400:
1551:
82:
408:
1454:
1489:
118:
427:(a girl's initiation ceremony into womanhood after she reached puberty), both of which were traditionally linked to the social acceptance of someone's readiness to marry as well the right to inherit property. These practices continued to exist in private, despite missionary efforts to end them. The Christian missionaries were politically involved as interpreters between the tribal chiefs and the colonial administrators.
430:
After
Botswana gained independence in 1966 from the colonial rule, senior Christian mission officials and priests served as the first Speaker of the National Assembly and as officials in the new government. In 1970s, its new leaders reviewed the Christian colonial curriculum in schools, and revised
587:
Indian
Muslims were the first Islamic populations in Botswana when they arrived around the 1890s. These Indian Muslims were limited to urban areas by the colonial authorities. Within some brief time, Muslims established Islamic centres throughout one urban centre to another as cities and Muslim
672:, only 21 Jews live in Botswana. Botswana's Jewish community is one of the youngest Jewish communities in Africa. The community is represented by the Jewish Community of Botswana (JCB), the Botswanan affiliate of the African Jewish Congress and the World Jewish Congress.
447:
were re-introduced. The new leaders also adopted a policy of religious tolerance and freedom, an approach towards religion that continues in
Botswana in the 21st century. However, the school curriculum remains largely as before, with Christian terminology and ideologies.
713:
The constitution of
Botswana protects the freedom of religion and allows missionaries and proselytisers to work freely after they register with the government, but forced conversion is against the law. There is no state religion in Botswana.
513:
Christianity is the majority religion in
Botswana. According to the country’s 2011 census, 79% of the population are members of Christian groups. Christian churches in Botswana include the mainline churches created by missionaries,
1061:
2087:
383:
to
Botswana in 1812. Other missionary groups were restricted by Motswana chiefs to avoid religious conflict. The missionaries were welcomed because the tribal chiefs believed they would help source guns to resist
546:
Hinduism is a minority religion practised by 0.3% of the population of
Botswana. As of January 2016, there are five Hindu temples in Botswana, including the Sai Temple and ISKCON Temple in Gaborone.
565:, who settled in the area during the British colonial rule. According to the 2011 census, there are around 11,000 Muslims in Botswana, although it believed that this figure has since gone down.
731:
1054:
396:
tribes were the first to wholly adopt
Christianity in the 1890s and 1900s, and their respective chiefs banned several tribal practices that contradicted Christian teachings.
1746:
639:. Services are typically held at Jewish homes or at communal centres. Jews in Botswana are buried in non-Jewish cemeteries, as there is no Jewish cemetery in the country.
1414:
756:
584:
it is less than one percent while as per Ahl al-Bayt World
Assembly the population of Shia in Botswana is around two percent of the total Muslim population of Botswana.
532:
Botswana recognises only
Christian holidays as public holidays. The nationwide religious observations include Good Friday, Easter Monday, Ascension Day, and Christmas.
699:
Irreligion is not uncommon among Batswana. Though Christianity predominates, according to 2011 census results, 15% of the country did not identify with any religion.
2074:
2067:
2055:
599:
529:
Christian missionaries first arrived in Botswana in 1812, and Christianity was widely adopted during the colonial period of the Bechuanaland Protectorate.
1114:
1202:
479:
all other religious groups (Buddhism, Hinduism (0.3%), Islam (0.4%), Judaism, and others) were less than 1 percent of Botswana's population in total.
1808:
1089:
1376:
311:
1525:
419:
After the arrival of Christianity in Botswana, the missionaries established Bible schools and attempted to end old practices such as
1953:
1793:
1409:
253:
632:
1943:
927:
900:
824:
662:
627:
Only about 100 Jews lived in Botswana during the 2000s, with almost all living in Gaborone. The community was predominantly
1556:
85:
647:
1300:
954:
2032:
1369:
661:
sent a delegation of Israeli doctors to assist Botswana during the pandemic. The Israeli delegation partnered with the
1310:
1186:
304:
1399:
602:
of Guyana has proselytised in Botswana since the 1970s, where missions are concentrated in townships and prisons.
494:
1471:
708:
2043:
1121:
1579:
2143:
1823:
1716:
1664:
1518:
1493:
1431:
1362:
680:
654:
44:
1227:
1550:
726:
399:
297:
1589:
1476:
1027:
Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (14 September 2007).
