430:
their own sense of right and wrong and decide the disputes from first principles. Authoritative precedent decisions become a guide in subsequent cases of a similar nature. The dictionary of
English law defines a judicial precedent as a judgment or decision of a court of law cited as an authority for deciding a similar state of fact in the same manner or on the same principle or by analogy. Another definition declares precedent to be," a decision in a court of justice cited in support of a proposition for which it is desired to contend".
488:; between the monarch and Parliament; and between Britain and its colonies. For instance, after the Finance Act 1909, the House of Lords lost its power to obstruct the passage of bills, and now may only delay them. The prerogative powers are subject to convention, and in 2010, the monarch's power to dissolve Parliament was abolished. Britain's tradition with its colonies is that they are self-governing (although, historically, rarely with universal suffrage), and that the mother-country should stay aloof.
2055:
2069:
32:
479:
Parliamentary
Conventions are not strict rules of law, but their breach may lead to breach of law. They typically are found within the English legal system, and they help compensate for the UK's lack of a single written constitution. Typically, parliamentary conventions govern relationships, such as
363:
is the prime source of law and consists in the declaration of legal rules by a competent authority. Legislation can have many purposes: to regulate, to authorize, to enable, to proscribe, to provide funds, to sanction, to grant, to declare or to restrict. A parliamentary legislature frames new laws,
429:
systems. Precedent is the accumulated principles of law derived from centuries of decisions. Judgments passed by judges in important cases are recorded and become significant source of law. When there is no legislature on a particular point which arises in changing conditions, the judges depend on
282:
Governments may sign
International Conventions and Treaties; but these normally become binding only when they are ratified. Most conventions come into force only when a stated number of signatories have ratified the final text. An international convention may be incorporated into a statute (e.g.
97:
Legal theory usually classifies them into formal and material sources, although this classification is not always used consistently. Normally, formal sources are connected with what creates the law: statutes, case law, contracts, and so on. In contrast, material sources refer to the places where
91:, the binding rules that enable any state to govern its territory. The terminology was already used in Rome by Cicero as a metaphor referring to the "fountain" ("fons" in Latin) of law. Technically, anything that can create, change, or cancel any right or law is considered a source of law.
234:
that is the ultimate source of law. While a written constitution may seem to be the prime source of law, the state legislature may amend its constitution provided certain rules are followed. International law may take precedence over national law, but international law is mainly made up of
235:
conventions and treaties that have been ratified; and anything that can be ratified may be denounced later by the national parliament. Although local authorities may feel that they have a democratic mandate to pass
508:
A "Particular Custom" (or "private custom") may arise and become a right with the force of law when a person, or a group of persons has from long usage obtained a recognized usage, such as an
403:
is usually that a bill is introduced to
Parliament, and after the required number of readings, committee stages and amendments, the bill gains approval and becomes an Act.
339:), namely: treaty provisions, regulations, directives, decisions, and precedents. Member States become subject to "Brussels" and to the binding precedent decisions of the
689:
384:. Delegated legislation may be open to challenge for irregularity of process; and the legislature usually has the right to withdraw delegated powers if it sees fit.
399:, treaties and regulations. Similarly, although parliaments have the power to legislate, it is usually the executive who decides on the legislative programmed. The
529:
were frequently cited. This old practice of citing only authors who are dead has gone; nowadays notable legal authors may be cited, even if they are still alive.
42:
669:
entered into force on 20 August 2013, one year after registering 30 ratifications of countries representing over 33 per cent of the world gross tonnage of ships
433:
Compared to other sources of law, precedent has the advantage of flexibility and adaptability, and may enable a judge to apply "justice" rather than "the law".
759:
395:
typically restricts a legislature's powers to legislation. Although the legislature has the power to legislate, it is the courts who have the power to
230:
A state may comply with international law, it may have a written or federal constitution, or it may have regional legislature, but normally it is the
98:
formal law can be found, such as the official bulletin or gazette where the legislator publishes the country's laws, newspapers, and public deeds.
53:
347:. However, Brussels may only act and legislate in accordance with the EU treaties, and the CJEU's supremacy applies only in matters of EU law.
171:
form the basis for law derived from religious practices and doctrines or from sacred texts; this source of law is important where there is a
227:. Scotland, for instance, has a hybrid form of law, as does South Africa, whose law in an amalgam of common law, civil law and tribal law.
223:
systems there are also several sources that combine to form "the law". Civil law systems often absorb ideas from the common law and
2036:
813:
239:, the legislative power they wield has been delegated by parliament; and what parliament gives, parliament make later take away.
