166:
394:
557:
996:
711:
291:, which brought hopefuls from across the country. Aboriginal people worked on the mines, many of which were located on what had been the Warumungu Reserve. Tennant Creek town was established in 1934, at a site 7 mi (11 km) to the south of the Telegraph Station. It was off-limits to Aboriginal people until the 1960s. Warumungu and Alyawarre people also worked at mines in the
204:"The post contact history of the Warumungu people is an unvarnished tale of the subordinaton of an Aboriginal society and its welfare to European interests... European settlement meant forced dispossession. This was not a once and for all process, but continued with the Warumungu being shunted around, right up to the 1960s, to accommodate various pastoral and mining interests."
284:, while some worked for the station. Many came to the site during the 1891-93 droughts, to the perennial waterholes along the creek, which Warumungu people traditionally used in drought years. An area of dry country to the east of the Telegraph Station was gazetted as a Warumungu Reserve in 1892, to be revoked in 1934 to allow mining in the area.
219:
Aboriginal settlement. In the face of opposition at their attempts to settle in the town, from authorities and
European towns people, Aboriginal people began to establish organisations to gain representation, infrastructure and services for their community. Over the next decade a housing authority
132:
Warumungu is classified as a living language, but the number of speakers seemed to be decreasing quickly and by the mid-1950s, Australian linguist Robert
Hoogenraad estimated that there were only about 700 people who could speak some Warumungu; by 2016, there were 320 speakers. Speakers have been
369:
The problem with the
Northern Territory Government then, was it didn't accept the underlying principles of the Aboriginal Land Rights Act. It didn't accept that it was for the Commonwealth to determine the conditions on which Aboriginal people could acquire land in the Northern Territory, so its
220:
Warramunga Pabulu
Housing Association (later Julali-kari Council), a health service Anyininginyi Congress and an office of the Central Land Council was opened. Today, Aboriginal people of the region have rights to country surrounding the town, claimed and recognised under the
165:
363:
was finally returned to the
Warumungu. The Warumungu Land Claim is made up of ten separate parcels of land, which together make up 3,090 square kilometres (1,190 sq mi). In March 1993, Michael Maurice, a former Aboriginal Land Commissioner, said of the
628:
Maurice, M. Warumungu Land Claim. Report No.31. Report by the
Aboriginal Land Commissioner, Mr Justice Maurice, to the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs and to the Administrator of the Northern Territory. Australian Government Publishing Service. Canberra,
149:'s estimation, the Warumungu's lands once extended over some 21,300 square miles (55,000 km), from the northernmost reach at Mount Grayling (Renner Springs) southwards to the headwaters of the Gosse River. The eastern boundary was around
306:
The life histories of most people include their experiences living on cattle stations, which eventually surrounded the original site of
European settlement. Vast tracts of Warumungu country had been granted as
226:. The original land claim was lodged in 1978, for a decade the Warumungu fought for the return of their traditional lands. The ruling was made in 1988 and the hand back of the claim areas began soon after.
171:
The commonwealth of
Australia; federal handbook, prepared in connection with the eighty-fourth meeting of the British association for the advancement of science, held in Australia, August, 1914
1028:
299:
was discovered at
Hatcher's Creek in 1913. Many Aboriginal people spent substantial periods of their lives there and on neighbouring Kurandi Station, where in 1977 Aboriginal workers went on
759:
1021:
323:, butchers and gardeners, while women carried out domestic work in the station houses. Payment was generally in rations only and conditions were generally very poor.
