Red Army - Knowledge

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the transformation of the standing army into a force deriving its strength from a nation in arms, and, furthermore, the creation of a basis for the support of the coming Socialist Revolution in Europe." Enlistment was conditional upon "guarantees being given by a military or civil committee functioning within the territory of the Soviet Power, or by party or trade union committees or, in extreme cases, by two persons belonging to one of the above organizations." In the event of an entire unit wanting to join the Red Army, a "collective guarantee and the affirmative vote of all its members would be necessary." Because the Red Army was composed mainly of peasants, the families of those who served were guaranteed rations and assistance with farm work. Some peasants who remained at home yearned to join the Army; men, along with some women, flooded the recruitment centres. If they were turned away, they would collect scrap metal and prepare care-packages. In some cases, the money they earned would go towards tanks for the Army.

1690: 3308:, who was perceived by Stalin as a potential political rival. Officers who remained soon found all of their decisions being closely examined by political officers, even in mundane matters such as record-keeping and field training exercises. An atmosphere of fear and unwillingness to take the initiative soon pervaded the Red Army; suicide rates among junior officers rose to record levels. The purges significantly impaired the combat capabilities of the Red Army. Hoyt concludes "the Soviet defense system was damaged to the point of incompetence" and stresses "the fear in which high officers lived." Clark says, "Stalin not only cut the heart out of the army, he also gave it brain damage." Lewin identifies three serious results: the loss of experienced and well-trained senior officers; the distrust it caused among potential allies especially France; and the encouragement it gave Germany. 94: 2265: 2972:. Even though the Red Army's 29 mechanized corps had an authorized strength of no less than 29,899 tanks by 1941, they proved to be a paper tiger. There were actually only 17,000 tanks available at the time, meaning several of the new mechanized corps were badly under strength. The pressure placed on factories and military planners to show production numbers also led to a situation where the majority of armored vehicles were obsolescent models, critically lacking in spare parts and support equipment, and nearly three-quarters were overdue for major maintenance. By 22 June 1941, there were only 1,475 of the modern T-34s and KV series tanks available to the Red Army, and these were too dispersed along the front to provide enough mass for even local success. To illustrate this, the 3320:

regardless of experience or training. Junior officers were appointed to fill the ranks of the senior leadership, many of whom lacked broad experience. This action in turn resulted in many openings at the lower level of the officer corps, which were filled by new graduates from the service academies. In 1937, the entire junior class of one academy was graduated a year early to fill vacancies in the Red Army. Hamstrung by inexperience and fear of reprisals, many of these new officers failed to impress the large numbers of incoming draftees to the ranks; complaints of insubordination rose to the top of offenses punished in 1941, and may have exacerbated instances of Red Army soldiers deserting their units during the initial phases of the German offensive of that year.

3061: 451: 110: 3045: 1836: 2996: 1823:(RCP (b)) adopted a resolution on the strengthening of the Red Army. It decided to establish strictly organized military, educational and economic conditions in the army. However, it was recognized that an army of 1,600,000 would be burdensome. By the end of 1922, after the Congress, the Party Central Committee decided to reduce the Red Army to 800,000. This reduction necessitated the reorganization of the Red Army's structure. The supreme military unit became corps of two or three divisions. Divisions consisted of three regiments. Brigades as independent units were abolished. The formation of departments' 2414: 1784: 1396: 2553:

captured (total 8,081,100); the losses of the German satellites on the Eastern Front approximated 668,163 KIA/MIA and 799,982 captured (total 1,468,145). Of these 9,549,245, the Soviets released 3,572,600 from captivity after the war, thus the grand total of the Axis losses came to an estimated 5,976,645. Regarding POWs, both sides captured large numbers and had many die in captivity – one recent British figure says 3.6 of 6 million Soviet POWs died in German camps, while 300,000 of 3 million German POWs died in Soviet hands.

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three months, with one month a year thereafter. A regular cadre provided a stable nucleus. By 1925, this system provided 46 of the 77 infantry divisions and one of the eleven cavalry divisions. The remainder consisted of regular officers and enlisted personnel serving two-year terms. The territorial system was finally abolished, with all remaining formations converted to the other cadre divisions, in 1937–1938.

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happiness with machines which would multiply production and reduce hours of labour until everyone would have everything he needed and would work only as much as he wished. Somehow this has not come about, but the Russians still worship machines, and this helped make the Red Army the most highly mechanized in the world, except perhaps the German Army now.

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convenient pretext for the settling of personal vendettas or to eliminate competition by officers seeking the same command. Many army, corps, and divisional commanders were sacked: most were imprisoned or sent to labor camps; others were executed. Among the victims was the Red Army's primary military theorist, Marshal

3133:" (Комдив, Division Commander). Further complications ensued from the functional and categorical ranks for political officers (e.g., "brigade commissar", "army commissar 2nd rank"), for technical corps (e.g., "engineer 3rd rank", "division engineer"), and for administrative, medical and other non-combatant branches. 1811:, which put an end to the war. During the Polish Campaign the Red Army numbered some 6.5 million men, many of whom the Army had difficulty supporting, around 581,000 in the two operational fronts, western and southwestern. Around 2.5 million men and women were mobilized in the interior as part of reserve armies. 2487:, which processed more than 4,000,000 people. By 1946, 80% civilians and 20% of POWs were freed, 5% of civilians, and 43% of POWs were re-drafted, 10% of civilians and 22% of POWs were sent to labor battalions, and 2% of civilians and 15% of the POWs (226,127 out of 1,539,475 total) were transferred to the 2152:. Finland ceded 9% of its pre-war territory and 30% of its economic assets to the Soviet Union. Soviet losses on the front were heavy, and the country's international reputation suffered. The Soviet forces did not accomplish their objective of the total conquest of Finland but did receive territory in 3124:

In 1924 (2 October) "personal" or "service" categories were introduced, from K1 (section leader, assistant squad leader, senior rifleman, etc.) to K14 (field commander, army commander, military district commander, army commissar and equivalent). Service category insignia again consisted of triangles,

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When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, in Operation Barbarossa, the Red Army's ground forces had 303 divisions and 22 separate brigades (5.5 million soldiers) including 166 divisions and brigades (2.6 million) garrisoned in the western military districts. The Axis forces deployed on the

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In 1919, 612 "hardcore" deserters of the total 837,000 draft dodgers and deserters were executed following Trotsky's draconian measures. According to Figes, "a majority of deserters (most registered as "weak-willed") were handed back to the military authorities, and formed into units for transfer to

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units fought in close co-operation with the Cheka and played an important part in the establishment of Soviet rule and the defeat of counter-revolution. They were always present at the most dangerous points on the battlefield, and were usually the last to withdraw. When retreat was the only option,

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was composed of 518 tanks, all of which were the obsolete T-26, as opposed to the authorized strength of 1,031 newer medium tanks. This problem was universal throughout the Red Army and would play a crucial role in the initial defeats of the Red Army in 1941 at the hands of the German armed forces.

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Under Stalin's campaign for mechanization, the army formed its first mechanized unit in 1930. The 1st Mechanized Brigade consisted of a tank regiment, a motorized infantry regiment, as well as reconnaissance and artillery battalions. From this humble beginning, the Soviets would go on to create the

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trucks and jeeps from the United States began appearing in large numbers in 1942. Until then, the Red Army was often required to improvise or go without weapons, vehicles, and other equipment. The 1941 decision to physically move their manufacturing capacity east of the Ural Mountains kept the main

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In conformity with the spirit of the Pact on neutrality concluded on April 13, 1941, between the U.S.S.R. and Japan, the Government of the U.S.S.R. and the Government of Japan, in the interest of insuring peaceful and friendly relations between the two countries, solemnly declare that the U.S.S.R.

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The significant growth of the Red Army during the high point of the purges may have worsened matters. In 1937, the Red Army numbered around 1.3 million, increasing to almost three times that number by June 1941. The rapid growth of the army necessitated in turn the rapid promotion of officers

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In the mid-1920s, the territorial principle of manning the Red Army was introduced. In each region, able-bodied men were called up for a limited period of active duty in territorial units, which constituted about half the army's strength, each year, for five years. The first call-up period was for

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In 1941, the rapid progress of the initial German air and land attacks into the Soviet Union made Red Army logistical support difficult because many depots (and most of the USSR's industrial manufacturing base) lay in the country's invaded western areas, obliging their re-establishment east of the

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decided to form the Red Army on 28 January 1918. They envisioned a body "formed from the class-conscious and best elements of the working classes." All citizens of the Russian republic aged 18 or older were eligible. Its role being the defense "of the Soviet authority, the creation of a basis for

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of Soviet society. In 1936 and 1937, at the orders of Stalin, thousands of Red Army senior officers were dismissed from their commands. The purges had the objective of cleansing the Red Army of the "politically unreliable elements," mainly among higher-ranking officers. This inevitably provided a

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Even in American terms the Soviet defence budget was large. In 1940 it was the equivalent of $ 11,000,000,000, and represented one-third of the national expenditure. Measure this against the fact that the infinitely richer United States will approximate the expenditure of that much yearly only in

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units who committed the rapes. According to professor Oleg Rzheshevsky, "4,148 Red Army officers and many privates were punished for committing atrocities". The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their

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The Soviet forces were apparently unprepared despite numerous warnings from a variety of sources. They suffered much damage in the field because of mediocre officers, partial mobilization, and an incomplete reorganization. The hasty pre-war forces expansion and the over-promotion of inexperienced

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The result was that the Red Army officer corps in 1941 had many inexperienced senior officers. While 60% of regimental commanders had two years or more of command experience in June 1941, and almost 80% of rifle division commanders, only 20% of corps commanders, and 5% or fewer army and military

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Recently declassified data indicated that in 1937, at the height of the Purges, the Red Army had 114,300 officers, of whom 11,034 were dismissed. In 1938, the Red Army had 179,000 officers, 56% more than in 1937, of whom a further 6,742 were dismissed. In the highest echelons of the Red Army the

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in January 1942, the high command began to reintroduce rifle corps into its more experienced formations. The total number of rifle corps started at 62 on 22 June 1941, dropped to six by 1 January 1942, but then increased to 34 by February 1943, and 161 by New Year's Day 1944. Actual strengths of

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Most of the money spent on the Red Army and Air Force went for machines of war. Twenty-three years ago when the Bolshevik Revolution took place there were few machines in Russia. Marx said Communism must come in a highly industrialized society. The Bolsheviks identified their dreams of socialist

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At the beginning of its existence, the Red Army functioned as a voluntary formation, without ranks or insignia. Democratic elections selected the officers. However, a decree on 29 May 1918 imposed obligatory military service for men of ages 18 to 40. To service the massive draft, the Bolsheviks

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The German losses on the Eastern Front consisted of an estimated 3,604,800 KIA/MIA within the 1937 borders plus 900,000 ethnic Germans and Austrians outside the 1937 border (included in these numbers are men listed as missing in action or unaccounted for after the war) and 3,576,300 men reported

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of 1937, reducing the army's morale and efficiency shortly before the outbreak of the fighting. With over 30,000 of its army officers executed or imprisoned, most of whom were from the highest ranks, the Red Army in 1939 had many inexperienced senior officers. Because of these factors, and high

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While the Imperial Russian Army was being taken apart, "it became apparent that the rag-tag Red Guard units and elements of the imperial army who had gone over the side of the Bolsheviks were quite inadequate to the task of defending the new government against external foes." Therefore, the

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Marshal Mikhail N. Tukhachevski stated that aerial warfare should be 'employed against targets beyond the range of infantry, artillery, and other arms. For maximum tactical effect aircraft should be employed in mass, concentrated in time and space, against targets of the highest tactical

3283:, a major purge of the Red Army preceding the Great Purge. According to over 3,000 group cases in Moscow, Leningrad and Ukraine, over 10,000 persons were convicted. In particular, in May 1931, in Leningrad alone over 1,000 persons were executed according to the so-called "Guards Case" ( 2402:), an elite designation denoting superior training, materiel, and pay. Punishment also was used; slackers, malingerers, those avoiding combat with self-inflicted wounds cowards, thieves, and deserters were disciplined with beatings, demotions, undesirable/dangerous duties, and 2819:

was appointed as the Narkom of War Affairs, leaving Dybenko in charge of the Narkom of Marine Affairs and Ovseyenko – the expeditionary forces to the Southern Russia on 28 November 1917. The Bolsheviks also sent out their own representatives to replace front commanders of the

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commitment and morale in the Finnish forces, Finland was able to resist the Soviet invasion for much longer than the Soviets expected. Finnish forces inflicted stunning losses on the Red Army for the first three months of the war while suffering very few losses themselves.

