186:, although none of the North American colonies were solely penal colonies. British merchants would be in charge of transporting the convicts across the Atlantic to the colonies where they would be auctioned off to planters. Many of the indentured servants were sentenced to seven year terms, which gave rise to the colloquial term "His Majesty's Seven-Year Passengers". It is estimated that between 1718 and 1776 about 30,000 convicts were transported to at least nine of the continental colonies, whereas between 1700 and 1775 about 250,000 to 300,000 white immigrants came to the mainland of North America as a whole. More than two-thirds of these felons were transported to
390:
1629:, were first established in North Korea after liberation from Japan to imprison enemies of the revolution, landowners, collaborators, and religious leaders. After the war, these places housed un-repatriated South Korean prisoners of war. There are six such camps in existence today, according to a May 2011 Amnesty International report, 'huge areas of land and located in vast wilderness sites in South Pyong'an, South Hamyong and North Hamyong Provinces.' ... Perhaps the most notorious penal colony is
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95:
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40:
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445:
604:. With a small population (fewer than 1,200), the colony is governed by a state official who is both the governor of the islands and chief judge. The military command is independent of the government and is exercised by an officer of the Mexican Navy. The other islands are uninhabited. Mexico announced on 18 February 2019 that it will close the Islas Marías Federal Prison, replacing it with a new cultural center.
413:
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1142:"Writing of the early Virginians, he said: 'Some of them were even convicts; but it must be remembered the crimes of which they were convicted were chiefly political. The number transported to Virginia for social crimes was never considerable.' Most other writers have held that, among transports shipped to America, political offenders formed a large majority."
578:
in
Colombia housed a state high-security prison from the 1950s. Convicts were dissuaded from escaping by the venomous snakes in the interior of the island and by the sharks patrolling the 30 km to the mainland. The penal colony closed in 1984 and the last prisoners were transferred to the
210:
and other social criminals. Oglethorpe referred to them as "the worthy poor" in a philanthropic effort to create a rehabilitative colony where prisoners could earn a second chance at life, learning trades and working off their debts. The success of
Oglethorpe's vision is debated.
1773:
Mun Cheong Yong, V. V. Bhanoji Rao, "Singapore-India
Relations: A Primer", Study Group on Singapore-India Relations, National University of Singapore Centre for Advanced Studies Contributor Mun Cheong Yong, V. V. Bhanoji Rao, Yong Mun Cheong, Published by NUS Press, 1995.
1314:
910:, where opponents of this right-wing regime were sent. At least 32 anarchists, communists and other opponents of Salazar's regime died in this camp. The camp closed in 1954 but re-opened in the 1970s to jail African leaders fighting
198:, not those guilty of social crimes such as theft; for example, it was noted of Virginia that "the crimes of which they were convicted were chiefly political, and the number transported for social crimes was never considerable." The
194:; in Maryland, during the thirty years before 1776, convicts composed more than one-quarter of all immigrants. However, it is commonly maintained that the vast majority of felons taken to America were
780:) for criminals and dissidents. Though geographically contiguous with heartland Russia, Siberia provided both remoteness and a harsh climate. In 1857 a penal colony was established on the island of
1304:
289:, and to government projects such as roadbuilding, colonisation of Australia may not have been possible, especially considering the considerable drain on non-convict labor caused by several
1181:
2555:
1268:
1195:
1239:
Journey to Guantánamo: A Week in
America's Notorious Penal Colony: A journalist heads to the US naval base and detention center, seeking out truths we're not meant to see.
1427:"La expedición de John Narborough a Chile, 1670: Defensa de Valdivia, rumeros de indios, informaciones de los prisioneros y la creencia en la Ciudad de los Césares"
2403:
1429:[John Narborough expedition to Chile, 1670: Defense of Valdivia, indian rumours, information on prisoners, and the belief in the City of the Césares].
651:
in 1813, where mostly petty criminals were sent. It was abandoned in 1823, but re-established in 1843 as San
Salvador. It was evacuated towards the end of the
1426:
1392:
70:
located in a remote location, it is more commonly used to refer to communities of prisoners overseen by wardens or governors having absolute authority.
