, unable to control the unions, unable to solve

2189:

However, by the autumn of 1978 the economy was showing signs of recovery – although unemployment now stood at 1,500,000, economic growth was strong and inflation had fallen below 10%. Most opinion polls were showing Labour ahead and he was expected to call an election before the end of the year. He

1144:

says the independence of India was a "national humiliation" but it was necessitated by urgent financial, administrative, strategic and political needs. Whereas Churchill in 1940–45 had tightened the hold on India and imprisoned the Congress leadership, Labour had looked forward to making it a fully

2193:

Callaghan's way of dealing with the long-term economic difficulties involved pay restraint which had been operating for four years with reasonable success. He gambled that a fifth year would further improve the economy and allow him to be re-elected in 1979, and so attempted to hold pay rises to 5%

1934:

urgently needed a symbolic British military presence. "Lyndon Johnson is begging me even to send a bagpipe band to Vietnam," Wilson told his Cabinet in December 1964. Labour decided not to antagonise its strong antiwar element and refused Johnson's pleas. However, Wilson provided the Americans with

1535:

had warned Eden not to do it, saying the American people would never approve of a military solution to the crisis. He threatened to use financial pressure unless the British withdrew from Egypt. Eden had ignored Britain's financial dependence on the US in the wake of World War II, and was forced to

981: 1806:

free rein to handle financial affairs. Home's few domestic policies were not well received, but he did abolish retail price maintenance, which allowed consumers to find more bargains on sale. He enjoyed dealing with foreign policy, but there were no major crises or issues to resolve. His Foreign

1058:, which amounted to £2,000 million. The post-war overseas deficit was £1,400 million, warned Keynes. and, "it is this expenditure which is wholly responsible for either financial difficulties." Both Churchill and Attlee ignored his advice and kept spending heavily, in part by borrowing from 4931: 1520:

company, in violation of the international agreement he had signed with the UK in 1954. It had been owned and controlled by Britain since 1875 and was seen as essential to national defence and access to the Far East. Eden drawing on his experience in the 1930s, saw Nasser as another

1405:'s presidency brought with them a policy of undermining the Mossadegh government. Both sides floated proposals unacceptable to the other, each side believing that time was on its side. Negotiations broke down, and as the blockade's political and economic costs mounted inside Iran, 227: 782:. Unlike the others, the most controversial issue was nationalisation of steel, which was profitable. Economic recovery was slow, housing was in short supply, and bread was rationed along with many necessities in short supply. It was an "age of austerity". American loans and 1582:'s requirement on the pound sterling would require strict control of the money base, and hence a rise in unemployment. Their advice was rejected and in January 1958, all the Treasury ministers resigned. Macmillan brushed aside this incident as 'a little local difficulty'. 2115:

was held on 5 June 1975. A majority were in favour of retaining the Common Market. But Wilson was not able to end the economic crisis. Unemployment remained well in excess of 1,000,000, inflation peaked at 24% in 1975, and the national debt was increasing. The rise of

3170: 1197:. They had managed to alienate both sides. Arabs and Jews had been fighting for years, in nasty conflicts that were still fierce seven decades later. The British decided to get out in 1948 so as not to further alienate their very large clientele in the Arab nations. 1134:

was never a major election issue; Labour was not officially in favour of decolonisation when it was elected in 1945. With violence escalating in India after the war, but with British financial power at a low ebb, large-scale military involvement was impossible. The

1604:

ended gradually from 1957; in November 1960 the last men entered service. With British youth no longer subject to military service and with post-war rationing and reconstruction ended, the stage was set for the social uprisings of the 1960s to commence.

1005:

adds that Bevan had to persuade "the most conservative and respected profession in the country to accept and operate the Labour government's most intrinsically socialist proposition." In the end historians give Bevan the major credit for the success.

1427:

demanding greater representation and land reform. When these demands were rejected, more radical elements came forward, launching the Mau Mau rebellion in 1952. On 17 August 1952, a state of emergency was declared, and British troops were flown to

1028:, which was also the responsibility of Aneurin Bevan. The government aimed to build 400,000 new houses a year to replace those destroyed in the war, but shortages of materials and manpower meant that less than half this number were built. 829:

returned to power in 1951, accepting most of Labour's post-war reforms but introducing prescription charges to the NHS in 1952 and denationalising steel in 1953. They presided over 13 years of economic recovery and stability. However, the

1577:

succeeded him as Prime Minister on 10 January. He brought the economic concerns of the exchequer into the premiership, but his approach to the economy was to seek high employment; whereas his treasury ministers argued that to support the

1802:. He won and is the only prime minister to resign the Lords to enter the Commons. His demeanor and appearance remained aristocratic and old-fashioned, however. His understanding of economics was primitive, and he gave his chancellor 1067:

put 1.3 million men (and a few thousand women) in uniform, keep operational combat fleets stationed in the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the Indian Ocean as well as Hong Kong, fund bases across the globe, as well as 120 full

5237: 3167: 2164:, the main left-wing candidate. Callaghan was the first Prime Minister to have held all three leading Cabinet positions — Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary — prior to becoming Prime Minister. 1949:

In addition to the damage done to its reputation by devaluation, Wilson's Government suffered from the perception that its response to industrial relations problems was inadequate. A six-week strike of members of the

2261:

with the Common Market, unable even to maintain itself in power until it could go to the country and the date of its own choosing. It was little wonder, therefore, that Mrs. Thatcher resoundingly defeated it in

3147: 935:), coal mining, public utilities and heavy industry. The most controversial case was the takeover of the highly profitable iron and steel industry, which was opposed and finally reversed by the Conservatives. 1083:

and supporting anti-communist governments in Greece and elsewhere. Bevin had the firm support of his party, especially Prime Minister Attlee, despite a left-wing opposition. Top American diplomats such as

2552: 1270:; Canada loaned an additional US$ 1.19 billion (US$ 16 billion in 2017). Starting in 1948, the United States provided grants of $ 3.3 billion (about US$ 33 billion in 2017). These funds came through the 1071:

squadrons. Britain now shed traditional overseas military roles as fast as possible. American financial aid was available on Washington's terms, as seen in the 1945 loan, the convertibility of

4405: 2111:, and then hold a referendum on whether Britain should stay in the EEC on the new terms. After the House of Commons voted in favour of retaining the Common Market on the renegotiated terms, a 4487: 4207: 1497:

succeeded him as Prime Minister. Eden was a very popular figure, as a result of his long wartime service and also his famous good looks and charm. On taking office he immediately called a

1157:. The boundary between the newly created states of Pakistan and India involved the widespread resettlement of millions of Muslims and Hindus (and many Sikhs). Extreme violence ensued when 1842:. It is possible that the Conservatives' success in the 1970 general election was a result of the large public following Powell attained, even as he was sacked from the shadow cabinet. 2186:. He had been forced to accept referendums on devolution in Scotland and Wales (the first went in favour but did not reach the required majority, and the second went heavily against). 858:

in 1964 and oversaw a series of social reforms including the partial decriminalisation of homosexuality and abortion, the relaxing of divorce laws, and the end of capital punishment.

1286:. Labour lost most of its large majority. The swing was 3.6% against it and it lost 78 seats, leaving Attlee with a slim majority in the House. However, a year later Labour lost the 2167:

Callaghan's support for and from the union movement should not be mistaken for a left wing position. Callaghan continued Wilson's policy of a balanced Cabinet and relied heavily on

1834:

to succeed him as Conservative Party leader. Enoch Powell was given the post of Shadow Defence Secretary and became a figure of national prominence when he made the controversial

1360:

with minor adjustments. However foreign policy crises took centre stage. They were partly the result of the continued decline of British military and imperial prestige and power.

2112: 1525:

who had to be stopped. In November 1956, after months of negotiation and attempts at mediation had failed to dissuade Nasser, Britain and France, in conjunction with Israel,

2567:

Martin H. Folly, "‘The impression is growing...that the United States is hard when dealing with us’: Ernest Bevin and Anglo-American relations at the dawn of the Cold War."