736:
658:
283:
1078:
2124:
2106:
986:
1863:
1574:
1206:
376:
161:
143:
2093:
1978:
1968:
1773:
1511:
1404:
1278:
1008:
515:
508:
278:
34:
456:
According to the country’s 2011 census, 79% of the population are members of Christian groups.
1983:
1868:
1803:
1176:
2100:
1963:
1923:
1908:
1893:
1848:
1788:
1609:
1419:
1333:
1231:
848:
221:
196:
2080:
1736:
1252:
917:
890:
81:
1913:
1256:
814:
669:
168:
1453:
1299:
Müller, Hans-Peter; Muller, Hans; Mekgwe, Pinkie; Mhloyi, Marvellous Mynard (12 July 2017).
1203:"Around the Jewish World in Botswana, African Jews Ask Leader to Be Vigilant Against Terror"
1175:
Tayob, Abdulkader (1999). "Southern Africa". In Westerlund, David; Svanberg, Ingvar (eds.).
2111:
2018:
1993:
1838:
1833:
1813:
1783:
1644:
1426:
1028:
541:
431:
it in order to restore traditional values based on pre-Christian religious ideas, such as
8:
2061:
2027:
2003:
1973:
1958:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1883:
1878:
1828:
1778:
1753:
1709:
1026:
761:
608:
is considered the heart of Botswanan Islam with a modernised mosque being built in 1982.
356:
converted to Christianity, which triggered the entire group they led to convert as well.
332:
148:
128:
108:
24:
1146:
2013:
2008:
1948:
1898:
1858:
1758:
1694:
1669:
1634:
1604:
1599:
1534:
650:
in 1993. The Israeli representative in Botswana is the Israeli ambassador to Zimbabwe.
226:
388:
trekkers from south and to prevent other nations from taking power in the region. The
2049:
1988:
1933:
1888:
1873:
1853:
1843:
1818:
1763:
1721:
1684:
1659:
1614:
1306:
1182:
923:
896:
868:
820:
631:
working in agriculture, business, and industry. No synagogues exist in Botswana. The
380:
343:
237:
213:
203:
99:
1998:
1903:
1798:
1689:
1674:
1564:
860:
273:
175:
499:
As of 2001, there were approximately 700 members of the Baháʼí Faith in Botswana.
1731:
1699:
1654:
1649:
1584:
347:
189:
138:
1704:
1679:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1044:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
777:
636:
523:
519:
970:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain
864:
2137:
1569:
872:
816:
Moral Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Culture, Economics, Conflict and AIDS
1441:
987:"International Religious Freedom Report for 2015, Country Report: Botswana"
628:
365:
324:
407:
1726:
640:
592:
393:
1354:
562:
54:
1503:
581:
385:
757:"Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Botswana"
463:
63 percent of its citizens were Christians of various denominations,
1594:
621:
605:
573:
557:
is a minority religion in Botswana. It came to the country through
412:
389:
350:
countries because regional hereditary tribal chiefs locally called
339:
117:
89:
717:
In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.
459:
In 2006, a report published by the Botswana government said that:
1639:
732:
List of Catholic dioceses in South Africa, Botswana and Swaziland
369:
472:
2 percent were adherents of the traditional indigenous religion
1436:
688:
684:
558:
423:(the tribe's traditional initiation ceremony into manhood) and
64:
980:
978:
976:
577:
554:
352:
1010:
Religious Composition by Country: Global Religious Landscape
812:
620:
in Botswana is relatively modern and centred in the city of
973:
617:
569:
598:
There were very few conversions to Islam until the 1970s.
624:. Most Jews in Botswana are Israelis and South Africans.
595:. They arrived mainly for job opportunities like mining.
1298:
984:
576:
is estimated between one and three percent of the total
331:. However, the country is officially secular and allows
346:. The conversion process was quicker than neighbouring
1055:"POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2011 ANALYTICAL REPORT"
403:
Beating boys as a part of the Bogwera ceremony (1870s)
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
591:
Malawian Muslims began to appear around the 1950s in
1546:
1334:"Botswana: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report"
769:
1006:
888:
849:"Religion, identity and public health in Botswana"
795:
915:
884:
882:
372:was the prevailing belief system of the country.