1247:
285:) sometimes received sentences of deportation to the Australian colonies. Without the allocation of the available convict labour to farmers, to
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that took place in the second half of the 19th century after the flow of convicts had dwindled and (in 1868) ceased. A proposal to make the
2963:
2535:
2577:
62:
used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location, often an island or distant
230:, becoming the first colonies in the British Empire founded solely to house convicts. Leaving Portsmouth, England on 13 May 1787, the
2656:
2438:
467:
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system, provided penal labor to develop forestry, logging, and mining industries, construction enterprises, as well as highways and
556:
389:
1258:
2727:
1827:
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1779:
1753:
1748:
Dupont, Jerry, "The Common Law Abroad: Constitutional and Legal Legacy of the
British Empire", Wm. S. Hein Publishing, 2001.
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was the recipient of Indian convicts, who were tasked with clearing the jungles for settlement and early public works.
17:
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in an economically underdeveloped part of a state's (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than a
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mainland. As of 2015 most of the former jail buildings are covered by dense vegetation, but some remain visible.
2831:
893:
860:
The
Netherlands had a penal colony from the late 19th century. The Department of Justice took over the town of
116:
1040:
Bound with an Iron Chain – The Untold Story of how the
British Transported 50,000 Convicts to Colonial America
907:
601:
319:(1899–1902), Boer prisoners-of-war were sent to the archipelago and imprisoned on one of the smaller islands.
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584:
359:
312:
112:
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635:
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1348:
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1167:
977:
515:
267:
1237:
3000:
1820:
981:
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transported the first ~800 convicts and ~250 marines to Botany Bay. Between 1788 and 1868, about 162,000
864:(originally set up by a private company to "re-educate" vagrants from the large cities in the west like
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2796:
2424:
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1879:
868:) to turn it into a collection of prison buildings. The town stands in the least populated province of
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922:
797:
731:
575:
419:
255:
2663:
2107:
1913:
861:
375:
274:
950:
in
Vietnam was used as a penal colony both by the French colonists (from 1861 onwards) and by the
326:, the colonial government established various penal colonies. Two of the largest ones were on the
307:, off the North American continent, was also used during the Victorian period. Convicts housed in
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1982:
1199:
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served as the female penal colony. The law making the island a penal colony was repealed in 1853.
171:
105:
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435:
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2528:
2236:
2209:
2082:
1934:
1813:
1097:"The Organization of the Convict Trade to Maryland: Stevenson, Randolph and Cheston, 1768-1775"
886:
720:
290:
1338:
1065:
2995:
2824:
2775:
2626:
2396:
1759:
Johnsen, Thomas C., "Vita: Howard
Belding Gill: Brief Life of a Prison Reformer: 1890–1989",
1670:
From 1879 the Spanish basically used Fernando Po as a penal colony for captured Cuban rebels.
1054:
1050:
1039:
941:
844:
694:
499:
223:
222:. Since immediate stopgap measures proved themselves ineffective, in 1785 Britain decided to
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2500:
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259:
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179:
175:
1766:
Serrill, M. S., "Norfolk – A Retrospective – New Debate Over a Famous Prison Experiment,"
8:
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in the north of the country, isolated in the middle of a vast area of peat and marshland.
690:
567:
451:
219:
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187:
31:
930:
593:
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1996:
1989:
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1313:. Wisconsin State Journal. Madison, Wisconsin. 26 Dec 2013. Accessed 11 November 2022.
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as a penal colony, because it was the most remote province from the then capital city,
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207:
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1865:
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1738:
1713:
1686:
1652:
1607:
1563:
1527:
1134:
Butler, James Davie (October 1896), "British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies",
1116:
830:
804:
719:
Following Alexander the Great's conquest of modern day Afghanistan and Pakistan, the
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59:
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1941:
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as a penal colony in 1890. The prison later turned into an ordinary jail in 1894.
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43:
Inscribed stone honouring an Irish prisoner in the Australian penal colony of
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2017:
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74:
1292:. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. 13 February 2002. Accessed 11 November 2022.
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2003:
1851:
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1523:
1138:, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, p. 13
955:
933:(1808) were left on their own for years; less than half of them survived.
826:
750:
323:
308:
294:
278:
231:
156:
78:
1585:
an order exists, dated 15 November 1941, establishing that penal colony.