94:
The term "source of law" may sometimes refer to the sovereign or to the seat of power from which the law derives its validity.
501:
as a source of law is not normally written, but if a practice can be shown to have existed for a very long time, such as "
786:
526:
304:
776:
632:
522:
1462:
1020:
919:
288:
71:
1576:
1445:
521:
Up until the 20th century, English judges felt able to examine certain "books of authority" for guidance, and both
2031:
1378:
1279:
810:
333:
is special example of international law. European nations that join the EU thereby adopt all EC Law to date (the
1538:
1172:
554:
308:
891:
762:-75 abolished the Courts of Chancery. Chancery Division of the High Court succeeds the old Courts of Chancery
1698:
1177:
863:
The UK ’s
Westminster Parliament can, for instance, suspend at will Northern Ireland’s Assembly at Stormont
560:
368:, and amends or repeals old laws. The legislature may delegate law-making powers to lower bodies. In the
272:
449:. Equity prevails over common law, but its application is discretionary. Equity's main achievements are:
1693:
543:
445:
is a source of law peculiar to
England and Wales. Equity is the case law developed by the (now defunct)
1668:
1167:
666:
296:
20:
678:"Brussels" is the Commission, the Council of Ministers & the European Parliament acting in concert
1751:
340:
1546:
1528:
396:
204:
148:
1880:
46:
that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
2109:
1921:
1708:
1197:
1182:
400:
702:
Executive and judicial power is to be exercised by, respectively, the government and the courts.
1976:
1961:
426:
106:
The perceived authenticity of a source of law may rely on a choice of jurisprudence analysis.
2080:
1673:
1351:
1162:
144:
242:
In
England, the archetypal common law country, there is a hierarchy of sources, as follows:
1801:
1147:
826:
392:
373:
335:
8:
1956:
1096:
1013:
728:
548:
656:"Dualist" jurisdictions require ratification of treaties; "monist" jurisdictions do not.
49:
1771:
1430:
1284:
1269:
1247:
991:
971:
924:
914:
781:
411:
324:
250:
192:
1756:
1678:
1516:
1259:
1254:
1207:
1132:
1126:
966:
884:
816:
asserts that to be effective, law must have a sovereign and a sanction to back it up.
712:
628:
604:
498:
446:
365:
300:
284:
1761:
1728:
1227:
1091:
1086:
1051:
596:
485:
462:
458:
377:
129:
2010:
1983:
1971:
1951:
1885:
1863:
1843:
1838:
1818:
1683:
1663:
1658:
1561:
1521:
1232:
1157:
1081:
1066:
986:
502:
387:
Most legislatures have their powers restricted by the nation's
Constitution, and
132:
to say "I was only obeying orders", and the victors hanged Nazis for breaching "
2087:
1895:
1813:
1402:
1368:
1304:
1076:
981:
961:
951:
724:
584:
481:
369:
330:
172:
829:
2103:
1941:
1900:
1786:
1766:
1738:
1688:
1653:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1566:
1506:
1346:
1336:
1294:
1217:
1212:
1142:
1101:
1025:
608:
600:
538:
292:
212:
168:
2073:
1823:
1791:
1746:
1484:
1479:
1450:
1363:
1341:
1309:
1242:
1222:
1116:
1056:
1046:
998:
956:
934:
877:
442:
216:
156:
152:
140:
1995:
1936:
1926:
1723:
1718:
1556:
1457:
1373:
1332:
1299:
1264:
1187:
1111:
1061:
976:
771:
419:
388:
360:
188:
184:
111:
2059:
1988:
1868:
1806:
1551:
1472:
1467:
1425:
1407:
1395:
1356:
1202:
1192:
1152:
1137:
1121:
1071:
1008:
1003:
344:
312:
220:
208:
160:
133:
1966:
1931:
1873:
1848:
1713:
1610:
1598:
1583:
1571:
1499:
1417:
1390:
1274:
450:
176:
164:
139:
Over decades and centuries, principles of law have been derived from
2054:
2015:
2000:
1703:
1588:
1385:
929:
585:"The Four Causes of "Ius" (Res Iusta) as the Proper Sources of Law"
509:
180:
1905:
1853:
1833:
1781:
1593:
1511:
1327:
1289:
1237:
454:
381:
207:
systems, the sources of law include the legal codes, such as the
120:
621:"Sources of law" may also mean any premiss of a legal reasoning.
595:(V. 9 (2023): Il concetto di “Ius” in Tommaso d'Aquino): 71–91.
465:, such as: "He who comes to equity must come with clean hands".