2135:
775:
675:
1115:"Estimated Percentage Range of Shia by Country"
466:about 27 percent said their religion was "God",
879:
1519:
1370:
909:
892:Routledge Companion to Christianity in Africa
635:provides rabbis for the community during the
305:
1149:. The AhlulBayt World Assembly. 8 April 2010
469:about 8 percent claimed to have no religion,
1415:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
847:Haron, Muhammed; Jensen, Kipton E. (2008).
846:
1526:
1512:
1377:
1363:
312:
298:
1302:Values and Development in Southern Africa
1384:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
406:
398:
80:
813:Sharlene Swartz; Monica Taylor (2013).
518:created independently by Batswana, and
2136:
1533:
1228:"Botswana Virtual Jewish History Tour"
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1020:
776:World Bank Group (19 September 2016).
702:
633:South African Jewish Board of Deputies
1507:
1358:
1174:
936:
663:Sir Ketumile Masire Teaching Hospital
580:population of Botswana; according to
439:, respectively harmony and humanism.
1557:Traditional African religions portal
922:. Routledge. pp. 163–164, 129.
842:
840:
838:
836:
1161:
13:
1452:
1181:. London: Routledge. p. 113.
1067:from the original on 23 June 2022.
749:
342:in mid 1870s, with the arrival of
14:
2155:
1095:from the original on 5 March 2017
985:U.S. Department of State (2016).
959:United States Department of State
833:
411:BAPS Swaminarayan Hindu Mission,
2088:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1809:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1549:
1488:
1487:
1276:
116:
1326:
1292:
1270:
1245:
1220:
1195:
1139:
1107:
1071:
1047:
919:Encyclopedia of African History
895:. Routledge. pp. 389–390.
709:Freedom of religion in Botswana
643:is imported from South Africa.
502:
488:
451:
1147:"Shia Population in: Botswana"
1000:
1:
1717:Traditional African religions
1432:Traditional African religions
819:. Routledge. pp. 67–69.
742:
694:
681:Traditional African religions
676:Traditional African religions
655:COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana
333:freedom of religious practice
1305:. African Books Collective.
1178:Islam Outside the Arab World
1086:Ministry of External Affairs
1079:"India - Botswana Relations"
1007:Pew Research Center (2012).
889:Elias Kifon Bongmba (2015).
727:Botswana Council of Churches
646:Botswana renewed diplomatic
483:
7:
1869:Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
1590:Traditional Berber religion
1120:. Pew forum. Archived from
737:Public holidays in Botswana
720:
659:Baruch Padeh Medical Center
653:In May of 2021, during the
535:
23:Religion in Botswana (2020
10:
2160:
2125:African diaspora religions
916:Kevin Shillington (2013).
706:
611:
539:
516:African-initiated churches
506:
492:
359:
2121:
2026:
1745:
1575:Ancient Egyptian religion
1541:
1485:
1464:
1450:
1392:
1322:– via Google Books.
1207:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
865:10.1080/14725840801934039
377:London Missionary Society
144:Bechuanaland Protectorate
86:Christ the King Cathedral
1794:Central African Republic
549:
509:Christianity in Botswana
495:Baháʼí Faith in Botswana
338:Christianity arrived in
1253:"Community in Botswana"
588:populations increased.
1458:
1420:Eloyi Christian Church
1232:Jewish Virtual Library
416:
404:
381:Christian missionaries
364:Before the arrival of
92:
1954:São Tomé and Príncipe
1944:Republic of the Congo
1456:
1279:"Atheism In Botswana"
1257:World Jewish Congress
1016:. PRG, Washington DC.
670:World Jewish Congress
648:recognition of Israel
410:
402:
344:European missionaries
84:
2144:Religion in Botswana
1386:Religion in Botswana
683:in Botswana include
542:Hinduism in Botswana
329:religion in Botswana
254:World Heritage Sites
1710:Serer creation myth
1472:Freedom of religion
1033:2001-2009.state.gov
762:Pew Research Center
703:Freedom of religion
616:The history of the
600:Shaykh Ali Mustapha
149:History of Gaborone
109:Culture of Botswana
1695:Malagasy mythology
1605:Bushongo mythology
1535:Religion in Africa
1459:
853:African Identities
417:
405:
93:
2131:
2130:
2037:other territories
1824:Equatorial Guinea
1722:Tumbuka mythology
1685:Lugbara mythology
1670:Khoe/San religion
1615:Dahomean religion
1501:
1500:
929:978-1-135-45670-2
902:978-1-134-50577-7
826:978-1-317-98249-4
668:According to the
322:
321:
73: Others (1%)
2151:
1747:Sovereign states
1690:Maasai mythology
1675:Lotuko mythology
1565:Akamba mythology
1559:
1554:
1553:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1457:Flag of Botswana
1379:
1372:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1172:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1127:on 1 August 2012
1126:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1088:. January 2016.