1067:
The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science
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was also a short-lived penal colony in which approximately 7,000 French
2274:
2202:
2038:
2024:
2010:
1975:
1872:
1431:
1399:(in Spanish). Servicio Nacional del Patrimonio Cultural. Archived from
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1002:
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became a men's penal colony sometime around 1830, while Kaena Point on
371:
297:
a penal colony was deeply unpopular with local residents, sparking the
119: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
44:
2135:
865:
850:
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across Siberia and in other areas. In the modern Russian Federation,
673:
363:
347:
1487:
1306:
John LaForge: Over 150 still suffer at Guantanamo, our penal colony.
1112:
996:
94:
1890:
1858:
1267:. Sacramento, California. 12 June 2013. Accessed 11 November 2022.
1010:
970:
793:
781:
762:
758:
743:
739:
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in French Guiana, 1852–1939, received forgers and other criminals.
263:
147:
39:
1260:
The Imperialist and Racist Origins of the Guantánamo Penal Colony.
1948:
1920:
1899:
1735:
Governing Prisons: A Comparative Study of Correctional Management
1246:. New York. 25 July 25/1 August 2022. Accessed 11 November 2022.
869:
789:
777:
769:
702:
665:
547:
304:
243:
1805:
1562:(reissue ed.). Holmes & Meier Publishers. p. 296.
701:, became later soldier-settlers. Close contacts with indigenous
1959:
1794:
966:
811:(reigned 1825–1854) replaced the death penalty with exile, and
648:
483:
63:
2556:
Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted
944:
of 1949–1987. As of 2015, the island is a tourist destination.
2873:
1906:
918:
816:
785:
754:
331:
723:
was used as a penal colony. Today, 18% of the population of
906:, set up in 1936 by the head of the Portuguese government,
836:
378:
as well as convicted criminals between the 1860s and 1897.
346:
France sent criminals to tropical penal colonies including
1515:
Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758–1820
705:
meant many soldiers spoke Spanish and had some command of
250:. Australian penal colonies in late 18th century included
214:
When routes to the Americas closed after the outbreak of
587:
in Cuba is used by the United States as a penal colony.
73:
Historically, penal colonies have often been used for
1651:(3rd ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 96.
1488:"Greek genes and the numismatic expert from Peshawar"
921:
in present-day Equatorial Guinea. The tiny island of
992:
976:
There are penal colonies in the Philippines, namely
896:
including prison labor camps and re-education camps.
1133:
560:
Selection of former penal colonies in South America
1770:, Volume 8, Issue 4 (August 1982), pp. 25–32.
1683:The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War
1378:(in Spanish). Santiago: Andrés Bello. p. 140.
1485:
1462:"Bactria: The Ancient Greek State in Afghanistan"
2977:
2896:United Kingdom and British overseas territories
1196:"Convicts and the British colonies in Australia"
833:authorities as penal colony for revolutionaries.
1603:Brothers at War: The Unending Conflict in Korea
857:as a penal colony for anti-apartheid activists.
224:use parts of what is now known as Australia as
1387:
1385:
66:. Although the term can be used to refer to a
1821:
902:operated as a Portuguese penal colony in the
630:archipelago as penal colonies: the Island of
1459:
1182:"Establishing the Georgia Colony, 1732–1750"
676:region. It was active between 1902 and 1947.
643:Paraguay's first ruler and supreme dictator
428:
1559:Hitler's Death Camps: The Sanity of Madness
1382:
1281:Guantanamo Could be Terrorist Penal Colony.
689:authorities had convicts from all-over the
444:
370:) received transported dissidents like the
218:in 1776, British prisons started to become
2578:International Network of Prison Ministries
1828:
1814:
1415:
1051:Preliminaries of the Revolution, 1763–1775
753:of 1636–1912 used general-ruled provinces
1486:Dr Gul Rahim Khan, ed. (19 August 2018).
1444:
1421:
135:Learn how and when to remove this message
2404:Mentally ill people in the United States
1581:a forced-labor camp named Arbeitslager
1368:
1339:"Colonización de Magallanes (1843–1943)"
788:system and its tsarist predecessor, the
146:
38:
1644:
1460:Chrysopoulos, Philip (16 August 2021).
174:, the British government initiated the
14:
2978:
2657:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)
1156:. United States National Park Service.
