2612:"For the name social contract (or original contract) often covers two different kinds of contract, and, in tracing the evolution of the theory, it is well to distinguish The first] generally involved some theory of the origin of the state. The second form of social contract may be more accurately called the contract of government or the contract of submission... Generally, it has nothing to do with the origins of society, but, presupposing a society already formed, it purports to define the terms on which that society is to be governed: the people have made a contract with their ruler which determines their relations with him. They promise him obedience, while he promises his protection and good government. While he keeps his part of the bargain, they must keep theirs, but if he misgoverns the contract is broken and allegiance is at an end."
1941:'s conception of the social contract differed from Hobbes' in several fundamental ways, retaining only the central notion that persons in a state of nature would willingly come together to form a state. Locke believed that individuals in a state of nature would be bound morally, by the Law of Nature, in which man has the "power... to preserve his property; that is, his life, liberty and estate against the injuries and attempts of other men". Without government to defend them against those seeking to injure or enslave them, Locke further believed people would have no security in their rights and would live in fear. Individuals, to Locke, would only agree to form a state that would provide, in part, a "neutral judge", acting to protect the lives, liberty, and property of those who lived within it.
1798:
among themselves to have neither; hence there arise laws and mutual covenants; and that which is ordained by law is termed by them lawful and just. This they affirm to be the origin and nature of justice;âit is a mean or compromise, between the best of all, which is to do injustice and not be punished, and the worst of all, which is to suffer injustice without the power of retaliation; and justice, being at a middle point between the two, is tolerated not as a good, but as the lesser evil, and honoured by reason of the inability of men to do injustice. For no man who is worthy to be called a man would ever submit to such an agreement if he were able to resist; he would be mad if he did. Such is the received account, Socrates, of the nature and origin of justice.
2402:; at that time more importance was attached to consideration, meaning a mutual exchange of benefits necessary to the formation of a valid contract, and most contracts had implicit terms that arose from the nature of the contractual relationship rather than from the choices made by the parties. Accordingly, it has been argued that social contract theory is more consistent with the contract law of the time of Hobbes and Locke than with the contract law of our time and that certain features in the social contract which seem anomalous to us, such as the belief that we are bound by a contract formulated by our distant ancestors, would not have seemed as strange to Hobbes' contemporaries as they do to us.
2280:
and cover that scheme of actions which it pursues. ... The one party , by tracing up government to the DEITY, endeavor to render it so sacred and inviolate that it must be little less than sacrilege, however tyrannical it may become, to touch or invade it in the smallest article. The other party , by founding government altogether on the consent of the PEOPLE suppose that there is a kind of original contract by which the subjects have tacitly reserved the power of resisting their sovereign, whenever they find themselves aggrieved by that authority with which they have for certain purposes voluntarily entrusted him.
1950:. Locke argued that a government's legitimacy comes from the citizens' delegation to the government of their absolute right of violence (reserving the inalienable right of self-defense or "self-preservation"), along with elements of other rights (e.g. property will be liable to taxation) as necessary to achieve the goal of security through granting the state a monopoly of violence, whereby the government, as an impartial judge, may use the collective force of the populace to administer and enforce the law, rather than each man acting as his own judge, jury, and executionerâthe condition in the state of nature.
1729:
earthbound, and felt the need of food and shelter. As men lost their primeval glory, distinctions of class arose, and they entered into agreements with one another, accepting the institution of private property and the family. With this theft, murder, adultery, and other crime began, and so the people met together and decided to appoint one man from among them to maintain order in return for a share of the produce of their fields and herds. He was called "the Great Chosen One" (Mahasammata), and he received the title of raja because he pleased the people.
48:
1619:) through a social contract in which they all gain security in return for subjecting themselves to an absolute sovereign, one man or an assembly of men. Though the sovereign's edicts may well be arbitrary and tyrannical, Hobbes saw absolute government as the only alternative to the terrifying anarchy of a state of nature. Hobbes asserted that humans consent to abdicate their rights in favor of the absolute authority of government (whether monarchical or parliamentary).
1416:
2077:
brought forward by the primitive fact of exchange, ... is substituted for that of distributive justice ... Translating these words, contract, commutative justice, which are the language of the law, into the language of business, and you have commerce, that is to say, in its highest significance, the act by which man and man declare themselves essentially producers, and abdicate all pretension to govern each other.
2415:
2072:(1809â1865) advocated a conception of social contract that did not involve an individual surrendering sovereignty to others. According to him, the social contract was not between individuals and the state, but rather among individuals who refrain from coercing or governing each other, each one maintaining complete sovereignty upon him- or herself:
2149:. He proposes that, if two parties were to stick to the original agreed-upon arrangement and morals outlined by the contract, they would both experience an optimal result. In his model for the social contract, factors including trust, rationality, and self-interest keep each party honest and dissuade them from breaking the rules.
2023:). Thus the law, inasmuch as it is created by the people acting as a body, is not a limitation of individual freedom, but rather its expression. The individual, as a citizen, explicitly agreed to be constrained if, as a private individual, he did not respect his own will as formulated in the general will.
2145:'s "neo-Hobbesian" theory argues that cooperation between two independent and self-interested parties is indeed possible, especially when it comes to understanding morality and politics. Gauthier notably points out the advantages of cooperation between two parties when it comes to the challenge of the
2389:
that a supposed social contract cannot be used to justify governmental actions such as taxation because government will initiate force against anyone who does not wish to enter into such a contract. As a result, he maintains that such an agreement is not voluntary and therefore cannot be considered a
2370:
The theory of an implicit social contract also goes under the principles of explicit consent. The main difference between tacit consent and explicit consent is that explicit consent is meant to leave no room for misinterpretation. Moreover, you should directly state what it is that you want and the
2279:
As no party, in the present age can well support itself without a philosophical or speculative system of principles annexed to its political or practical one; we accordingly find that each of the factions into which this nation is divided has reared up a fabric of the former kind, in order to protect
1903:
The state system, which grew out of the social contract, was, however, also anarchic (without leadership). Just as the individuals in the state of nature had been sovereigns and thus guided by self-interest and the absence of rights, so states now acted in their self-interest in competition with each
1604:
famously said that in a "state of nature", human life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short". In the absence of political order and law, everyone would have unlimited natural freedoms, including the "right to all things" and thus the freedom to plunder, rape and murder; there would be an
2235:
called it "an aspect of the instinct for self-preservation." He saw the committer of bad deeds as the impervious person: that "rare person whose intuition is stunted and who misses out on instruction grows up uninhibited, so continues bad deeds." Jones argued that the legitimancy of the judiciary is
1797:
They say that to do injustice is, by nature, good; to suffer injustice, evil; but that the evil is greater than the good. And so when men have both done and suffered injustice and have had experience of both, not being able to avoid the one and obtain the other, they think that they had better agree
1625:
The central assertion that social contract theory approaches is that law and political order are not natural, but human creations. The social contract and the political order it creates are simply the means towards an endâthe benefit of the individuals involvedâand legitimate only to the extent that
2240:
My own present, unresolved thoughts are that 'evil' is within the realm of theologians and moral philosophers. Doctors, judges and lawyers would do well to concern themselves with bad deeds and bad health, that is deeds, which society has determined as criminal. If the perpetrators of bad deeds are
2193:
In every real democracy, magistracy is not an advantage, but a burdensome charge which cannot justly be imposed on one individual rather than another. The law alone can lay the charge on him on whom the lot falls. For, the conditions being then the same for all, and the choice not depending on any
2018:
Rousseau's striking phrase that man must "be forced to be free" should be understood this way: since the indivisible and inalienable popular sovereignty decides what is good for the whole, if an individual rejects this "civil liberty" in place of "natural liberty" and self interest, disobeying the
2322:
rules the society might make regardless of their content. A second condition of consent is that the rules be consistent with underlying principles of justice and the protection of natural and social rights, and have procedures for effective protection of those rights (or liberties). This has also
1859:
These arguments, however, relied on a corporatist theory found in Roman law, according to which "a populus" can exist as a distinct legal entity. Thus, these arguments held that a group of people can join a government because it has the capacity to exercise a single will and make decisions with a
2298:
My intention here is not to exclude the consent of the people from being one just foundation of government where it has place. It is surely the best and most sacred of any. I only contend that it has very seldom had place in any degree and never almost in its full extent. And that therefore some
2076:
What really is the Social
Contract? An agreement of the citizen with the government? No, that would mean but the continuation of idea. The social contract is an agreement of man with man; an agreement from which must result what we call society. In this, the notion of commutative justice, first
1891:
were "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short", a state in which self-interest and the absence of rights and contracts prevented the "social", or society. Life was "anarchic" (without leadership or the concept of sovereignty). Individuals in the state of nature were apolitical and asocial. This
2188:
argued that societal laws are upheld up the collective will of the citizens whom they represent. Thus, in obeying laws, the citizen "remains free." Within elections, the will of the establishment is the will of the collective. Barring corruption, the legitimacy of the democractic government is
2218:
were inalienable, and therefore the rule of God superseded government authority, while
Rousseau believed that democracy (majority-rule) was the best way to ensure welfare while maintaining individual freedom under the rule of law. The Lockean concept of the social contract was invoked in the
1728:
In the early days of the cosmic cycle mankind lived on an immaterial plane, dancing on air in a sort of fairyland, where there was no need of food or clothing, and no private property, family, government or laws. Then gradually the process of cosmic decay began its work, and mankind became
1904:
other. Just like the state of nature, states were thus bound to be in conflict because there was no sovereign over and above the state (more powerful) capable of imposing some system such as social-contract laws on everyone by force. Indeed, Hobbes' work helped to serve as a basis for the
2026:
Because laws represent the restraint of "natural liberty", they represent the leap made from humans in the state of nature into civil society. In this sense, the law is a civilizing force. Therefore
Rousseau believed that the laws that govern a people help to mould their character.
