Flag of Australia - Knowledge

1834: 1677: 5929: 6858: 7109: 6783: 6798: 7034: 1753: 7019: 6013: 6989: 6682: 6843: 2123: 7079: 30: 6873: 6543: 6755: 6828: 7094: 6573: 6740: 6974: 1850: 7138: 2183: 6917: 7124: 7064: 6888: 5917: 7049: 7004: 1548:. The differences to the current flag were the six-pointed Commonwealth Star, while the components stars in the Southern Cross had different numbers of points, with more if the real star was brighter. This led to five stars of nine, eight, seven, six and five points respectively. The Inner Diameter of the six-pointed Federal Star in the lower Hoist was larger than that of the later seven-pointed version of the Federal Star in the lower Hoist. Alpha Crucis and Delta Crucis were of different sizes than they are today—with Alpha being larger than at present and Delta being smaller than at present. 6528: 6946: 1622: 1615: 6813: 2153: 1810:

the chief national symbol, although no cabinet documents yet released to the public including the more detailed minutes have ever been adduced in support of this theory. This theory is unlikely, as since 1904 the Australian Government had given precedence to the blue ensign, for example by giving the right to fly it in schools in 1940. Blue suited the anti-communist policy of the Menzies government (and other organisations such as the Catholic Church), however it was also suitable to the Labor party as it was the same colour as the Eureka Flag. The Red Ensign continues to be paraded on

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that chosen by the judges to the Admiralty for final approval. The Admiralty chose the Red for private vessels and Blue Ensigns for government ships. The Barton government regarded both the Blue and Red Ensigns as colonial maritime flags and "grudgingly" agreed to fly it only on naval ships. Later governments, that of Chris Watson in 1904 and Andrew Fisher in 1910, were also unhappy with the design, wanting something "more distinctive" and more "indicative of Australian unity".

6351: 5823: 1115: 898: 6126: 5977: 2470: 7268: 61: 6211: 6150: 5881: 6223: 5905: 1268:. This bill sought to make it an offence to desecrate the flag by "wilfully destroying or otherwise mutilating the Australian National Flag in circumstances where a reasonable person would infer that the destruction or mutilation is intended publicly to express contempt or disrespect for the Flag or the Australian Nation". The bill received a second reading but subsequently lapsed and did not proceed to be voted in the House of Representatives. 2456: 6248: 5835: 1457: 6318: 1381: 5811: 6074: 1790: 1314:. The second version post-1801 is depicted on the Australian flag. Each colony also had its own flag based on the British Blue Ensign, defaced with a state badge. As an Australian national consciousness began to emerge, several flag movements were formed and unofficial new flags came into common usage. Two attempts were made throughout the nineteenth century to design a national flag. The first such attempt was the 6769: 1127:

stations when there is a national election or referendum. Government ships, fishing vessels, pleasure craft, small craft and commercial vessels under 24 metres in tonnage length, can fly either the Red Ensign or the Australian National Flag, but not both. The British Blue Ensign can be flown on an Australian owned ship instead of the Australian flag if the owner has a warrant valid under British law.

2372:(ANFA) (established 1983), which wants to keep the existing flag. The primary arguments for keeping the flag cite historic precedence, while those for changing the flag are based around the idea that the status quo does not accurately depict Australia's status as an independent and multicultural nation, nor is its design unique enough to easily distinguish it from similar flags, such as the flags of 1441: 1511:

and a blue ensign for naval and official use. The judging criteria for the designs included historical relevance, compliance with the conventions of heraldry, originality, utility, and the cost of manufacture. The majority of designs incorporated the Union Flag and the Southern Cross, but native animals were also popular, including one that depicted a variety of indigenous animals playing

1323:, also designed by Nicholson. This flag was the same at the National Colonial Flag, except that the cross was blue instead of resembling that of St. George. Although the flag was designed by Nicholson in 1831, it did not become widely popular until the latter part of the century, when calls for federation began to grow louder. These flags, and many others such as the 3780:

same design as the Gamma Star (1/7 fly width, seven points) thus making the Southern Cross the same as on the current flag. The 1901 six-point and 1908 seven-point Commonwealth Star outer diameters were both 3/10 of the fly width. However the inner diameters were different. The six-point was half, and the seven-point is 4/9 of the Commonwealth Star outer diameter.

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dropped on the ground, nor should it be used to cover an object in the lead-up to an unveiling ceremony, or to hide other material. Flags that have decayed or faded should not be displayed. Old or decayed flags should be disposed of in private "in a dignified way"; a method given as an example is to cut the flag into small pieces before being placed in the waste.