1094:
843:was used as a penal colony during the
765:in north-west China as penal colonies.
412:
1809:
1763:, September–October 1999, p. 54.
1707:
1596:
1511:
566:Brazil had a prison on the island of
524:
396:
2959:
1555:
1184:. United States Library of Congress.
626:Ecuador has used two islands in the
117:adding citations to reliable sources
88:
1375:Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes
917:Spain maintained a penal colony on
609:During the 19th century Chile used
508:
334:. In the early days of settlement,
24:
697:. The convicts, many of whom were
184:Britain's colonies in the Americas
27:Remote settlement housing convicts
25:
3012:
1835:
1787:
1397:Museo de Sitio Castillo de Niebla
258:, and in early 19th century also
84:
2958:
2947:
2946:
1793:
1518:. Yale Historical Publications.
995:
847:era to hold political prisoners.
664:Argentina had a penal colony in
645:José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
539:
523:
507:
492:
491:
475:
459:
443:
427:
411:
395:
388:
93:
2728:Countries by incarceration rate
2641:Prison Fellowship International
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1453:
1446:10.4067/S0718-22442017000200011
1362:
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1298:
1288:. Washington, DC. Reprinted by
1273:
1252:
1231:
1218:
1188:
540:
460:
104:needs additional citations for
1606:. Profile Books. p. 458.
1174:
1160:
1146:
1127:
1101:The William and Mary Quarterly
1088:
1072:
1059:
1044:
1033:
655:of 1864–1870; soon afterwards
621:as a penal colony (1844–1852).
476:
202:, by contrast, was planned by
13:
1:
1021:
936:Taiwan had a penal colony at
585:Guantanamo Bay detention camp
160:
2620:Prison Advice and Care Trust
1737:, Simon and Schuster, 1990.
1512:Cohen, Joanna Waley (1991).
1349:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
1136:American Historical Review 2
1083:The Shaping of Black America
1026:
978:Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm
800:are a common type of prison.
713:
7:
1712:, Barnsley: Pen and Sword,
988:
982:Davao Prison and Penal Farm
647:opened the penal colony of
381:
350:in the early 18th century.
248:penal colonies in Australia
10:
3017:
2991:Imprisonment and detention
2952:Imprisonment and detention
1880:Stanford prison experiment
1700:
1556:Feig, Konnilyn G. (1981).
1328:, 19 February 2019, p. A-2
1290:South Florida Sun-Sentinel
954:(from 1954 and during the
761:) in north-east China and
727:has Greek genetic markers.
592:Mexico uses the island of
216:American Revolutionary War
29:
2941:
2751:
2719:
2694:
2613:Prison abolition movement
2571:Florida Justice Institute
2547:
2351:
2266:
2226:
2145:
2092:
1967:
1958:
1889:
1843:
1710:Worcestershire under arms
1648:African States and Rulers
1228:. Penguin: London (2001).
1168:"James Edward Oglethorpe"
1154:"James Edward Oglethorpe"
940:during Chiang Kai-shek's
798:corrective labor colonies
681:Once Spanish presence in
341:
236:convicts were transported
2664:The Prison Phoenix Trust
2108:Administrative detention
1095:Morgan, Kenneth (1985).
206:specifically to take in
170:With the passage of the
2742:Films featuring prisons
2599:Mount Tamalpais College
2253:Prisoner-of-war escapes
1983:Corrective labor colony
1708:Atkin, Malcolm (2004),
1685:. W W Norton & Co.
1625:Prison labor camps, or
1423:Urbina C., María Ximena
1326:San Francisco Chronicle
1200:Government of Australia
892:North Korea operates a
807:under the rule of King
311:were used to build the
172:Transportation Act 1717
2376:Contemplative programs
2083:Youth detention center
1935:Prisoner of conscience
1645:Stewart, John (2006).
912:Portuguese colonialism
887:German-occupied Europe
875:Some sources refer to
721:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
315:there, and during the
167:
47:
2627:Prison-Ashram Project
1681:Gates, David (1986).
1598:Jager, Sheila Miyoshi
1055:George Elliott Howard
768:Imperial Russia used
695:Valdivian Fort System
687:reestablished in 1645
150:
68:correctional facility
42:
2811:Ireland, Republic of
2501:Solitary confinement
2062:Prisoner-of-war camp
1802:at Wikimedia Commons
1768:Corrections Magazine
1524:10.2307/j.ctt2250vjs
1016:History of Australia
879:forced-labor camps (
776:for penal colonies (
659:troops destroyed it.