2198:) secured higher pay, although it had virtually paralysed the country, tarnished Britain's political reputation and seen the Conservatives surge ahead in the opinion polls. 1282:

caused a new heavy drain on the Treasury for military expenses. This caused the bitter split inside the Labour party. The Conservatives made austerity a major issue in the

5412: 2182:; by-election defeats had wiped out Labour's three-seat majority by early 1977. Callaghan was forced to make deals with minor parties in order to survive, including the 1799: 1625: 4270: 4245: 701: 297: 188: 183: 3144: 1815:

had been resolved, and Berlin was again on the back burner. Decolonisation issues were largely routine, and the Rhodesia and South African crises lay in the future.

1149:, was too imperialistic, too keen on military solutions (he wanted seven more Army divisions) and too neglectful of Indian political alignments. The new Viceroy was 1079:, 1950–53. On the other hand, he had some success in convincing Washington to take over roles that were too expensive for Britain, including the rebuilding of the 4227: 2549: 644: 272: 4275: 2108: 706: 410: 302: 4303: 1037: 2759:

Irial Glynn, "‘An Untouchable in the Presence of Brahmins’ Lord Wavell's Disastrous Relationship with Whitehall During His Time as Viceroy to India, 1943–7."

3909:

Sims, Paul David. "The Development of Environmental Politics in Inter-War and Post-War Britain" (PhD Dissertation, Queen Mary University of London, 2016)

2202: 741: 2033:. In the aftermath of these unsuccessful talks, the Heath government pushed for a peaceful settlement with the democratic political parties. In 1974, the 997:

was resolving "The potential conflict between the aim of providing a universalist, comprehensive health service of a good standard and that of containing

4794: 4759: 4749: 1262:

International finance was a troublesome issue, as Britain had used up all its reserves and had to borrow large sums from the United States and from the

60: 5252: 4804: 4325: 3468:

Roy Pierce, Henry Valen, and Ola Listhaug. "Referendum voting behaviour: The Norwegian and British referenda on membership in the European Community."

2257:

the Irish problem, unable to solve the Rhodesian question, unable to secure its proposals for Welsh and Scottish devolution, unable to reach a popular

1954:, which began shortly after Wilson' re-election in 1966, did much to reinforce this perception, along with Wilson's own sense of insecurity in office. 1190:. The success in India encouraged and embolden the development programs of ambitious young British colonial officials in Africa and the rest of Asia. 684: 337: 31: 3776: 3762: 2860:

Roberts, Nicholas E. (March 2011). "Re‐Remembering the Mandate: Historiographical Debates and Revisionist History in the Study of British Palestine".

2064:. The result was inconclusive: the Conservative Party received a plurality of votes cast, but the Labour Party gained a plurality of seats due to the 5152: 4467: 4260: 1549:

the crisis to mark the end of Britain's status as a superpower, being able to act and control international affairs without assistance or coalition.

292: 4754: 4315: 2304: 1787: 332: 35: 1746: 4744: 4172: 17: 1013:. The government maintained most of the wartime controls over the economy, including control over the allocation of materials and manpower, and 5040: 4851: 4367: 347: 1118:

For decades the Conservatives were split on India between die-hard imperialists (led by Churchill) and moderate elements who tried to provide

4816: 4462: 4240: 2818: 2061: 988:

In the estimation of historians, and later politicians of the major parties, the most successful and permanent program was the creation of a

664: 282: 5676: 5147: 4926: 4530: 2104: 862:

returned the Conservatives to power from 1970 to 1974 and oversaw the decimalisation of British currency, the accession of Britain to the

5711: 5092: 4903: 3583: 3235: 3196: 2647: 2575: 2498: 2222: 1380: 403: 327: 3910: 3382: 3079: 3027: 2699: 2608: 2407: 5102: 5045: 4577: 4520: 3048:

Steve Marsh, "Continuity and Change Reinterpreting the Policies of the Truman and Eisenhower Administrations toward Iran, 1950–1954."

1608:

Macmillan took close control of foreign policy. He worked to narrow the post-Suez rift with the US, where his wartime friendship with

5441: 4335: 2240:

The fall of James Callaghan in the summer of 1979 meant, according to most commentators across the political spectrum, the end of an

2003: 893:

to power, effectively ending the postwar state interventionist consensus of prior decades despite initial intense Labour opposition.

367: 352: 342: 885:

Labour made a return to power in 1974, but a series of strikes carried out by trade unions over the winter of 1978/79 (known as the

5716: 5087: 4946: 4898: 2194:

or less. The Trade Unions rejected continued pay restraint and in a succession of strikes over the winter of 1978/79 (known as the

1839: 734: 1597: 4668: 4477: 4308: 2137: 2019: 1935:

intelligence, military weapons, and jungle training, and allowed some 2000 British soldiers to volunteer for service in Vietnam.

1236:

continued, as despite the end of World War II, Britain continued to wage numerous small colonial conflicts around the globe: the

1001:

to a reasonable level, and how to finance the system in such a way that certainty and sufficiency of funds could be guaranteed."

5429: 5003: 4732: 4700: 4540: 4525: 4515: 4340: 4330: 4320: 4293: 3416:

Sylvia A. Ellis, "Promoting solidarity at home and abroad: the goals and tactics of the anti-Vietnam War movement in Britain."

3288: 2996:

Robert Crowcroft and Kevin Theakston. "The Fall of the Attlee Government, 1951." in Timothy Heppell and Kevin Theakston, eds.,

2179: 2107:. It was a manifesto pledge in the general election of February 1974 for a Labour government to re-negotiate better terms for 2103:, who returned on 4 March 1974 to form a minority government. Wilson was confirmed in office, with a three-seat majority, in a 1558: 944: 396: 362: 357: 322: 210: 1432:

to deal with the rebellion. As both sides increased the ferocity of their attacks, the country moved to full-scale civil war.

5122: 4695: 4141: 4064: 3966: 3947: 3926: 3844: 3818: 3696: 3663: 3634: 3281: 2157: 1907: 1687: 250: 814:", emphasising how both the Labour and Conservative Parties until the 1970s tolerated or encouraged nationalisation, strong 4989: 4811: 4472: 4445: 2226: 1819: 1680: 1498: 1371:

on 2 June 1953 gave the British people a renewed sense of national pride and enthusiasm which had been lowered by the war.

1287: 1283: 974: 912: 52: 3507:

Peter Dorey, " 'Should I stay or should I go?': James Callaghan's decision not to call an autumn 1978 general election."

1501:, at which the Conservatives were returned with an increased majority. He left domestic issues to his lieutenants such as 5162: 5107: 5050: 4969: 4913: 4881: 4715: 4400: 4165: 4109: 948: 727: 77: 3327: 5137: 5117: 5060: 5025: 4673: 4641: 4605: 1590: 1233: 1014: 3403:

Pete Dorey, "‘Well, Harold Insists on Having It!’—The Political Struggle to Establish The Open University, 1965–67."