1569:, assuming that 'nature' precludes mutually beneficial social relationships. From this shared starting point, social contract theorists seek to demonstrate why rational individuals would voluntarily consent to give up their natural freedom to obtain the benefits of political order.
2357:
The theory of a tacit social contract holds that by remaining in the territory controlled by some society, which usually has a government, people give consent to join that society and be governed by its government if any. This consent is what gives legitimacy to such a government.
1816:), decided to bring the theory to the forefront of his society. As time went on, philosophers of traditional political and social thought, such as Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau put forward their opinions on social contract, which then caused the topic to become much more mainstream.
1767:
32. Those animals which are incapable of making binding agreements with one another not to inflict nor suffer harm are without either justice or injustice; and likewise for those peoples who either could not or would not form binding agreements not to inflict nor suffer harm.
1994:
Although
Rousseau wrote that the British were perhaps at the time the freest people on earth, he did not approve of their representative government, nor any form of representative government. Rousseau believed that society was only legitimate when the sovereign (i.e. the
2361:
Other writers have argued that consent to join the society is not necessarily consent to its government. For that, the government must be set up according to a constitution of government that is consistent with the superior unwritten constitutions of nature and society.
1899:
so that others would cede theirs. This resulted in the establishment of the state, a sovereign entity like the individuals now under its rule used to be, which would create laws to regulate social interactions. Human life was thus no longer "a war of all against all".
1626:
they fulfill their part of the agreement. Hobbes argued that government is not a party to the original contract and citizens are not obligated to submit to the government when it is too weak to act effectively to suppress factionalism and civil unrest.
2397:
Modern Anglo-American law, like
European civil law, is based on a will theory of contract, according to which all terms of a contract are binding on the parties because they chose those terms for themselves. This was less true when Hobbes wrote
1745:
also reflects social contracts expected of the monks; one such instance is when the people of a certain town complained about monks felling saka trees, the Buddha tells his monks that they must stop and give way to social norms.
1855:
by means of a social covenant or contract, and all of these arguments began with proto-"state of nature" arguments, to the effect that the basis of politics is that everyone is by nature free of subjection to any government.
2003:. He also stated that the individual must accept "the total alienation to the whole community of each associate with all his rights". In short, Rousseau meant that in order for the social contract to work, individuals
2214:) or satisfy the best interests of society, citizens can withdraw their obligation to obey or change the leadership through elections or other means including, when necessary, violence. Locke believed that
1978:
Rousseau's political theory differs in important ways from that of Locke and Hobbes. Rousseau's collectivist conception is most evident in his development of the "luminous conception" (which he credited to
1752:
in the fourth century BC seemed to have had a strong sense of social contract, with justice and law being rooted in mutual agreement and advantage, as evidenced by these lines, among others, from his
3888:(May 10, 2012). BBC Radio Program. Melvin Bragg, moderator, with Ian Stewart, Emeritus, University of Warwick, Andrew Colman, University of Leicester, and Richard Bradley, London School of Economics.
2172:, should be modified. Instead of arguing for explicit consent, which can always be manufactured, Pettit argues that the absence of an effective rebellion against it is a contract's only legitimacy.
1771:
33. There never was such a thing as absolute justice, but only agreements made in mutual dealings among men in whatever places at various times providing against the infliction or suffering of harm.
2275:, who in 1742 published an essay "Of Civil Liberty". The second part of this essay, entitled "Of the Original Contract", stresses that the concept of a "social contract" is a convenient fiction:
3291:
Jean
Jacques Rousseau (1712â1778). Social Contract & Discourses. 1913. The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right. Book IV Chapter III. Elections
1827:
has argued that several critical modern innovations in contract theory are found in the writings from French
Calvinists and Huguenots, whose work in turn was invoked by writers in the
1622:
Alternatively, Locke and
Rousseau argued that we gain civil rights in return for accepting the obligation to respect and defend the rights of others, giving up some freedoms to do so.
2707:
3415:
3314:
3163:
Is it not nevertheless a gain to risk for the sake of what makes for our security just a portion of what we would have to risk for our own sakes as soon as we are deprived of it?
2013:
Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will; and in a body, we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole.
5892:
3116:
The social contract ; and, the first and second discourses / Jean-Jacques
Rousseau ; edited and with an introduction by Susan Dunn ; with essays by Gita May
2339:, an unwritten and commonly understood set of rules for the society formed by a social contract before it establishes a government, by which it does establish the third, a
3879:(7 Feb 2008). BBC Radio Program. Melvyn Bragg, moderator; with Melissa Lane, Cambridge University; Susan James, University of London; Karen O'Brien, University of Warwick.
2084:
3145:. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Translated by Gourevitch, Victor (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 2018). p. 66.
3893:
3608:
Joseph Kary, "Contract Law and the Social
Contract: What Legal History Can Teach Us About the Political Theory of Hobbes and Locke", 31 Ottawa Law Review 73 (Jan. 2000)
2379:
According to the will theory of contract, a contract is not presumed valid unless all parties voluntarily agree to it, either tacitly or explicitly, without coercion.
2965:
2778:
1508:, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority (of the ruler, or to the decision of a majority) in exchange for protection of their remaining
3053:
The social contract ; and, the first and second discourses / Jean-Jacques Rousseau; edited and with an introduction by Susan Dunn; with essays by Gita May
2383:, a 19th-century lawyer who argued before the United States Supreme Court and staunch supporter of a right of contract between individuals, argued in his essay
3588:
3028:
The social contract; and, the first and second discourses / Jean-Jacques Rousseau; edited and with an introduction by Susan Dunn; with essays by Gita May
3824:
3689:
2544:
1812:(341â270 BC), the first philosopher who saw justice as a social contract, and not as existing in Nature due to divine intervention (see below and also
3661:
Translated by Sir Ernest Barker, with a Lecture on "The Ideas of Natural Law and Humanity", by Ernst Troeltsch. Cambridge: The University Press, 1950.
3009:
5852:
3963:
1444:
4006:
1550:, the heyday of the social contract was the mid-17th to early 19th centuries, when it emerged as the leading doctrine of political legitimacy.
2806:
2668:
3385:
3312:
5936:
4796:
4437:
1553:
The starting point for most social contract theories is an examination of the human condition absent any political order (termed the "
6115:
2220:
1718:
Social contract formulations are preserved in many of the world's oldest records. The Indian Buddhist text of the second century BC
4981:
3248:
5899:
5589:
4891:
1001:
2318:
has argued that, while presence in the territory of a society may be necessary for consent, this does not constitute consent to
5010:
2556:
145:
17:
2869:
2756:. However, Aquinas uses it in the context of a discussion of the nature of the soul after death, not in reference to politics.
4998:
3652:
1152:
1092:
3460:
3178:
2231:
In court, the social contract is used to diagnose mental health, with the ultimate aim of delivering a fair sentence. Judge
1225:
3794:
Will and Political Legitimacy: A Critical Exposition of Social Contract Theory in Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant, and Hegel
3271:
1142:
5699:
5609:
3955:
3941:
3922:
3279:
2640:
2550:
1971:, outlined a different version of social-contract theory, as the foundations of society based on the sovereignty of the "
1945:
1437:
1295:
921:
612:
5724:
2953:
3999:
3773:
Pufendorf: On the Duty of Man and Citizen according to Natural Law. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought
3731:
2845:
2749:
2294:
was the ideal foundation on which a government should rest, but that it had not actually occurred this way in general.
1312:
1122:
582:
2770:
6110:
3765:
3630:
3454:
3390:
3150:
3123:
3060:
3035:
3003:
2936:
1402:
867:
652:
3551:
3521:
1596:(1797), each approaching the concept of political authority differently. Grotius posited that individual humans had
5669:
4119:
3293:
3220:
1764:
31. Natural justice is a pledge of reciprocal benefit, to prevent one man from harming or being harmed by another.
1270:
941:
41:
1182:
4625:
4476:
3903:
Sigmund, Paul E. "Natural Law, Consent, and Equality: William of Ockham to Richard Hooker". Published on website
3845:
3580:
5826:
5679:
4565:
2645:
1895:
The social contract was seen as an "occurrence" during which individuals came together and ceded some of their
1430:
276:
3678:
1197:
5943:
5866:
5739:
4961:
3992:
3322:
1860:
single voice in the absence of sovereign authorityâa notion rejected by Hobbes and later contract theorists.