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in the 1920s. Senior and supreme commanders were trained at the Higher Military Academic Courses, renamed the Advanced Courses for Supreme Command in 1925. The 1931 establishment of an Operations Faculty at the Frunze Military Academy supplemented these courses. The

1907:"To the Red army, Stalin has dealt a fearful blow. As a result of the latest judicial frameup, it has fallen several cubits in stature. The interests of the Soviet defense have been sacrificed in the interests of the self-preservation of the ruling clique." 2831:

on 3 March 1918, a major reshuffling took place in the Soviet military administration. On 13 March 1918, the Soviet government accepted the official resignation of Krylenko and the post of Supreme Commander-in-Chief was liquidated. On 14 March 1918,

1735:, the brigades took hostages from the villages of deserters to compel their surrender; one in ten of those returning was executed. The same tactic also suppressed peasant rebellions in areas controlled by the Red Army, the biggest of these being the 2529:(MIA) (most captured). Of the 4.5 million missing, 939,700 rejoined the ranks in the subsequently liberated Soviet territory, and a further 1,836,000 returned from German captivity. Thus the grand total of losses amounted to 8,668,400. This is the 3024:

front-line rifle divisions, authorized to contain 11,000 men in July 1941, were mostly no more than 50% of establishment strengths during 1941, and divisions were often worn down, because of continuous operations, to hundreds of men or even less.

1882:- and army-size unit maneuvers of simultaneous parallel attacks throughout the depth of the enemy's ground forces, inducing catastrophic defensive failure. The deep-battle doctrine relies upon aviation and armor advances with the expectation that 2968:(Defence Ministry, Russian abbreviation NKO) ordered the creation of nine mechanized corps on 6 July 1940. Between February and March 1941, the NKO ordered another twenty to be created. All of these formations were larger than those theorized by 2814:

fled from Russia. On 12 November 1917 the Soviet government appointed Krylenko as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and because of an "accident" during the forceful displacement of the commander-in-chief, Dukhonin was killed on 20 November 1917.

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The slogan "exhortation, organization, and reprisals" expressed the discipline and motivation which helped ensure the Red Army's tactical and strategic success. On campaign, the attached Cheka special punitive brigades conducted summary field

2449:(NKVD military counter-intelligence officers) became a key Red Army figure with the power to condemn to death and to spare the life of any soldier and (almost any) officer of the unit to which he was attached. In 1942, Stalin established the 1474:

reformed and counterattacked – the Red Army repelled Admiral Kolchak's army in June, and the armies of General Denikin and General Yudenich in October. By mid-November the White armies were all almost completely exhausted. In January 1920

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The Council of People's Commissars appointed itself the supreme head of the Red Army, delegating command and administration of the army to the Commissariat for Military Affairs and the Special All-Russian College within this commissariat.

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On the outbreak of war, the Red Army deployed mechanized corps and tank divisions whose development has been described above. The initial German attack destroyed many and, in the course of 1941, virtually all of them, (barring two in the

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wrote: "There is only one way to prevent the restoration of the police, and that is to create a people's militia and to fuse it with the army (the standing army to be replaced by the arming of the entire people)." At the time, the

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Like Americans, the Russians admire size, bigness, large numbers. They took pride in building a vast army of tanks, some of them the largest in the world, armored cars, airplanes, motorized guns, and every variety of mechanical

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On 22 September 1935 the Red Army abandoned service categories and introduced personal ranks. These ranks, however, used a unique mix of functional titles and traditional ranks. For example, the ranks included "Lieutenant" and

3083:, who had the authority to override unit commanders' decisions if they ran counter to the principles of the Communist Party. The Party leadership considered political control over the military absolutely necessary, as the army 1599:

one of the rear armies or directly to the front". Even those registered as "malicious" deserters were returned to the ranks when the demand for reinforcements became desperate". Forges also noted that the Red Army instituted

1272:(1,377,400). Of the 4.5 million missing, 939,700 rejoined the ranks in liberated Soviet territory, and a further 1,836,000 returned from German captivity. The official grand total of losses amounted to 8,668,400. This is the 2852:(RMC) was established as the main military administration under Leon Trotsky, the Narkom of War Affairs. On 6 September 1918 alongside the chief headquarters, the Field Headquarters of RMC was created, initially headed by 133: 3121:, using purely functional titles such as "Division Commander", "Corps Commander" and similar titles. Insignia for these functional titles existed, consisting of triangles, squares and rhombuses (so-called "diamonds"). 1666:(military intelligence) to provide political and military intelligence to Red Army commanders. Trotsky founded the Red Army with an initial Red Guard organization and a core soldiery of Red Guard militiamen and the 2836:

replaced Podvoisky as the Narkom of War Affairs. On 16 March 1918, Pavel Dybenko was relieved from the office of Narkom of Marine Affairs. On 8 May 1918, the All-Russian Chief Headquarters was created, headed by

5513: 1509:(3 March 1918), removing Russia from the First World War. Freed from international obligations, the Red Army confronted an internecine war against a variety of opposing anti-Bolshevik forces, including the 2891: 2771:

announced the surrender of Japan on 15 August. The commanding general of the Kwantung Army ordered a surrender the following day although some Japanese units continued to fight for several more days. A

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Pamyat O Millionach Pavshik Zaschitnikov Otechestva Nelzya Predavat Zabveniu Voennno-Istoricheskii Arkhiv No. 7(22) The Memory of those who Fell Defending the Fatherland Cannot be Condemned to Oblivion

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Only volunteers could join, they had to be aged between 14 and 55 and of fanatic loyalty – communists, idealistic workers and peasants, trade union members and members of the Young Communist League (

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in Lithuania was formed up of a total of 460 tanks; 109 of these were newer KV-1s and T-34s. This corps would prove to be one of the lucky few with a substantial number of newer tanks. However, the

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Purges removed 3 of 5 marshals, 13 of 15 army generals, 8 of 9 admirals, 50 of 57 army corps generals, 154 out of 186 division generals, all 16 army commissars, and 25 of 28 army corps commissars.

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began in June 1918, and opposition to it was violently suppressed. To control the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural Red Army soldiery, the Cheka operated special punitive brigades which suppressed

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estimated that there had been 2 million deserters, 1.8 million dead, 5 million wounded and 2 million prisoners. He estimated the remaining troops as numbering 10 million.

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were fielded to employ armor in mass again. By mid-1943, these corps were being grouped together into tank armies whose strength by the end of the war could be up to 700 tanks and 50,000 men.

2954: 3032:). The remnants were disbanded. It was much easier to coordinate smaller forces, and separate tank brigades and battalions were substituted. It was late 1942 and early 1943 before larger 4696:

pledges to respect the territorial integrity and inviolability of Manchoukuo and Japan pledges to respect the territorial integrity and inviolability of the Mongolian People's Republic.

3230: 2471:, Red Army officers and soldiers were to "fight to the last" rather than surrender; Stalin stated: "There are no Soviet prisoners of war, only traitors". During and after World War II 5128:, p. 157: 'Red Army soldiers who shot or injured themselves to avoid combat usually were summarily executed, to save the time and money of medical treatment and a court martial'. 3386: 3087:

and understandably feared a military coup. This system was abolished in 1925, as there were by that time enough trained Communist officers to render the counter-signing unnecessary.

7090: 2549:(1,377,400). As many as 8 million of the 34 million mobilized were non-Slavic minority soldiers, and around 45 divisions formed from national minorities served from 1941 to 1943. 2483:. In 1944, they were sent directly to reserve military formations to be cleared by the NKVD. Further, in 1945, about 100 filtration camps were set for repatriated POWs, and other 4963: 3323:

By 1940, Stalin began to relent, restoring approximately one-third of previously dismissed officers to duty. However, the effect of the purges would soon manifest itself in the

3140:(Маршал Советского Союза) rank was introduced on 22 September 1935. On 7 May 1940 further modifications to rationalise the system of ranks were made on the proposal by Marshal 7123: 3843: 2567:

Soviet support system out of German reach. In the later stages of the war, the Red Army fielded some excellent weaponry, especially artillery and tanks. The Red Army's heavy

7502: 7128: 7050: 2886: 1587:). The Bolsheviks occasionally enforced the loyalty of such recruits by holding their families as hostages. As a result of this initiative, in 1918 75% of the officers were 3179:

In early 1943 a unification of the system saw the abolition of all the remaining functional ranks. The word "officer" became officially endorsed, together with the use of

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enemy. The Red Guard units are brushed aside like flies. We have no power to stay the enemy; only an immediate signing of the peace treaty will save us from destruction."

934: 546: 531: 4153: 3810: 3611: 2915:), which as of 2023 still exist in Russia in this function and under this name. Military commissariats, however, should not be confused with the institution of military 1860: 1261: 806: 327: 5365: 2957:, in 1932. These were tank-heavy formations with combat support forces included so they could survive while operating in enemy rear areas without support from a parent 7487: 5504: 2011:, also known as the "Soviet–Japanese Border War" or the first "Soviet–Japanese War", was a series of minor and major conflicts fought between the Soviet Union and the 3895: 3873: 2541:(CDMA) maintain that their database lists the names of roughly 14 million dead and missing service personnel. The majority of the losses, excluding POWs, were ethnic 2359:

with propaganda stressing the defense of Motherland and nation, employing historic exemplars of Russian courage and bravery against foreign aggressors. The anti-Nazi

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Red Army deep operations found their first formal expression in the 1929 Field Regulations and became codified in the 1936 Provisional Field Regulations (PU-36). The

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doctrine, a direct consequence of their experiences in the Polish–Soviet War and in the Russian Civil War. To achieve victory, deep operations envisage simultaneous

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clearing Nazi minefields, et cetera. Given the dangers, the maximum sentence was three months. Likewise, the Soviet treatment of Red Army personnel captured by the

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The Red Army's soldiers, overwhelmingly peasant in origin, received pay but more importantly, their families were guaranteed rations and assistance with farm work.

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In November 1923, after the establishment of the Soviet Union, the Russian Narkom of War Affairs was transformed into the Soviet Narkom of War and Marine Affairs.