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had been eased to allow Britain more access to nuclear technology. Britain, the US, and the Soviet Union signed the

889:) paralysed the country, and Labour lost its majority in parliament. The general election in 1979 took Conservative 5217: 4769: 4727: 4651: 4646: 4550: 4428: 1859: 2942: 5280: 5097: 5035: 4961: 4656: 4505: 4452: 4415: 4380: 4354: 4255: 3476: 2089: 1308: 510: 500: 287: 2178:

Callaghan's time as Prime Minister was dominated by the troubles in running a Government with a minority in the

5227: 5015: 4941: 4836: 4789: 4705: 4625: 4585: 4375: 4158: 3021: 2172: 1790:

in 1902, Home chose to become a member of parliament so he could enter the House of Commons. He disclaimed his

1225: 487: 1888:. Wilson had rejected devaluation for many years, yet in his broadcast had seemed to present it as a triumph. 1811:

was not especially energetic. Britain's application to join Europe had already been vetoed by de Gaulle, the

1406: 1388: 5669: 5436: 5242: 5172: 5142: 5112: 5077: 4979: 4951: 4869: 4777: 4661: 4440: 4190: 3319: 1664:. Immigrants from the Commonwealth flocked to England after the British Government posted invitations in the 1541: 1025: 219: 3865: 5555: 5479: 5451: 5397: 5200: 5190: 5127: 5082: 5055: 4908: 4893: 4590: 4565: 4500: 4390: 2252:

and Chris Cook have summarised the general consensus of historians regarding Labour in power in the 1970s:

2152:

Wilson announced his surprise resignation on 16 March 1976 and unofficially endorsed his Foreign Secretary

1346: 1063: 1050:, and a grant of money and loans from Canada at the end of the war Britain was on the verge of bankruptcy. 5446: 5424: 5392: 5387: 5369: 5310: 5232: 5222: 5157: 5020: 4984: 4782: 4560: 4199: 3351:

Graham Goodlad, "Thirteen Wasted Years: Do the Conservative governments of 1951–64 deserve this label"

2811:"Gandhi Is Killed By A Hindu; India Shaken, World Mourns; 15 Die In Rioting In Bombay Three Shots Fired" 1629: 1290:

despite polling more votes than in the 1945 election, and indeed more votes than the Conservative Party.

1263: 958: 717: 237: 85: 2294: 5506: 5407: 5247: 4079:

History, historians, and conservatism in Britain and America: from the Great War to Thatcher and Reagan

3648: 2454:

Nicholas Bullock, "Plans for post‐war housing in the UK: The case for mixed development and the flat."

1526: 1368: 1141: 1075:

of 1947, the devaluation of sterling in 1949, and the rearmament program in support of the U.S. in the

927:. The party quickly nationalised critical sectors of the economy, especially declining industries. The 1221:. Cooperation with the United States was good, except in the area of nuclear weapons, where president 1122:. Meanwhile, the small Labour minority in Parliament was sympathetic to the Congress movement led by 5642: 5402: 5207: 5180: 4690: 4570: 2128:

were a reflection of the discontent felt by British youth during the difficulties of the late 1970s.

1394: 1353:" between Britain and the United States, and engaged himself in the formation of the post-war order. 1119: 2030: 1652:

in 1963. However, in the Middle East Macmillan ensured Britain remained a force — intervening over

5721: 5540: 5070: 4710: 4457: 3340:

The Foreign Policy of the Douglas-Home Government: Britain, the United States and the End of Empire

2957:

Ina Zweiniger-Barcielowska, "Rationing, austerity and the Conservative Party recovery after 1945."

2812: 1951: 1563: 1450:, a rebellion against British rule had been in progress since 1948, led by Communists based in the 1304: 4011: 2244:

a system of corporatism, Keynesian spending programmes, subsidized welfare, and trade union power.

5685: 5598: 5419: 5354: 5065: 4722: 3680: 2210: 1715: 1167: 1024:

proved to be more of a problem. One area where the government was not quite as successful was in

826: 771: 30:

This article is about British political history from 1945 to 1979. For a societal overview, see

5535: 4600: 2572: 1835: 1753: 1342: 1179: 1072: 3720: 3567: 3219: 3188: 2631: 2482: 1349:— would last until his resignation in 1955. During this period he renewed what he called the " 5690: 5530: 5486: 5349: 4935: 3366: 3063: 3013:

Non-Appearance Before the International Court of Justice: Functional and Comparative Analysis

3011: 2683: 2592: 2391: 2038: 2034: 1691: 1633: 965:. In return, they (and the wives of male contributors) were eligible for flat-rate pensions, 577: 386: 73: 3685: 2156:

as his successor. His broad popularity in many parts of the Labour movement saw him through

5550: 5491: 5456: 5344: 5317: 4828: 3259:, "Harold Macmillan and the “golden days” of Anglo-American relations revisited, 1957–63." 2206: 2195: 2077: 2045: 1995: 1812: 1695: 1641: 1609: 1579: 1532: 1447: 1402: 1350: 970: 886: 863: 3512: 3126:

Kevin Ruane, "Anglo-American relations, the cold war and Middle East defence, 1953–1955."

2544:

Michael Asteris, "British Overseas Military Commitments 1945–47: Making Painful Choices."

1885: 8: 5627: 5545: 5523: 5518: 5501: 5496: 5474: 5364: 5322: 3113:

Karl Hack, (1999) "'Iron claws on Malaya': the historiography of the Malayan Emergency."

1734: 1665: 1505:, and concentrated largely on foreign policy, forming a close alliance with US President 1424: 1267: 1257: 1229: 1194: 1187: 1051: 1047: 446: 5622: 5578: 5359: 5337: 5332: 5300: 5212: 4385: 4130: 4041: 3975: 3525:

Crisis? What Crisis?: The Callaghan Government and the British 'winter of Discontent'.

2886:

Graham Goodlad, "Bevin and Britain's Cold War," History Review (2011), Issue 69, pp 1–6

2069: 1944: 1727: 1657: 1621: 1613: 1513: 1398: 1357: 1107: 1097: 962: 932: 811: 590: 430: 1423:

In 1951, grievances against the colonial distribution of land came to a head with the

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system. John Carrier and Ian Kendall find that the mission of the Minister of Health

916: 890: 825:

The Labour Party introduced charges for NHS dental services and glasses in 1951. The

759: 473: 145: 125: 89: 65: 3285: 3221:

The Tory World: Deep History and the Tory Theme in British Foreign Policy, 1679–2014

2670:

Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age

2014:

and claimed that he never promoted or agreed to the use of unlawful lethal force in

5632: 5615: 5610: 5593: 5573: 5379: 4232: 4033: 4024:

Black, Lawrence (2012). "An Enlightening Decade? New Histories of 1970s' Britain".

3622: 2934:

Jim Tomlinson, "Marshall Aid and the ‘Shortage Economy’ in Britain in the 1940s."

2921:

Philip A. Grant Jr., "President Harry S. Truman and the British Loan Act of 1946,"

2869: 2183: 2022: 2015: 1988: 1703: 1574: 1573:

Eden resigned in the wake of the Suez Crisis, and his Chancellor of the Exchequer,

1567: 1275:

and 40 per cent on raw materials. The remainder went mostly for machinery and oil.

1241: 1150: 1146: 1136: 1127: 1080: 966: 908: 871: 774:

giving free healthcare to all British citizens, and other reforms to benefits. The

755: 654: 277: 140: 3368:

My Revision Notes: AQA AS/A-level History: The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007

1193:

In sharp contrast, the British people were disappointed with their humiliation in

5305: 5195: 4886: 4846: 4093: 4054: 3987: 3937: 3480: 3323: 3292: 3256: 3174: 3151: 2946: 2822: 2579: 2556: 2153: 2146: 2065: 2053: 2011: 1903: 1897: 1699: 1617: 1545: 1175: 1171: 1068: 1018: 1010: 928: 902: 875: 775: 530: 160: 1741:

in 1961. This caused the government to lose popularity and led to a series of

1313: 1009:

One of the main achievements of Attlee's government was the maintenance of near

4918: 4799: 4737: 4298: 4181: 3784: 2175:

and given the task of steering through the government's legislative programme.

2057: 2049: 1963: 1586: 1537: 1363:

In February 1952, King George VI died and was succeeded by his eldest daughter

1206: 1154: 1131: 1123: 1111: 1055: 924: 920: 879: 843: 763: 130: 4037: 2205:

by one vote on 28 March 1979. The Conservatives, with advertising consultants

1730:

dependent on America', and personal anger at the Anglo-American nuclear deal.