557:class=notpageimage|
436:San Cristóbal Island
313:Royal Naval Dockyard
176:penal transportation
151:Penal colony in the
113:improve this article
2678:Prison Reform Trust
1286:The Washington Post
952:Republic of Vietnam
691:Viceroyalty of Peru
568:Fernando de Noronha
452:Fernando de Noronha
196:political criminals
192:Southern landowners
180:indentured servants
32:Penal Colony (band)
3001:Settlement schemes
2685:WriteAPrisoner.com
2448:Protective custody
1997:Extermination camp
1928:Political prisoner
1733:Diiulio, John J.,
1633:no. 15. or Yodok .
1242:Moustafa Bayoumi.
1079:Lerone Bennett Jr.
904:Cape Verde Islands
889:as penal colonies.
853:South Africa used
619:Strait of Magellan
570:from 1938 to 1945.
287:pastoral squatters
168:
64:colonial territory
48:
30:For the band, see
18:Convict settlement
2973:
2972:
2909:England and Wales
2649:Prison Legal News
2634:Prison Fellowship
2592:Justice Defenders
2262:
2261:
1866:Prison healthcare
1798:Media related to
1780:978-9971-69-195-0
1754:978-0-8377-3125-4
1226:American Colonies
1206:on 1 January 2016
831:Dutch East Indies
829:was once used by
805:Kingdom of Hawaii
283:Tolpuddle Martyrs
260:Van Diemen's Land
228:penal settlements
200:colony of Georgia
145:
144:
137:
16:(Redirected from
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2122:Maximum security
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1498:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1403:on 4 August 2020
1389:
1380:
1379:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1302:
1296:
1277:
1271:
1256:
1250:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1202:. Archived from
1192:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1092:
1086:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1005:
1000:
999:
980:in Palawan, and
931:Battle of Bailén
927:prisoners of war
774:Russian Far East
732:Meiji Government
670:Tierra del Fuego
634:(1869–1904) and
594:Isla María Madre
543:
542:
527:
526:
511:
510:
495:
494:
479:
478:
463:
462:
447:
446:
431:
430:
415:
414:
399:
398:
392:
336:Singapore Island
204:James Oglethorpe
165:
162:
140:
133:
129:
126:
120:
97:
89:
21:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2957:
2945:
2937:
2930:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2543:
2534:
2529:Women in prison
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2437:
2432:Private prisons
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2365:
2358:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2258:
2251:
2242:
2235:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2093:Security levels
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1954:
1947:
1942:Prisoner of war
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1839:
1834:
1790:
1785:
1720:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1680:
1676:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1643:
1639:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1595:
1591:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1553:
1549:
1534:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1458:
1454:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1370:Martinic, Mateo
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1344:Memoria Chilena
1337:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1303:
1299:
1278:
1274:
1257:
1253:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1113:10.2307/1920428
1093:
1089:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1060:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1001:
994:
991:
736:Abashiri Prison
716:
563:
562:
561:
559:
553:
552:
551:
550:
544:
536:
535:
534:
528:
520:
519:
518:
512:
504:
503:
502:
496:
488:
487:
486:
480:
472:
471:
470:
464:
456:
455:
454:
448:
440:
439:
438:
432:
424:
423:
422:
416:
408:
407:
406:
400:
384:
344:
328:Andaman Islands
317:Second Boer War
275:Irish Home Rule
256:New South Wales
163:
153:Andaman Islands
141:
130:
124:
121:
110:
98:
87:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3014:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:Penal colonies
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2955:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2703:Rehabilitation
2698:
2696:
2695:Leaving prison
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2585:Justice Action
2581:
2574:
2567:
2564:Black and Pink
2560:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2451:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2237:Prison escapes
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1800:Penal colonies
1789:
1788:External links
1786:
1784:
1783:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1746:
1731:
1718:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1674:
1658:978-0786425624
1657:
1637:
1613:978-1847652027
1612:
1589:
1569:978-0841906761
1568:
1547:
1533:978-0300048278
1532:
1504:
1478:
1466:Greek Reporter
1452:
1414:
1381:
1361:
1330:
1318:
1309:John Laforge.