393:
249:
occurred in many places in central
Australia in the first 50 years of settlement, causing the displacement of Aboriginal people. In the early 1900s Alyawarre and
2071:
2013:
1014:
222:
732:
752:
2048:
2041:
343:
2006:
963:
388:
2020:
905:
121:
used by younger speakers differs significantly than the one used by older speakers. An example of a Warumungu sentence might be "
2034:
258:
2027:
895:
840:
806:
615:
1000:
702:
56:
277:
197:. In 1934, a reserve that had been set aside for the Warumungu in 1892 was revoked in order to clear the way for
114:
887:
736:
884:
Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
763:
1403:
648:
237:
and Europeans broke out in the 1870s and lead to punitive expeditions, in which many Kaytetye, Warumungu,
1648:
254:
311:
and were stocked from the 1880s onwards. Running cattle on these lands was incompatible with Aboriginal
292:
82:
925:
798:
647:
The University of Melbourne School of Language and Linguistics (n.d.). Tennant Creek. Retrieved from
332:
134:
556:
971:
832:
246:
118:
31:
879:
816:
782:
402:
356:
694:
1037:
1006:
850:
672:
106:
48:
786:
312:
208:
174:
1473:
867:
854:
338:
316:
211:
self-determination policy, Aboriginal people began to move or return to Tennant Creek from
315:
practices and people were forced to settle on stations or the reserve. Many men worked as
8:
1102:
909:
320:
1543:
1041:
78:
72:
52:
20:
1725:
1655:
1417:
891:
836:
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698:
456:
270:
207:
Tennant Creek is the urban centre of Warumungu country. During the 1970s, the era of
86:
858:
523:
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1557:
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1431:
1340:
690:
682:
420:
262:
198:
1873:
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1396:
1347:
1319:
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412:
234:
90:
24:
201:. By the 1960s, the Warumungu had been entirely removed from their native land.
1943:
1845:
1754:
1599:
1382:
1354:
1249:
1193:
1172:
875:
308:
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19:
This article is about the Australian Indigenous group. For their language, see
676:
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300:
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By the 1890s it is estimated that 100 people were living at camps around the
250:
154:
60:
944:
341:
of the Northern Territory made a claim on behalf of the Warumungu under the
1971:
1957:
1894:
1697:
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1522:
1501:
1389:
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1978:
1880:
1838:
1789:
1711:
1536:
1333:
1186:
731:
529:
352:
182:
150:
169:
Designs used during the performance of a snake totem ceremony (pub. in
1908:
1782:
1775:
1761:
1627:
1508:
1494:
1368:
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1242:
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649:
http://languages-linguistics.unimelb.edu.au/research/past-acla1-regions
549:
360:
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245:
and Warlpiri were killed. Conflict, largely over cattle, and resultant
238:
194:
1901:
1866:
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1817:
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1641:
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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55:. Today, Warumungu are mainly concentrated in the region of
399:
Totemic Ceremony: Warramunga Tribe, North-Central Australia
153:. The western limits ran to the sand plan 50 miles west of
98:
943:
733:"Aboriginal Child Language Acquisition Project: Warumungu"
795:
Morphology and Language History: In Honour of Harold Koch
117:, the Warumungu language is undergoing rapid change. The
568:
566:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
511:
487:
563:
499:
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223:
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976
23:. For the Australian navy ships named for them, see
2063:
904:
753:"Scholar Sceptic: Australian Aboriginal Studies"
659:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
671:
127:Father's mother, is she there, in town, or not?
599:
1022:
908:(Press release). 1 March 1993. Archived from
849:
681:. London: Macmillan. pp. 226, 631, 756.
632:
530:Aboriginal Child Language Acquisition Project
287:In the 1930s gold was discovered, starting a
2072:Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory
389:Aboriginal Australian mythology and religion
359:. Fifteen years later, in 1993, most of the
751:
517:
1029:
1015:
829:Kinship Systems: Change and reconstruction
787:"Reconstructing pre-Warumunga Pronominals"
962:
924:
593:
411:is the Warumungu people's version of the
269:. Eastern Warlpiri people fled after the
229:At the telegraph station to the south at
185:described the Warumungu as a flourishing
793:; Evans, Bethwyn; Miceli, Luisa (eds.).
392:
164:
874:
815:
781:
572:
505:
493:
2064:
970:. Central Land Council. Archived from
614:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSimpson (
273:in 1928, many onto Warumungu country.
1010:
540:
538:
30:. For the genus of grasshoppers, see
821:"Warumungu kinship system over time"
678:Northern Tribes of Central Australia
426:
605:
105:(although some verbs are formed by
13:
535:
123:apurtu im deya o warraku taun kana
14:
2083:
988:
433:Warimunga, Warramunga, Warramonga
419:common to a number of Aboriginal
193:had brought them to the brink of
189:. However, by 1915, invasion and
994:
945:"Warumungu Language Information"
709:
555:
113:). As are many of the surviving
665:
326:
278:Tennant Creek Telegraph Station
115:Indigenous Australian languages
888:Australian National University
695:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t6737bs6n
622:
370:attitude was one of resistance
1:
233:, conflict between the local
101:are formed by adding a tense
906:"Warumungu land title grant"
481:
382:
16:Australian indigenous people
7:
377:Michael Maurice, March 1993
151:Alroy and Rockhampton Downs
66:
10:
2088:
827:; Hendery, Rachel (eds.).