1536:

bow to American pressure to withdraw. Eden had poor staff support because the

76:, after broadcasting to the nation that the war against Germany had been won. 5705: 4974: 4535: 4433: 4423: 4222: 4217: 2100: 2073: 2068:

MPs refusing to support the Conservatives. Heath began negotiations with the

1880: 1868: 1823: 1719: 1467: 1384: 1332: 1271: 994: 954: 855: 854:

were granted independence during this period. Labour returned to power under

819: 783: 767: 634: 624: 542: 460: 426: 267: 262: 150: 27:

Period of British political history in the aftermath of WWII and the Cold War

2443:

Health, happiness, and security: the creation of the National Health Service

2060:

to conserve power. In an attempt to bolster his government, Heath called an

1768: 1393:

In March 1951, the Iranian parliament (the Majlis) voted to nationalise the

1323: 4841: 4212: 2594:

Manipulating Hegemony: State Power, Labour and the Marshall Plan in Britain

2218: 2168: 2161: 1984: 1972: 1923: 1831: 1827: 1779: 1707: 1616:

as early as March 1957. The amiable relationship continued with President

1494: 1476: 1472: 1429: 1364: 1328: 1268:

a loan of $ 3.75 billion (US$ 57 billion in 2017) at a low 2% interest rate

1222: 1214: 1183: 1085: 1002: 998: 867: 859: 779: 602: 564: 552: 520: 245: 155: 135: 109: 81: 4150: 3904:

Identities and Social Change in Britain since 1940: The Politics of Method

3707:

The Iron Lady: Margaret Thatcher, from Grocer's Daughter to Prime Minister

1786:. However, as no prime minister had led from the House of Lords since the 5327: 5257: 4125: 4074: 2121: 1927: 1795: 1742: 1738: 1726:

on 29 January 1963, in due to his fear that 'the end would be a colossal

1711: 1488: 1455: 1245: 1059: 1054:

argued the only solution was to drastically cut back the spending on the

973:, and funeral benefits. Various other pieces of legislation provided for 831: 815: 612: 255: 3772: 3758: 2939: 3712:

Carter, Neil. "The party politicisation of the environment in Britain"

3473: 2299: 1864: 1808: 1671: 1517: 1502: 1279: 1076: 1043: 835: 3102:

Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency 1948–1960

2138:

James Callaghan § Prime Minister of the United Kingdom: 1976–1979

5605: 5513: 3316: 2281:

British Politics Since 1945: The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of Consensus

2249: 2201:

He was forced to call an election when the House of Commons passed a

2125: 2117: 2048:, widely known at the time as the "Common Market" (later renamed the 1522: 1102: 104: 69: 3718: 980: 802:

gained independence. Britain was a strong anti-Soviet factor in the

5466: 1991: 1919: 1757: 1589:

as part of his growth without inflation policy; it failed when the

1218: 1062:. The United States provided a large 50-year loan in 1946, and the 803: 791: 4110:"BBC On This Day-11 October 1974: Labour Scrapes Working Majority" 3709:(2011), 564pp; abridged version of Campbell's two-volume biography 3551:

How Labour Governments Fall: From Ramsay Macdonald to Gordon Brown

2142: 1585:

Macmillan wanted the new National Incomes Commission to institute

5292: 3549:

John Shepherd, "The Fall of the Callaghan Government, 1979." in

2521:

Clement Attlee: The man who made modern Britain (2017) pp 371–85.

1791: 1710:

in Britain under joint control, and since late 1957 the American

1645: 1620:

after 1960. Macmillan also saw the value of a rapprochement with

1017:

rarely rose above 500,000, or 3% of the total workforce. In fact

847: 3305:

Almost Impossible Ally: Harold Macmillan & Charles de Gaulle

5588: 2229:

held on 3 May, becoming Britain's first female prime minister.

2037:

was produced but fiercely repudiated by many Unionists and the

1668:, for Workers to come to England to "help the mother Country". 1341:

again became Prime Minister. His third government — after the

1178:. In sharp contrast, France felt humiliated by its loss of its 1162: 1158: 799: 2484:

Liberty or Death: India's Journey to Independence and Division

1826:. Douglas-Home became Leader of the Opposition. In July 1965, 1046:

food oil and munitions (which did not have to be repaid) plus

5565: 3429:

Marc Tiley, "Britain, Vietnam and the Special Relationship,"

2007: 1649: 1637: 1397:(AIOC) and its holdings by passing a bill strongly backed by 1217:, Britain took a strong anti-Soviet position in the emerging 851: 839: 795: 787: 4056:

The Myth of Consensus: New Views on British History, 1945–64

3418:

European Review of History: Revue européenne d’histoire 21.4

2469:

John Maynard Keynes, Vol. 3: Fighting for Freedom, 1937–1946

2389: 2325:

Kenneth O. Morgan, 'Aneurin Bevan' in Kevin Jeffreys (ed.),

1409:

arose from the army and pro-British factions in the Majlis.

3162:

G.C. Peden, "Suez and Britain's Decline as a World Power."

1968: 1661: 1653: 1210: 807: 192: 3959:

Politics and the Pound: The Tories, the Economy and Europe

2897:

Nuclear Rivals: Anglo-American Atomic Relations, 1941–1952

1706:

in December 1962. Previously he had agreed to base sixty

1174:, with large sums transferring back and forth, as well as 179: 4132:

The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1918–1940, 1945–1960

3872:

Historical Dictionary of the Contemporary United Kingdom

2772:

R. J. Moore, "Mountbatten, India, and the Commonwealth"

1749:

but he continued to lose support from within his party.

1683:, increasing his party's majority from 67 to 107 seats. 3536:

Colin Hay, "The winter of discontent thirty years on."

1228:. Britain had to develop its own nuclear arsenal, with 977:

and support for people with no other source of income.

3989:

The Politics of Decline: Understanding Postwar Britain

3874:(2008) 640 pp; biographies of people active 1979–2007 3141:

Sir Anthony Eden and the Suez Crisis: Reluctant Gamble

2329:(I.B. Tauris: London & New York, 2002), pp. 91–92. 2080:, but, when these failed, resigned as Prime Minister. 1698:

projects, Macmillan negotiated the supply of American

1038:

History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom

3916: 3895:

The Essential Anatomy of Britain: Democracy in Crisis

2787:

The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan

2056:

resulted in much of the country's industry working a

1957: 1845: 1293: 778:, railways, heavy industry, and coal mining were all 3921:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 255–75. 2041:

ceased to support the Conservatives at Westminster.

810:

in 1949. Many historians describe this era as the "

5279: 3877:Richards, David, Martin Smith, and Colin Hay, eds. 3862:

Descent From Power British Foreign Policy 1945-1973

3656:

The Myth of Decline: The Rise of Britain Since 1945

1675:

Harold Macmillan meeting Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1960