1297:
1272:
1251:
1230:
1224:Taylor, Alan.
1217:
1187:
1173:
1159:
1145:
1126:
1107:(2): 201–227.
1087:
1071:
1058:
1043:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1006:
990:
987:
986:
985:
974:
963:Ottoman Empire
959:
958:of 1955–1975).
948:Côn Đảo Island
945:
934:
915:
897:
890:
873:
858:
848:
834:
820:
809:Kamehameha III
801:
766:
747:
734:of Japan used
728:
715:
712:
711:
710:
699:Afro-Peruvians
693:construct the
678:
677:
661:
660:
653:Paraguayan War
640:
639:
636:Isabela Island
623:
622:
606:
605:
598:Marías Islands
589:
588:
581:
580:
576:Gorgona Island
572:
571:
555:
554:
546:
545:
538:
537:
530:
529:
522:
521:
514:
513:
506:
505:
498:
497:
490:
489:
482:
481:
474:
473:
466:
465:
458:
457:
450:
449:
442:
441:
434:
433:
426:
425:
420:Gorgona Island
418:
417:
410:
409:
402:
401:
394:
393:
387:
386:
385:
383:
380:
376:Kabyles rebels
352:Devil's Island
343:
340:
299:Convict crisis
279:trade unionism
270:(Queensland).
252:Norfolk Island
188:the Chesapeake
143:
142:
101:
99:
92:
86:
85:British Empire
83:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3013:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2965:
2956:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2933:
2932:United States
2929:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:Organizations
2546:
2537:
2536:United States
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2478:United States
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2462:United States
2459:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2439:United States
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:Mobile phones
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2367:United States
2364:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:Social issues
2350:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2296:United States
2293:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:Trusty system
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:Incarceration
1831:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:0-02-907883-0
1740:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1719:1-84415-072-0
1715:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1692:
1691:0-393-02281-1
1688:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1584:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1554:For example:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1263:Adam Hudson.
1262:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1170:. Oglethorpe.
1169:
1163:
1155:
1149:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
998:
993:
983:
979:
975:
972:
968:
964:
960:
957:
953:
949:
946:
943:
939:
935:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
913:
909:
905:
901:
898:
895:
891:
888:
884:
883:
878:
874:
871:
867:
863:
859:
856:
855:Robben Island
852:
849:
846:
842:
838:
835:
832:
828:
824:
821:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
799:
795:
791:
787:
784:. The Soviet
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
722:
718:
717:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:
637:
633:
632:San Cristóbal
629:
625:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:Fuerte Bulnes
608:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:
586:
583:
582:
577:
574:
573:
569:
565:
564:
558:
549:
533:
532:Fuerte Bulnes
517:
501:
485:
469:
453:
437:
421:
405:
404:Île du Diable
391:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:Isle of Pines
357:
356:New Caledonia
353:
349:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:British India
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:Advocates of
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Great Britain
237:
233:
229:
227:
221:
217:
212:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
158:
154:
149:
139:
136:
128:
125:December 2023
118:
114:
108:
107:
102:This section
100:
96:
91:
90:
82:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2996:Penal labour
2867:Soviet Union
2710:Work release
2671:Prison Radio
2647:
2418:Overcrowding
2101:House arrest
2055:Penal colony
2054:
1767:
1734:
1709:
1682:
1677:
1669:
1662:. Retrieved
1647:
1640:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1617:. Retrieved
1602:
1592:
1580:
1573:. Retrieved
1558:
1550:
1542:j.ctt2250vjs
1514:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1491:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1465:
1455:
1439:(2): 11–36.
1436:
1430:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:the original
1396:
1374:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1342:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1310:
1305:
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1284:John Mintz.
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942:White Terror
938:Green Island
894:penal system
882:Arbeitslager
880:
823:Boven Digoel
638:(1945–1959).