691:: justice, prudence, temperance and fortitude. The number of points on the stars of the Southern Cross on the modern Australian flag differs from the original competition-winning design, in which they ranged between five and nine points each, representing their relative brightness in the night sky. The stars are named after the first five letters of the 2286:, felt that the government was appropriating their flag, saying it "doesn't need any more recognition". However, Thomas later transferred the flag's copyright to the Commonwealth Government, expressing hope that doing so would "provide comfort to all Aboriginal people and Australians to use the flag". 4276:

M.O.58 (1908) Attention is directed to Statutory Rule 27/08 published in M.O. 58/08. The Australian Ensign will accordingly be flown at all flag stations throughout the Commonwealth. M.O.135 (1911) It is directed that in future the Australian flag is to be used as the saluting flag at all reviews and

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MP, it had the same status as the Union Flag in the UK, when the Australian House of Representatives proclaimed that the Blue Ensign "should be flown upon all forts, vessels, saluting places and public buildings of the Commonwealth upon all occasions when flags are used". The government agreed to fly

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In the decades following federation the red ensign was also the pre-eminent flag in use by private citizens on land. This was largely due to the Commonwealth government, assisted by flag suppliers, discouraging the use of the blue ensign by the general public. Both the blue and red versions were used

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The Australian National Flag may be used for commercial or advertising purposes without formal permission as long as the flag is used in a dignified manner and reproduced completely and accurately; it should not be defaced by overprinting with words or illustrations, it should not be covered by other

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intended to replace the missing original flag. This flag was not a replica of the original flag, on which the Commonwealth Star had only six points, but was a current Australian National Flag with a seven pointed Commonwealth Star. The flag has a special headband, including a cardinal red stripe and

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In 1940 the Victorian government passed legislation allowing schools to purchase Blue Ensigns, which in turn allowed its use by private citizens. Prime Minister Robert Menzies then recommended schools, government building and private citizens to use the Blue Ensign, issuing a statement the following

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On 2 June 1904 a resolution was passed by parliament to replace the Union Jack with the "Australian flag" on forts. Initially the Department of Defence resisted using the Flag, considering it to be a marine ensign and favouring King's Regulations that specified the use of the Union Jack. After being

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The shade of the red colour in the canton of the Australian flag (Pantone 185C, Hex: #FF0000) is actually generally lighter than the shade used (no specific shade is specified) in the British flag (Pantone 186C, Hex: #C8102E) from which it originated. The blue colour has a different hex code for RGB

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The 1901 Southern Cross star-points ranged from nine (Alpha) to five (Epsilon) and inner diameter of each was 4/9 of their outer diameters. Beta, Gamma and Epsilon were the same outer diameter as today, Alpha was 1/6 and Delta 1/10 of the fly width. In 1903 Alpha, Beta and Delta were altered to the

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In South Australia from 1916 state schools were not allowed to fly an Australian ensign instead of the Union Jack, reflecting the suppression of its large German-speaking minority and the closure of their Lutheran schools. Their children, insisted John Verran, Labor MP, must be 'taught by those who

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since 1985. The inaugural event was held under the auspices of the New South Wales branch of the Australian National Flag Association to commemorate the anniversary of the flag being first flown in 1901. On Flag Day, ceremonies are held in schools, major centres, and the Governor-General, Governors

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South Australia chose to continue with the Union Flag as National flag until 1956, when schools were given the option of using either the Union or Australian flags. The Union Flag was still regarded as the National flag by many Australians well into the 1970s, which inspired Arthur Smout's campaign

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declared the Blue Ensign to be the national flag and the Red Ensign the flag of the Australian mercantile marine. It has been claimed that this choice was made on the basis that the predominately red version carried too many communist overtones for the government of the day to be legislated for as

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with a star added, many critics in both the Federal Government and the New South Wales government objected to the chosen flag for being "too Victorian". They wanted the Australian Federation Flag, and Prime Minister Barton, who had been promoting the Federation Flag, submitted this flag along with

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In years to come the flag which floated yesterday in the Exhibition building over Her Excellency the Countess of Hopetoun, who stood for Great Britain, and the Prime Minister (Mr Barton), who stood for Australia, will, in all human probability, become the emblem upon which the millions of the free

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agreed to being integrated into the government initiative. The £75 prize money of each competition were combined and augmented by a further £50 donated by Havelock Tobacco Company. Each competitor was required to submit two coloured sketches, a red ensign for the merchant service and public use,

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A warrant authorising the use of the Centenary Flag under section 6 of the Flags Act was issued by the Governor-General and the flag is now used as the official flag of state on important occasions. These included the opening of new parliamentary terms and when visiting heads of state arrive. The

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This bill is very largely a formal measure which puts into legislative form what has become almost the established practice in Australia ... The design adopted was submitted to His Majesty King Edward VII, and he was pleased to approve of it as the Australian flag in 1902. However, no legislative

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stated in parliament that he was not satisfied with the design of the Australian flag and that implementation of the 1904 resolution could wait until consideration was given to "adopt another which in our opinion is more appropriate". In 1908, Australian Army Military Order, No 58/08 ordered the

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also advises that the flag should only be flown during daylight hours, unless it is illuminated. Two flags should not be flown from the same flagpole. The flag should not be displayed upside down under any circumstances, not even to express a situation of distress. The flag is not to be placed or

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The National Flag must always be flown in a position superior to that of any other flag or ensign when flown in Australia or on Australian territory, and it should always be flown aloft and free. The flag must be flown in all government buildings and (where possible) displayed in or near polling

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to require any changes to the national flag design to be passed at a plebiscite along the same lines of the 1977 national song poll. In 2002 it also supplied ANFA's promotional video free to all primary schools and in 2004 required all schools receiving federal funds to fly the Australian flag.