1596:One of Macmillan's more noteworthy actions was the 4129: 3834: 3684: 3274:Eisenhower, Macmillan and Allied Unity, 1957–1961. 3065:The Churchill-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953–1955 2800:The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army 2774:Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 2722:The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army 2629: 2332: 1902:Wilson regarded with special pride setting up the 1718:in autumn 1963. Britain's application to join the 1064:sudden grant of independence to India and Pakistan 834:of 1956 demonstrated that Britain was no longer a 4086: 3719:Garnett, Mark; Simon Mabon; Robert Smith (2017). 3562: 5703: 3553:(London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013). 113-140. 3009: 2590: 2109:British membership in the European Economic Area 1763: 1737:problems led to the imposition of a seven-month 1298: 3913:; Bibliography of secondary sources, PP 312–26. 3870:Panton, Kenneth J. and Keith A. Cowlard, eds. 3674:Clement Attlee: The Man Who Made Modern Britain 2848:The People's Peace: British history 1945 – 1990 2835:The People's Peace: British history 1945 – 1990 2327:Labour Forces: From Ernie Bevin to Gordon Brown 2083: 1853: 1822:, the Labour Party was returned to power under 1552: 896: 3645:When the Lights Went Out: Britain in the 1970s 3364: 3328:Cabinet Papers – Strained consensus and Labour 3272:E. Bruce Geelhoed, Anthony O. Edmonds (2003): 3061: 2910:Malaya: The Communist Insurgent War, 1948–1960 2480: 2131: 1906:as a model for Europe. Plans were drafted by 1628:. In terms of the Empire, Macmillan continued 1493:In April 1955, Churchill finally retired, and 961:, in which people in work paid a flat rate of 32:social history of post-war Britain (1945–1979) 4166: 4026:International Labor and Working-Class History 3769:Finding a Role?: The United Kingdom 1970–1990 3755:Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom, 1951–1970 3653: 2681: 1879:In 1964, Labour regained the premiership, as 1794:and, as "Sir Alec Douglas-Home", contested a 818:, heavy regulation, high taxes, and generous 735: 404: 4053:Jones, Harriet; Kandiah, Michael D. (1996). 4052: 3980:Portrait of a Decade: London Life, 1945-1955 3956: 3879:Institutional Crisis in 21st Century Britain 3808: 3217: 2094: 1374: 36:History of the United Kingdom (1945–present) 4180: 3829:Elizabethans: How Modern Britain Was Forged 3621: 2160:of Labour MPs, defeating the arch-Bevanite 2105:second election in October of the same year 1998:in 1972 when 14 unarmed men were killed by 1918:Overseas, Wilson was troubled by crises in 1756:after he had been admitted to hospital for 1461: 1381:Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry 1114:) that gained independence in 1947 and 1948 878:and a miner's strike, Heath introduced the 4173: 4159: 4008:Crisis? What Crisis?: Britain in the 1970s 3803:Twentieth-century Britain: an encyclopedia 3068:. U North Carolina Press. pp. 52–54. 2025:to hold unofficial talks in London with a 1760:trouble. He died 23 years later, in 1986. 1200: 931:was nationalised along with railways (see 766:came to power and created a comprehensive 742: 728: 411: 397: 59: 3985: 2633:Dean Acheson and the Obligations of Power 2597:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 45–47. 2004:Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association 1886:devaluation of the pound in November 1967 754:When Britain emerged victorious from the 3935: 3771:(New Oxford History of England) (2011) 3714:Party Politics, 12#6 (2006), pp. 747–67. 3186: 2292: 2141: 1987:was the bloodiest in the history of the 1967: 1863: 1838:in 1968, warning on the dangers of mass 1767: 1670: 1636:in February 1960 indicating his policy. 1562: 1471: 1412: 1322: 1312: 1244:(1952–60) and against Egypt in the 1956 1205:Britain became a founding member of the 1101: 979: 4124: 3796:Having It So Good: Britain in the 1950s 3757:(New Oxford History of England) (2011) 2859: 2044:Heath took the United Kingdom into the 2020:Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 1994:. He was prime minister at the time of 1612:was useful, and the two had a pleasant 1516:, President of Egypt, nationalised the 1153:, the dashing war hero and a cousin of 14: 5704: 4073: 3855:Britain since 1945: The People's Peace 3679: 3569:Britain Since 1945: The People's Peace 3310: 2393:Health and the National Health Service 2338: 1686:Following the technical failures of a 1088:trusted Bevin and worked through him. 945:History of the National Health Service 5278: 4154: 4023: 3939:Post-war Britain: a political history 3606:Post-War Britain: A Political History 3470:American Journal of Political Science 2702:from the original on 15 February 2017 2501:from the original on 16 December 2019 2410:from the original on 15 February 2017 2390:John Carrier and Ian Kendall (2015). 2307:from the original on 2 September 2017 1840:immigration from Commonwealth nations 1688:British independent nuclear deterrent 1356:His domestic priorities followed the 1042:Despite the heavy American grants of 3687:British General Elections since 1945 3586:from the original on 28 January 2020 3527:(Manchester University Press, 2013). 3016:. Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 44–45. 2985:The British General Election of 1951 2972:The British general election of 1950 2533:1946: The making of the modern world 2396:. Taylor & Francis. p. 61. 1938: 1679:He led the Tories to victory in the 1660:) and 1960 and becoming involved in 1435: 3839:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2685:Attlee's Labour Governments 1945–51 2010:. In 2003, he gave evidence to the 1930:was a delicate issue, as President 1747:a major Cabinet change in July 1962 1644:were granted independence in 1957, 1170:, and had a valuable impact on the 1140:and Conservative party sympathiser 949:Welfare state in the United Kingdom 24: 5712:20th century in the United Kingdom 3805:(Peter Lang Pub Inc, 2002); 910pp. 3705:Campbell, John and David Freeman. 3615: 3317:http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk 3115:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 2789:(Yale UP, 2005) pp 6, 83–103, 211. 1983:The premiership of his successor, 1958:Conservative Government, 1970–1974 1891: 1559:Conservative government, 1957–1964 1529:and occupied the Suez Canal Zone. 1347:short caretaker government of 1945 1294:Conservative Government, 1951–1964 1240:, 1948–1960, in Kenya against the 1176:fresh migrants arriving from India 1031: 220:History of the United Kingdom 25: 5733: 4017: 3722:British Foreign Policy since 1945 3199:from the original on 6 April 2018 2295:"Special report Handle with care" 2027:Provisional Irish Republican Army 2018:. In July 1972, he permitted his 2000:1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment 3936:Sked, Alan; Cook, Chris (1979). 3917:Sissons, M.; French, P. (1963). 3385:from the original on 14 May 2020 3371:. Hodder Education. p. 13. 3238:from the original on 14 May 2020 3187:Bogdanor, Vernon (1 July 2005). 3128:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 3082:from the original on 14 May 2020 3030:from the original on 14 May 2020 2874:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2010.00751.x 2650:from the original on 13 May 2020 2611:from the original on 14 May 2020 2569:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 2209:, ran a campaign on the slogan " 1874: 1213:in 1949. Under foreign minister 938: 786:grants kept the economy afloat. 770:, with the establishment of the 702:Political history (1979–present) 380: 226: 191: 178: 5717:Contemporary history by country 5281:Countries of the United Kingdom 4381:Countries of the United Kingdom 3789:Never Again! Britain, 1945–1951 3598: 3556: 3543: 3530: 3517: 3501: 3485: 3462: 3449: 3436: 3423: 3410: 3397: 3358: 3345: 3332: 3297: 3266: 3250: 3211: 3180: 3156: 3133: 3120: 3107: 3094: 3055: 3042: 3003: 2990: 2977: 2964: 2951: 2928: 2915: 2902: 2889: 2880: 2853: 2840: 2827: 2805: 2792: 2779: 2766: 2753: 2740: 2727: 2714: 2675: 2662: 2623: 2584: 2561: 2538: 2525: 2513: 2474: 2461: 2448: 2435: 2354:(Oxford UP, 1985) pp. 94 – 141. 