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Military administration after the October Revolution was taken over by the People's Commissariat of War and Marine affairs headed by a collective committee of

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Up to 34 million soldiers served in the Red Army during World War II, 8 million of which were non-Slavic minorities. Officially, the Red Army lost 6,329,600

7083: 6674: 3168:; the other senior functional ranks ("division commissar", "division engineer", etc.) remained unaffected. The arm or service distinctions remained (e.g., 1458:

January 1919 – November 1919, the advance and retreat of the White armies. Initially the White armies advanced successfully: from the south, under General

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1919 to 1923, residual conflicts. Some peripheral theatres continued to see conflict for two more years, and remnants of the White forces remained in the

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level because, while useful in theory, in the state of the Red Army in 1941, they proved ineffective in practice. Following the decisive victory in the

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in combat. The Axis's numeric superiority rendered the combatants' divisional strength approximately equal. A generation of Soviet commanders (notably

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removed many leading officers from the Red Army, including Tukhachevsky himself and many of his followers, and the doctrine was abandoned. Thus, at the

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Since 75%–80% of all German losses were inflicted on the Eastern Front it follows that the efforts of the western Allies accounted for only 20%–25%

2533:, but other estimates give the number of total dead up to almost 11 million men, including 7.7 million killed or missing in action and 2.6 million 3501: 7076: 6682: 3551:

The Axis forces possessed a 1:1.7 superiority in personnel, despite the Red Army's 174 divisions against the Axis's 164 divisions, a 1.1:1 ratio.

3396: 2445: 1556:, in January–February 1918, January–February 1919, and May–October 1920. Conquered nations were subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union. 603: 6678: 6518: 5574: 5176:: 'Stalin's Directive 227, about the Nazi use of the death penalty and penal units as punishment, ordered Soviet penal battalions established.' 4932: 3742: 3358: 2172:(also known as the "Second Soviet-Finnish War") which was a conflict fought by Finland and Germany against the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1944. 6418: 2241: 1368:, held on 22 February 1918, Krylenko remarked: "We have no army. The demoralized soldiers are fleeing, panic-stricken, as soon as they see a 4405:

The Cheka Special Punitive Brigades also were charged with detecting sabotage and counter-revolution among Red Army soldiers and commanders.

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military confederations. "Red Army Day", 23 February 1918, has a two-fold historical significance: it was the first day of conscription (in

7497: 1863:, which came to dominate Soviet military planning and operations. By 1 October 1924 the Red Army's strength had diminished to 530,000. The 1440: 774: 99: 5467: 2530: 2039:, disputed the boundaries and accused the other side of border violations. This resulted in a series of escalating border skirmishes and 1273: 242: 231: 5434: 1443:, in which twelve foreign countries supported anti-Bolshevik militias. A series of engagements resulted, involving, amongst others, the 6864: 4955: 1792: 1540:

The Red Army controlled by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic also against independence movements, invading and annexing

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weeks to prohibit punitive measures against desertion which encouraged the voluntary return of 98,000–132,000 deserters to the army.

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War experience prompted changes to the way frontline forces were organized. Following six months of combat against the Germans, the

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peninsula observed a Soviet penal battalion running through a minefield, detonating the mines and clearing a path for the Red Army.

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29,574,900 men in addition to the 4,826,907 in service at the beginning of the war. Of this total of 34,401,807 it lost 6,329,600

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of 1941, in which the Germans were able to rout the Soviet defenders partially due to inexperience amongst the Soviet officers.

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was reinstated on 2 April 1936, and became the principal military school for the senior and supreme commanders of the Red Army.

2657:(Soviet secret police) files have revealed that the leadership knew what was happening, but did little to stop it. It was often 4281:. 'Conscription-age (17–40) villagers hid from Red Army draft units; summary hostage executions brought the men out of hiding.' 3816: 3600: 3221: 3196: 1864: 818: 660: 5707: 3969: 2305:

increased mobilization, and by 1 August 1941, despite 46 divisions lost in combat, the Red Army's strength was 401 divisions.

1122: 7482: 6783: 6750: 6731: 6647: 6555: 6536: 6484: 6463: 6399: 6375: 6356: 6337: 6291: 6272: 5692: 5668: 5461: 5355: 5147: 4398: 4147: 3582: 2632: 2117:. It began with a Soviet offensive on 30 November 1939 – three months after the start of World War II and the 1135: 6582: 4802: 3572: 2264: 5360: 4137: 3903: 3879: 2950: 2776:, the second largest Japanese island, was originally planned to be part of the territory to be taken but it was cancelled. 2773: 2716: 2537:(POW) dead (out of 5.2 million total POWs), plus 400,000 paramilitary and Soviet partisan losses. Officials at the Russian 2008: 1990: 1962: 1934: 1049: 395: 253: 4744: 1591:. By mid-August 1920 the Red Army's former tsarist personnel included 48,000 officers, 10,300 administrators, and 214,000 7477: 2052: 1820: 1807:, in which the Red Army invaded Poland, reaching the central part of the country in 1920, but then suffered a resounding 739: 515: 470: 3105:

as a "heritage of tsarism" in the course of the Revolution. In particular, the Bolsheviks condemned the use of the word

6174: 6147: 6120: 6053: 5830: 5802: 5339: 5312: 5285: 5062: 4602: 4524: 4345: 3784: 3096: 2931:

The Soviet military received ample funding and was innovative in its technology. An American journalist wrote in 1941:

1301:

were mobilized; however, most of them were not equipped with any weapons and had support roles such as maintaining the

929: 769: 698: 613: 485: 379: 226: 143: 4629: 3327:

of 1940, where Red Army forces generally performed poorly against the much smaller Finnish Army, and later during the

7164: 6702: 6628: 6609: 6503: 5723: 4574: 3727: 2752: 2642: 2290: 1950: 1328: 801: 497: 400: 4682: 2301:

defeated many Red Army units. The Red Army lost millions of men as prisoners and lost much of its pre-war matériel.

1759:

behind politically unreliable Red Army units, to shoot anyone who retreated without permission. In 1942, during the

3276: 3084: 2990: 2973: 2510: 1671: 1595:. When the civil war ended in 1922, ex-tsarists constituted 83% of the Red Army's divisional and corps commanders. 1588: 1280:(CDMA) maintain that their database lists the names of roughly 14 million dead and missing service personnel. 1214: 1054: 990: 813: 687: 3683: 3060: 2856:. On the same day the office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces was created, and initially assigned to 4538:

The last White stronghold in the Crimea under Pyotr Wrangel, Denikin's successor, was defeated in November 1920 .

4208: 2676:

While the Soviets considered the surrender of Germany to be the end of the "Great Patriotic War", at the earlier

1739:. The Soviets enforced the loyalty of the various political, ethnic, and national groups in the Red Army through 924: 633: 220: 148: 5996: 5735:

Archive, Wilson Center Digital. Wilson Center Digital Archive, digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/122335.

1712:

The Red Army used special regiments for ethnic minorities, such as the Dungan Cavalry Regiment commanded by the

1399:

Hammer and plough cockade used by the Red Army from 1918 to 1922, when it was replaced by the hammer and sickle.

7290: 6857: 6576: 5000: 4006: 2849: 2785: 2395: 2032: 1622: 1553: 1365: 1356:, commissar for the fleet. Proshyan, Samoisky, Steinberg were also specified as people's commissars as well as 1079: 1029: 734: 724: 6386: 5414: 2047:, and culminated in the Red Army finally achieving a Soviet-Mongolian victory over Japan and Manchukuo at the 7169: 7149: 6917: 3029: 2880: 2842: 2764: 2237: 995: 964: 475: 419: 6219: 7210: 7159: 3272: 2789: 2696: 2286: 2278: 2187: 1502: 1467: 1463: 1276:, but other estimates give the number of total dead up to almost 11 million. Officials at the Russian 1226: 1218: 1010: 442: 138: 2707:, while also being exact three months after the surrender of Germany). It was the largest campaign of the 2132:

had three times as many soldiers as the Finns, thirty times as many aircraft, and a hundred times as many

6945: 3137: 2205: 1958: 1954: 979: 939: 914: 754: 247: 236: 7099: 2795: 2391: 2360: 2294: 2181: 1824: 1549: 1000: 450: 5818:

Sharp, Charles (1995), "Soviet Tank, Mechanized, Motorized Divisions and Tank Brigades of 1940–1942",

2480: 2479:". Of these, by 1944, more than 90% were cleared, and about 8% were arrested or condemned to serve in 7492: 6850: 6308: 6241: 3033: 2209: 2118: 1852: 1720: 1448: 959: 353: 35: 5566: 3650:

Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study

2051:

in September 1939. The Soviet Union and Japan agreed to a ceasefire. Later the two sides signed the

7235: 6439: 3044: 2608: 2254:("Drive towards the East") policy secretly remained in force, culminating on 18 December 1940 with 2244:. These conquests also added to the border the Soviet Union shared with Nazi-controlled areas. For 1800: 1592: 1545: 1357: 713: 708: 703: 412: 2995: 2727:

and local Chinese forces supporting them. The Soviets advanced on the continent into the Japanese

7441: 6940: 4740:Зимняя война балтийских подводных лодок (1939–1940 гг.): Короли подплава в море червонных валетов 3473: 3447: 3225: 2977: 2708: 2671: 2646: 2568: 2380: 2048: 2000: 1970: 1808: 1640: 1506: 1436: 1297:

had started to collapse. Approximately 23% (about 19 million) of the male population of the

1171: 796: 628: 332: 5275: 4992: 4986: 30:

This article is about the Soviet Army prior to 1946. For Soviet Army between 1946 and 1991, see

7225: 6879: 5401:, Section IIIB, Published by Office, Chief of Finance, War Department, December 31, 1946, p. 8. 3401: 3299:

The late 1930s saw purges of the Red Army leadership which occurred concurrently with Stalin's

3169: 3102: 2592: 2484: 2422: 2057: 1941:), the doctrine was not used. Only in the Second World War did deep operations come into play. 1938: 1930: 1412: 6137: 5451: 5329: 7428: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7280: 7056: 6963: 6769: 6164: 6110: 6019:[https://web.archive.org/web/20240705181809/https://ray.yorksj.ac.uk/id/eprint/1585/ Archived 5792: 5425: 5052: 3378: 3184: 3173: 3012: 2821: 2685: 2476: 2364: 2044: 1926: 1835: 1804: 1748: 1576: 1373: 1302: 1294: 214: 202: 6837: 5302: 4567:

Storm of Steel: The Development of Armor Doctrine in Germany and the Soviet Union, 1919–1939

4069:, p. 446: 'at the end of the civil war, one-third of Red Army officers were ex-Tsarist 2394:

concept. Exceptionally heroic or high-performing units earned the Guards title (for example

1969:. The Red Army achieved its objectives; it maintained effective control over the Manchurian 1439:

of March 1918 aggravated Russian internal politics. The overall situation encouraged direct

7472: 7285: 7230: 4773: 3328: 3305: 3252: 3172:, marshal of armoured troops). For the most part the new system restored that used by the 3000: 2969: 2700: 2399: 2326: 2257: 1871: 1870:

In the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s, Soviet military theoreticians – led by Marshal

1752: 1732: 1534: 1341: 847: 6420:

Toward Combined Arms Warfare: A Survey of 20th Century Tactics, Doctrine, and Organization

5259: 4417:

Brovkin, Vladimire (Autumn 1990), "Workers' Unrest and the Bolsheviks' Response in 1919",

2704: 2459:

inmates, Soviet PoWs, disgraced soldiers, and deserters, for hazardous front-line duty as

8: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7220: 7068: 6982: 6934: 6451: 5736: 3945: 3076: 3068: 3016: 2958: 2916: 2620: 2612: 2450: 2387: 2334: 2225: 2224:

shared an extensive border with the USSR, with whom it remained neutrally bound by their

2157: 2149: 2040: 1922: 1768: 1760: 1740: 1564: 1444: 1316: 1191: 1116: 944: 623: 304: 4715: 1621:

In September 1918, the Bolshevik militias consolidated under the supreme command of the

7270: 7154: 7118: 7042: 5624: 4442: 4434: 4200: 3141: 3064: 2811: 2760: 2689: 2616: 2437: 2434: 2413: 2282: 2213: 1966: 1902:, concentrated in time and space, against targets of the highest tactical importance." 1783: 1697: 1683: 1568: 1408: 1372:

appear on the horizon, abandoning their artillery, convoys and all war material to the

1005: 4824: 4372:

stayed behind in occupied areas to form clandestine networks and partisan detachments.