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In the 1920s there was debate over whether the Blue Ensign was reserved for Commonwealth buildings only, culminating in a 1924 agreement that the Union Flag should take precedence as the National Flag with state and local governments henceforth able to use the blue ensign. As the Union Flag was

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Guidelines for flying the flag are laid out in the pamphlet "Australian Flags", which is infrequently published by the Australian Government. The guidelines say that the Australian National Flag is allowed to be flown on every day of the year, and that it "should be treated with the respect and

1153:, it should be recognisably at half-mast—for example, a third of the way down from the top of the pole. The Australian flag should never be flown half mast at night, unless directed to half-mast for an extended period. Days on which flags are flown at half-mast on government buildings include, 1318:

created in 1823–1824 by Captains John Nicholson and John Bingle. This flag consisted of a red cross on a white background, with an eight-point star on each of the four limbs of the cross, while incorporating a Union Jack in the canton. The most popular national flag of the period was the 1831

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that asked: "Do you think Australia should have a new design for our National Flag?" was supported by 29% of respondents and opposed by 66%, with 5% uncommitted. A 2013 survey found that 95 per cent of surveyed adults stated that they took pride in the national flag, which was enjoying

1595:... Minds move slowly: and Australia is still Britain's little boy. What more natural than that he should accept his father's cut-down garments, – lacking the power to protest, and only dimly realising his will. That bastard flag is a true symbol of the bastard state of Australian opinion. 2338: 1743:

had officially approved the design as the flag of Australia on 11 February 1903. The published version made all the stars in the Southern Cross seven-pointed and of equal size apart from the smallest—and is the same as the current design except for the six-pointed Commonwealth Star.

1786:"the Red Ensign is the flag to be flown by the public generally" and the federal government policy was "The flying of the Commonwealth Blue Ensign is reserved for Commonwealth Government use but there is no reservation in the case of the Commonwealth Merchant Flag, or Red Ensign". 1768:). A colourised version of a photograph held by the Australian War Memorial of the Armistice Day celebrations in Sydney's Martin Place, 11 November 1918, reveals both ensigns being displayed by the assembled crowd. Illustrations and photos of the opening of Australia's provisional 2444:

increasing popularity; half (50%) said they were extremely proud. Conversely, a 2016 self-selected non-weighted online survey from Western Sydney University found that 64% of the responders wanted the flag to change, with 36% wanting it to remain the same.

2361:, who publicly supported a change in the flag, saying "I do not believe that the symbols and the expression of the full sovereignty of Australian nationhood can ever be complete while we have a flag with the flag of another country on the corner of it." 1343:. It is the same as the National Colonial Flag, except that the white background in the three quadrants other the canton were replaced with four alternating blue and white stripes, representing the four major rivers that run into the Murray River. 1817:

Technically, private non-commercial vessels were liable to a substantial fine if they did not fly the British Red Ensign. However, an Admiralty Warrant was issued on 5 December 1938, authorising these vessels to fly the Australian Red Ensign. The

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in Melbourne and the judges took six days to deliberate before reaching their conclusion. Five almost identical entries were chosen as the winning design, and the designers shared the £200 (2021: $ 35,200) prize money, with £40 each. They were

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covering the flags of the world and containing coloured illustrations describes the red ensign as "Australia – Merchant" and omits the blue ensign altogether. A memo from the Prime Minister's Department dated 6 March 1939

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a huge "Blue Ensign," with the prize design of the Southern Cross and a six pointed star thereon, was run up to the top of the flagstaff on the dome, and breaking, streamed out on the heavy south-westerly breeze a brave and inspiriting

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remained the most popular Australian flag for public and even some official events. It was flown at the 1907 State Premiers conference in Melbourne and during the 1927 visit to Australia of the Duke and Duchess of York, the future

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was officially adopted in 1903. It was later modified to the current design on 8 December 1908, with the change from a six to a seven point Commonwealth Star. In 1954, the flag was recognised in legislation with the passage of the

3484: 1977:, which had been passed two months earlier. The monarch's assent was timed to coincide with the Queen's visit to the country and came after she had opened the new session of Parliament. The act confers statutory powers on the 1196:

The department provides an email service called the Commonwealth Flag Network, which gives information on national occasions to fly the flag at half-mast as well as national days of commemoration and celebration of the flag.

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standardised the size and shape of the four larger outer stars at seven points and each of the same size, leaving the smaller, more central star with five points. This change was officially gazetted on 23 February 1903.