567:
3883:
2990:
1991:" is the power of all the citizens' collective interestânot to be confused with their individual interests.
1177:
5764:
5759:
5453:
4491:
4124:
2063:
1534:
that discussed this concept. Although the antecedents of social contract theory are found in antiquity, in
1392:
1355:
1275:
1235:
1137:
1132:
3502:
6075:
5779:
5774:
5559:
3864:
2120:" and agree to certain general principles of justice and legal organization. This idea is also used as a
1127:
2210:
According to other social contract theorists, when the government fails to secure their natural rights (
6052:
5928:
4444:
4104:
2592:
1607:
1230:
931:
602:
4761:
6105:
4808:
4751:
4336:
3193:
2533:
1944:
While Hobbes argued for near-absolute authority, Locke argued for inviolate freedom under law in his
1240:
1207:
1107:
1102:
772:
389:
33:
3932:
6080:
5649:
3336:"The case of Lisa H. The role of mental health professionals where the social contract is violated"
2536:â British Labour Party policy involving trade-offs between employment conditions and social welfare
2215:
1597:
1535:
1517:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1157:
732:
135:
1808:, another dialogue from Plato. Over time, the social contract theory became more widespread after
512:
6002:
5629:
5549:
4966:
4555:
4466:
3673:
Hobbes, Locke, and Confusion's Empire: an Examination of Seventeenth-Century Political Philosophy
2439:
2429:
2291:
2169:
1918:
1878:
1501:
1290:
1280:
1245:
961:
607:
198:
110:
57:
5363:
3902:
2798:
6085:
6022:
5950:
5885:
4956:
4936:
4786:
4456:
4084:
2730:
Ross Harrison writes that "Hobbes seems to have invented this useful term." See Ross Harrison,
2069:
2019:
law, he will be forced to listen to what was decided when the people acted as a collective (as
1470:
1300:
1285:
817:
752:
301:
291:
228:
4823:
3894:
Foisneau, Luc. "Governing a Republic: Rousseau's General Will and the Problem of Government".
2928:
2241:
not sick, they should be punished according to law. If they are sick, they should be treated.
1572:
Prominent 17th- and 18th-century theorists of the social contract and natural rights included
414:
5958:
5110:
5065:
4876:
4471:
2669:"Introduction the Logic of Social Cooperation for Mutual Advantage â the Democratic Contract"
2539:
2268:
2199:
2185:
2146:
1962:
1844:
1589:
1531:
1345:
1167:
981:
862:
474:
454:
364:
208:
90:
4926:
2236:
not absolute. Rather than the court, it is the psychiatrist's job to diagnose mental health.
6100:
5619:
5499:
5268:
5075:
4916:
4843:
4535:
4496:
4481:
4015:
2137:
1785:
1581:
1490:
1482:
1462:
1330:
1072:
1011:
374:
296:
203:
170:
5090:
3973:
A satirical example of a social contract for the United States from the Libertarian Party.
2371:
person has to respond in a concise manner that either confirms or denies the proposition.
8:
6095:
6090:
5809:
5689:
5659:
5579:
5105:
5045:
4366:
4286:
3890:
Discussion of game theory that touches on relation of game theory to the Social Contract.
3381:
2739:
2518:
2495:
2327:
A. Brownson, who argued that, in a sense, three "constitutions" are involved: first, the
2246:
2232:
2108:
2047:
1967:
1836:
1522:
1305:
1250:
1172:
1082:
971:
484:
266:
256:
251:
140:
37:
4853:
3244:
1832:
5821:
5816:
5799:
5794:
5263:
4771:
4708:
3913:
3407:
3363:
2699:
2508:
2474:
2454:
1922:
that humans ("we") need the "terrour of some Power" otherwise humans will not heed the
1562:
1386:
1360:
1202:
1192:
1162:
1117:
1062:
1048:
911:
852:
627:
542:
261:
5253:
5784:
5729:
5569:
5358:
5020:
4946:
4921:
4723:
4525:
3761:
3745:
3737:
3727:
3648:
3645:
Social Contract, Masochist Contract: Aesthetics of Freedom and Submission in Rousseau
3626:
3623:
Towards a Social Contract on a Worldwide Scale: Solidarity contracts. Research series
3450:
3411:
3355:
3146:
3119:
3056:
3031:
2999:
2932:
2921:
2703:
2566:
2561:
2479:
2449:
2424:
2419:
2194:
human will, there is no particular application to alter the universality of the law.
2117:
2113:
2112:(1971), proposed a contractarian approach whereby rational people in a hypothetical "
1905:
1848:
1831:
who objected to their subjection to Spain and, later still, by Catholics in England.
1694:
1486:
1397:
1370:
1147:
1087:
1067:
951:
722:
632:
384:
281:
69:
4838:
3859:
3486:
Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary, Part II, Essay XII, Of The Original Contract
3367:
667:
125:
5789:
5719:
5489:
5408:
5403:
5328:
5303:
5248:
5238:
5228:
5198:
5178:
5168:
5035:
5030:
4988:
4931:
4728:
4411:
4406:
4381:
4326:
4301:
3719:
3399:
3347:
2866:
2691:
2683:
2380:
2102:
Building on the work of Immanuel Kant with its presumption of limits on the state,
1741:
was said to have argued for a broad and far-reaching social contract. The Buddhist
1458:
1380:
1340:
1057:
891:
797:
697:
682:
592:
522:
429:
424:
399:
306:
286:
271:
130:
5393:
3896:
Republics of Letters: A Journal for the Study of Knowledge, Politics, and the Arts
3139:
Gourevitch, Victor (1997). "Of the Social Contract". In Gourevitch, Victor (ed.).
2464:
1813:
1757:
712:
622:
5973:
5846:
5519:
5438:
5398:
5368:
5353:
5318:
5313:
5283:
5258:
5243:
5218:
5203:
5138:
5115:
5100:
5085:
5070:
4941:
4896:
4881:
4871:
4693:
4688:
4545:
4520:
4508:
3936:
3917:
3711:
3705:
3506:
3444:
3318:
3297:
3275:
3182:
3140:
2886:
The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: Volume 2: The Age of the Reformation
2873:
2753:
2587:
2528:
1913:
1888:
1824:
1698:
1554:
1420:
1112:
1097:
737:
617:
577:
552:
532:
479:
464:
316:
311:
180:
165:
120:
95:
3175:
2394:, he made similar arguments about the unconstitutionality of slavery in the US.
2041:
517:
344:
6043:
5836:
5744:
5734:
5463:
5338:
5323:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5233:
5208:
5163:
5143:
5005:
4976:
4951:
4906:
4886:
4848:
4803:
4683:
4673:
4530:
4361:
4174:
3715:
3440:
3351:
3268:
2571:
2523:
2489:
2142:
2007:
forfeit their rights to the whole so that such conditions were "equal for all".
1896:
1474:
1350:
1077:
1043:
842:
832:
787:
747:
742:
687:
677:
672:
657:
587:
572:
557:
547:
459:
359:
349:
339:
3723:
3403:
642:
6069:
5908:
5769:
5599:
5509:
5458:
5428:
5418:
5348:
5343:
5333:
5193:
5183:
5173:
5148:
5015:
4993:
4911:
4818:
4791:
4776:
4718:
4401:
3972:
3812:
3749:
3701:
2502:
2484:
2315:
2161:
2051:
1980:
1884:
1828:
1616:
1601:
1593:
1577:
1573:
1558:
1505:
1187:
1021:
991:
901:
807:
802:
777:
757:
597:
469:
444:
419:
404:
394:
379:
334:
100:
76:
52:
47:
3874:
3079:, ed. B. Gagnebin and M. Raymond (Paris, 1959â95), III, 361;
2841:
2743:
2687:
1561:). In this condition, individuals' actions are bound only by their personal
1469:
is an idea, theory or model that usually, although not always, concerns the
5749:
5433:
5423:
5413:
5278:
5273:
5213:
5188:
5158:
5153:
5060:
5055:
4901:
4781:
4515:
4451:
4321:
4311:
4306:
4225:
4215:
4159:
4049:
3981:, Eric Engle. A critique of social contract theory as counter-factual myth.