2857: 2662:

numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million.

2383:

temporarily ceased, and priests revived the tradition of blessing arms before battle.

1651: 1521:, efforts to restore the defeated Provisional Government, monarchists, but mainly the 7451: 7423: 7305: 7300: 7174: 7133: 6992: 6909: 6779: 6773: 6746: 6727: 6698: 6643: 6624: 6605: 6599: 6572: 6551: 6532: 6512: 6499: 6480: 6459: 6431: 6405: 6395: 6371: 6352: 6333: 6316: 6297: 6287: 6268: 6170: 6143: 6116: 6049: 5978: 5798: 5719: 5688: 5664: 5457: 5335: 5308: 5281: 5143: 5058: 4996: 4926: 4598: 4570: 4520: 4446: 4394: 4341: 4337: 4192: 4143: 3736: 3723: 3657: 3578: 3363: 3217: 2865: 2816: 2744: 2636: 2526: 2426: 2403: 2269: 2129: 2122: 1795:

occurred at the same time as the general Soviet move into the areas abandoned by the

1432: 1390: 1345: 1257: 1183: 954: 358: 208: 2711:, which resumed hostilities between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the 2658: 2293:

conducted the defense of the western borders of the USSR. In the first weeks of the

1747:

and regimental levels. The commissars also had the task of spying on commanders for

1395: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7265: 6974: 6795:

Why Stalin's Soldiers Fought: The Red Army's Military Effectiveness in World War II

6692: 5704: 5680: 5029: 4426: 4184: 3961: 3806: 3646:Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование 3488: 3289: 3049: 3020: 2864:). The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces existed until April 1924, the end of 2807: 2803: 2677: 2522: 2430: 2386:

To encourage the initiative of Red Army commanders, the CPSU temporarily abolished

2372: 2348: 2322: 2281:

consisted of 181 divisions and 18 brigades (3 million soldiers). Three Fronts, the

2250: 2169: 2092: 2084: 2075: 1883: 1736: 1655: 1631: 1580: 1487: 1452: 1337: 1306: 1253: 873: 842: 265: 3125:

squares and rhombuses, but also rectangles (1 – 3, for categories from K7 to K9).

2587:

The Red Army was financially and materially assisted in its wartime effort by the

2506: 1575:. Simultaneously, Trotsky carried out a mass recruitment of officers from the old 134:

Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

7195: 6762:

Claws of the Bear: The History of the Red Army from the Revolution to the Present

6566: 6043: 6022: 5823: 5743: 5711: 5438: 5159: 4796: 4592: 4514: 4331: 2756: 2712: 2600: 2534: 2376: 2330: 2229: 2197: 2168:

and improved their international reputation, which bolstered their morale in the

2020: 2016: 2012: 1995: 1974: 1716: 1476: 1416: 1222: 4679:"Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact April 13, 1941: Declaration Regarding Mongolia" 2591:. In total, the U.S. deliveries to the USSR through Lend-Lease amounted to $ 11 2216:

on 1 September 1939. On 30 November, the Red Army also attacked Finland, in the

2192: 1606: 7446: 7255: 7190: 6955: 4738: 4659: 4562: 2861: 2853: 2838: 2740: 2499: 2340: 1887: 1875: 1856: 1756: 1719:. It also co-operated with armed Bolshevik Party-oriented volunteer units, the 1693: 1675: 1659: 1526: 1522: 1428: 1424: 1298: 1289: 172: 6474: 6409: 5617:

The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949

3267:

According to the new data that emerged on the break of the 21st century, The

1886:

offers quick, efficient, and decisive victory. Marshal Tukhachevsky said that

7466: 7295: 7240: 7215: 7205: 7200: 4993:

301 Table C. Comparative Strengths of Combat Forces, Eastern Front, 1941–1945

4196: 4188: 3850:(decree), The Council of People's Commissars, 15 January 1918, archived from 3118: 3003:

is considered by many historians as a decisive turning point of World War II.

2799: 2724: 2650: 2588: 2468: 2418: 2318: 2302: 2137: 2125:

deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union on 14 December 1939.

1844: 1772: 1764: 1728: 1713: 1572: 1514: 1480: 1459: 1353: 1094: 969: 865: 6805:

Red Commanders: A Social History of the Soviet Army Officer Corps, 1918–1991

6435: 6301: 5836: 3776: 2641:

Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially in

1899: 7275: 7017: 6387:"Appendix 10: Lend-Lease Aircraft to USSR June 22, 1941–September 20, 1945" 6018: 5656: 5567:"Harrowing Memoir: German Woman Writes Ground-Breaking Account of WW2 Rape" 4912: 4177:"The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918–1920" 3606: 3085:

relied more and more on officers from the pre-revolutionary Imperial period

2895: 2833: 2728: 2518: 2245: 2221: 2110: 2028: 1848: 1701: 1614: 1610: 1560: 1518: 1471: 1312: 1242: 1210: 1203: 1190:. In February 1946, the Red Army (which embodied the main component of the 1179: 1175: 271: 115: 6320: 5596:

Bird, Nicky (October 2002). "Berlin: The Downfall 1945 by Antony Beevor".

2653:, whose books were banned in 2015 from some Russian schools and colleges, 2579:

armor, but in 1941 most Soviet tank units used older and inferior models.

1898:, and other arms. For maximum tactical effect aircraft should be employed 7250: 7245: 7031: 6893: 4678: 3300: 3280: 3256: 2681: 2390:, reintroduced formal military ranks and decorations, and introduced the 2310: 2175: 2165: 2141: 2055:

on 13 April 1941, which resolved the dispute and returned the borders to

1918: 1199: 1195: 1182:

to oppose the military forces of the new nation's adversaries during the

1039: 879: 363: 345: 31: 6814:

Stalin's Reluctant Soldiers: A Social History of the Red Army, 1925–1941

1650:). The first chairman was Trotsky, and the first commander-in-chief was 7000: 6823:

The Soviet Military Experience: A History of the Soviet Army, 1917–1991

6166:

Securitizing Balance of Power Theory: A Polymorphic Reconceptualization

4916: 4711:Вовлечение Финляндии во Вторую Мировую войну: Крестовый поход на Россию 4438: 4139:

Russia's Army: A History from the Napoleonic Wars to the War in Ukraine

4052:

The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923

3324: 3268: 3201: 2563: 2546: 2494: 2344: 2217: 2070: 1361: 1269: 1187: 1089: 259: 6838:

Red Army Newsreels // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive

4204: 4176: 3959: 3764:. Central Military Archives of the Russian Federation. pp. 73–80. 2220:

of 1939–1940. By autumn 1940, after conquering its portion of Poland,

7260: 5992: 5356:"World War II Allies: U.S. Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union, 1941–1945" 4801:[Предыстория Зимней войны] (in Russian). Военная Литература. 4391:

A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev

3260: 3180: 3161: 3114: 2736: 2732: 2036: 1895: 1705: 1679: 1571:

with traditional army hierarchies and criminalizing dissent with the

1530: 1403:

The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) can be divided into three periods:

1369: 1349: 1320: 1237: 1231: 860: 4956:"Was the Russian Military a Steamroller? From World War II to Today" 4430: 4016: 3513:

8 February became "Soviet Army Day", a national holiday in the USSR.

3247: 3056:", carrying portraits of their ancestors who fought in World War II. 2964:

Impressed by the German campaign of 1940 against France, the Soviet

6922: 6842: 4376: 3373: 3209: 3165: 3075:

The Bolshevik authorities assigned to every unit of the Red Army a

2768: 2720: 2595:

in materials ($ 180 billion in the 2020 money value): over 400,000

2542: 2368: 2024: 1978: 1891: 1796: 1498: 1495: 1265: 886: 855: 162: 6139:

National Resilience During War: Refining the Decision-making Model

5158:

clearing minefields; on 28 December 1942, Wehrmacht forces on the

3345:

The Soviet Union expanded its indigenous arms industry as part of

2019:

created a common border between Japanese controlled areas and the

3392:

Military units and formations of the Soviet Union in World War II

3149: 3145: 2153: 2114: 1744: 1600: 1420: 567: 312: 54: 1859:

became head of the Red Army staff, as marking the ascent of the

6427: 5505:"German women break their silence on horrors of Red Army rapes" 4630:"Leon Trotsky: How Stalin's Purge Beheaded the Red Army (1937)" 4012: 3157: 3153: 3130: 3101:

The early Red Army abandoned the institution of a professional

3008: 2604: 2261:, approved on 3 February 1941, and scheduled for mid-May 1941. 2079:

Red Army soldiers display a captured Finnish banner, March 1940

1830: 1533:

and Moscow), and the first day of combat against the occupying

1246: 6313:

The Soviet High Command 1918–41 – A Military-Political History

6025:

Subversion in the Red Army and the Military Purge of 1937–1938

5859: 5154:

The Wehrmacht and the Soviet Army documented penal battalions

2759:(and Russia had lost to Japan in 1905 in the aftermath of the 2355:

In 1941, the Soviet government raised the bloodied Red Army's

1961:(1934), when it was assisted by White Russian forces, and the 1206:

on 7 May 1992, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

6887: 6368:

Operation Barbarossa : Hitler's invasion of Russia, 1941

5772: 4519:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2008. p. 1655. 4289: 4287: 3011:

abolished the rifle corps which was intermediate between the

2887:

Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy

2748: 2488: 2455: 2232:. Another consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was the 2161: 1879: 1667: 1494:

At the start of the civil war, the Red Army consisted of 299

1044: 5794:

Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind

5716:

Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan

4772:[Фронтовая иллюстрация] (in Russian). Archived from 2649:

were followed by decades of silence. According to historian

2136:. The Red Army, however, had been hindered by Soviet leader 1423:

lands in November 1917 provoked the insurrection of General

6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6065: 5536:"Raped by the Red Army: Two million German women speak out" 4493: 3271:(also known as "Operation Vesna") of 1930–1931 was massive 2949:

first operational-level armored formations in history, the

2654: 2596: 2572: 2407: 2133: 1264:). The majority of the losses, excluding POWs, were ethnic 68:

28 January 1918 – 25 February 1946

7098: 5919: 4893: 4284: 1731:

and executions of deserters and slackers. Under Commissar

1186:, especially the various groups collectively known as the 5931: 5760: 5203: 5083: 4453: 4076: 3387:

Military units and formations of the Soviet Union by size

3277:

former officers and generals of the Russian Imperial Army

2321:) learned from the defeats, and Soviet victories in the 2186:

Further information on Eastern Front (World War II):

2148:

Hostilities ceased in March 1940 with the signing of the

6694:

The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations

6330:

Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War

6062: 5748: 5119: 4120:] (in Russian), vol. Second, Moscow, p. 95 3243:

Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

2715:

after almost six years of peace following the 1932–1939

1505:(5–6 January 1918) and the Soviet government signed the 5849: 5847: 5604:(4). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 914–916. 5220: 5218: 5095: 5030:"Barbarossa Hitler Stalin: War warnings Stalin ignored" 4594:

Synchronizing Airpower And Firepower in the Deep Battle

4543: 4481: 4242: 4228: 4226: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4062: 4060: 3341:

List of Soviet Union military equipment of World War II

3316:

district commanders, had the same level of experience.