2005:
1858:
1603:
1494:
1489:
1435:
1106:
414:(aka: case law, or judge-made law) is based on the doctrine of
236:
118:
power, but critics would say he does not exercise power from a
107:
1946:
1890:
1796:
1637:
1440:
939:
1828:
1776:
1632:
1030:
946:
125:
43:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
647:
Slapper & Kelly, English Legal System, Routledge, 2016
900:
854:
The UK is (in 2018) taking steps to denounce
European Law
842:
749:
Mozley & Whiteley's Law Dictionary - E.R. Hardy Ivamy
88:
711:
In the UK, the government sets out its programme in the
418:, and mostly associated with jurisdictions based on the
869:
198:
475:(not to be confused with International Conventions)
2101:
845:is a civil court that embraces binding precedent
832:, the sources of law are custom and legislation.
341:Court of Justice of the European Union (or CJEU)
425:, but the concept has been adopted in part by
885:
627:. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
191:form the tangible source of laws which are
183:can modify or even create a source of law.
892:
878:
740:In the UK, this requires the Royal Assent
622:
505:' (1189 AD), it becomes a source of law.
277:
72:Learn how and when to remove this message
2037:History of the American legal profession
266:
16:Origin of rules regulating human conduct
582:
2102:
589:Forum. Supplement to Acta Philosophica
372:, such delegated legislation includes
873:
494:(England & Commonwealth Nations)
318:
578:
576:
163:are early unwritten sources of law.
25:
787:Commentaries on the Laws of England
350:
305:European Convention on Human Rights
246:Legislation (primary and secondary)
13:
777:Institutes of the Lawes of England
199:Sources in different legal systems
14:
2121:
1021:Restitution and unjust enrichment
573:
289:Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971
2068:
2067:
2053:
101:
30:
2032:History of the legal profession
765:
752:
743:
734:
717:
705:
696:
681:
672:
659:
134:universal and eternal standards
857:
848:
835:
819:
804:
650:
641:
615:
555:Opinio juris sive necessitatis
253:rules of common law and equity
128:it was not a valid defence at
124:(or legitimate) source. After
1:
583:Riofrio, Juan Carlos (2023).
566:
561:Sources of international law
273:Sources of international law
232:central national legislature
7:
532:
10:
2126:
1699:International legal theory
1178:International slavery laws
1173:International human rights
1168:International criminal law
667:Maritime Labour Convention
623:Goltzberg, Stefan (2016).
322:
297:Merchant Shipping Act 1995
270:
21:The Sources of English Law
18:
2047:
2024:
1914:
1752:Administration of justice
1737:
1646:
1537:
1416:
1318:
1039:
907:
469:Parliamentary Conventions
461:. There are a number of
256:Parliamentary conventions
175:. Historical or judicial
1529:Basic structure doctrine
1379:Natural and legal rights
1260:Public international law
797:
731:may initiate legislation
601:10.17421/2498-9746-09-05
149:natural and legal rights
19:Not to be confused with
1709:Principle of typicality
1183:International trade law
899:
814:"command theory of law"
278:International treaties
52:by rewriting it in an
1704:Principle of legality
1463:Delegated legislation
1163:Intellectual property
503:since time immemorial
374:Statutory Instruments
267:International sources
145:divine right of kings
136:of right and wrong".
1922:Barristers' chambers
1864:Legal representation
1802:Justice of the peace
1148:Financial regulation
827:Louisiana Civil Code
790:, and similar texts.
760:Judicature Acts 1873
625:Les Sources du droit
393:separation of powers
336:acquis communautaire
1957:Election commission
1669:Expressive function
1198:Landlord–tenant law
1097:Consumer protection
841:For instance , the
549:Legal socialization
307:is enforced by the
167:and other forms of
87:are the origins of
1915:Legal institutions
1782:Lawsuit/Litigation
1772:Dispute resolution
1577:Catholic canon law
1285:State of emergency
1248:Will and testament
972:Law of obligations
925:Constitutional law
915:Administrative law
782:William Blackstone
516:Books of Authority
459:equitable remedies
412:Judicial precedent
397:interpret statutes
366:Acts of Parliament
325:European Union law
319:European Union law
293:Salvage Convention
262:Books of authority
54:encyclopedic style
41:is written like a
2097:
2096:
1757:Constitutionalism
1679:Law and economics
1517:Act of parliament
1255:Product liability
1208:Legal archaeology
1133:Environmental law
1127:Entertainment law
967:International law
665:For instance the
518:(England mainly)
480:that between the
447:Court of Chancery
391:'s theory of the
378:Orders in Council
301:Council of Europe
285:Hague-Visby Rules
195:and enforceable.