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There have been mild but persistent debates over whether or not the Union Flag should be removed from the canton of the Australian flag. This debate has culminated on several occasions, such as the period preceding the

1494:—a Melbourne-based publication— suggested that entries incorporate a design based on the British ensigns and around the Southern Cross, noting that designs without these emblems were unlikely to be successful. After 1989:

By the mid-1980s, the Commonwealth Government no longer reminded Australians they had the right to fly the Union Flag alongside the National Flag or provided illustrations of how to correctly display them together.

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to appoint "flags and ensigns of Australia" and authorise warrants and make rules as to use of flags. Section 8 ensures that the "right or privilege" of a person to fly the Union Flag is not affected by the act.

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On the death of a distinguished Australian citizen in accordance with protocol. Flags in any locality may be flown at half-mast on the death of a notable local citizen or on the day, or part of the day, of their

1161:– from the time of announcement of the death up to and including the funeral. On the day the accession of the new sovereign is proclaimed, it is customary to raise the flag to the top of the mast from 11 am. 1870:

the Blue Ensign on special flag days, but not if it meant additional expense, which undermined the motion. The Blue Ensign could only be flown on a state government building if a state flag was not available.

660:, and any future territories. Another rationale for the change was to match the star used on the coat of arms, which was created in the same year. The Commonwealth Star does not have any official relation to 2438:

that asked: "Are you personally in favour or against changing the Australian flag so as to remove the Union Jack emblem?" was supported by 32% of respondents and opposed by 57%, with 11% uncommitted. A 2010

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a large seven-pointed white star (six representing the six states of Australia and one representing the territories) in the centre of the lower quarter next to the staff and pointing direct to the centre of

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before becomes too faded or too tattered, be taken down and perhaps offered to a museum or an art gallery as the seminal flag that flew over this building 100 years from the time the first flag was flown?

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On 3 September 1901, the new Australian flag flew for the first time from the dome of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne. The names of the joint winners of the design competition were announced by

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It reads: "The Centenary Flag. Presented to the Hon John Howard MP, Prime Minister of Australia on behalf of the people of Australia by the Australian National Flag Association on 3 September 2001 at the

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in 1927 show Australian Ensigns flown alongside Union Flags. However, sources disagree on the colours of the Australian flags, leaving open the possibility that either ensign or both were used.

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As a result of the declaration of 3 September as Merchant Navy Day in 2008, the Red Ensign can be flown on land alongside the Australian national flag on this occasion as a matter of protocol.

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recognised as the National flag, it was considered disloyal to fly either ensign without the Union flag alongside, and it was the Union Flag that covered the coffins of Australia's war dead.

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are British, and taught what it is to be British'. Under Labor, 'I love my country' became 'I love my country, the British Empire', in the words accompanying the salute of the Union Jack.

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required the proclamations of these flags to be lodged in a Federal Register. Due to an administrative oversight they were not, and the proclamations were automatically repealed. The

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has no ensign of its own, but they are given the ceremonial task to be the defender of the National Flag. The Air Force and the Navy flew the appropriate British ensigns (the

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objects in displays, and all symbolic parts of the flag should be identifiable. It also must sit first (typically, left) where more than one flag is used. For this reason the

1879:"Australian Ensign" replace the Union Flag at all military establishments. From 1911 it was the saluting flag of the Australian army at all reviews and ceremonial parades. 4563:, Melbourne to commemorate the first flying of the Australian National Flag on 3 September 1901 attended by the Rt Hon Sir Edmund Barton MHR, Prime Minister of Australia." 4902: 2427:. The date of the release was met with some backlash, which Harold Scruby, Ausflag's executive director called "the lowest form of censorship". Following the release, 1236:, proposed to introduce laws banning desecration of the Australian flag, a call that attracted support from some parliamentarians both in his own party and the senior 2087: 1178:

On the death of the head of state of another country with which Australia has diplomatic relations – the flag would be flown at half-mast on the day of the funeral.

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action has ever been taken to determine the precise form of the flag or the circumstances of its use, and this bill has been brought down to produce that result.

4820: 2431:, then-prime minister and a former Ausflag director, told the group that the flag would never change, viewing it as an important symbol of Australian history. 4958: 3233: 656:, also known as the Federation Star, originally had six points, representing the six federating colonies. In 1908, a seventh point was added to symbolise the 2323:

and the Australian Federal Police Flag, eight Vice-Regal flags and nine state and territory flags that are recognised as official flags through other means.

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The Union Jack acknowledges the history of British settlement in Australia. Historically, it was included in the design as a demonstration of loyalty to the

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in the sky. Alpha was originally larger than Beta and Gamma whilst Delta was originally smaller than Beta and Gamma. In order to simplify manufacture, the

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sharing near identical flags). The similarity between the flag of Australia and those of other countries is often derived from a common colonial history.

1515:, a six-tailed kangaroo representing the six Australian states, and a kangaroo aiming a gun at the Southern Cross. The entries were put on display at the 2152: 3196: 2090:

and has been paraded at schools to mark Australian National Flag Day on a tour of the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and Queensland.