3176:

at the conclusion of its participation in World War I.

2180:

Further information on Great Patriotic War (term):

2027:. The Soviets and Japanese, including their respective 5907: 5895: 5883: 5871: 5737:

http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/122335

4664:

Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West

4267:

By 1920, 77 per cent the enlisted ranks were peasants.

1890:

must be "employed against targets beyond the range of

1843:

After four years of warfare, the Red Army's defeat of

1799:

garrisons that were being withdrawn to Germany in the

1501:. The civil war intensified after Lenin dissolved the 6456:

Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945

6199: 5943: 5107: 4881: 3478: 3452: 2936:

1942 after two years of its greatest defence effort.

2234:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

1867:

details the formations of the Red Army in that time.

1645: 1360:

from the Bureau of Commissars. At a joint meeting of

1241:

suffered during the war, and ultimately captured the

1229:, it accounted for 75–80% of the casualties that the 7503:

Soviet units and formations of the Russian Civil War

6675:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War

6392:

Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power, 1941–1945

5844: 5501: 5215: 5009: 4988:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler

4223: 4088: 4057: 3601:"How we didn't win the war ... but the Russians did" 1949:

The Red Army was involved in armed conflicts in the

6496:

Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg

6476:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia

6394:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 5200:

The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–1953

5167: 4794: 2810:was acting as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief after 2743:which was part of another puppet state) and via an 2684:portion of World War II within three months of the 1984: 1847:in the south in 1920 allowed the foundation of the 1470:. The Whites beat back the Red Army on each front. 6714:The Russian Way of War: Operational Art, 1904–1940 6385: 5784: 5503: 5071: 5050: 4472:Volkogonov, Dmitri (1996), Shukman, Harold (ed.), 3599: 2603:(including 7,000 tanks, about 1,386 of which were 2371:, and historical Russian military heroes, such as 7488:Military units and formations established in 1918 6659:Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two 5685:Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire 5331:Hitler's Panzers East: World War II Reinterpreted 4707: 3989: 3987: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3421:Uniforms and insignia of the Red Army (1917-1924) 3369:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946) 3164:in the Red Army and Flagman 1st rank etc. in the 7464: 6162: 5258:, News from Russia, 13 June 2003, archived from 4714:(in Russian). Военная Литература. Archived from 1778: 6778:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 6683:Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union 6565:Scott, Harriet Fast; Scott, William F. (1979), 5528: 3939: 2525:(KIA), 555,400 deaths by disease and 4,559,000 2502:, raised above the German Reichstag in May 1945 2248:, the circumstance was no dilemma, because the 1256:(KIA), 555,400 deaths by disease and 4,559,000 6679:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 6656: 5865: 3984: 3921: 3844:"Appendix 1 – The Scheme for a Socialist Army" 3831: 3755: 3753: 3720:Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik 3359:German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war 1647:Revolyutsionny Voyenny Sovyet (Revvoyensoviet) 1178:. The army was established in January 1918 by 106: 90: 7084: 6858: 6430:: US Army Command and General Staff College, 6284:White Death: Russia's War on Finland, 1939–40 5790: 5564: 5558: 5441:, US Army Center of Military History, p. 158. 4985:Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (1995). 4142:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 109. 3466: 3454:Raboche-krest'yanskaya Krasnaya armiya (RKKA) 3440: 3208:(cadets) of the Red Army Artillery School in 2699:on 9 August 1945 (three days after the first 2665: 2517:During the Great Patriotic War, the Red Army 1751:. In August 1918, Trotsky authorized General 1567:over the Red Army, replacing the election of 1143: 420: 6115:. Grove/Atlantic, Incorporated. p. 55. 5629:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5054:Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover-Ups 3960:Russian Center of Vexillology and Heraldry. 3783:, vol. 24, Marx 2 Mao, pp. 55–91, 3777:"Tasks of the Proletariat in our Revolution" 3759: 3662:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 2176:Second World War ("The Great Patriotic War") 1831:Doctrinal development in the 1920s and 1930s 1544:of the former Russian Empire. This included 1441:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 6262: 6108: 5386:Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) pp. 28, 30, 31 5057:(2nd ed.). Little, Brown. p. 31. 4984: 4872: 4870: 4765: 4293: 3750: 3542:) are often used in Russian historiography. 1944: 243:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 232:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 27:Soviet army and air force from 1918 to 1946 7091: 7077: 6865: 6851: 6623:, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 6564: 6517:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6135: 5937: 5766: 5754: 5334:. U. of Oklahoma Press. pp. 161–162. 5252:"German-Russian Berlin-Karlhorst museum", 5184: 5182: 4943:, London: The Reprint Society, p. 796 4931:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4471: 4248: 4038: 3942:From Tsarist General to Red Army Commander 3741:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3591: 3522:The names "Soviet–Finnish War 1939–1940" ( 3148:" replaced the senior functional ranks of 2064: 2015:from 1932 to 1939. Japan's expansion into 1787:Anti-Polish Soviet propaganda poster, 1920 1662:. Soon afterwards Trotsky established the 1150: 1136: 427: 413: 311: 6545: 6450: 6217: 6083: 6041: 5967: 5961: 5643:Robert Cecil, "Potsdam and its Legends." 5614: 5125: 4590: 4111: 4035:, Moscow: Progress Publishers, p. 25 4030: 3866: 3630: 3220:the commander cadres were trained at the 2751:. Other Red Army operations included the 1340:was the supreme commander-in-chief, with 18:Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 6657:Zaloga, Steven; Grandsen, James (1984), 6637: 6493: 6383: 6307: 5949: 5502:Allan Hall in Berlin (24 October 2008). 5410: 5224: 4867: 4549: 4499: 4487: 4459: 4329: 4278: 4265:, Oxford University Press, p. 137, 4123: 4099: 4082: 3993: 3717: 3442:Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия (РККА) 3334: 3246: 3224:of the Russian Empire, which became the 3200: 3059: 3043: 2994: 2907:formed regional military commissariats ( 2890: 2611:); 14,015 aircraft (of which 4,719 were 2505: 2493: 2412: 2339: 2263: 2191: 2074: 1994: 1834: 1782: 1688: 1605: 1466:; and from the northwest, under General 1394: 1311: 1305:and the base areas. The Tsarist general 1221:assisted the unconditional surrender of 6618: 6281: 6189: 6045:Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion 5985: 5619:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 70. 5188: 5179: 5173: 5027: 4991:. University Press of Kansas. pp. 4899: 4887: 4849: 4736: 4416: 4388: 4333:The Russian Civil War (1): The Red Army 4232: 3259:in June 1937. Here in 1920 wearing the 1912:Trotsky on the Red Army purges of 1937. 1511:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine 1407:October 1917 – November 1918, from the 14: 7465: 6743:Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army 6365: 6346: 6327: 6205: 6194:, New York: Vintage Books, p. 489 5925: 5913: 5901: 5889: 5877: 5797:. Reynal & Hitchcock. p. 93. 5778: 5615:Norman M., Naimark, Norman M. (1995). 5482: 5327: 5300: 5273: 5209: 5113: 5101: 5089: 5077: 5015: 4938: 4911: 4561: 3893: 3805: 3597: 3570: 3540:Сове́тско-финляндская война́ 1939–1940 3532:) and "Soviet–Finland War 1939–1940" ( 3397:Military districts of the Soviet Union 3197:Military education in the Soviet Union 2900:Central Women's Sniper Training School 2739:(the northeast section of present-day 2623:) and 1.75 million tons of food. 2242:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states 1793:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 7321: 7072: 6846: 6724:The Red Army and the Second World War 6472: 6416: 6286:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 6230:from the original on 25 January 2018. 6142:. Lexington Books. pp. 259–260. 5853: 5822:, vol. I: The Deadly Beginning, 5817: 5277:Introduction to Logistics Engineering 5137: 4827:League of Nations. 14 December 1939. 4174: 4135: 4066: 3694:from the original on 29 February 2020 3643: 3487: 3190: 2688:. This promise was reaffirmed at the 2680:the Soviet Union agreed to enter the 2633:Rape during the occupation of Germany 2313:of experienced officers) favored the 2196:Soviet gun crew in action during the 1767:reintroduced the blocking policy and 6872: 6597: 6112:The Battle of the Tanks: Kursk, 1943 5595: 5589: 5516:from the original on 12 January 2022 5307:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 3–12. 4941:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 4805:from the original on 7 December 2019 4747:from the original on 1 November 2022 4476:, London: HarperCollins, p. 180 4260: 3927: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3426: 2774:proposed Soviet invasion of Hokkaido 2755:, which was the Japanese portion of 1963:Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937) 1821:Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 1384: 1170:, was the army and air force of the 396:Military history of the Soviet Union 7498:Military wings of socialist parties 6775:The Collapse of the Soviet Military 6691:Carrere D'Encausse, Helene (1992), 6673:For a more comprehensive list, see 6585:from the original on 15 August 2024 6263:Chamberlain, William Henry (1957), 6169:. Lexington Books. pp. 85–86. 6097:199 Days: The Battle for Stalingrad 5820:Soviet Order of Battle World War II 4708:Барышников, ВН; Саломаа, Э (2005). 4685:from the original on 19 August 2017 4658: 4336:. Men-at-arms series. Vol. 1. 4235:Inside Soviet Military Intelligence 4211:from the original on 3 October 2023 3900:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History 3279:who had served in the Red Army and 3090: 2705:atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki 2204:In accordance with the Soviet-Nazi 1849:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 24: 6668: 5663:, Stanford University Press, 1954 5608: 5565:Susanne Beyer (26 February 2010). 5546:from the original on 17 April 2009 4966:from the original on 10 April 2019 4743:(in Russian). Военная Литература. 4474:Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary 4156:from the original on 22 April 2024 3787:from the original on 26 March 2017 3598:Davies, Norman (5 November 2006), 3530:Сове́тско-финская война́ 1939–1940 3347:Stalin's industrialisation program 3097:Military ranks of the Soviet Union 2719:. The Red Army, with support from 1865:list of Soviet divisions 1917–1945 1658:; in July 1919 he was replaced by 1209:The Red Army provided the largest 380:Military ranks of the Soviet Union 144:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 25: 7514: 6831: 6265:The Russian Revolution: 1917–1921 6192:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives 5577:from the original on 1 March 2010 5456:. ABC-CLIO. 2006. pp. 480–. 5431:The War Against Germany And Italy 5368:from the original on 8 April 2023 5236: 5028:Jackson, Patrick (21 June 2011). 4831:from the original on 24 June 2015 4640:from the original on 5 April 2024 3972:from the original on 18 June 2019 3940:Bonch-Bruyevich, Mikhail (1966), 3774: 3706: 3671: 3614:from the original on 25 July 2021 2902:credited with 59 confirmed kills. 