1083:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
982:
971:
969:
967:
965:
951:
934:
933:
913:
907:
906:
886:
877:
876:
844:
831:
830:
810:
793:
792:
790:
788:
782:World Bank Group
773:
767:
766:
753:
561:immigrants from
348:southern African
314:
307:
300:
120:
111:
95:
94:
72:
62:
52:
42:
32:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2117:
2036:
2031:
2022:
1741:
1732:Yoruba religion
1700:Mbuti mythology
1655:Isoko mythology
1585:Bantu mythology
1555:
1548:
1537:
1532:
1502:
1497:
1481:
1477:Public holidays
1460:
1448:
1388:
1383:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1173:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1037:
1035:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
983:
974:
963:
961:
953:
952:
937:
930:
914:
910:
903:
887:
880:
845:
834:
827:
811:
796:
786:
784:
774:
770:
755:
754:
750:
745:
723:
711:
705:
697:
678:
629:Jewish Israelis
614:
552:
544:
538:
511:
505:
497:
491:
486:
454:
379:sent the first
362:
327:is the largest
318:
289:
288:
284:National anthem
269:
268:
259:
258:
249:
248:
232:
231:
217:
216:
156:
155:
154:
153:
139:Bantu expansion
132:
131:
107:
88:in the capital
79:
78:
77:
76:
75:
74:
70:
68:
60:
58:
50:
48:
40:
38:
30:
12:
11:
5:
2157:
2147:
2146:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2107:Western Sahara
2104:
2097:
2091:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2044:Canary Islands
2040:
2038:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1705:Serer religion
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1680:Lozi mythology
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1630:Efik mythology
1627:
1625:Dogon religion
1622:
1620:Dinka religion
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1595:Bono mythology
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1325:
1311:
1291:
1269:
1244:
1219:
1194:
1187:
1160:
1138:
1106:
1070:
1046:
1019:
999:
972:
935:
928:
908:
901:
878:
859:(2): 183–198.
832:
825:
794:
768:
747:
746:
744:
741:
740:
739:
734:
729:
722:
719:
707:Main article:
704:
701:
696:
693:
677:
674:
613:
610:
572:population in
551:
548:
540:Main article:
537:
534:
507:Main article:
504:
501:
493:Main article:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
480:
477:
470:
467:
464:
453:
450:
361:
358:
320:
319:
317:
316:
309:
302:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
281:
276:
270:
266:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
250:
246:
245:
244:
241:
240:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
218:
212:
211:
210:
207:
206:
200:
199:
193:
192:
186:
185:
179:
178:
172:
171:
165:
164:
158:
157:
152:
151:
146:
141:
135:
134:
133:
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
113:
112:
104:
103:
69:
59:
49:
39:
29:
21:
20:
19:
18:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2156:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
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1188:0-7007-1124-4
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665:in Gaborone.
664:
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637:High Holidays
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105:
101:
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96:
91:
87:
83:
66:
56:
46:
36:
35:Protestantism
28:
26:
16:
2099:
2086:
2073:
2028:Dependencies
1979:South Africa
1969:Sierra Leone
1774:Burkina Faso
1768:
1610:Christianity
1580:Baháʼí Faith
1492:
1442:San religion
1405:Christianity
1400:Bahá'í Faith
1385:
1343:13 September
1341:. Retrieved
1337:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1301:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1197:
1177:
1151:. Retrieved
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1122:the original
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1085:
1073:
1049:
1038:13 September
1036:. Retrieved
1032:
1022:
1009:
1002:
990:. Retrieved
964:13 September
962:. Retrieved
958:
918:
911:
891:
856:
852:
815:
785:. Retrieved
781:
771:
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751:
716:
712:
698:
679:
667:
652:
645:
626:
615:
604:
597:
590:
586:
567:
553:
545:
531:
528:
512:
503:Christianity
498:
489:Baháʼí Faith
473:
458:
455:
452:Demographics
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:
424:
420:
418:
374:
366:Christianity
363:
351:
337:
328:
325:Christianity
323:
279:Coat of arms
182:
43: Other
25:Pew Research
22:
15:
1984:South Sudan
1727:Waaqeffanna
1410:Anglicanism
1277:Igwe, Leo.