724:
386:
344:Aboriginal Land Rights Act
330:
293:Davenport Murchison Ranges
261:and other stations on the
181:In the 1870s, early white
160:
140:
70:
18:
1995:
1048:
949:Global Recordings Network
823:. In McConvell, Patrick;
799:John Benjamins Publishing
333:Native title in Australia
966:The Land is Always Alive
926:"The Warumungu Language"
833:University of Utah Press
687:10.1017/cbo9780511751202
476:
32:Warramunga (grasshopper)
876:Tindale, Norman Barnett
673:Baldwin Spencer, Walter
403:Milwaukee Public Museum
357:High Court of Australia
355:eventually went to the
303:and staged a walk-off.
85:. It is similar to the
405:
380:
280:, with some receiving
265:. Many moved later to
178:
49:Aboriginal Australians
2001:By state or territory
660:Land title grant 1993
396:
387:Further information:
366:
351:ensued, in which the
331:Further information:
313:hunting and gathering
175:George Handley Knibbs
168:
1474:Mantjintjarra Ngalia
1003:at Wikimedia Commons
868:Macmillan Publishers
851:Spencer, Sir Baldwin
835:. pp. 239–254.
438:Warrmunga, Waramunga
339:Central Land Council
83:Pama–Nyungan family
81:, belonging to the
2014:Northern Territory
1042:Northern Territory
912:on 8 February 2007
855:Gillen, Francis J.
801:. pp. 71–89.
769:on 4 December 2008
739:on 26 January 2009
406:
259:Alexandria Station
209:Federal government
179:
95:suffixing language
77:Their language is
73:Warumungu language
53:Northern Territory
21:Warumungu language
2059:
2058:
2049:Western Australia
999:Media related to
897:978-0-708-10741-6
842:978-0-708-10741-6
808:978-9-027-24814-5
553:(25th ed., 2022)
427:Alternative names
271:Coniston massacre
253:fled violence at
247:frontier violence
47:) are a group of
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964:"The Warumungu:
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880:"Waramanga (NT)"
871:
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860:Across Australia
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762:. Archived from
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413:Rainbow Serpent
401:diorama at the
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309:pastoral leases
213:cattle stations
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91:Warlpiri people
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930:Linguist List
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783:Simpson, Jane
780:
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706:
704:9780511751202
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125:", meaning "
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61:Alice Springs
58:
57:Tennant Creek
54:
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37:
33:
29:
28:
22:
1958:Yindjilandji
1887:
1698:Ngolokwangga
1502:Marimanindji
1390:Karrangpurru
1103:Anindilyakwa
1096:Andakerebina
976:. Retrieved
972:the original
965:
952:. Retrieved
948:
933:. Retrieved
914:. Retrieved
910:the original
883:
859:
828:
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771:. Retrieved
764:the original
741:. Retrieved
737:the original
677:
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655:
624:
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573:Tindale 1974
548:
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501:
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489:
465:
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448:Leenaranunga
447:
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407:
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368:
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349:legal battle
347:. A lengthy
342:
336:
327:Native title
305:
286:
275:
231:Barrow Creek
228:
221:
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180:
170:
144:
137:since 2007.