1978: 1830:defeated Reginald Maudling and 1722:was vetoed by French President 1309:Later life of Winston Churchill 1106:Four nations (India, Pakistan, 4376:Counties of the United Kingdom 4087:Newspapers and primary sources 2923:Presidential Studies Quarterly 2422: 2383: 2370: 2357: 2344: 2319: 2293:Assinder, Nick (1 July 1998). 2286: 2273: 2173:Leader of the House of Commons 1913: 1778:Macmillan's successor was the 1482: 13: 1: 3886:Anatomy of Britain Today65) ] 3739:Haq, Gary and Alistair Paul. 3627:The Collapse of British Power 3189:"Harold Macmillan | Obituary" 2936:Contemporary European History 2688:. Routledge. pp. 94–95. 2266: 2062:election for 28 February 1974 1800:Kinross & West Perthshire 1764:Alec Douglas-Home (1963–1964) 1681:October 1959 general election 1542:Commonwealth Relations Office 1299:Winston Churchill (1951–1955) 923:became Prime Minister of the 707:Social history (1979–present) 492: 479: 465: 452: 174: 5148:Universal basic income (UBI) 3405:Contemporary British History 2546:Contemporary British History 2084:Labour Government, 1974–1979 1860:Labour government, 1964–1970 1854:Labour Government, 1964–1970 1553:Harold Macmillan (1957–1963) 897:Labour Government, 1945–1951 675:Post-war Britain (political) 7: 5153:Water supply and sanitation 4852:Weapons of mass destruction 4837:His Majesty's Naval Service 3835:Morgan, Kenneth O. (1985). 3811:A History of Modern Britain 3750:(1982), scholarly biography 3741:Environmentalism since 1945 3457:Wilson: The Authorised Life 3050:Journal of Cold War Studies 2998:How Labour Governments Fall 2630:Michael F. Hopkins (2017). 2132:James Callaghan (1976–1979) 2090:1974–1979 Labour government 1754:resigned on 18 October 1963 1343:wartime national government 1264:International Monetary Fund 1251: 959:National Insurance Act 1946 288:Post-war period (political) 86:Chancellor of the Exchequer 84:, stands to his right, and 18:Postwar Britain (1945–1979) 10: 5738: 5248:Stereotypes of the British 4081:. Oxford University Press. 3881:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) 3837:Labour in Power, 1945–1951 3604:Alan Sked and Chris Cook, 3224:. Routledge. p. 343. 2378:Labour in Power, 1945–1951 2365:Labour in Power, 1945–1951 2352:Labour in Power, 1945–1951 2283:(2nd ed. Blackwell, 1997). 2221:as Conservative leader in 2135: 2087: 1961: 1942: 1895: 1857: 1626:entry to the Common Market 1556: 1486: 1465: 1439: 1416: 1378: 1302: 1255: 1234:Mandatory military service 1095: 1035: 942: 900: 298:Modern history (political) 29: 5663: 5564: 5465: 5413:First Minister and deputy 5378: 5291: 5287: 5274: 5270: 5171: 5011: 5002: 4960: 4877: 4868: 4827: 4768: 4637: 4633: 4624: 4486: 4414: 4366: 4362: 4353: 4286: 4198: 4189: 4136:. London: Jonathan Cape. 4059:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 4038:10.1017/s0147547912000506 3658:. London: Harvill Press. 3010:Jerome B. Elkind (1984). 2591:Rhiannon Vickers (2000). 2095:Harold Wilson (1974–1976) 2002:soldiers during a banned 1395:Anglo-Iranian Oil Company 1375:Anglo-Iranian Oil Dispute 685:Post-war Britain (social) 611: 589: 575: 563: 551: 529: 387:United Kingdom portal 187: 177: 169: 118: 97: 58: 50: 45: 5041:Environmental inequality 3801:Leventhal, Fred M., ed. 3725:. Taylor & Francis. 1952:National Union of Seamen 1846:"Thirteen Wasted Years!" 1462:Anthony Eden (1955–1957) 1389:1953 Iranian coup d'état 1305:Third Churchill ministry 1288:general election of 1951 1284:general election of 1950 1209:during this time and of 1091: 293:Post-war period (social) 4012:excerpt and text search 3986:Tomlinson, Jim (2000). 3773:excerpt and text search 3759:excerpt and text search 3538:The Political Quarterly 3365:Peter Clements (2017). 3062:Peter G. Boyle (1990). 2571:10.2 (2012): 150–166. 2481:Patrick French (2016). 2203:Motion of No Confidence 1716:Partial Test Ban Treaty 1452:local Chinese community 1201:International relations 1168:Commonwealth of Nations 990:National Health Service 772:National Health Service 353:History of the monarchy 303:Modern history (social) 4927:Science and technology 4112:. BBC. 11 October 1974 3779:major scholarly survey 3654:Bernstein, G. (2004). 3649:excerpt and textsearch 2899:(Ohio State Up, 2000). 2682:Robert Pearce (2006). 2548:27.3 (2013): 348–371. 2264: 2246: 2149: 2099:Heath was replaced by 1975: 1871: 1836:Rivers of Blood speech 1775: 1745:defeats. He organised 1676: 1570: 1479: 1335: 1320: 1115: 985: 880:three-day working week 51:8 May 1945 – 34:. For other uses, see 4904:Free trade agreements 3961:. London: Macmillan. 3957:Stephens, P. (1997). 3813:. London: Macmillan. 3809:Marr, Andrew (2007). 3691:. London: Blackwell. 3629:. London: Pan Books. 3608:(4th ed. 1993) p324. 3540:80.4 (2009): 545–552. 3433:63#12 (2013) pp 1–4. 3407:29.2 (2015): 241–272. 3353:Modern History Review 3263:29.4 (2005): 691–723. 3218:Jeremy Black (2016). 3166:55.4 (2012): 1073–96 2961:37#1 (1994): 173–197. 2938:9#1 (2000): 137–155. 2925:(1995) 25#3 pp 489–96 2763:41#3 (2007): 639–663. 2735:Eminent Churchillians 2456:Planning Perspectives 2254: 2238: 2207:Saatchi & Saatchi 2145: 2039:Ulster Unionist Party 2035:Sunningdale Agreement 1971: 1962:Further information: 1867: 1858:Further information: 1820:1964 general election 1788:Marquess of Salisbury 1771: 1674: 1634:Wind of Change speech 1614:conference in Bermuda 1566: 1557:Further information: 1475: 1466:Further information: 1413:The Mau Mau Rebellion 1326: 1316: 1303:Further information: 1266:. The U.S. provided 1120:limited local control 1105: 983: 957:was created with the 901:Further information: 874:. In the wake of the 92:, stands to his left. 5253:World Heritage Sites 5046:Environmental issues 4750:Female party leaders 4391:Overseas territories 3276:Palgrave Macmillan, 3117:30#1 (1999): 99–125. 2761:Modern Asian Studies 2211:Labour isn't working 2196:Winter of Discontent 2046:European Communities 1813:Cuban Missile Crisis 1798:in the safe seat of 1610:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1580:Bretton Woods system 1533:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1403:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1351:special relationship 1327:Newly crowned Queen 971:unemployment benefit 887:Winter of Discontent 866:, and the height of 864:European Communities 3976:Sutherland, Douglas 3942:. Harvester Press. 3884:Sampson, Anthony. 3853:Morgan, Kenneth O. 3511:11 (2016): 95-118. 3355:(2001) 13#2 pp 2–5. 3052:7.3 (2005): 79–123. 2846:Kenneth O. Morgan, 2833:Kenneth O. Morgan, 2350:Kenneth O. Morgan, 2217:(who had succeeded 1735:balance of payments 1666:British West Indies 1598:end of conscription 1258:Anglo-American loan 1195:Mandatory Palestine 1052:John Maynard Keynes 882:to conserve power. 447:Prehistoric Britain 68:waves to crowds on 4947:Telecommunications 4899:Economic geography 4755:Political scandals 4386:Crown Dependencies 3893:Sampson, Anthony. 3498:(Oxford UP, 1997). 3479:2016-10-05 at the 3322:2010-10-10 at the 3291:2015-09-24 at the 3261:Diplomatic History 3173:2017-02-02 at the 3164:Historical Journal 3150:2018-05-16 at the 3143:(Springer, 2002). 3139:Jonathan Pearson, 2959:Historical Journal 2945:2017-02-03 at the 2908:Edgar O'Ballance, 2895:Septimus H. Paul, 2821:2017-02-07 at the 2776:19.1 (1981): 5–43. 2578:2017-08-11 at the 2555:2017-09-23 at the 2531:Victor Sebestyen, 2467:Robert Skidelsky, 2458:2.1 (1987): 71-98. 2441:Frank Honigsbaum, 2380:(1985) pp. 152–63. 2367:(1985) pp. 142–87. 