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This act also ended the confusion since 1901 as to whether the red ensign or the blue ensign was to be used, with the blue ensign designated as the

2182: 2415:, and holds flag design competitions, while ANFA's activities include promotion of the existing flag through events such as National Flag Day. On 6920: 5352: 2167: 7316: 5054: 2293:

was proclaimed in 2000. This flag is used to represent the Defence Force when more than one branch of the military is involved, such as at the

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held an official competition for a new federal flag in April. The competition attracted 32,823 entries, including those originally sent to the

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issued new proclamations dated 25 January 2008, with effect from 1 January 2008 (or 1 October 2006 in the case of the Defence Force Ensign).

1248:, rejected the calls, stating that "in the end I guess it's part of the sort of free speech code that we have in this country". In 2003, the 6012: 5481: 1400: 1332: 5516: 1192:

flags are flown at peak until 10:30 am, at half-mast from 10:30 am to 11:02 am, then at peak for the remainder of the day.

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speech that urged Federation, due to the "crimson thread of kinship" of a common British origin that connected the colonists together.

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In the 1940s, the federal government began to encourage public use of the blue ensign. Despite this, there remained confusion until the

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reaffirmed that the Australian Red Ensign was the proper colours for commercial ships over 24 metres (79 ft) in tonnage length.

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an inscription. The red stripe represents the "crimson thread of kinship of all peoples of Australia"; an idea sourced from a

1905:, that the government reminded them of the 1911 legislation. The British White Ensign was finally replaced by a distinctively 6434: 4245: 4161: 4008: 3470: 1910: 1765: 1725: 1233: 5089: 3885: 2885: 2814: 1450:

front cover signed by Egbert Nuttall, after the winning designers of the 1901 Federal Flag design competition were announced

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of the outer diameter. The flag's width is the measurement of the hoist edge of the flag (the distance from top to bottom).

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in 1854), featured the Southern Cross. The oldest known flag to show the stars arranged as they are seen in the sky is the

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visible in the Southern Hemisphere, and has been used to represent Australia since the early days of British settlement.

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on 26 January 1788. He first raised the Union Flag on 7 February 1788 when he proclaimed the Colony of New South Wales.

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and some politicians attend or release statements to the media. Australian National Flag Day is not a public holiday.

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The Union Flag, as the flag of the British Empire, was first used on Australian soil on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant

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1788 : the brutal truth of the First Fleet : the biggest single overseas migration the world has ever seen

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affirmed the Blue ensign as the National flag and in 1951 King George VI approved the Government's recommendation.

1923: 1740: 60: 5476: 2699:(3rd ed.). Barton ACT: Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Awards and Culture Branch. 2006. p. 41. 2507:

According to a breakdown of the figures, 41% said they were "strongly" opposed, more than favoured change overall.

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in 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1992 to ban desecration, but on each occasion the bill lapsed. In 2002, the leader of the

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on 1 January 1901, and following receipt of a request from the British government to design a new flag, the new

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A colour lithograph by an unknown artist of the opening of provisional parliament house in Canberra, 9 May 1927

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of the Australian flag a crime. In 1953, during the second reading debate on the Flags Bill, the leader of the

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flag has been transported across the country for flying in every state and territory. It was later used on

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without support from Howard and subsequently lapsed. In 2006, following a flag-burning incident during the

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The competition-winning designs were submitted to the British Colonial Secretary in 1902. Prime Minister

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on 20 September 1962 and was only flown when she visited Australia. It was used in a similar way as the

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scheme, but when printed -the Pantone number- it is the same: Australia (Pantone 280C, Hex: 00008B) vs.

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Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 18 September 2001, 30853 (Paul Neville)

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Australia. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Awards and National Symbols Branch. (2000).

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Australia. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Awards and National Symbols Branch. (2000).

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had to reverse its logo, which previously featured the flag until a logo refresh at the end of 2017.

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Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives 20 November 1953, 367, (Bob Menzies).

3355: 2377: 2099: 1849: 1225: 249: 1728:) and she unfurled the flag for the first time. Since 1996 this date has been officially known as 7331: 7182: 7083: 7078: 7048: 6930: 6739: 6602: 6354: 6142: 6118: 5622: 5332: 5312: 4101: 3342: 2927: 2274:, this recognition caused a small amount of controversy at the time, with then opposition leader 1906: 1854: 1499: 1495: 665: 547: 383: 368: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 3516: 3514: 3245: 2419:

in 2018, Ausflag released an alternative design of the flag without the Union Jack, featuring a

1472: 7003: 6907: 6262: 5940: 5718: 5678: 5535: 5317: 5281: 4927: 3797: 3231:

Bills Digest No. 42 2003–04, Protection of Australian Flags (Desecration of the Flag) Bill 2003

2411:

Ausflag periodically campaigns for flag change in association with national events such as the