2779: 2753:Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin 2723:forces, overwhelmed the Japanese 1814: 1803:. This merged into the 1919–1921 401:History of Russian military ranks 48:Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия 6640:The Russian Revolution 1917–1921 6234: 6218:Middleton, Drew (21 June 1981). 6211: 6183: 6156: 6129: 6102: 6089: 6035: 6011: 5999:from the original on 3 July 2019 5955: 5811: 5239:Stalin's Russia, Hitlers Germany 3878:, Soviet History, archived from 3407:Field armies of the Soviet Union 3113:instead. The Red Army abandoned 3067:and Red Army's Jewish veterans, 2991:Red Army tactics in World War II 2966:People's Commissariat of Defence 2926: 2717:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 2545:(5,756,000), followed by ethnic 2539:Central Defense Ministry Archive 2297:(as it is known in Russia), the 2212:on 17 September 1939, after the 2009:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 1991:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 1985:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 1278:Central Defense Ministry Archive 1268:(5,756,000), followed by ethnic 1215:European theatre of World War II 1110: 449: 108: 92: 53: 5993:"Энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга" 5729: 5698: 5674: 5650: 5637: 5495: 5470:from the original on 4 May 2024 5444: 5419: 5404: 5389: 5380: 5361:United States Embassy in Russia 5348: 5321: 5294: 5267: 5245: 5230: 5194: 5131: 5044: 5021: 4978: 4948: 4905: 4855: 4843: 4817: 4788: 4759: 4730: 4701: 4671: 4652: 4622: 4583: 4555: 4516:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 4505: 4465: 4410: 4382: 4323: 4299: 4272: 4254: 4168: 4129: 4105: 4044: 4024: 3999: 3953: 3933: 3887: 3799: 3545: 3516: 3507: 3494: 2874: 2626: 2556: 2053:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 1973:, and successfully installed a 1462:; from the east, under Admiral 1225:. During its operations on the 1164:Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 149:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 46:Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 6726:, Cambridge University Press, 6351:, University Press of Kansas, 6347:——— (2005), 6332:, University Press of Kansas, 4861: 4769:Танки в Зимней войне 1939–1940 4597:. Pickle Partners Publishing. 4308:Situating Central Asian review 3768: 3577:. Haus Publishing. p. 2. 3564: 3459: 3433: 3412:Army corps of the Soviet Union 3255:, who was executed during the 3222:Nicholas General Staff Academy 3187:uses largely the same system. 3144:: the ranks of "General" and " 2850:Revolutionary Military Council 2786:Revolutionary Military Council 2396:1st Guards Special Rifle Corps 2379:, appeared. Repression of the 2268:Salute to the Red Army at the 1623:Revolutionary Military Council 1517:, the anti-White and anti-Red 1479:'s First Cavalry Army entered 1366:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries 1329:Council of People's Commissars 1202:" – which in turn became the 388:History of the Soviet Military 227:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 13: 1: 6925: 6918:Army of the Tsardom of Russia 6896: 6712:Harrison, Richard W. (2001), 6604:, Alexandria, VA: Time-Life, 6412:– via Internet Archive. 5661:Japan's Decision to Surrender 4876: 3815:, Marxists FR, archived from 3034:tank formations of corps size 3030:Transbaikal Military District 2881:Formations of the Soviet Army 2765:invasion of the Kuril Islands 2582: 1779:Polish–Soviet War and prelude 1415:. The Bolshevik government's 1213:in the Allied victory in the 1065:Political abuse of psychiatry 644:Congress of People's Deputies 185:6,437,755 (Russian Civil War) 7483:Military of the Soviet Union 6797:, University Press of Kansas 6716:, University Press of Kansas 6568:The Armed Forces of the USSR 6438:, 66027–6900, archived from 5396:Lend-Lease Shipments: World 4795:Александр Широкорад (2001). 4569:, Cornell University Press, 4015:: FST Anitsa, archived from 3558: 3039: 2790:Council of Labor and Defense 2703:and the same day the second 2697:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 2467:was especially harsh. Per a 2188:Eastern Front (World War II) 1851:in December 1922. Historian 1503:Russian Constituent Assembly 1468:Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich 1464:Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak 1451:, and the pro-Bolshevik Red 1319:unit of the Vulkan factory, 443:Politics of the Soviet Union 372:Ranks of the Soviet Military 139:Council of Labor and Defense 7: 6946:Toy army of Peter the Great 6661:, London: Arms & Armour 6417:House, Jonathan M. (1984), 5488:Helke Sander/Barbara Johr: 5280:. CRC Press. pp. 1–6. 5051:John Hughes-Wilson (2012). 4825:"Expulsion of the U.S.S.R." 4591:Lauchbaum, R. Kent (2015). 4365:Chasti osobogo naznacheniya 4114:Grazhdanskaya Voina 1918–21 3896:"1917: Red Guard into Army" 3489:[ˈkrasnəjəˈarmʲɪjə] 3479: 3453: 3352: 3138:Marshal of the Soviet Union 2701:atomic bombing of Hiroshima 2351:by the Red Army in May 1945 2164:. The Finns retained their 2033:Mongolian People's Republic 1959:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 1955:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 1855:sees 1 February 1924, when 1646: 1636:Революционный Военный Совет 1554:Ukrainian People's Republic 604:Central Executive Committee 10: 7519: 7478:Military history of Russia 6672: 6494:Overmans, Rüdiger (2000), 6473:Overy, R. J. (2004), 6366:Glantz, David M. (2011) , 6255: 6220:"Hitler's Russian Blunder" 5866:Zaloga & Grandsen 1984 5791:Knickerbocker, HR (1941). 5328:Stolfi, Russel HS (1993). 4939:Shirer, William L (1962), 4798:Зимняя война 1939–1940 гг. 4389:Daniels, Robert V (1993), 4330:Khvostov, Mikhail (1995). 4261:Read, Christopher (1996), 3944:, Vezey, Vladimir transl, 3338: 3240: 3194: 3094: 2988: 2984: 2884: 2878: 2796:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko 2783: 2669: 2666:Soviet–Japanese War (1945) 2630: 2185: 2182:Great Patriotic War (term) 2179: 2068: 1988: 1388: 1379: 1283: 288:Chief of the General Staff 59:Red Army headgear insignia 29: 7416: 7381: 7351: 7314: 7183: 7142: 7111: 7041: 7016: 6991: 6973: 6954: 6908: 6878: 6619:Tolstoy, Nikolai (1981), 6571:, Boulder, CO: Westview, 6546:Schofield, Carey (1991), 6527:Schofield, Carey (1991), 6498:(in German), Oldenbourg, 6328:Glantz, David M. (1998), 6163:Ilai Z. Saltzman (2012). 6042:Rappaport, Helen (1999). 5710:24 September 2015 at the 5492:, Fischer, Frankfurt 2005 3539: 3529: 3467: 3441: 3293: 3236: 2848:On 2 September 1918, the 2433:after being decorated by 2272:, London in February 1943 2128:The Soviet forces led by 2119:Soviet invasion of Poland 1721:Forces of Special Purpose 1635: 1593:non-commissioned officers 1449:Polish 5th Rifle Division 1425:Alexey Maximovich Kaledin 1166:, often shortened to the 960:Material balance planning 661:1989 Legislative election 286: 281: 195: 188:34,476,700 (World War II) 178: 168: 157: 126: 83: 64: 52: 45: 36:Red Army (disambiguation) 7236:Maritime Group of Forces 6821:Reese, Roger R. (2000), 6812:Reese, Roger R. (1996), 6803:Reese, Roger R. (2005), 6793:Reese, Roger R. (2011), 6760:Moynahan, Brian (1989), 6722:Hill, Alexander (2017), 6638:Williams, Beryl (1987), 6282:Edwards, Robert (2006), 6017:Whitewood, Peter (2015) 5742:11 November 2020 at the 4797: 4768: 4739: 4710: 4233:Suvorov, Viktor (1984), 4136:Reese, Roger R. (2023). 3760:Il'Enkov, S. A. (2001). 3718:Erlikman, Vadim (2004), 3349:in the 1920s and 1930s. 3071:in Jerusalem, 9 May 2017 2747:the northern portion of 2686:end of the war in Europe 2511:Monument to the Red Army 2109:) was a war between the 1999:Soviet tanks during the 1945:Chinese–Soviet conflicts 1801:aftermath of World War I 1546:three military campaigns 1542:newly independent states 1358:Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich 775:Administrator of Affairs 7442:Zemland Group of Forces 6941:Army of Peter the Great 6741:Isby, David C. (1988), 6458:, New York: Macmillan, 6267:, New York: Macmillan, 6246:Encyclopædia Britannica 6242:"Into the war: 1940–45" 6224:New York Times Magazine 5304:IS-2 Heavy Tank 1944–73 5301:Zaloga, Steven (2011). 5274:Taylor, G. Don (2010). 4175:Figes, Orlando (1990). 3962:"символы Красной Армии" 3226:Frunze Military Academy 2860:(and from July 1919 to 2829:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2695:The Red Army began the 2381:Russian Orthodox Church 2363:was conflated with the 2309:officers (owing to the 2210:Red Army invaded Poland 2208:of 23 August 1939, the 2206:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2065:Winter War with Finland 2049:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 2001:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 1971:Chinese Eastern Railway 1819:The XI Congress of the 1749:political incorrectness 1579:, who were employed as 1507:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1437:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1172:Russian Soviet Republic 1117:Soviet Union portal 629:Soviet of Nationalities 333:Strategic Rocket Forces 7226:Moscow Line of Defence 6880:Principality of Moscow 6548:Inside the Soviet Army 6529:Inside the Soviet Army 6384:Hardesty, Von (1991). 6190:Bullock, Alan (1993), 6031:, 67 (1). pp. 102–122. 5982:magazine, no. 11, 2003 5938:Scott & Scott 1979 5767:Scott & Scott 1979 5755:Scott & Scott 1979 5718:, Belknap Press, 2006 5138:Toppe, Alfred (1998), 4737:Ковалев, Эрик (2006). 4249:Scott & Scott 1979 4189:10.1093/past/129.1.168 4039:Scott & Scott 1979 4031:Lototskiy, SS (1971), 3775:Lenin, Vladmir Ilich, 3722:(in Russian), Moscow, 3264: 3213: 3170:general of the cavalry 3072: 3057: 3004: 2946: 2903: 2898:was a graduate of the 2575:tanks outclassed most 2514: 2503: 2443:At the same time, the 2440: 2410:punitive detachments. 2352: 2273: 2240:in June–July 1940 and 2201: 2106: 2096: 2088: 2080: 2058:status quo ante bellum 2004: 1939:Imperial Japanese Army 1935:major border conflicts 1931:Battle of Khalkhin Gol 1909: 1840: 1788: 1709: 1618: 1400: 1374:triumphantly advancing 1323: 1303:lines of communication 1060:Ideological repression 950:Science and technology 34:. For other uses, see 6964:Imperial Russian Army 6370:, The History Press, 6315:, London: MacMillan, 5781:, p. 717 note 5. 5647:46.3 (1970): 455–465. 5645:International Affairs 5598:International Affairs 5490:Befreier und Befreite 5142:, Diane, p. 28, 4921:, Boston, p. 654 4513:"Russian Civil War". 4237:, New York: Macmillan 4118:The Civil War 1918–21 4112:Efimov, N (c. 1928), 3966:www.vexillographia.ru 3571:Renton, Dave (2004). 3379:Soviet Signals Troops 3335:Weapons and equipment 3250: 3241:Further information: 3231:General staff Academy 3204: 3174:Imperial Russian Army 3063: 3047: 2998: 2955:45th Mechanized Corps 2933: 2894: 2879:Further information: 2827:After the signing of 2822:Russian Imperial Army 2806:. At the same time, 2670:Further information: 2509: 2497: 2469:1941 Stalin directive 2416: 2365:Patriotic War of 1812 2343: 2267: 2236:, carried out by the 2195: 2078: 2069:Further information: 2045:Battle of Lake Khasan 2043:, including the 1938 1998: 1989:Further information: 1927:Battle of Lake Khasan 1921:of 1937–1939 and the 1905: 1839:Soviet officers, 1938 1838: 1786: 1692: 1609: 1577:Imperial Russian Army 1525:of several different 1413:World War I armistice 1398: 1389:Further information: 1315: 1295:Imperial Russian Army 1219:invasion of Manchuria 493:Collective leadership 221:Mongolia intervention 7231:Moscow Reserve Front 6550:, London: Headline, 6531:, London: Headline, 6452:Merridale, Catherine 6426:, Fort Leavenworth, 6109:Lloyd Clark (2011). 4766:М. Коломиец (2001). 4393:, UPNE, p. 70, 4263:From Tsar to Soviets 3306:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 3253:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 3001:Battle of Stalingrad 2974:3rd Mechanized Corps 2917:political commissars 2909:voyennyy komissariat 2745:amphibious operation 2621:Bell P-63 Kingcobras 2613:Bell P-39 Airacobras 2400:6th Guards Tank Army 2388:political commissars 2258:Operation Barbarossa 2041:punitive expeditions 1872:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1753:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1741:political commissars 1733:Yan Karlovich Berzin 1684:enemies of the state 1535:Imperial German Army 1342:Aleksandr Myasnikyan 1174:and, from 1922, the 1070:Political repression 1035:Censorship of images 765:First Deputy Premier 503:Presidential Council 237:Sino-Soviet conflict 7221:Moscow Defence Zone 6983:Russian Army (1917) 6935:New Order Regiments 6621:Stalin's Secret War 6598:Shaw, John (1979), 6136:Eyal Lewin (2012). 