615:Punta Arenas
602:penal colony
345:
321:
303:
272:
225:
213:
190:to work for
169:
164: 1890s
131:
122:
111:Please help
106:verification
103:
75:penal labour
72:
56:exile colony
55:
52:penal colony
51:
49:
36:
2839:North Korea
2832:New Zealand
2425:Pay-to-stay
1852:Criminology
1583:Treblinka I
956:Vietnam War
919:Fernando Po
837:Buru Island
751:Qing Empire
516:Puerto Luis
295:Cape Colony
291:gold rushes
268:Moreton Bay
246:to various
232:First Fleet
220:overcrowded
157:British Raj
79:prison farm
2980:Categories
2753:By country
2390:Informants
2305:Literature
2244:Helicopter
2203:Sally port
2168:Commissary
2146:Components
2039:Chain gang
2025:Labor camp
2011:Internment
1976:Black site
1873:Punishment
1432:Magallania
1393:"Historia"
1244:The Nation
1022:References
1003:Law portal
862:Veenhuizen
707:Mapudungun
372:Communards
60:settlement
45:Botany Bay
2762:Australia
2494:Sexuality
2383:Education
2342:Tattooing
2136:Death row
2032:Battalion
1891:Prisoners
1728:11908594M
1315:Archived.
1294:Archived.
1269:Archived.
1248:Archived.
1121:0043-5597
1027:Citations
984:in Davao.
929:from the
866:Amsterdam
851:Apartheid
845:New Order
841:Indonesia
813:Kahoolawe
794:railroads
714:Elsewhere
674:Patagonia
672:, in the
657:Brazilian
628:Galápagos
368:South Sea
364:Melanesia
348:Louisiana
301:of 1849.
2923:Scotland
2558:(Brazil)
2522:Violence
2471:Religion
2312:American
2161:Cemetery
2129:Supermax
2048:Military
1990:Debtors'
1914:Detainee
1907:Criminal
1859:Penology
1631:kwalliso
1627:kwalliso
1600:(2013).
1497:12 April
1471:12 April
1425:(2017).
1372:(1977).
1311:Captimes
1265:Truthout
1011:Alcatraz
989:See also
971:Istanbul
900:Tarrafal
877:Nazi-era
782:Sakhalin
763:Xinjiang
759:Ningguta
744:Hokkaido
740:Abashiri
725:Peshawar
683:Valdivia
596:(in the
500:Valdivia
382:Americas
366:(in the
358:and its
264:Tasmania
2964:Commons
2902:Bermuda
2890:Ukraine
2818:Jamaica
2797:Iceland
2790:Germany
2783:Estonia
2735:Prisons
2515:Suicide
2508:Strikes
2267:Culture
2196:Officer
2189:Nursery
2182:Library
2069:Private
1960:Prisons
1921:Hostage
1900:Convict
1844:Science
1701:Sources
1664:29 June
1619:29 June
1575:29 June
1407:7 April
1354:5 April
1085:, p. 48
923:Cabrera
908:Salazar
870:Drenthe
790:katorga
778:katorga
770:Siberia
703:Mapuche
666:Ushuaia
617:on the
600:) as a
548:Ushuaia
468:El Sepa
305:Bermuda
244:Ireland
226:de jure
208:debtors
2883:Turkey
2860:Russia
2846:Norway
2228:Escape
2217:Warden
2018:Island
1778:
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967:Fezzan
649:Tevego
484:Tevego
342:France
266:) and
2874:Gulag
2825:Japan
2804:India
2776:China
2769:Chile
2720:Lists
2487:Riots
2360:Abuse
2335:Slang
2319:Blogs
1968:Types
1949:Slave
1538:JSTOR
1210:8 May
965:used
885:) in
827:Papua
817:Lanai
786:Gulag
755:Jilin
332:Hijli
309:hulks
281:(the
238:from
58:is a
2853:Peru
2455:Rape
2397:LGBT
2328:Ring
2289:Gang
2282:Film
2175:Food
2154:Cell
2115:Open
2076:Ship
2004:Farm
1776:ISBN
1750:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1666:2015
1653:ISBN
1621:2015
1608:ISBN
1577:2015
1564:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1499:2022
1492:Dawn
1473:2022
1409:2020
1356:2020
1212:2015
1117:ISSN
961:The
803:The
772:and
749:The
730:The
685:was
613:and
330:and
254:and
242:and
2606:POA
2275:Art
1520:doi
1441:doi
1109:doi
839:in
825:in
738:in
362:in
322:In
277:or
182:to
178:of
115:by
54:or
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