133:shifting to
131:
126:
122:
110:
94:
76:
44:
40:
38:
36:
26:
1712:Norweilemil
1544:Marrithiyal
1537:Marranunggu
1334:Gungorogone
978:23 December
954:23 December
935:24 December
916:23 December
773:23 December
743:22 December
353:litigations
107:compounding
97:, in which
2021:Queensland
1909:Wongkamala
1881:Warndarang
1776:Rembarrnga
1762:Pongaponga
1726:Nunggubuyu
1656:Ngaliwurru
1628:Nangiomeri
1509:Marinunggo
1495:Maridjabin
1418:Kungarakan
1369:Jamindjung
1278:Emmiyangal
1243:Djerimanga
1159:Bingongina
1110:Anmatyerre
1038:Aboriginal
550:Ethnologue
361:land claim
239:Anmatyerre
195:starvation
119:morphology
93:. It is a
45:Warramunga
27:Warramunga
1902:Wilingura
1888:Warumungu
1867:Warlmanpa
1818:Wadjiginy
1677:Ngarinman
1642:Ngalakgan
1593:Muringura
1558:Matuntara
1467:Mangarayi
1453:Madngella
1439:Kwarandji
1432:Kunwinjku
1425:Kunibidji
1341:Gunindiri
1306:Gambalang
1299:Gadjerong
1271:Doolboong
1222:Djalakuru
1145:Bilingara
1138:Beriguruk
1089:Amijangal
1075:Alyawarre
825:Keen, Ian
545:Warumungu
482:Citations
453:Airamanga
409:Wollunqua
383:Mythology
289:gold rush
267:Lake Nash
243:Alyawarre
183:explorers
79:Warumungu
41:Warumungu
2066:Category
2042:Victoria
2035:Tasmania
1951:Yaroinga
1916:Wulwulam
1874:Warlpiri
1860:Wardaman
1853:Wandjira
1769:Puneitja
1740:Perrakee
1705:Ngormbur
1579:Mudburra
1516:Marijedi
1446:Larrakia
1397:Kaytetye
1348:Gurindji
1320:Giimbiyu
1285:Gaagudju
1152:Binbinga
1117:Arrernte
878:(1974).
857:(1912).
819:(2013).
785:(2008).
675:(1904).
472:exonym).
466:Uriminga
457:Kaytetye
375:—
317:stockmen
295:, after
235:Kaytetye
217:Warrabri
191:reprisal
87:Warlpiri
67:Language
1986:Yunggor
1944:Yanyuwa
1930:Yangman
1923:Wurango
1846:Wambaya
1825:Wagoman
1748:Pintupi
1719:Nungali
1684:Ngarnka
1670:Ngardok
1551:Mati Ke
1488:Maridan
1481:Mariamo
1404:Kukatja
1383:Jingili
1355:Iwaidja
1327:Gudanji
1250:Djinang
1236:Djerait
1215:Dhuwala
1194:Dalabon
1180:Dagoman
1173:Burarra
1131:Awinmul
1054:Airiman
760:AIATSIS
725:Sources
610: ?
606:Simpson
470:Iliaura
443:Wurmega
364:ordeal:
321:drovers
297:wolfram
282:rations
161:History
141:Country
111:preverb
51:of the
1965:Yolngu
1832:Wakaya
1811:Wadere
1804:Waanyi
1691:Ngarti
1663:Ngandi
1649:Ngalia
1614:Nagara
1411:Kunapa
1376:Jawoyn
1264:Djowei
1257:Djinba
1208:Dhuwal
1166:Bininj
1124:Awarai
1082:Amarak
894:
839:
805:
701:
460:exonym
301:strike
251:Wakaya
241:, and
187:nation
103:suffix
1972:Yukul
1895:Watta
1797:Tjial
1733:Oitbi
1565:Maung
1530:Marra
1523:Mariu
1362:Jaako
1292:Gaari
1229:Djaŋu
1201:Dangu
1068:Alura
1061:Alawa
864:(PDF)
789:. In
767:(PDF)
756:(PDF)
477:Notes
135:Kriol
99:verbs
25:HMAS
1979:Yumu
1839:Walu
1790:Tiwi
1187:Daii
980:2008
956:2008
937:2008
918:2008
892:ISBN
837:ISBN
803:ISBN
775:2008
745:2008
699:ISBN
629:1988
616:help
415:, a
397:The
215:and
59:and
43:(or
39:The
691:hdl
683:doi
547:at
173:by
145:In
129:".
2068::
947:.
928:.
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886:.
882:.
853:;
831:.
797:.
758:.
697:.
689:.
634:^
580:^
565:^
537:^
423:.
319:,
157:.
109:a
63:.
1742:?
1030:e
1023:t
1016:v
982:.
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693::
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618:)
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532:.
520:.
468:(
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455:(
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177:.
34:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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