6029:Europe-Asia Studies 6021:5 July 2024 at the 5928:, pp. 217–230. 5212:, pp. 600–602. 5092:, pp. 292–295. 4902:, pp. 272–273. 4681:. Yale Law School. 4502:, pp. 102–107. 3946:Progress Publishers 3906:on 27 December 2013 3894:Siegelbaum, Lewis. 3882:on 27 December 2013 3688:encyclopedia.mil.ru 3684:"soviet casualties" 3077:political commissar 2709:Soviet–Japanese War 2692:held in July 1945. 2672:Soviet–Japanese War 2617:Douglas A-20 Havocs 2599:and trucks; 12,000 2531:official total dead 2361:Great Patriotic War 2335:Operation Bagration 2295:Great Patriotic War 2226:non-aggression pact 2150:Moscow Peace Treaty 2097:finska vinterkriget 1929:in 1938 and in the 1923:1941 Red Army Purge 1761:Great Patriotic War 1723:from 1919 to 1925. 1445:Czechoslovak Legion 1288:In September 1917, 1274:official total dead 1198:) was renamed the " 1192:Soviet Armed Forces 1085:Suppressed research 1075:Population transfer 945:New Economic Policy 624:Soviet of the Union 594:Congress of Soviets 305:Soviet Armed Forces 7059:1992–present 7043:Russian Federation 6601:Red Army Resurgent 5839:on 15 October 2004 5437:6 May 2017 at the 5262:on 11 October 2009 4718:on 6 November 2008 4340:. pp. 15–16. 4181:Past & Present 3968:. Vexillographia. 3652:] (in Russian) 3273:Soviet repressions 3265: 3214: 3191:Military education 3109:and used the word 3073: 3065:Benjamin Netanyahu 3058: 3005: 2904: 2812:Alexander Kerensky 2761:Russo-Japanese War 2690:Potsdam Conference 2515: 2504: 2441: 2353: 2274: 2256:Directive No. 21, 2202: 2081: 2005: 1967:Northwestern China 1841: 1789: 1710: 1698:Kliment Voroshilov 1619: 1409:October Revolution 1401: 1324: 819:Procurator General 807:Military Collegium 354:Air Defence Forces 254:First Japanese War 7460: 7459: 7437: 7436: 7412: 7411: 7377: 7376: 7347: 7346: 7066: 7065: 6993:Russian Civil War 6910:Tsardom of Russia 6785:978-0-300-07469-7 6752:978-0-7106-0352-4 6733:978-1-1070-2079-5 6649:978-0-631-15083-1 6557:978-0-7472-0418-3 6538:978-0-7472-0418-3 6486:978-0-393-02030-4 6465:978-0-312-42652-1 6445:on 1 January 2007 6401:978-1-56098-071-1 6377:978-0-7524-6070-3 6358:978-0-7006-1353-3 6339:978-0-7006-0879-9 6293:978-0-297-84630-7 6274:978-0-6910-0814-1 5964:, pp. 67–70. 5705:Tsuyoshi Hasegawa 5693:978-0-14-100146-3 5669:978-0-8047-0460-1 5542:. 15 April 2009. 5463:978-1-85109-770-8 5149:978-0-7881-7080-5 5104:, pp. 61–62. 4462:, pp. 38–39. 4400:978-0-87451-616-6 4338:Osprey Publishing 4149:978-0-8061-9356-4 4085:, pp. 31–34. 3996:, pp. 72–73. 3930:, pp. 86–87. 3875:Seventeen Moments 3807:Wollenberg, Erich 3584:978-1-904341-62-8 3500:15 January 1918 ( 3477: 3451: 3427:Explanatory notes 3364:Soviet war crimes 3251:Red Army Marshal 3054:Immortal regiment 2866:Russian Civil War 2843:Alexander Svechin 2817:Nikolai Podvoisky 2637:Soviet war crimes 2527:missing in action 2485:displaced persons 2475:went to special " 2404:summary execution 2349:capture of Prague 2337:proved decisive. 2270:Royal Albert Hall 2130:Semyon Timoshenko 2123:League of Nations 1975:pro-Soviet regime 1951:Republic of China 1805:Polish–Soviet War 1644: 1625:of the Republic ( 1581:military advisors 1391:Russian Civil War 1385:Russian Civil War 1346:Nikolai Podvoisky 1258:missing in action 1184:Russian Civil War 1160: 1159: 1102: 1101: 955:Era of Stagnation 897: 896: 782: 781: 670: 669: 576: 575: 547:General Secretary 532:Central Committee 437: 436: 296: 295: 248:Xinjiang invasion 215:Polish–Soviet War 209:Russian Civil War 16:(Redirected from 7510: 7493:Disbanded armies 7414: 7413: 7379: 7378: 7349: 7348: 7319: 7318: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7070: 7069: 7051:CIS Armed Forces 6975:Russian Republic 6930: 6927: 6901: 6898: 6873:Armies of Russia 6867: 6860: 6853: 6844: 6843: 6825: 6816: 6807: 6798: 6788: 6770:Odom, William E. 6764: 6755: 6736: 6717: 6707: 6662: 6652: 6633: 6614: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6560: 6541: 6522: 6516: 6508: 6489: 6468: 6446: 6444: 6425: 6413: 6389: 6380: 6361: 6342: 6323: 6304: 6277: 6250: 6249: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6195: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6106: 6100: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6060: 6059: 6039: 6033: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5989: 5983: 5974:Операция «Весна» 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5842: 5840: 5835:, archived from 5832:Red army studies 5827: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5733: 5727: 5702: 5696: 5687:, Penguin, 2001 5681:Richard B. Frank 5678: 5672: 5654: 5648: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5628: 5620: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5507: 5499: 5493: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5448: 5442: 5430: 5423: 5417: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5271: 5265: 5263: 5249: 5243: 5241: 5237:Overy, Richard, 5234: 5228: 5222: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4960:War on the Rocks 4952: 4946: 4944: 4936: 4930: 4922: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4874: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4692: 4690: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4634:www.marxists.org 4626: 4620: 4619: 4613: 4611: 4587: 4581: 4579: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4533: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4477: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4449: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4356: 4354: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4303: 4297: 4294:Chamberlain 1957 4291: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4183:(129): 168–211. 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4064: 4055: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3957: 3951: 3949: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3902:. 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1781: 1717:Magaza Masanchi 1676:anti-communists 1670:secret police. 1652:Jukums Vācietis 1626: 1589:former tsarists 1419:of traditional 1417:nationalization 1393: 1387: 1382: 1286: 1262:mostly captured 1156: 1127: 1123:Other countries 1111: 1109: 1104: 1103: 1015: 907: 899: 898: 870: 834: 824: 823: 792: 784: 783: 718: 680: 672: 671: 586: 578: 577: 572: 518: 516:Communist Party 508: 507: 466: 433: 350: 299: 277: 191: 153: 122: 109: 107: 93: 91: 75: 71: 69: 60: 47: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7516: 7506: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7420: 7418: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7385: 7383: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7355: 7353: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7325: 7323: 7316: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7286:Transcaucasian 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7180: 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6128: 6122:978-0802195104 6121: 6101: 6088: 6084:Merridale 2007 6061: 6055:978-1576070840 6054: 6034: 6010: 5984: 5966: 5962:Schofield 1991 5954: 5942: 5930: 5918: 5916:, p. 189. 5906: 5904:, p. 179. 5894: 5892:, p. 117. 5882: 5880:, p. 220. 5870: 5868:, p. 126. 5858: 5843: 5826:, pp. 2–3 5810: 5804:978-1417992775 5803: 5783: 5771: 5759: 5747: 5728: 5697: 5673: 5649: 5636: 5607: 5588: 5573:. Spiegel.de. 5557: 5527: 5494: 5481: 5462: 5443: 5418: 5403: 5388: 5379: 5347: 5341:978-0806125817 5340: 5320: 5314:978-1780961392 5313: 5293: 5287:978-1420088571 5286: 5266: 5244: 5229: 5214: 5202: 5193: 5178: 5166: 5148: 5130: 5126:Merridale 2007 5118: 5116:, p. 181. 5106: 5094: 5082: 5070: 5064:978-1472103840 5063: 5043: 5020: 5008: 5001: 4977: 4947: 4904: 4892: 4880: 4866: 4854: 4850:Bullock (1993) 4842: 4816: 4787: 4758: 4729: 4700: 4670: 4651: 4621: 4604:978-1786256034 4603: 4582: 4575: 4563:Habeck, Mary R 4554: 4552:, p. 167. 4542: 4526:978-1593394929 4525: 4504: 4492: 4490:, p. 101. 4480: 4464: 4452: 4425:(3): 350–373, 4409: 4399: 4381: 4347:978-1855326088 4346: 4322: 4298: 4296:, p. 131. 4283: 4271: 4253: 4241: 4222: 4167: 4148: 4128: 4104: 4087: 4075: 4056: 4043: 4023: 4019:on 4 June 2008 4011:(in Russian), 3998: 3983: 3952: 3932: 3920: 3886: 3865: 3830: 3798: 3767: 3749: 3728: 3705: 3670: 3629: 3590: 3583: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3544: 3515: 3506: 3493: 3458: 3431: 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1126: 1125: 1119: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1024: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 987: 984: 983: 975: 974: 973: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 940:Kosygin reform 937: 935:Five-Year Plan 932: 930:Consumer goods 927: 919: 918: 908: 905: 904: 901: 900: 895: 894: 893: 892: 891: 890: 876: 871: 869: 868: 863: 858: 852: 850: 845: 835: 830: 829: 826: 825: 822: 821: 816: 814:People's Court 811: 810: 809: 799: 793: 790: 789: 786: 785: 780: 779: 778: 777: 772: 770:Deputy Premier 767: 759: 758: 750: 749: 748: 747: 742: 737: 729: 728: 720: 719: 717: 716: 711: 706: 701: 699:Official names 695: 692: 691: 681: 678: 677: 674: 673: 668: 667: 666: 665: 664: 663: 658: 648: 647: 639: 638: 637: 636: 631: 626: 618: 617: 614:Supreme Soviet 609: 608: 607: 606: 598: 597: 587: 584: 583: 580: 579: 574: 573: 571: 570: 565: 560: 554: 551: 550: 542: 541: 540: 539: 534: 529: 519: 514: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 500: 495: 490: 489: 488: 486:Vice President 483: 473: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 455: 454: 446: 445: 435: 434: 432: 431: 424: 417: 409: 406: 405: 404: 403: 398: 390: 389: 385: 384: 383: 382: 374: 373: 369: 368: 367: 366: 361: 356: 351: 349: 348: 343: 337: 335: 330: 322: 321: 317: 316: 308: 307: 297: 294: 293: 290: 284: 283: 279: 278: 276: 275: 269: 263: 257: 251: 245: 240: 234: 229: 224: 218: 212: 206: 205:(Feb–Mar 1918) 199: 197: 193: 192: 190: 189: 186: 182: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 159: 155: 154: 152: 151: 146: 141: 136: 130: 128: 124: 123: 121: 120: 104: 87: 85: 81: 80: 66: 62: 61: 58: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7515: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7141: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7105: 7101: 7094: 7089: 7087: 7082: 7080: 7075: 7074: 7071: 7058: 7057:Ground Forces 7055: 7053:1991–93 7052: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7034:1946–92 7033: 7030: 7028:1922–46 7027: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7009:1918–22 7008: 7005: 7003:1918–23 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937:1648–98 6936: 6933: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6868: 6863: 6861: 6856: 6854: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6824: 6819: 6815: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6754: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6706: 6704:0-465-09818-5 6700: 6696: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6660: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6642:, Blackwell, 6641: 6636: 6632: 6630:0-03-047266-0 6626: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6611:0-8094-2520-3 6607: 6603: 6602: 6596: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6514: 6507: 6505:3-486-56531-1 6501: 6497: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6479:, WW Norton, 6478: 6477: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6421: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6331: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6266: 6261: 6260: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6214: 6208:, p. 58. 6207: 6202: 6193: 6186: 6178: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6159: 6151: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6132: 6124: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6105: 6098: 6092: 6086:, p. 70. 