2150: 2120:bands such as the 1976: 1945:In Place of Strife 1872: 1776: 1728:Atlantic Community 1677: 1658:14 July Revolution 1622:Continental Europe 1587:controls on income 1571: 1514:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1480: 1425:Kenya Africa Union 1399:Mohammad Mosaddegh 1358:post-war consensus 1336: 1321: 1116: 1108:Dominion of Ceylon 1098:Partition of India 986: 963:National Insurance 933:Transport Act 1947 812:post-war consensus 78:Minister of Labour 74:VE Day, 8 May 1945 5699: 5698: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5266: 5265: 4998: 4997: 4864: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4745:Political parties 4669:Foreign relations 4620: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4349: 4348: 4326:Mass surveillance 4304:Foreign relations 4237:Second World War 4143:978-0-224-01912-5 4094:"1970s Key Facts" 4066:978-1-349-24942-8 4006:Turner, Alwyn W. 3968:978-0-333-63297-0 3949:978-0-06-496322-0 3928:978-0-19-281949-9 3906:(Oxford UP, 2010) 3846:978-0-19-285150-5 3820:978-1-4050-0538-8 3794:Hennessy, Peter. 3767:Harrison, Brian. 3753:Harrison, Brian. 3746:Harris, Kenneth, 3698:978-0-631-16053-3 3665:978-1-84413-102-0 3636:978-0-330-49181-5 3564:Kenneth O. Morgan 3496:Callaghan: A Life 3492:Kenneth O. Morgan 3342:(Springer, 2014). 3282:978-0-333-64227-6 3130:4#1 (2006): 1–25. 3000:(2013) pp. 61–82. 2983:David E. Butler, 2750:(1982) pp 362–87. 2746:Kenneth Harris, 2672:(2008) pp 321–25. 2471:(2001) pp 403–58. 2234:Kenneth O. Morgan 2215:Margaret Thatcher 2031:Seán Mac Stíofáin 1939:Industrial strike 1932:Lyndon B. Johnson 1804:Reginald Maudling 1784:Alec Douglas-Home 1773:Alec Douglas-Home 1724:Charles de Gaulle 1507:Dwight Eisenhower 1442:Malayan Emergency 1436:Malayan Emergency 1419:Mau Mau rebellion 1339:Winston Churchill 1318:Winston Churchill 1238:Malayan Emergency 1226:ended cooperation 891:Margaret Thatcher 806:and helped found 752: 751: 693: 692: 474:Sub-Roman Britain 421: 420: 338:Mass surveillance 203: 202: 199: 198: 146:Alec Douglas-Home 126:Winston Churchill 90:Sir John Anderson 66:Winston Churchill 16:(Redirected from 5729: 5679: 5672: 5380:Northern Ireland 5289: 5288: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5009: 5008: 4922: 4875: 4874: 4733:House of Commons 4701:Local government 4635: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4541:Renewable energy 4526:hydroelectricity 4364: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4196: 4195: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4135: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4082: 4070: 4049: 4003: 3972: 3953: 3932: 3919:Age of Austerity 3860:Northedge, F.S. 3850: 3824: 3736: 3702: 3690: 3669: 3640: 3609: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3560: 3554: 3547: 3541: 3534: 3528: 3521: 3515: 3509:British Politics 3505: 3499: 3489: 3483: 3466: 3460: 3455:Philip Ziegler, 3453: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3427: 3421: 3420:(2014): 557–576. 3414: 3408: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3362: 3356: 3349: 3343: 3336: 3330: 3314: 3308: 3301: 3295: 3270: 3264: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3184: 3178: 3160: 3154: 3137: 3131: 3124: 3118: 3111: 3105: 3100:Richard Stubbs, 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3059: 3053: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3007: 3001: 2994: 2988: 2981: 2975: 2968: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2932: 2926: 2919: 2913: 2906: 2900: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2857: 2851: 2844: 2838: 2831: 2825: 2809: 2803: 2798:Davis Chandler, 2796: 2790: 2783: 2777: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2751: 2744: 2738: 2733:Andrew Roberts, 2731: 2725: 2720:Chandler, David 2718: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2588: 2582: 2565: 2559: 2542: 2536: 2535:(2014) pp 72–78. 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2478: 2472: 2465: 2459: 2452: 2446: 2439: 2433: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2387: 2381: 2374: 2368: 2361: 2355: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2290: 2284: 2277: 2227:general election 2213:." As expected, 2190:decided not to. 2180:House of Commons 2171:. Foot was made 2023:William Whitelaw 2016:Northern Ireland 1989:Northern Ireland 1704:Nassau Agreement 1700:Polaris missiles 1602:National Service 1575:Harold Macmillan 1568:Harold Macmillan 1512:On 26 July 1956 1499:general election 1331:and her husband 1242:Mau Mau Uprising 1151:Lord Mountbatten 1147:Archibald Wavell 1137:Viceroy of India 1128:Jawaharial Nehru 1081:European economy 967:sickness benefit 953:A comprehensive 911:, the landslide 909:Second World War 872:Northern Ireland 756:Second World War 744: 737: 730: 665:Second World War 655:Interwar Britain 494: 481: 467: 454: 443: 442: 423: 422: 413: 406: 399: 385: 384: 383: 363:Military history 323:Economic history 283:Second World War 268:Edwardian period 263:Victorian period 230: 205: 204: 195: 184:Second World War 182: 175: 141:Harold Macmillan 63: 46:Post-war Britain 43: 42: 21: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5722:Post-war period 5702: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5647: 5560: 5461: 5374: 5283: 5262: 5167: 5123:Public holidays 5103:Life expectancy 4994: 4956: 4936:London Exchange 4932:Stock exchanges 4920: 4919:Pound sterling 4887:Bank of England 4856: 4847:Royal Air Force 4823: 4764: 4696:Law enforcement 4612: 4521:hydraulic frac. 4482: 4463:Lakes and lochs 4410: 4406:Former colonies 4345: 4341:Women's history 4316:Law enforcement 4282: 4228:First World War 4185: 4179: 4144: 4115: 4113: 4108: 4099: 4097: 4092: 4089: 4067: 4020: 4000: 3969: 3950: 3929: 3847: 3821: 3785:Hennessy, Peter 3733: 3699: 3666: 3643:Beckett, Andy. 3637: 3618: 3616:Further reading 3613: 3612: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3580: 3572:. p. 437. 3561: 3557: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3531: 3523:John Shepherd, 3522: 3518: 3506: 3502: 3490: 3486: 3481:Wayback Machine 3472:(1983): 43–63. 3467: 3463: 3454: 3450: 3446:(1993) p 404-5. 3442:John Campbell, 3441: 3437: 3428: 3424: 3415: 3411: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3379: 3363: 3359: 3350: 3346: 3337: 3333: 3324:Wayback Machine 3315: 3311: 3303:Peter Mangold, 3302: 3298: 3293:Wayback Machine 3271: 3267: 3257:Nigel J. Ashton 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3232: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3185: 3181: 3175:Wayback Machine 3161: 3157: 3152:Wayback Machine 3138: 3134: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3108: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3076: 3060: 3056: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3024: 3008: 3004: 2995: 2991: 2982: 2978: 2969: 2965: 2956: 2952: 2947:Wayback Machine 2933: 2929: 2920: 2916: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2862:History Compass 2858: 2854: 2845: 2841: 2832: 2828: 2823:Wayback Machine 2810: 2806: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2780: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2754: 2745: 2741: 2732: 2728: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2696: 2680: 2676: 2668:Arthur Herman, 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2644: 2636:. p. 261. 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2605: 2589: 2585: 2580:Wayback Machine 2566: 2562: 2557:Wayback Machine 2543: 2539: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2495: 2487:. p. 244. 