1262:16 December
1237:16 December
1212:16 December
1099:14 December
641:Kosher food
593:Francistown
524:Pentecostal
520:Evangelical
394:BaNgwaketse
55:No religion
2123:See also:
2114:(Tanzania)
2101:Somaliland
2094:St. Helena
2058:(Portugal)
2033:autonomies
1964:Seychelles
1924:Mozambique
1909:Mauritania
1894:Madagascar
1849:The Gambia
1789:Cape Verde
1645:Irreligion
1029:"Botswana"
992:18 October
955:"Botswana"
787:18 October
778:"Botswana"
743:References
695:Irreligion
563:South Asia
526:churches.
222:Television
197:Literature
27:estimate)
1914:Mauritius
1542:Religions
1393:Religions
873:1472-5843
582:Pew Forum
484:Religions
433:Kagisanyo
386:Afrikaner
247:Monuments
169:Languages
45:Christian
2138:Category
2112:Zanzibar
2083:(France)
2075:Puntland
2064:(France)
2019:Zimbabwe
1994:Tanzania
1839:Ethiopia
1834:Eswatini
1814:Djibouti
1784:Cameroon
1769:Botswana
1635:Hinduism
1600:Buddhism
1494:Category
1427:Hinduism
1153:1 August
1090:Archived
1062:Archived
721:See also
622:Gaborone
606:Gaborone
574:Botswana
536:Hinduism
413:Gaborone
390:BaNgwato
340:Botswana
183:Religion
100:a series
98:Part of
90:Gaborone
2081:Réunion
2070:(Spain)
2068:Melilla
2062:Mayotte
2056:Madeira
2052:(Spain)
2046:(Spain)
2004:Tunisia
1974:Somalia
1959:Senegal
1939:Nigeria
1929:Namibia
1919:Morocco
1884:Liberia
1879:Lesotho
1829:Eritrea
1804:Comoros
1779:Burundi
1754:Algeria
1665:Judaism
1660:Jainism
1465:Related
1318:12 July
1284:12 July
1131:30 July
765:. 2020.
612:Judaism
441:Bogwera
421:Bogwera
370:Animism
360:History
353:Dikgosi
267:Symbols
176:Cuisine
129:History
2014:Zambia
2009:Uganda
1949:Rwanda
1899:Malawi
1859:Guinea
1759:Angola
1437:Badimo
1309:
1185:
926:
899:
871:
823:
689:Modimo
685:Badimo
657:, the
578:Muslim
559:Muslim
474:Badimo
445:Bojale
425:Bojale
227:Cinema
162:People
102:on the
71:
65:Badimo
63:
61:
53:
51:
41:
33:
31:
2050:Ceuta
2035:, and
1989:Sudan
1934:Niger
1889:Libya
1874:Kenya
1854:Ghana
1844:Gabon
1819:Egypt
1764:Benin
1650:Islam
1125:(PDF)
1118:(PDF)
1093:(PDF)
1082:(PDF)
1065:(PDF)
1058:(PDF)
1014:(PDF)
555:Islam
550:Islam
476:, and
437:Botho
238:Sport
214:Media
204:Music
57:(20%)
37:(66%)
2096:(UK)
1999:Togo
1904:Mali
1799:Chad
1345:2023
1320:2017
1307:ISBN
1286:2017
1264:2021
1239:2021
1214:2021
1183:ISBN
1155:2013
1133:2013
1101:2016
1040:2023
994:2016
966:2023
924:ISBN
897:ISBN
869:ISSN
821:ISBN
789:2016
687:and
618:Jews
570:Shia
568:The
522:and
443:and
435:and
392:and
375:The
274:Flag
67:(6%)
47:(7%)
861:doi
335:.
190:Art
2140::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