6085: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6057: 6051: 6047: 6046: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6014: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5951: 5950:Erickson 1962 5946: 5940:, p. 13. 5939: 5934: 5927: 5922: 5915: 5910: 5903: 5898: 5891: 5886: 5879: 5874: 5867: 5862: 5856:, p. 96. 5855: 5850: 5848: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5806: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5769:, p. 12. 5768: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5732: 5725: 5724:0-674-01693-9 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5701: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5677: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5646: 5640: 5632: 5626: 5618: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5592: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5498: 5491: 5485: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5453:Women and War 5447: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5422: 5416: 5412: 5411:Hardesty 1991 5407: 5400: 5392: 5383: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5324: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5297: 5289: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5270: 5261: 5257: 5256: 5248: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5225:Overmans 2000 5221: 5219: 5211: 5206: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5183: 5175: 5170: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5086: 5079: 5074: 5066: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5047: 5031: 5024: 5018:, p. 15. 5017: 5012: 5004: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4989: 4981: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4942: 4934: 4928: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4913:Hitler, Adolf 4908: 4901: 4896: 4890:, p. 18. 4889: 4884: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4863: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4804: 4800: 4791: 4775: 4771: 4762: 4746: 4742: 4733: 4717: 4713: 4704: 4697: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4618: 4606: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4586: 4578: 4576:0-8014-4074-2 4572: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4551: 4550:Erickson 1962 4546: 4539: 4528: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4508: 4501: 4500:Erickson 1962 4496: 4489: 4488:Erickson 1962 4484: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4460:Erickson 1962 4456: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4419:Slavic Review 4413: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4349: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4326: 4310: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4290: 4288: 4280: 4279:Williams 1987 4275: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4245: 4236: 4229: 4227: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4132: 4125: 4124:Erickson 1962 4119: 4115: 4108: 4101: 4100:Williams 1987 4096: 4094: 4092: 4084: 4083:Erickson 1962 4079: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4053: 4047: 4040: 4034: 4027: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3994:Erickson 1962 3990: 3988: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3948:, p. 232 3947: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3869: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3802: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3763: 3756: 3754: 3744: 3738: 3731: 3729:5-93165-107-1 3725: 3721: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3665: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3625: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3602: 3594: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3548: 3536: 3526: 3519: 3510: 3503: 3497: 3490: 3481: 3475: 3468:Красная армия 3465:Russian: 3462: 3455: 3449: 3439:Russian: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3402:Soviet fronts 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3350: 3348: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3126: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3103:officer corps 3098: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2927:Mechanization 2924: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2882: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2800:Pavel Dybenko 2797: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2725:Kwantung Army 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651:Antony Beevor 2648: 2647:wartime rapes 2644: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2615:, 2,908 were 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2589:United States 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2439: 2436: 2435:Field Marshal 2432: 2428: 2425:with General 2424: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2336: 2333:and later in 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:Georgy Zhukov 2316: 2312: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2279:Eastern Front 2271: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2214:Nazi invasion 2211: 2207: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2138:Joseph Stalin 2135: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2077: 2072: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029:client states 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2003:, August 1939 2002: 1997: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1861:general staff 1858: 1854: 1853:John Erickson 1850: 1846: 1845:Pyotr Wrangel 1837: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765:Joseph Stalin 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729:court-martial 1724: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1642: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573:death penalty 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515:Nestor Makhno 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1481:Rostov-on-Don 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460:Anton Denikin 1457: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1397: 1392: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1370:German helmet 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1354:Pavel Dybenko 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1227:Eastern Front 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1108: 1107: 1096: 1095:Soviet Empire 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 988: 986: 985: 982: 981: 977: 976: 971: 970:War communism 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 922: 921: 920: 917: 916: 912: 911: 903: 902: 889: 888: 884: 883: 882: 881: 877: 875: 872: 867: 866:Khrushchevism 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 853: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 840: 839: 838: 833: 828: 827: 820: 817: 815: 812: 808: 805: 804: 803: 802:Supreme Court 800: 798: 795: 794: 788: 787: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 761: 760: 757: 756: 752: 751: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 732: 731: 730: 727: 726: 722: 721: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 696: 694: 693: 690: 689: 685: 684: 676: 675: 662: 659: 657: 654: 653: 652: 651: 650: 649: 646: 645: 641: 640: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 620: 619: 616: 615: 611: 610: 605: 602: 601: 600: 599: 596: 595: 591: 590: 582: 581: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 553: 552: 549: 548: 544: 543: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 523: 522: 517: 512: 511: 504: 501: 499: 498:State Council 496: 494: 491: 487: 484: 482: 479: 478: 477: 474: 472: 469: 468: 462: 461: 457: 456: 452: 448: 447: 444: 441: 440: 430: 425: 423: 418: 416: 411: 410: 408: 407: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 392: 391: 387: 386: 381: 378: 377: 376: 375: 371: 370: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 347: 344: 342: 339: 338: 336: 334: 331: 329: 328:General Staff 326: 325: 324: 323: 319: 318: 314: 310: 309: 306: 303: 302: 298:Military unit 291: 289: 285: 280: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 252: 249: 246: 244: 241: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 210: 207: 204: 201: 200: 198: 194: 187: 184: 183: 181: 177: 174: 171: 167: 164: 160: 156: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 131: 129: 125: 117: 105: 101: 89: 88: 86: 82: 67: 63: 56: 51: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7271:Southeastern 7165:Southwestern 7155:Northwestern 7119:Northwestern 7103: 7025: 7018:Soviet Union 7006: 6822: 6813: 6804: 6794: 6774: 6761: 6742: 6723: 6713: 6693: 6658: 6639: 6620: 6600: 6587:, retrieved 6567: 6547: 6528: 6495: 6475: 6455: 6440:the original 6419: 6391: 6367: 6348: 6329: 6312: 6283: 6264: 6245: 6236: 6223: 6213: 6201: 6191: 6185: 6165: 6158: 6138: 6131: 6111: 6104: 6096: 6091: 6048:. ABC-CLIO. 6044: 6037: 6030: 6026: 6013: 6001:. Retrieved 5987: 5977: 5969: 5957: 5945: 5933: 5921: 5909: 5897: 5885: 5873: 5861: 5837:the original 5831: 5819: 5813: 5793: 5786: 5774: 5762: 5757:, p. 5. 5750: 5731: 5715: 5700: 5684: 5676: 5660: 5657:Robert Butow 5652: 5644: 5639: 5616: 5610: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5579:. Retrieved 5570: 5560: 5548:. Retrieved 5539: 5530: 5518:. Retrieved 5509: 5497: 5489: 5484: 5472:. Retrieved 5452: 5446: 5426: 5421: 5406: 5395: 5391: 5382: 5370:. Retrieved 5359: 5350: 5330: 5323: 5303: 5296: 5276: 5269: 5260:the original 5254: 5247: 5238: 5232: 5205: 5196: 5189:Tolstoy 1981 5174:Tolstoy 1981 5169: 5155: 5153: 5140:Night Combat 5139: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5097: 5085: 5073: 5053: 5046: 5034:. Retrieved 5023: 5011: 4987: 4980: 4968:. Retrieved 4959: 4950: 4940: 4917: 4907: 4900:Edwards 2006 4895: 4888:Edwards 2006 4883: 4862:Glanz (1998) 4857: 4845: 4833:. Retrieved 4819: 4807:. Retrieved 4790: 4778:. Retrieved 4774:the original 4761: 4749:. Retrieved 4732: 4720:. Retrieved 4716:the original 4703: 4694: 4687:. Retrieved 4673: 4666:, p. 58 4663: 4654: 4642:. Retrieved 4633: 4624: 4617:importance.' 4615: 4608:. Retrieved 4593: 4585: 4566: 4557: 4545: 4537: 4530:. Retrieved 4515: 4507: 4495: 4483: 4473: 4467: 4455: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4404: 4390: 4384: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4358: 4351:. Retrieved 4332: 4325: 4313:. Retrieved 4307: 4301: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4251:, p. 8. 4244: 4234: 4213:. Retrieved 4180: 4170: 4158:. Retrieved 4138: 4131: 4126:, p. 33 4117: 4113: 4107: 4078: 4070: 4051: 4046: 4041:, p. 3. 4032: 4026: 4017:the original 4007: 4001: 3974:. Retrieved 3965: 3955: 3941: 3935: 3923: 3915: 3908:. Retrieved 3904:the original 3899: 3889: 3880:the original 3874: 3868: 3856:, retrieved 3852:the original 3848:The Red Army 3847: 3821:, retrieved 3817:the original 3812:The Red Army 3811: 3801: 3789:, retrieved 3780: 3770: 3761: 3719: 3696:. Retrieved 3687: 3649: 3645: 3623: 3616:, retrieved 3607:Sunday Times 3605: 3593: 3573: 3566: 3547: 3518: 3509: 3496: 3461: 3435: 3344: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3298: 3266: 3215: 3205: 3185:Russian Army 3178: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3080: 3074: 3026: 3006: 2970:Tukhachevsky 2963: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2896:Roza Shanina 2875:Organization 2870: 2847: 2834:Leon Trotsky 2826: 2793: 2729:puppet state 2694: 2675: 2659:rear echelon 2640: 2627:Wartime rape 2586: 2576: 2560: 2557:Shortcomings 2551: 2516: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2453:composed of 2444: 2442: 2385: 2356: 2354: 2314: 2307: 2298: 2291:Southwestern 2283:Northwestern 2275: 2255: 2249: 2246:Adolf Hitler 2222:Nazi Germany 2203: 2147: 2127: 2111:Soviet Union 2082: 2056: 2006: 1948: 1916: 1910: 1906: 1869: 1842: 1818: 1790: 1763:(1941–1945) 1725: 1711: 1702:Leon Trotsky 1672:Conscription 1620: 1615:Demyan Bedny 1611:Leon Trotsky 1597: 1584: 1561:Leon Trotsky 1558: 1548:against the 1539: 1519:Green armies 1493: 1472:Leon Trotsky 1435:region. 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