2479: 2475: 2466: 2462: 2453: 2449: 2440: 2436: 2427: 2423: 2413: 2411: 2404: 2388: 2384: 2375: 2371: 2362: 2358: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2291: 2287: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2154:James Callaghan 2147:James Callaghan 2140: 2134: 2097: 2092: 2086: 2066:Ulster Unionist 2012:Saville Inquiry 1981: 1966: 1960: 1947: 1941: 1916: 1904:Open University 1900: 1898:Open University 1894: 1892:Open University 1877: 1862: 1856: 1848: 1766: 1618:John F. Kennedy 1561: 1555: 1546:Colonial Office 1491: 1485: 1470: 1464: 1444: 1438: 1421: 1415: 1391: 1379:Main articles: 1377: 1311: 1301: 1296: 1260: 1254: 1203: 1180:colonial empire 1172:British economy 1100: 1094: 1073:sterling crisis 1069:Royal Air Force 1040: 1034: 1032:Foreign affairs 1011:full employment 951: 941: 929:Bank of England 905: 903:Attlee ministry 899: 876:1973 oil crisis 776:Bank of England 748: 712: 711: 698: 645:First World War 440: 431:English history 417: 381: 379: 374: 373: 372: 358:Women's history 333:Law enforcement 317: 309: 308: 307: 278:Interwar period 273:First World War 251:Napoleonic Wars 246:Georgian period 240: 214: 173: 165: 161:James Callaghan 114: 93: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5735: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5681: 5680: 5673: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5608: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5599:First Minister 5596: 5591: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5507:First Minister 5504: 5499: 5489: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5471: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5395: 5390: 5384: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5297: 5295: 5285: 5284: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4990:Rail transport 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4929: 4924: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4812:Prime Minister 4809: 4808: 4807: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4774: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4760:Shadow Cabinet 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4738:House of Lords 4735: 4725: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4671: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4420: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4368:Administrative 4357: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4301: 4296: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: articles 4182:United Kingdom 4178: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4142: 4128:, ed. (1986). 4122: 4106: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4071: 4065: 4050: 4019: 4018:Historiography 4016: 4015: 4014: 4004: 3998: 3983: 3982:(Harrap, 1988) 3973: 3967: 3954: 3948: 3933: 3927: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3882: 3875: 3868: 3858: 3851: 3845: 3832: 3827:Marr, Andrew. 3825: 3819: 3806: 3799: 3792: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3731: 3716: 3710: 3703: 3697: 3677: 3670: 3664: 3651: 3641: 3635: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3597: 3578: 3555: 3542: 3529: 3516: 3500: 3484: 3461: 3448: 3435: 3422: 3409: 3396: 3377: 3357: 3344: 3331: 3309: 3296: 3265: 3249: 3230: 3210: 3179: 3155: 3132: 3119: 3106: 3093: 3074: 3054: 3041: 3022: 3002: 2989: 2976: 2963: 2950: 2927: 2914: 2912:(Faber, 1966). 2901: 2888: 2879: 2868:(3): 215–230. 2852: 2839: 2826: 2814:New York Times 2804: 2791: 2778: 2765: 2752: 2739: 2726: 2713: 2694: 2674: 2661: 2642: 2622: 2603: 2583: 2560: 2537: 2524: 2512: 2493: 2473: 2460: 2447: 2434: 2428:Michael Foot, 2421: 2402: 2382: 2369: 2356: 2343: 2331: 2318: 2285: 2279:David Dutton, 2271: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2242:ancien régime, 2136:Main article: 2133: 2130: 2096: 2093: 2088:Main article: 2085: 2082: 2058:Three-Day Week 2050:European Union 2029:delegation by 1980: 1977: 1964:Heath ministry 1959: 1956: 1940: 1937: 1915: 1912: 1896:Main article: 1893: 1890: 1884:the matter of 1876: 1873: 1855: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1765: 1762: 1630:decolonisation 1593:boycotted it. 1554: 1551: 1538:Foreign Office 1487:Main article: 1484: 1481: 1463: 1460: 1440:Main article: 1437: 1434: 1417:Main article: 1414: 1411: 1376: 1373: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1256:Main article: 1253: 1250: 1230:the first test 1207:United Nations 1202: 1199: 1155:King George VI 1142:Andrew Roberts 1132:Decolonisation 1124:Mahatma Gandhi 1112:Union of Burma 1096:Main article: 1093: 1090: 1056:British Empire 1048:American loans 1036:Main article: 1033: 1030: 984:Clement Attlee 940: 937: 925:United Kingdom 921:Clement Attlee 907:Following the 898: 895: 764:Clement Attlee 750: 749: 747: 746: 739: 732: 724: 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5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5163:Welfare state 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5108:Mental health 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5051:Ethnic groups 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4975:Bus transport 4973: 4971: 4970:Air transport 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4914:Manufacturing 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4790:Civil service 4788: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4716:republicanism 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4536:North Sea oil 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4434:Great Britain 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4425: 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Retrieved 4098:. Retrieved 4078: 4075:Soffer, Reba 4055: 4029: 4025: 4007: 3988: 3979: 3958: 3938: 3918: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3861: 3854: 3836: 3828: 3810: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3768: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3721: 3713: 3706: 3686: 3673: 3655: 3644: 3626: 3605: 3600: 3588:. Retrieved 3568: 3558: 3550: 3545: 3537: 3532: 3524: 3519: 3508: 3503: 3495: 3487: 3469: 3464: 3456: 3451: 3444:Edward Heath 3443: 3438: 3430: 3425: 3417: 3412: 3404: 3399: 3387:. Retrieved 3367: 3360: 3352: 3347: 3339: 3334: 3312: 3304: 3299: 3273: 3268: 3260: 3252: 3240:. Retrieved 3220: 3213: 3201:. Retrieved 3193:The Guardian 3192: 3182: 3163: 3158: 3140: 3135: 3127: 3122: 3114: 3109: 3101: 3096: 3084:. Retrieved 3064: 3057: 3049: 3044: 3032:. 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Longman. 3672:Bew, John. 3623:Barnett, C. 2339:Butler 1989 2248:Historians 2122:Sex Pistols 1928:Vietnam War 1914:Vietnam War 1796:by-election 1743:by-election 1739:wage freeze 1712:McMahon Act 1692:Blue Streak 1624:and sought 1489:Suez Crisis 1483:Suez Crisis 1456:Vietnam War 1246:Suez Crisis 832:Suez Crisis 613:Regency era 591:Restoration 578:Interregnum 531:Elizabethan 511:Plantagenet 488:Anglo-Saxon 482:7th century 5706:Categories 5594:Government 5502:Government 5497:Parliament 5213:Literature 5093:Innovation 5026:Demography 4921:(currency) 4770:Government 4728:Parliament 4652:Devolution 4647:Corruption 4582:Materials 4516:geothermal 4200:Chronology 3590:2 November 3242:17 January 3195:. London. 3023:9024729211 2706:30 January 2519:John Bew, 2414:27 January 2311:1 February 2300:BBC Online 2267:References 2232:Historian 2225:) won the 2113:referendum 2076:to form a 1943:See also: 1908:Jennie Lee 1809:Rab Butler 1733:Britain's 1702:under the 1696:Blue Steel 1518:Suez Canal 1503:Rab Butler 1407:coup plots 1369:coronation 1280:Korean War 1232:in 1952. 1077:Korean War 1044:Lend-Lease 943:See also: 836:superpower 607:1714–1837 547:1603–1714 525:1485–1603 328:Labour law 189:Modern era 171:Chronology 98:Monarch(s) 53:3 May 1979 5623:Education 5579:Geography 5531:Education 5487:Geography 5437:Education 5408:Executive 5393:Geography 5345:Education 5318:Geography 5098:Languages 5036:Education 4962:Transport 4800:Ministers 4686:Judiciary 4657:Elections 4597:Wildlife 4506:biodiesel 4488:Resources 4478:Volcanoes 4468:Mountains 4453:Coastline 4355:Geography 4309:1814–1919 4271:political 4256:political 4208:Formation 4046:144856938 2250:Alan Sked 2126:The Clash 2118:punk rock 2078:coalition 2054:oil shock 2006:march in 1807:Minister 1690:with the 1656:in 1958 ( 1523:Mussolini 1021:shortages 689:1945–1979 679:1945–1979 669:1939–1945 659:1919–1939 649:1914–1918 639:1901–1914 629:1837–1901 618:1811–1820 596:1660–1714 584:1649–1660 570:1625–1649 558:1603–1625 536:1558–1603 515:1216–1485 505:1066–1216 119:Leader(s) 105:George VI 70:Whitehall 5686:Category 5638:Religion 5584:Politics 5551:Religion 5492:Politics 5480:timeline 5467:Scotland 5452:Religion 5403:Assembly 5398:Politics 5365:Religion 5323:Politics 5311:timeline 5228:Religion 5208:Identity 5071:Scotland 5016:Cannabis 4942:Taxation 4829:Military 4711:monarchs 4706:Monarchy 4626:Politics 4586:forestry 4566:Scottish 4557:Fishing 4416:Physical 4336:Taxation 4331:Military 4321:Maritime 4294:Economic 4287:By topic 4252:Postwar 4246:military 4241:civilian 4233:Interwar 4096:. 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