3697:
3335:
3301:
2444:
2391:
2345:
2055:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1972:
1839:, might be considered an early theorist of the social contract, theorizing
1611:). To avoid this, free men contract with each other to establish political
1513:
1494:
857:
837:
822:
782:
767:
727:
662:
647:
537:
439:
105:
3359:
1883:
The first modern philosopher to articulate a detailed contract theory was
1720:
5448:
5443:
5378:
5373:
5223:
5095:
5050:
5040:
4833:
4828:
4766:
4703:
4486:
4461:
4386:
4346:
4316:
4291:
4271:
4250:
4230:
4210:
4200:
4169:
4034:
3808:
3559:
3529:
2613:
2513:
2332:
2121:
2034:
management, thus suggesting the origins of the state as a form of mutual
1923:
1852:
1840:
1734:
1520:
is often a topic of social contract theory. The term takes its name from
1335:
872:
812:
762:
707:
502:
434:
160:
155:
3290:
3216:
3083:, ed. C. Kelley and R. Masters (Hanover, 1990â), IV, 139.
2050:
and not on individual sovereignty, there are other theories espoused by
1415:
6012:
5831:
5639:
5539:
5388:
5308:
5080:
4971:
4813:
4756:
4733:
4698:
4647:
4637:
4605:
4550:
4376:
4356:
4281:
4245:
4149:
4134:
4059:
3984:
3907:. A We the People project of the National Endowment for the Humanities.
2986:
2695:
2469:
2385:
2272:
2211:
2116:" would set aside their individual preferences and capacities under a "
2103:
2000:
1938:
1909:
1705:
being the individuals in the real world following the social contract.
1585:
1566:
1478:
1375:
1365:
827:
792:
717:
702:
637:
562:
507:
409:
354:
233:
218:
61:(1651), in which he discusses the concept of the social contract theory
3217:"Social Contract Theory [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]"
32:"Social Agreement" redirects here. For the Greek political party, see
5529:
5468:
5025:
4668:
4595:
4580:
4501:
4421:
4416:
4341:
4296:
4276:
4255:
4240:
4220:
4205:
4069:
4029:
2777:(Fall 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University,
2168:(1997), that the theory of social contract, classically based on the
2059:
2035:
1612:
1547:
1543:
847:
527:
223:
115:
3978:
1929:
5804:
5383:
5120:
4713:
4678:
4652:
4632:
4585:
4396:
4351:
4235:
4139:
4129:
4094:
4064:
3979:
Social Contract: A Basic Contradiction in Western Liberal Democracy
3964:
Jan Narveson. "The Contractarian Theory of Morals:FAQ". On website
3426:
2635:
2459:
1953:
1809:
1749:
1539:
692:
449:
213:
150:
3950:
3741:
3700:; Trenchard, David (2008). "Contractarianism/Social Contract". In
1887:(1588â1679). According to Hobbes, the lives of individuals in the
5992:
5841:
5754:
4642:
4610:
4600:
4371:
4331:
4164:
4089:
4074:
4054:
3796:. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1982.
3785:
Riley, Patrick. "How Coherent is the Social Contract Tradition?"
2434:
2020:
1776:
5877:
3554:
The American Republic: Its Constitution, Tendencies, and Destiny
3524:
The American Republic: its Constitution, Tendencies, and Destiny
1851:. All of these groups were led to articulate notions of popular
4590:
4391:
4179:
4154:
4144:
4114:
4099:
3499:
1724:
recounts the legend of Mahasammata. The story goes as follows:
1639:
There is a general form of social contract theories, which is:
1509:
369:
2127:
1500:
Social contract arguments typically are that individuals have
4620:
4109:
4044:
3805:
The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought
3625:. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies , 1980,
2582:
2577:
2204:
The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right. Book IV
2042:
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's individualist social contract (1851)
1804:
1780:
1738:
4615:
4039:
3905:
Natural Law, Natural Rights, and American Constitutionalism
3500:
Restoring the Lost Constitution: The Presumption of Liberty
2031:
1775:
The concept of the social contract was originally posed by
2768:
4184:
4079:
3771:
Pufendorf, Samuel, James Tully and Michael Silverthorne.
2343:. To consent, a necessary condition is that the rules be
1926:, "(in summe) doing to others, as wee would be done to".
3245:"Contractarianism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)"
2085:
General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century
3118:. New Haven : Yale University Press. p. 167.
3055:. New Haven : Yale University Press. p. 163.
2769:
D'Agostino, Fred; Gaus, Gerald; Thrasher, John (2019),
2152:
2093:
2030:
Rousseau also analyses the social contract in terms of
1489:, while not necessarily convened and written down in a
3142:
The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings
2299:
other foundation of government must also be admitted.
1049:
3825:
The Social Contract, or Principles of Political Right
2764:
2762:
3819:. Cambridge University Press, 2006. pp. 347â75.
3109:
3107:
3105:
2309:
1892:
state of nature is followed by the social contract.
3659:
Natural Law and the Theory of Society 1500 to 1800.
3211:
3209:
3207:
2062:that do not involve agreeing to anything more than
1634:
36:. For Rousseau's 1762 treatise on the concept, see
3638:A History of mediĂŠval political theory in the West
2954:"John Locke and the Meaning of the Takings Clause"
2920:
2759:
1868:
3758:Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government
3696:
3386:"Comment on "Psychiatry and the Concept of Evil""
3102:
3030:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 163.
2738:70. The phrase "state of nature" does occur, in
2166:Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government
1908:theories of international relations, advanced by
1528:Du contrat social ou Principes du droit politique
6067:
3933:"Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract"
3657:Gierke, Otto Friedrich Von and Ernst Troeltsch.
3640:. Edinburgh London: W. Blackwood and sons, 1916.
3204:
2867:http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.3.ii.html
2771:"Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract"
2545:Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development
2374:
2331:that includes all of what the Founders called "
3647:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
3549:
3519:
3449:. Google Books: Waterside Press. p. 126.
3340:The International Journal of Social Psychiatry
2267:An early critic of social contract theory was
1965:(1712â1778), in his influential 1762 treatise
5893:
4000:
2046:While Rousseau's social contract is based on
1438:
4506:
3239:
3237:
3174:âą Gerald Gaus and Shane D. Courtland, 2011,
2839:
4442:
2666:
1819:
1802:The social contract theory also appears in
5900:
5886:
4007:
3993:
3930:
3817:The Cambridge History of Political Thought
3138:
2633:
2262:
2066:and creates only a limited state, if any.
1445:
1431:
3581:"Gaining explicit consent under the GDPR"
3234:
2732:Locke, Hobbs, and Confusion's Masterpiece
2221:United States Declaration of Independence
2124:formalization of the notion of fairness.
1662:in the real world insofar as the reasons
4014:
3113:
3050:
3025:
46:
5590:Reflections on the Revolution in France
3483:
3479:
3477:
3187:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2901:A gives up his/her right to kill person
2775:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2011:can be reduced to the following terms:
1002:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
14:
6068:
3333:
2918:
2734:(Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.
2557:Social rights (social contract theory)
5881:
3988:
3966:Against Politics: Anarchy Naturalized
3439:
3380:
2985:
2648:from the original on 18 November 2019
1153:1946 Italian institutional referendum
1093:Spanish American wars of independence
3474:
2951:
2620:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936), pp.
1713:
5700:The End of History and the Last Man
5610:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
3956:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3942:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3923:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3801:The Social Contract and Its Critics
3675:. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
3280:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2865:The Republic, Book II. Quoted from
2747:, Question 19, Article 1, Answer 13
2641:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2551:Social Justice in the Liberal State
2365:
1689:rules, principles or institutions;
922:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
24:
3789:34: 4 (Oct. â Dec., 1973): 543â62.
3775:. Cambridge University Press 1991.
3707:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
3615:
3191: âą Immanuel Kant, ().
3097:The Collected Writings of Rousseau
3081:The Collected Writings of Rousseau
2745:Quaestiones disputatae de Veritate
1658:reason to endorse and comply with
1605:endless "war of all against all" (
25:
6127:
5907:
3839:
3391:The British Journal of Psychiatry
2992:Two Treatises on Civil Government
2310:Natural law and constitutionalism
6116:Concepts in political philosophy
5670:The Open Society and Its Enemies
3911:
3668:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1936.
3015:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2413:
2352:
1701:making the social contract; and
1685:being the deliberative setting;
1635:The model of the social contract
1414:
942:Discourses Concerning Government
42:Social Contract (disambiguation)
4477:Family as a model for the state
3787:Journal of the History of Ideas
3768:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997
3602:
3591:from the original on 2018-02-09
3573:
3543:
3513:
3492:
3463:from the original on 2023-04-07
3433:
3418:from the original on 2022-12-09
3374:
3327:
3306:
3284:
3262:
3251:from the original on 2011-04-29
3223:from the original on 2011-01-16
3168:
3132:
3114:Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (2002).
3086:
3069:
3051:Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (2002).
3044:
3026:Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (2002).