2354: 2332: 2283: 2279: 2241: 1482: 1358: 1213: 442: 431: 395: 238: 5404: 3499: 2639:"Elizabeth Kwan "National Parliament, National Symbols: From British to Australian Identity*"" 897: 7301: 7209: 6945: 6797: 6542: 6399: 5713: 5693: 5256: 5172: 4521: 4260: 4258: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3648: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3592: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3511: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3299: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3048: 3046: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 2225: 1899: 1883: 1798: 1756: 1683: 1568: 1237: 1165: 1158: 635: 539: 388: 292: 266: 261: 37: 4047: 664:, despite the latter's brightness and location in the sky; however, the 1870 version of the 7123: 6364: 6051: 6005: 4915: 4865: 4781: 4769: 4589: 3377:"ParlInfo - Protection of the Australian National Flag (Desecration of the Flag) Bill 2006" 2857:. Snooks & Co. (6th ed.). Canberra: John Wiley & Sons Australia. p. 299. 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2412: 2346: 2010: 1862: 1707: 1220:, unsuccessfully called for provisions to be added to the bill to criminalise desecration. 931: 615: 320: 233: 202: 4255: 4117: 3959: 3933: 3733: 3721: 3664: 3616: 3545: 3526: 3394: 3211: 3102: 3058: 3043: 3016: 2728: 2594: 912:

Under the Flags Act, the Australian National Flag must meet the following specifications:

8: 7108: 7063: 6988: 6502: 6414: 5861: 5827: 5757: 5602: 4500: 3004: 2992: 2373: 1777: 1591:

a staled réchauffé of the British flag, with no artistic virtue, no national significance

1257: 378: 353: 297: 2661: 2074:

On 18 September 2001 during the centenary of federation the federal member for Hinkler,

2001:

in 1988. Subsequently, the flag was displayed in the Senate for the first time in 1992.

1621: 1614: 854:

Construction sheet for the flag of Australia. The length of the flag is twice the width.

6827: 6759: 6754: 6617: 6130: 5981: 5327: 3441: 1853:

The Australian flag and the Union Jack embellishing the Victoria Cross Memorial in the

1521: 1311: 1306:

The Union Flag at that stage was the one introduced in 1606, which did not include the

696: 684: 657: 400: 373: 363: 343: 315: 310: 173: 1954:

When the Flags Bill was introduced into parliament on 20 November 1953, Menzies said,

1934:

year allowing Australians to use either ensign providing it was done so respectfully.

1607: 7156: 7151: 7093: 7068: 6887: 6847: 6487: 6188: 6173: 5414: 5368: 4213: 4157: 3476: 3466: 3433: 3241: 3091: 3081: 2901: 2891: 2868: 2858: 2830: 2820: 2783: 2759: 2710: 2700: 2618: 2531: 2420: 2059: 1414: 1336: 1168:

by special command of the Sovereign and/or by direction of the Australian Government.

949: 904: 700: 653: 592: 516: 358: 243: 146: 142: 4278: 1993:

In 1977, the Australian flag was first displayed in the House of Representatives in

1480:

As Federation approached, thoughts turned to an official federal flag. In 1900, the

7174: 7141: 7113: 6963: 6877: 6862: 6729: 6724: 6577: 6532: 6215: 6198: 6161: 6154: 6024: 5988: 5964: 5892: 5885: 5587: 5558: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5337: 4242: 2461: 2428: 1986:

from 1968 to 1982 to encourage Australians to give the Australian flag precedence.

1533: 1487: 1462: 1339:, popular since the 1850s, is still widely used by boats that traverse Australia's 1209: 732: 462: 169: 5779: 5153:"Survey finds 'Southern Horizon' the favourite alternative Australian flag design" 4323: 1380: 719:

The colours of the flag, although not specified by the Flags Act, have been given

7272: 7137: 7053: 6935: 6872: 6802: 6686: 6424: 6227: 6137: 6113: 5909: 5788: 5733: 5637: 5266: 5093: 5014: 4965: 4909: 4890: 4824: 4507: 4285: 4249: 4183: 3940: 3921: 3893: 3237: 2233: 2055: 1328: 1189: 1143: 736: 688: 551: 4077:. Vol. 66, no. 3. Washington: National Geographic Society. p. 374 3356:"Protection of the Australian National Flag (Desecration of the Flag) Bill 2006" 3303: 1913:). Despite the new Australian flags official use, from 1901 until the 1920s the 515:

in the upper hoist quarter—augmented with a large white seven-pointed star (the

457: 29: 7008: 6959: 6817: 6812: 6252: 5952: 5846: 5839: 5708: 5632: 5055:"Malcolm Turnbull says Australian flag will never change, rejecting new design" 4206: 4105:. Vol. LXXXIX, no. 25, 926. South Australia. 6 March 1924. p. 11 2575: 2424: 2381: 1973: 1948: 1866: 1694: 1296: 1261: 1217: 1039: 938: 888: 692: 676: 669: 646: 584: 557: 524: 287: 154: 5429: 5007: 4627:

Ian Warden, 'How cricketing animals were kept off Australia's national flag',

3792: 3343:

Protection of the Australian National Flag (Desecration of the Flag) Bill 2006

1266:

Protection of the Australian National Flag (Desecration of the Flag) Bill 2006

1138: 7285: 7205: 6978: 6950: 6654: 6572: 5627: 5617: 5607: 5597: 4330: 4217: 4096: 3480: 3437: 3290: 2416: 1736: 918: 850: 680: 661: 527:

and four, larger, seven-pointed stars). Australia also has a number of other

500: 42: 4933: 4921: 4871: 4787: 4775: 4534: 4264: 4130: 3983: 3970: 3748: 3727: 3683: 3643: 3627: 3598: 3560: 3539: 3520: 3505: 3407: 3217: 3113: 3095: 3064: 3052: 3037: 3010: 2998: 2905: 2872: 2834: 2714: 2678: 2600: 2520: 1886:(RAN) was promulgated on 5 October 1911 and was directed to fly the British 216: 6681: 6557: 6078: 6061: 6000: 5815: 5703: 5660: 5582: 4585: 2483: 2358: 2252: 2237: 2196: 2047: 1968: 1964: 1887: 1875: 1340: 1253: 1221: 1013: 997: 955: 739:

specifications for depicting the flag in print and on screen respectively.

46: 4296:

George Odgers, "The Royal Australian Navy – An Illustrated History", p. 41

3915:

National Parliament, National Symbols: From British to Australian Identity

3827:. Vol. 22, no. 1128. Sydney, N.S.W. 28 September 1901. p. 9 3460: 2270:

were also appointed flags of Australia. While mainly seen as a gesture of

1682:

The original, official painting of the opening of Old Parliament House by

1114: 6902: 6709: 6339: 5822: 5491: 5486: 3762: 3638: 3636: 2440: 2396: 2275: 1938: 1545: 1386: 1324: 1300: 1292: 1245: 971: 793: 508: 139: 3445: 3421: 3156: 2037:

On the centenary of the first flying of the flag, 3 September 2001, the

6125: 5976: 4156:. Sydney: University of New South Wales university press. p. 106. 1838: 1288: 1284: 872: 588: 567: 538:

on 3 September 1901, after being selected alongside a red version (the

512: 125: 3943:. Australian National Flag Association. Retrieved on 24 November 2014. 3820: 3633: 2469: 2384:(despite the counter argument that this is not uncommon, as seen with 2086:

The parliament house centenary flag was subsequently entrusted to the

1076:

of the flag's width, while that of the stars in the Southern Cross is

707:

A complete specification for the official design was published in the

6842: 5798: 5196: 5178: 4176: 2015:

In 1996, 3 September was proclaimed as Australian National Flag Day.

1919: 1895: 1891: 1842: 1811: 1577:

people of the Commonwealth will gaze with a thrill of national pride.

1525: 1182: 1150: 1123:

dignity it deserves as the nation's most important national symbol".

504: 3652:. No. 17, 207. Victoria, Australia. 4 September 1901. p. 9 2341:

A poster calling for a redesign of the Australian flag, released by

6527: 6482: 6321: 6210: 6149: 5880: 5527: 2489:

Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories

2435: 2337: 2016: 1541: 1456: 1086:

of the flag's width, except for Epsilon, for which the fraction is

629: 3801:. No. 2383. Victoria, Australia. 7 September 1901. p. 26 1797:

specified the Blue Ensign as the Australian National Flag and the

1528:; Leslie John Hawkins, a teenager apprenticed to an optician from 1440: 1171:

On the death of the governor-general or a former governor-general.

6222: 5904: 2385: 2365: 2342: 2041:

presented the then prime minister John Howard with a flag at the

1789: 1553: 1512: 771: 723:

specifications by the Parliamentary and Government Branch of the

720: 639: 625: 619: 4154:

Flag and nation: Australians and their national flags since 1901

2780:

Flag and Nation: Australians and their national flags since 1901

6497: 6247: 5834: 2756:

The Australian flag : colonial relic or contemporary icon?

2615:

The Australian flag : colonial relic or contemporary icon?

2063: 2020: 1529: 5781:

National, regional and city flags incorporating the Union Jack

2368:(established 1981), which supports changing the flag, and the 2315:, there are three additional Australian Government flags, the 4679:

Sarah Harvey, 'Now that's a flag! Students salute big flag',

3157:

Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (11 November 2022).