82:
81:
74:
2117:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2058:
2057:
1881:Question of fact
1762:Criminal justice
1092:Construction law
1087:Conflict of laws
1052:Agricultural law
894:
887:
880:
871:
870:
864:
861:
855:
852:
846:
839:
833:
825:For example, in
823:
817:
808:
791:
769:
763:
756:
750:
747:
741:
738:
732:
721:
715:
709:
703:
700:
694:
690:Van Gend en Loos
685:
679:
676:
670:
663:
657:
654:
648:
645:
639:
638:
619:
613:
612:
580:
499:"General Custom"
486:House of Commons
463:equitable maxims
351:National sources
77:
70:
66:
63:
57:
34:
33:
26:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2066:
2052:
2043:
2020:
2011:Political party
1984:Legal education
1972:Law enforcement
1952:Court of equity
1910:
1886:Question of law
1839:Practice of law
1819:Judicial review
1733:
1684:Legal formalism
1664:Comparative law
1659:Contract theory
1642:
1562:Legal pluralism
1533:
1522:Act of Congress
1446:Executive order
1412:
1314:
1233:Nationality law
1158:Immigration law
1082:Competition law
1035:
903:
898:
868:
867:
862:
858:
853:
849:
840:
836:
824:
820:
809:
805:
800:
795:
794:
770:
766:
757:
753:
748:
744:
739:
735:
722:
718:
710:
706:
701:
697:
686:
682:
677:
673:
664:
660:
655:
651:
646:
642:
635:
620:
616:
581:
574:
569:
535:
439:(England only)
353:
327:
321:
280:
275:
269:
259:General customs
201:
104:
78:
67:
61:
58:
50:help improve it
47:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2123:
2113:
2112:
2110:Sources of law
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2063:
2060:Law portal
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Trial advocacy
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1433:
1428:
1426:Ballot measure
1422:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1403:Legal treatise
1400:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1369:Letters patent
1366:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1320:Sources of law
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1305:Unenforced law
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1077:Commercial law
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1006:
1001:
996:
995:
994:
989:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
943:
942:
932:
927:
922:
917:
911:
909:
905:
904:
897:
896:
889:
882:
874:
866:
865:
856:
847:
834:
818:
802:
801:
799:
796:
793:
792:
764:
751:
742:
733:
716:
713:Queen's Speech
704:
695:
687:e.g.. such as
680:
671:
658:
649:
640:
634:978-2130748601
633:
614:
571:
570:
568:
565:
564:
563:
558:
551:
546:
541:
534:
531:
482:House of Lords
416:stare decisive
352:
349:
331:European Union
323:Main article:
320:
317:
279:
276:
271:Main article:
268:
265:
264:
263:
260:
257:
254:
247:
200:
197:
173:state religion
103:
100:
85:Sources of law
80:
79:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2122:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Civil society
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:Trier of fact
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Legal opinion
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:Court-martial
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1739:Jurisprudence
1736:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:Statutory law
1626:
1624:
1623:Socialist law
1621:
1617:
1616:Byzantine law
1614:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1567:Religious law
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1539:Legal systems
1536:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:Statutory law
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:Statutory law
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1295:Transport law
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1213:Legal fiction
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:Financial law
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:Corporate law
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:Statutory law
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
941:
938:
937:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
910:
908:Core subjects
906:
902:
895:
890:
888:
883:
881:
876:
875:
872:
860:
851:
844:
838:
831:
828:
822:
815:
812:
807:
803:
789:
788:
783:
779:
778:
773:
768:
761:
755:
746:
737:
730:
726:
720:
714:
708:
699:
693:
691:
684:
675:
668:
662:
653:
644:
636:
630:
626:
618:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
579:
577:
572:
562:
559:
557:
556:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:Jurisprudence
537:
536:
530:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
511:
506:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
487:
483:
477:
476:
472:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
453:, charities,
452:
448:
444:
440:
438:
434:
431:
428:
424:
423:
417:
413:
409:
408:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
358:
357:
348:
346:
342:
338:
337:
332:
326:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
274:
261:
258:
255:
252:
248:
245:
244:
243:
240:
238:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:criminal code
210:
206:
196:
194:
190:
187:, rules, and
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:religious law
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
109:
102:Jurisprudence
99:
95:
92:
90:
86:
76:
73:
65:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
28:
27:
22:
2086:
2079:
2065:
2051:
1824:Jurisdiction
1792:Legal remedy
1747:Adjudication
1647:Legal theory
1485:Ratification
1480:Promulgation
1451:Proclamation
1431:Codification
1364:Human rights
1352:Divine right
1342:Constitution
1319:
1310:Women in law
1228:Military law
1223:Marriage law
1218:Maritime law
1117:Election law
1057:Aviation law
1047:Abortion law
999:Property law
935:Criminal law
859:
850:
837:
821:
806:
785:
775:
767:
754:
745:
736:
719:
707:
698:
688:
683:
674:
661:
652:
643:
624:
617:
592:
588:
553:
520:
515:
514:
507:
496:
491:
490:
478:
474:
473:
471:(UK mainly)
468:
467:
441:
436:
435:
432:
421:
415:
410:
406:
405:
386:
359:
355:
354:
334:
328:
281:
241:
231:
229:
224:
202:
157:civil rights
153:human rights
138:
119:
115:
105:
96:
93:
84:
83:
68:
59:
40:
1996:Legislature
1927:Bureaucracy
1724:Rule of man
1719:Rule of law
1694:Libertarian
1557:Chinese law
1458:Legislation
1408:Regulations
1396:Law reports
1374:Natural law
1270:Reparations
1265:Refugee law
1188:Jurimetrics
1129:(Media law)
1067:Banking law
1062:Amnesty law
1040:Disciplines
977:Private law
772:Edward Coke
727:, only the
389:Montesquieu
361:Legislation
356:Legislation
291:; e.g. the
189:regulations
185:Legislation
112:Kim Jong-un
1989:Law school
1869:Prosecutor
1807:Magistrate
1594:Jewish law
1552:Common law
1473:Rulemaking
1468:Regulation
1418:Law making
1357:Divine law
1333:Legal code
1280:Sports law
1203:Law of war
1153:Health law
1138:Family law
1122:Energy law
1072:Bankruptcy
1009:Punishment
1004:Public law
729:Commission
567:References
544:Legitimacy
527:Blackstone
422:common law
345:Luxembourg
313:Strasbourg
225:vice-versa
221:common law
209:civil code
161:common law
114:may wield
1967:Judiciary
1962:Executive
1937:The bench
1874:Solicitor
1849:Barrister
1729:Sociology
1714:Pseudolaw
1654:Anarchist
1611:Roman law
1599:Parsi law
1584:Hindu law
1572:Canon law
1547:Civil law
1500:Concordat
1391:Precedent
1300:Trust law
1275:Space law
1112:Drugs law
982:Procedure
920:Civil law
609:2498-9746
427:Civil Law
401:procedure
205:civil law
177:precedent
165:Canon law
130:Nuremberg
62:July 2024
2104:Category
2074:Category
2016:Tribunal
2001:Military
1844:Attorney
1814:Judgment
1674:Feminist
1589:Jain law
1386:Case law
1107:Cyberlaw
1014:Corporal
992:Criminal
962:Evidence
952:Doctrine
930:Contract
811:Austin's
533:See also
510:easement
484:and the
457:, &
420:English
407:Case Law
382:Bye-laws
380:, &
364:such as
299:). The
251:case law
193:codified
181:case law
116:De facto
110:such as
2088:Outline
2025:History
1932:The bar
1906:Verdict
1854:Counsel
1834:Justice
1689:History
1512:Statute
1328:Charter
1290:Tax law
1238:Probate
723:In the
492:Customs
455:probate
295:in the
237:by-laws
211:or the
141:customs
121:de jure
108:Tyrants
48:Please
2006:Police
1977:Agency
1859:Lawyer
1604:Sharia
1495:Treaty
1490:Repeal
1436:Decree
1347:Custom
1243:Estate
1193:Labour
957:Equity
830:art. 1
631:
607:
451:trusts
443:Equity
437:Equity
217:custom
215:, and
159:, and
143:. The
2081:Index
1947:Court
1891:Trial
1797:Judge
1638:Yassa
1441:Edict
987:Civil
940:Crime
798:Notes
219:; in
1829:Jury
1777:Fiqh
1633:Xeer
1031:Tort
947:Deed
758:The
629:ISBN
605:ISSN
525:and
523:Coke
329:The
309:ECHR
249:The
179:and
126:WWII
89:laws
901:Law
843:ECJ
784:'s
774:'s
597:doi
343:in
311:in
303:’s
287:in
203:In
2106::
1335:/
780:,
725:EU
603:.
591:.
587:.
575:^
512:.
497:A
376:,
370:UK
315:.
155:,
151:,
147:,
893:e
886:t
879:v
692:.
637:.
611:.
599::
593:9
75:)
69:(
64:)
60:(
56:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.