3019:
2979:
2968:from the original on 2021-03-05
2945:
2912:
2891:
2878:
2848:from the original on 2007-04-07
2809:from the original on 2016-11-10
2781:from the original on 2021-02-05
2713:from the original on 2017-09-22
2390:legitimate contract at all. An
2285:David Hume, "On Civil Liberty"
1863:
1208:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
29:Concept in political philosophy
5937:Moral and political philosophy
5827:Separation of church and state
5725:Collectivism and individualism
5680:The Origins of Totalitarianism
2859:
2833:
2820:
2791:
2724:
2660:
2627:
2606:
2175:
1143:1935 Greek coup d'Ă©tat attempt
1123:German Revolution of 1918â1919
13:
1:
5867:Category:Political philosophy
5740:Critique of political economy
3690:Second Treatise on Government
3323:Southern Methodist University
2952:Gaba, Jeffery (Spring 2007).
2773:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
2599:
1947:Second Treatise of Government
1932:Second Treatise of Government
1693:the (hypothetical) people in
5765:Institutional discrimination
5760:History of political thought
4492:Negative and positive rights
3898:2, no. 1 (December 15, 2010)
3865:Resources in other libraries
3446:Psychopaths: An Introduction
2375:Contracts must be consensual
2257:
2251:Psychopaths: An Introduction
2226:
2180:
1393:Republic without republicans
1138:11 September 1922 Revolution
1133:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
7:
5775:Justification for the state
5560:Two Treatises of Government
3219:. Iep.utm.edu. 2004-10-15.
2927:. London: Penguin. p.
2840:Vincent Cook (2000-08-26).
2667:Castiglione, Dario (2015).
2405:
2271:'s friend, the philosopher
1843:in an attempt to limit the
1737:, the Indian Buddhist king
1629:
1128:Turkish War of Independence
1050:
10:
6132:
6053:Leviathan and the Air-Pump
5929:Bellum omnium contra omnes
4445:Bellum omnium contra omnes
3835:. Cambridge, Massachusetts
3352:10.1177/002076408202800407
2593:Sovereign citizen movement
2341:constitution of government
2135:
1876:
1708:
1674:are (or can be) shared by
1608:bellum omnium contra omnes
1485:, it is a core concept of
1183:1970 Cambodian coup d'Ă©tat
932:The Commonwealth of Oceana
31:
6034:
5983:
5944:HobbesâWallis controversy
5915:
5862:
5712:
5481:
5129:
4862:
4742:
4661:
4573:
4564:
4430:
4264:
4193:
4022:
3860:Resources in your library
3833:What We Owe To Each Other
3760:. NY: Oxford U.P., 1997,
3724:10.4135/9781412965811.n66
3404:10.1017/S0007125000072597
3194:The Metaphysics of Morals
2828:The Wonder That Was India
2534:Social Contract (Britain)
2164:(b. 1945) has argued, in
1356:The Emperor's New Clothes
1108:5 October 1910 revolution
1103:French Revolution of 1848
126:Liberty as non-domination
34:Social Agreement (Greece)
6111:Sociological terminology
5650:The Revolt of the Masses
3822:Rousseau, Jean-Jacques.
2676:Political Studies Review
2636:"Social Contract Theory"
2082:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon,
1954:Jean-Jacques Rousseau's
1820:Renaissance developments
1518:natural and legal rights
1481:. Conceptualized in the
1473:of the authority of the
1198:1987 Fijian coups d'Ă©tat
1158:1952 Egyptian revolution
136:Political representation
5630:The Communist Manifesto
4556:Tyranny of the majority
4467:Consent of the governed
3875:"The Social Contract".
3643:Falaky, Faycal (2014).
3550:O. A. Brownson (1866).
3520:O. A. Brownson (1866).
3075:Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
2919:Hobbes, Thomas (1985).
2688:10.1111/1478-9302.12080
2440:Consent of the governed
2430:Classical republicanism
2337:constitution of society
2292:consent of the governed
2263:Consent of the governed
2170:consent of the governed
1879:Leviathan (Hobbes book)
1516:. The relation between
1504:, either explicitly or
1178:1969 Libyan coup d'Ă©tat
962:Discourse on Inequality
111:Consent of the governed
4507:
4457:Clash of civilizations
4443:
3510:, Randy Barnett (2004)
3334:Colett, I. V. (1982).
3247:. Plato.stanford.edu.
2329:constitution of nature
2307:
2288:
2255:
2208:
2091:
2070:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
2016:
1835:(1548â1617), from the
1800:
1773:
1731:
1679:
1512:or maintenance of the
62:
51:The original cover of
40:. For other uses, see
18:Social contract theory
5959:Scientia potentia est
4472:Divine right of kings
3831:Scanlon, T. M. 1998.
3710:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
3269:Jean Jacques Rousseau
2842:"Principal Doctrines"
2540:Social disintegration
2420:Philosophy portal
2296:
2277:
2238:
2200:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
2191:
2186:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
2074:
2009:
1963:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1795:
1762:
1726:
1641:
1590:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1532:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1346:Criticism of monarchy
1168:North Yemen civil war
982:The Federalist Papers
277:Federal parliamentary
50:
5620:Democracy in America
4999:political philosophy
4982:political philosophy
4797:political philosophy
4626:political philosophy
4536:Separation of powers
4497:Night-watchman state
4482:Monopoly on violence
4016:Political philosophy
2323:been discussed by O.
2138:Contractarian ethics
1987:". Summarised, the "
1582:Samuel von Pufendorf
1491:constituent assembly
1483:Age of Enlightenment
1463:political philosophy
1331:Classical radicalism
1073:Republic of Florence
1012:Democracy in America
171:Separation of powers
146:Public participation
5810:Right-wing politics
5690:A Theory of Justice
5660:The Road to Serfdom
5580:The Social Contract
4287:Christian democracy
3780:A Theory of Justice
3718:. pp. 103â05.
3666:The Social Contract
2998:. Books on Demand.
2958:Missouri Law Review
2618:The Social Contract
2519:School of Salamanca
2496:The Racial Contract
2247:John Geoffrey Jones
2233:John Geoffrey Jones
2130:Morals by Agreement
2109:A Theory of Justice
2048:popular sovereignty
1968:The Social Contract
1837:School of Salamanca
1754:Principal Doctrines
1523:The Social Contract
1421:Politics portal
1226:Antigua and Barbuda
1173:Zanzibar Revolution
1083:American Revolution
972:The Social Contract
141:Popular sovereignty
38:The Social Contract
6076:Political concepts
5822:Political violence
5817:Political theology
5800:Left-wing politics
5795:Political spectrum
3931:D'Agostino, Fred.
3914:"Contractarianism"
3585:IT Governance Blog
3505:2020-08-20 at the
3384:(September 1994).
3317:2023-01-06 at the
3296:2023-01-06 at the
3274:2017-10-20 at the
3181:2018-09-08 at the
2872:2011-10-16 at the
2805:. 29 August 1632.
2752:2017-10-19 at the
2509:Right of rebellion
2475:Mandate (politics)
2455:Self determination
2147:prisoner's dilemma
1924:law of reciprocity
1916:. Hobbes wrote in
1779:, as described by
1530:), a 1762 book by
1387:Primus inter pares
1203:Nepalese Civil War
1193:Iranian Revolution
1163:14 July Revolution
1118:Russian Revolution
1113:Chinese Revolution
1063:Republic of Venice
912:Discourses on Livy
63:
6063:
6062:
5875:
5874:
5785:Philosophy of law
5730:Conflict theories
5570:The Spirit of Law
5477:
5476:
4526:Original position
3951:"Social contract"
3846:Library resources
3653:978-1-4384-4989-0
3093:Oeuvres complĂštes
2888:(Cambridge, 1978)
2884:Quentin Skinner,
2803:www.timetoast.com
2567:Societal collapse
2562:Social solidarity
2480:Mayflower Compact
2450:Constitutionalism
2425:Mandate of Heaven
2290:Hume argued that
2128:David Gauthier's
2118:veil of ignorance
2114:original position
2096:Theory of Justice
1999:") were the sole
1956:Du Contrat social
1897:individual rights
1849:absolute monarchy
1714:Classical thought
1695:original position
1666:has for choosing
1487:constitutionalism
1455:
1454:
1398:Republican empire
1371:List of republics
1220:National variants
1148:Spanish Civil War
1088:French Revolution
1068:Republic of Genoa
952:The Spirit of Law
885:Theoretical works
229:Neo-republicanism
16:(Redirected from
6123:
6106:Social agreement
6056:
6047:
6027:
6017:
6007:
5997:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5879:
5878:
5790:Political ethics
5780:Machiavellianism
5720:Authoritarianism
5705:
5695:
5685:
5675:
5665:
5655:
5645:
5635:
5625:
5615:
5605:
5595:
5585:
5575:
5565:
5555:
5545:
5535:
5525:
5515:
5505:
5495:
4571:
4570:
4512:
4448:
4438:Balance of power
4412:Social democracy
4407:Social Darwinism
4382:Multiculturalism
4327:Environmentalism
4302:Communitarianism
4009:
4002:
3995:
3986:
3985:
3960:
3946:
3937:Zalta, Edward N.
3927:
3918:Zalta, Edward N.
3803:, chapter 12 in
3799:Riley, Patrick.
3792:Riley, Patrick.
3756:Pettit, Philip.
3753:
3679:Hobbes, Thomas.
3671:Harrison, Ross.
3609:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3558:. Archived from
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3528:. Archived from
3517:
3511:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3331:
3325:
3310:
3304:
3288:
3282:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3213:
3202:
3200:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3111:
3100:
3090:
3084:
3077:Ćuvres complĂštes
3073:
3067:
3066:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
2997:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2926:
2916:
2910:
2909:B does the same.
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2882:
2876:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2837:
2831:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2766:
2757:
2737:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2673:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2634:Celeste Friend.
2631:
2625:
2623:
2610:
2465:Epicurean ethics
2418:
2417:
2416:
2381:Lysander Spooner
2366:Explicit consent
2326:
2305:
2286:
2253:
2206:
2153:Philip Pettit's
2122:game-theoretical
2106:(1921â2002), in
2089:
1833:Francisco SuĂĄrez
1814:Epicurean ethics
1792:
1758:Epicurean ethics
1447:
1440:
1433:
1419:
1418:
1403:Republican Party
1381:Peasant republic
1341:Communitarianism
1058:Classical Athens
1053:
1027:
1017:
1007:
997:
987:
977:
967:
957:
947:
937:
927:
917:
907:
897:
131:Mixed government
65:
64:
21:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6081:Social theories
6066:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6050:
6041:
6030:
6020:
6010:
6000:
5990:
5979:
5974:State of nature
5972:
5967:Social contract
5965:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5926:
5920:
5918:
5911:
5906:
5876:
5871:
5858:
5847:Totalitarianism
5708:
5703:
5693:
5683:
5673:
5663:
5653:
5643:
5633:
5623:
5613:
5603:
5593:
5583:
5573:
5563:
5553:
5543:
5533:
5523:
5520:Treatise on Law
5513:
5503:
5493:
5473:
5131:
5125:
4864:
4858:
4744:
4738:
4657:
4560:
4546:State of nature
4541:Social contract
4521:Ordered liberty
4509:Noblesse oblige
4426:
4260:
4189:
4018:
4013:
3949:
3884:"Game Theory".
3871:
3870:
3869:
3854:
3853:
3851:Social contract
3849:
3842:
3734:
3636:Carlyle, R. W.
3618:
3616:Further reading
3613:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3594:
3592:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3565:
3563:
3548:
3544:
3535:
3533:
3518:
3514:
3507:Wayback Machine
3497:
3493:
3482:
3475:
3466:
3464:
3457:
3441:Prins, Herschel
3438:
3434:
3421:
3419:
3382:Jones, Geoffrey
3379:
3375:
3332:
3328:
3319:Wayback Machine
3311:
3307:
3298:Wayback Machine
3289:
3285:
3276:Wayback Machine
3267:
3263:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3226:
3224:
3215:
3214:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3183:Wayback Machine
3173:
3169:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3112:
3103:
3091:
3087:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3006:
2995:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2883:
2879:
2874:Wayback Machine
2864:
2860:
2851:
2849:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2799:"Enlightenment"
2797:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2782:
2767:
2760:
2754:Wayback Machine
2735:
2729:
2725:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2588:Juan de Mariana
2529:Social cohesion
2414:
2412:
2408:
2377:
2368:
2355:
2349:in that sense.
2335:"; second, the
2324:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2287:
2284:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2245:
2229:
2207:
2198:
2183:
2178:
2159:
2140:
2134:
2100:
2090:
2081:
2064:negative rights
2044:
1960:
1936:
1914:Hans Morgenthau
1889:state of nature
1881:
1875:
1869:Thomas Hobbes'
1866:
1825:Quentin Skinner
1822:
1790:
1716:
1711:
1699:state of nature
1654:and this gives
1637:
1632:
1555:state of nature
1542:philosophy and
1467:social contract
1451:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1098:Trienio Liberal
1039:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1015:
1005:
995:
985:
975:
965:
955:
945:
935:
925:
915:
905:
895:
886:
878:
877:
613:Flynn (Stephen)
498:
490:
489:
330:
322:
321:
247:
239:
238:
194:
186:
185:
181:Social equality
176:Social contract
166:Self-governance
121:Democratization
96:Anti-corruption
91:Anti-monarchism
86:
70:Politics series
45:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6129:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6048:
6044:Hobbes Studies
6038:
6036:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6018:
6008:
5998:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5954:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5923:
5921:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5905:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5882:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5837:Social justice
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5745:Egalitarianism
5742:
5737:
5735:Contractualism
5732:
5727:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5696:
5686:
5676:
5666:
5656:
5646:
5636:
5626:
5616:
5606:
5596:
5586:
5576:
5566:
5556:
5546:
5536:
5526:
5516:
5506:
5496:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4991:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4531:Overton window
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4362:Libertarianism
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4012:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3961:
3947:
3928:
3909:
3900:
3891:
3881:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:External links
3838:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3820:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3754:
3733:978-1412965804
3732:
3716:Cato Institute
3702:Hamowy, Ronald
3694:
3685:
3676:
3669:
3664:Gough, J. W..
3662:
3655:
3641:
3634:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3601:
3587:. 2017-07-05.
3572:
3542:
3512:
3491:
3473:
3455:
3432:
3373:
3346:(4): 283â285.
3326:
3305:
3283:
3261:
3233:
3203:
3167:
3151:
3131:
3124:
3101:
3085:
3068:
3061:
3043:
3036:
3018:
3004:
2978:
2944:
2937:
2911:
2890:
2877:
2858:
2832:
2819:
2790:
2758:
2740:Thomas Aquinas
2723:
2682:(2): 161â175.
2659:
2626:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:â dialogue by
2574:
2572:Consent theory
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2526:
2524:Social capital
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2490:Organic crisis
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2376:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2354:
2351:
2346:constitutional
2314:Legal scholar
2311:
2308:
2304:Ibid II.XII.20
2301:
2282:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2243:
2228:
2225:
2216:natural rights
2196:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2158:
2151:
2143:David Gauthier
2136:Main article:
2133:
2126:
2099:
2092:
2079:
2052:individualists
2043:
2040:
1959:
1952:
1935:
1928:
1877:Main article:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1821:
1818:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1598:natural rights
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1351:Egalitarianism
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1325:Related topics
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1296:United Kingdom
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1078:Dutch Republic
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1046:
1044:Roman Republic
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1008:
998:
988:
978:
968:
958:
948:
938:
928:
918:
908:
898:
887:
884:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
488:
487:
485:Wollstonecraft
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
331:
328:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
87:
84:
83:
80:
79:
73:
72:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6128:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6086:Thomas Hobbes
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5914:
5910:
5909:Thomas Hobbes
5903:
5898:
5896:
5891:
5889:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5770:Jurisprudence
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5662:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5601:
5600:Rights of Man
5597:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5572:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5512:
5511:
5510:De re publica
5507:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5130:20th and 21st
5128:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4863:18th and 19th
4861:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4719:Nizam al-Mulk
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:Republicanism
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4010:
4005:
4003:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3813:Robert Wokler
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3778:Rawls, John.
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:0-19-829083-7
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3698:Narveson, Jan
3695:
3692:
3691:
3687:Locke, John.
3686:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:92-9014-165-4
3628:
3624:
3621:Ankerl, Guy.
3620:
3619:
3605:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3562:on 2011-10-04
3561:
3557:
3555:
3546:
3532:on 2011-10-04
3531:
3527:
3525:
3516:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3487:
3484:Hume, David.
3480:
3478:
3462:
3458:
3456:9781904380924
3452:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3428:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3164:
3154:
3152:9781107150812
3148:
3144:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3125:9780300129434
3121:
3117:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3064:
3062:9780300129434
3058:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3037:9780300129434
3033:
3029:
3022:
3011:
3007:
3005:9783749437412
3001:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2940:
2938:9780140431957
2934:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2915:
2894:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2823:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2733:
2727:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2630:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2503:Rights of Man
2500:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Monarchomachs
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2372:
2363:
2359:
2353:Tacit consent
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2317:
2316:Randy Barnett
2300:
2295:
2293:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:Philip Pettit
2156:
2155:Republicanism
2150:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:Denis Diderot
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1933:
1930:John Locke's
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:Thomas Hobbes
1880:
1872:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:Low Countries
1826:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:civil society
1614:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1602:Thomas Hobbes
1599:
1595:
1594:Immanuel Kant
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:Thomas Hobbes
1575:
1574:Hugo de Groot
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:Thomas Hobbes
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1313:United States
1311:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1188:Metapolitefsi
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1023:
1022:On Revolution
1019:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1003:
999:
994:
993:
992:Rights of Man
989:
984:
983:
979:
974:
973:
969:
964:
963:
959:
954:
953:
949:
944:
943:
939:
934:
933:
929:
924:
923:
919:
914:
913:
909:
904:
903:
902:De re publica
899:
894:
893:
889:
888:
882:
881:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
708:Jones (Lynne)
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
503:Adams (Gerry)
501:
500:
494:
493:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
326:
325:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
302:Revolutionary
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:Parliamentary
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
243:
242:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
190:
189:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
101:Civil society
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
82:
81:
78:
77:Republicanism
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
60:
59:
54:
53:Thomas Hobbes
49:
43:
39:
35:
27:
19:
6051:
6042:
6021:
6011:
6001:
5991:
5984:Publications
5966:
5957:
5927:
5917:Concepts and
5851:
5750:Elite theory
5698:
5688:
5678:
5668:
5658:
5648:
5638:
5628:
5618:
5608:
5598:
5588:
5578:
5568:
5558:
5548:
5538:
5528:
5518:
5508:
5498:
5488:
4787:Guicciardini
4743:Early modern
4566:Philosophers
4540:
4516:Open society
4452:Body politic
4322:Distributism
4312:Conservatism
4307:Confucianism
4226:Gerontocracy
4216:Dictatorship
4170:Sovereigntyâ
4160:Ruling class
4050:Emancipation
4035:Citizenshipâ
3965:
3954:
3940:
3921:
3904:
3895:
3885:
3876:
3850:
3832:
3823:
3816:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3757:
3706:
3688:
3680:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3644:
3637:
3622:
3604:
3593:. Retrieved
3584:
3575:
3564:. Retrieved
3560:the original
3553:
3545:
3534:. Retrieved
3530:the original
3523:
3515:
3498:
3494:
3485:
3465:. Retrieved
3445:
3435:
3425:– via
3420:. Retrieved
3395:
3389:
3376:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3308:
3302:Bartleby.com
3286:
3264:
3253:. Retrieved
3225:. Retrieved
3192:
3186:
3176:"Liberalism"
3170:
3162:
3156:. Retrieved
3141:
3134:
3115:
3096:
3095:, III, 364;
3092:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3052:
3046:
3027:
3021:
2991:
2981:
2970:. Retrieved
2961:
2957:
2947:
2922:
2914:
2893:
2885:
2880:
2861:
2850:. Retrieved
2844:. Epicurus.
2835:
2827:
2822:
2811:. Retrieved
2802:
2793:
2783:, retrieved
2774:
2744:
2731:
2726:
2715:. Retrieved
2679:
2675:
2662:
2650:. Retrieved
2639:
2629:
2617:
2608:
2576:
2549:
2501:
2494:
2445:Constitution
2399:
2396:
2392:abolitionist
2384:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2356:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2319:
2313:
2297:
2289:
2278:
2266:
2250:
2239:
2230:
2209:
2203:
2192:
2184:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2141:
2129:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2094:John Rawls'
2083:
2075:
2068:
2056:libertarians
2045:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2004:
1997:general will
1993:
1989:general will
1985:general will
1977:
1973:general will
1966:
1961:
1955:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1917:
1902:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1864:Philosophers
1858:
1845:divine right
1823:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1786:The Republic
1784:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1717:
1702:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1624:
1621:
1606:
1571:
1552:
1527:
1521:
1514:social order
1499:
1495:constitution
1466:
1456:
1385:
1020:
1010:
1000:
990:
980:
970:
960:
950:
940:
930:
920:
910:
900:
890:
703:Jones (Elin)
608:Flynn (Paul)
568:Clarke (Tom)
563:Clark (Katy)
508:Adams (John)
329:Philosophers
175:
106:Civic virtue
68:Part of the
56:
26:
6101:Sovereignty
5624:(1835â1840)
5504:(c. 350 BC)
5494:(c. 375 BC)
5111:Tocqueville
5076:Saint-Simon
5041:Montesquieu
4892:Bolingbroke
4824:Machiavelli
4704:Ibn Khaldun
4669:Alpharabius
4662:Middle Ages
4487:Natural law
4462:Common good
4387:Nationalism
4347:Imperialism
4317:Corporatism
4292:Colonialism
4272:Agrarianism
4251:Technocracy
4231:Meritocracy
4211:Bureaucracy
4201:Aristocracy
3912:Cudd, Ann.
3886:In Our Time
3877:In Our Time
3815:. Vol 4 of
3809:Mark Goldie
2987:Locke, John
2905:B if person
2897:E.g. person
2826:AL Basham,
2696:10871/18609
2652:26 December
2614:J. W. Gough
2514:Rule of law
2333:natural law
2176:Application
2001:legislators
1853:sovereignty
1841:natural law
1735:rock edicts
1592:(1762) and
1336:Common good
1276:New Zealand
1271:Netherlands
1016:(1835â1840)
986:(1787â1788)
896:(c. 375 BC)
818:Robespierre
593:Etherington
528:Benn (Tony)
497:Politicians
475:Tocqueville
435:Montesquieu
415:Machiavelli
161:Rule of law
156:Res publica
6096:John Rawls
6091:John Locke
6070:Categories
6013:De Corpore
5919:philosophy
5832:Separatism
5640:On Liberty
5540:The Prince
5269:Huntington
4772:Campanella
4699:al-Ghazali
4648:Thucydides
4606:Lactantius
4551:Statolatry
4377:Monarchism
4357:Liberalism
4282:Capitalism
4265:Ideologies
4246:Plutocracy
4194:Government
4150:Revolution
4135:Propaganda
4085:Legitimacy
4060:Government
3742:2008009151
3595:2018-02-08
3566:2011-02-13
3536:2011-02-13
3467:2023-03-21
3422:2023-01-06
3398:(3): 301.
3255:2011-01-20
3227:2011-01-20
3158:2019-05-11
3099:, IV, 141.
2972:2018-04-19
2852:2012-09-26
2813:2016-11-10
2785:2020-09-08
2717:2019-02-03
2600:References
2470:Federalism
2386:No Treason
2273:David Hume
2189:absolute.
2104:John Rawls
2060:anarchists
1983:) of the "
1939:John Locke
1910:E. H. Carr
1756:(see also
1586:John Locke
1567:conscience
1479:individual
1471:legitimacy
1376:Monarchism
1366:Liberalism
1361:Jacobinism
1051:Gaáčasaáč
gha
906:(54â51 BC)
390:Harrington
267:Democratic
257:Capitalist
252:Autonomous
234:Venizelism
219:Khomeinism
6003:Leviathan
5951:Multitude
5550:Leviathan
5530:Monarchia
5524:(c. 1274)
5359:Oakeshott
5304:Mansfield
5299:Luxemburg
5284:Kropotkin
5179:Bernstein
5132:centuries
5046:Nietzsche
4989:Jefferson
4917:Condorcet
4865:centuries
4844:Pufendorf
4709:Marsilius
4596:Confucius
4581:Aristotle
4574:Antiquity
4502:Noble lie
4422:Third Way
4417:Socialism
4342:Feudalism
4297:Communism
4277:Anarchism
4256:Theocracy
4241:Oligarchy
4221:Democracy
4206:Autocracy
4120:Pluralism
4105:Obedience
4070:Hierarchy
4030:Authority
3750:750831024
3681:Leviathan
3412:148644906
2923:Leviathan
2704:145163352
2400:Leviathan
2258:Criticism
2227:Courtroom
2181:Elections
2036:insurance
1919:Leviathan
1871:Leviathan
1721:MahÄvastu
1613:community
1548:Canon Law
1526:(French:
1502:consented
1477:over the
1231:Australia
863:Venizelos
853:Spadolini
843:Slaughter
788:McDonnell
753:Mackenzie
698:Jefferson
653:Griffiths
633:de Gaulle
628:Garibaldi
588:Drakeford
480:Warburton
400:Jefferson
395:Honderich
375:Condorcet
262:Christian
224:Nasserism
199:Classical
116:Democracy
58:Leviathan
6023:Behemoth
5805:Centrism
5500:Politics
5490:Republic
5459:Voegelin
5439:Spengler
5424:Shariati
5399:Rothbard
5354:Nussbaum
5254:Habermas
5229:Fukuyama
5219:Foucault
5144:Ambedkar
5121:Voltaire
5091:de Staël
5066:Rousseau
4947:Franklin
4922:Constant
4882:Beccaria
4714:Muhammad
4694:Gelasius
4679:Averroes
4653:Xenophon
4633:Polybius
4586:Chanakya
4431:Concepts
4397:Populism
4367:Localism
4352:Islamism
4337:Feminism
4236:Monarchy
4140:Property
4130:Progress
4095:Monopoly
4065:Hegemony
3589:Archived
3503:Archived
3461:Archived
3443:(2013).
3427:ProQuest
3416:Archived
3368:36088670
3315:Archived
3294:Archived
3272:Archived
3249:Archived
3221:Archived
3179:Archived
3010:Archived
2989:(1690).
2966:Archived
2870:Archived
2846:Archived
2830:, pp. 83
2807:Archived
2779:archived
2750:Archived
2708:Archived
2646:Archived
2460:Contract
2406:See also
2302:â
2283:â
2269:Rousseau
2244:â
2197:â
2080:â
2021:citizens
1810:Epicurus
1750:Epicurus
1646:chooses
1630:Overview
1588:(1689),
1584:(1673),
1580:(1651),
1576:(1625),
1301:Scotland
1241:Barbados
892:Republic
808:Prescott
778:Naysmith
768:McKechin
728:La Malfa
723:Khomeini
683:Iorwerth
648:Griffith
623:Gambetta
618:Galloway
603:Ferguson
583:Davidson
578:Cromwell
573:Connolly
553:Campbell
470:Sunstein
455:Rousseau
450:Polybius
385:Franklin
365:Chappell
360:Cattaneo
297:People's
282:Imperial
214:Kemalism
151:Republic
85:Concepts
55:'s work
5993:De Cive
5842:Statism
5755:Elitism
5713:Related
5514:(51 BC)
5444:Strauss
5419:Scruton
5414:Schmitt
5404:Russell
5324:Michels
5319:Maurras
5314:Marcuse
5274:Kautsky
5244:Gramsci
5239:Gentile
5209:Dworkin
5199:Du Bois
5194:Dmowski
5189:Chomsky
5184:Burnham
5169:Benoist
5139:Agamben
5106:Thoreau
5096:Stirner
5086:Spencer
5031:Mazzini
5021:Maistre
5016:Madison
5011:Le Play
4942:Fourier
4907:Carlyle
4887:Bentham
4877:Bastiat
4872:Bakunin
4849:Spinoza
4839:MĂŒntzer
4809:Leibniz
4782:Grotius
4762:Bossuet
4729:Plethon
4674:Aquinas
4643:Sun Tzu
4611:Mencius
4601:Han Fei
4372:Marxism
4332:Fascism
4165:Society
4090:Liberty
4075:Justice
4055:Freedom
3975:Parody.
3939:(ed.).
3920:(ed.).
3807:. Eds.
3704:(ed.).
3683:. 1651.
3360:7152852
3321:at the
3278:on the
3185:, 1.1,
2435:Consent
1906:realism
1777:Glaucon
1733:In his
1709:History
1506:tacitly
1266:Morocco
1256:Jamaica
1251:Ireland
1236:Bahamas
1038:History
858:Taverne
833:Skinner
813:Ritchie
758:Madison
738:Lincoln
688:Jackson
678:Huppert
673:Hopkins
598:Fabiani
558:Chapman
543:BolĂvar
533:Bennett
523:Bartley
513:AtatĂŒrk
425:Mazzini
420:Madison
350:Bentham
340:Baggini
307:Secular
287:Islamic
272:Federal
209:Federal
193:Schools
6035:Legacy
6026:(1681)
6016:(1655)
6006:(1651)
5996:(1642)
5704:(1992)
5694:(1971)
5684:(1951)
5674:(1945)
5664:(1944)
5654:(1929)
5644:(1859)
5634:(1848)
5614:(1820)
5604:(1791)
5594:(1790)
5584:(1762)
5574:(1748)
5564:(1689)
5554:(1651)
5544:(1532)
5534:(1313)
5464:Walzer
5454:Taylor
5409:Sartre
5374:Popper
5369:Pareto
5364:Ortega
5349:Nozick
5339:Mouffe
5289:Laclau
5249:Guénon
5234:Gandhi
5174:Berlin
5164:Bauman
5159:Badiou
5149:Arendt
5116:Tucker
5006:Le Bon
4967:Herder
4957:Haller
4952:Godwin
4937:Fichte
4932:Engels
4927:Cortés
4897:Bonald
4854:SuĂĄrez
4829:Milton
4819:Luther
4792:Hobbes
4777:Filmer
4767:Calvin
4752:Boétie
4745:period
4724:Ockham
4591:Cicero
4392:Nazism
4180:Utopia
4155:Rights
4145:Regime
4115:People
4100:Nation
3848:about
3828:(1762)
3782:(1971)
3764:
3748:
3740:
3730:
3651:
3629:
3453:
3410:
3366:
3358:
3199:
3197:, Part
3149:
3122:
3059:
3034:
3002:
2935:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2736:
2702:
2622:
2325:
2157:(1997)
2132:(1986)
2098:(1971)
2088:(1851)
2058:, and
1958:(1762)
1934:(1689)
1873:(1651)
1791:
1789:, Book
1743:vinaya
1510:rights
1465:, the
1291:Sweden
1281:Norway
1246:Canada
1026:(1963)
1006:(1794)
996:(1791)
976:(1762)
966:(1755)
956:(1748)
946:(1698)
936:(1656)
926:(1649)
916:(1531)
868:Wilson
838:Slater
828:Skates
783:Mannin
773:Mullin
748:Mackay
713:JuĂĄrez
668:HĂ©bert
663:Hatton
658:Harvie
548:Burgon
465:Sidney
460:Sandel
445:Pettit
370:Cicero
335:Arendt
317:Soviet
312:Sister
204:Modern
5853:Index
5482:Works
5469:Weber
5434:Spann
5429:Sorel
5394:Röpke
5389:Rawls
5344:Negri
5334:Mosca
5329:Mises
5294:Lenin
5264:Hoppe
5259:Hayek
5224:Fromm
5214:Evola
5204:Dugin
5101:Taine
5081:Smith
5061:Renan
5056:Paine
4977:Iqbal
4962:Hegel
4912:Comte
4902:Burke
4814:Locke
4804:James
4757:Bodin
4689:Dante
4684:Bruni
4638:Shang
4621:Plato
4175:State
4125:Power
4110:Peace
4045:Elite
4023:Terms
3935:. In
3916:. In
3693:1689.
3408:S2CID
3364:S2CID
3013:(PDF)
2996:(PDF)
2964:(2).
2711:(PDF)
2700:S2CID
2672:(PDF)
2583:Plato
2578:Crito
2212:Locke
1805:Crito
1781:Plato
1739:Asoka
1681:With
1563:power
1557:" by
1544:Roman
1540:Stoic
1536:Greek
1475:state
1459:moral
1306:Wales
1286:Spain
1261:Japan
848:Smith
823:Sayed
803:Pound
798:Nehru
793:Nandy
763:Magid
743:Lucas
733:Lewis
643:Grévy
638:Greer
538:Black
518:Azaña
440:Paine
410:Locke
380:Crick
355:Bodin
345:Bello
246:Types
5384:Rand
5379:Qutb
5279:Kirk
5154:Aron
5071:Sade
5051:Owen
5036:Mill
5026:Marx
4994:Kant
4972:Hume
4834:More
4734:Wang
4616:Mozi
4040:Duty
3811:and
3762:ISBN
3746:OCLC
3738:LCCN
3728:ISBN
3712:SAGE
3649:ISBN
3627:ISBN
3451:ISBN
3356:PMID
3147:ISBN
3120:ISBN
3057:ISBN
3032:ISBN
3000:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2654:2019
2624:2â3.
2032:risk
2005:must
1912:and
1793:II.
1565:and
1546:and
1538:and
1493:and
1461:and
873:Wood
718:Kane
430:Mill
405:Kant
5449:Sun
5309:Mao
4185:War
4080:Law
3720:doi
3400:doi
3396:165
3348:doi
3300:on
2929:223
2742:'s
2692:hdl
2684:doi
2320:all
1975:".
1847:of
1783:in
1760:):
1697:or
1676:I*.
1670:in
1650:in
1600:.
1457:In
693:Jay
6072::
3953:.
3744:.
3736:.
3726:.
3714:;
3583:.
3476:^
3459:.
3414:.
3406:.
3394:.
3388:.
3362:.
3354:.
3344:28
3342:.
3338:.
3236:^
3206:^
3201:1.
3161:.
3104:^
3008:.
2962:72
2960:.
2956:.
2931:.
2801:.
2761:^
2706:.
2698:.
2690:.
2680:13
2678:.
2674:.
2644:.
2638:.
2616:,
2249:,
2223:.
2202:,
2054:,
2038:.
1703:I*
1656:I*
1497:.
5901:e
5894:t
5887:v
4008:e
4001:t
3994:v
3968:.
3959:.
3945:.
3926:.
3752:.
3722::
3633:.
3598:.
3569:.
3556:"
3552:"
3539:.
3526:"
3522:"
3488:.
3470:.
3429:.
3402::
3370:.
3350::
3258:.
3230:.
3189:.
3128:.
3065:.
3040:.
2975:.
2941:.
2855:.
2816:.
2720:.
2694::
2686::
2656:.
1995:"
1691:I
1687:R
1683:M
1672:M
1668:R
1664:I
1660:R
1652:M
1648:R
1644:I
1615:(
1446:e
1439:t
1432:v
44:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