1997:. It continued to be displayed in the chamber on the opening 1764:

by armed forces during the First and Second World Wars (see:

1537: 603: 6073: 5810: 5017:. Anbg.gov.au (20 November 2007). Retrieved on 27 May 2011. 2389: 1490:(A$ 4,400 in 2021 terms). The competition conducted by the 1260:

and a burnt flag display by a Melbourne artist, Liberal MP

818: 520: 2058:

in 2003 for the opening of the Australian War Memorial in

1865:

at St Louis in 1904. In the same year, due to lobbying by

5116:"Aussie pride: what Australians love about their country" 4204: 788: 2364:

There are two lobby groups involved in the flag debate:

1874:

approached by the Department of Defence, Prime Minister

4640:'Students celebrate as the Australian flag turns 103', 4040:"The Flag Debate: Red or blue – A question of evidence" 3890:

National Archives of Australia: Flags Act 1953: History

3422:"The Territorial Boundaries of New South Wales in 1788" 1424: 4844:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 January 2022 4692:

Chris Owen, 'Ensign flags a very special Aussie day',

1465:, one of the winning designers for the Australian flag 583:

The Australian flag uses three prominent symbols: the

4751:"Her Majesty the Queen's Personal Flag for Australia" 2580:

Australian Government Federal Register of Legislation

2521:

Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2022).

1963:

This status was formalised on 14 February 1954, when

7204: 5008:

The Australian Flag – Similar and Related Flags

4884:

Explanatory Statement accompanying 2008 proclamation

4566: 3956:, University of New South Wales press, 2006, p. 106. 2451: 2208:

flags as they are often displayed at official events

1686:, showing numerous Red Ensigns alongside Union Flags 1532:; Egbert John Nuttall, an architect from Melbourne; 1572:newspaper was also celebratory in nature, stating, 1551:The flag's initial reception was mixed. Readers of 534:The original version of the flag first flew as the 176:, Lesley Hawkins, Egbert Nutall and William Stevens 5092:. Roy Morgan Research. 13 May 2010. Archived from 4333:. Home.alphalink.com.au. Retrieved on 27 May 2011. 3289: 2311:In addition to the seven flags declared under the 2069: 1486:conducted a design competition with a prize of 25 5090:"Clear Majority Want to Keep the Australian flag" 4934:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 4922:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 4872:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 4788:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 4776:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 4535:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 4265:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 4131:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3971:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3883: 3749:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3728:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3684:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3628:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3599:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3561:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3540:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3521:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3506:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3408:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3218:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3125: 3114:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3065:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3053:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3038:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 3011:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 2999:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 2679:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 2601:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022 941:) in the half of the flag further from the staff. 106:(current seven-pointed Commonwealth Star version) 7283: 4903:Legislative Instruments enabled by the Flags Act 4243:History of the Australian national flag (Part 3) 2920:"Commercial use of the Australian National Flag" 1602: 4653:Annelie Hailes, 'Huge flag for a big country', 3229:Department of the Parliamentary Library. 2003. 2576:"Commonwealth of Australia Gazette 1908 No. 65" 1861:The Blue Ensign replaced the Union Jack at the 1814:in recognition of its historical significance. 1250:Australian flags (Desecration of the Flag) Bill 1066:The outer diameter of the Commonwealth Star is 566:and given priority for the first time over the 550:. A slightly simplified version as approved by 531:representing its people and government bodies. 2855:Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2606: 1890:on the stern and the flag of Australia on the 729:Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers 7190: 5765: 5543: 5212: 5175:—Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 3763:"Construction Details of the Australian flag" 3704:"How the Australian National flag was chosen" 3465:. North Sydney, NSW: Random House Australia. 2568: 1540:; and William Stevens, a ship's officer from 480: 6018:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4719:Cabinet, Prime Minister and (27 June 2016). 2924:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2758:. Sydney: Federation Press. pp. 29–30. 2558: 2556: 1581:Alternatively, the then republican magazine 1132:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 1000:– 7-pointed star, straight above centre fly 958:– 7-pointed star, straight below centre fly 916:the Union Jack occupying the upper quarter ( 725:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 523:constellation, made up of five white stars ( 5517:Parliament house centenary flag (Australia) 4976: 4974: 4666:'Special day flagged by Central students', 1828: 1739:announced in the Commonwealth Gazette that 600:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 528: 7197: 7183: 5772: 5758: 5550: 5536: 5219: 5205: 4207:"Commonwealth of Australia Gazette: GN 26" 4113:– via National Library of Australia. 3835:– via National Library of Australia. 3809:– via National Library of Australia. 3318:"New bill for desecrating Australian flag" 2852: 2403:and in 1998 sponsored an amendment to the 2032: 1185:the flag is flown at half-mast until noon. 859:Constituent parts of the flag of Australia 487: 473: 4818:Aboriginal Tent Embassy: Icon or Eyesore? 4798: 4796: 4252:. Flagspot.net. Retrieved on 27 May 2011. 4205:Commonwealth of Australia (2 July 2008). 4186:. Flagspot.net. Retrieved on 27 May 2011. 2979: 2977: 2975: 2553: 2129:Flag of the Governor-General of Australia 2093: 1747: 1208:There have been several attempts to make 952:– 7-pointed star, centred in lower hoist. 945:The location of the stars is as follows: 602:, the Union Flag combined three heraldic 598:In its original usage as the flag of the 4971: 4959:Question without Notice: Australian Flag 4545: 4543: 3163:Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet 2617:. Sydney: Federation Press. p. 18. 2336: 2195: 1848: 1832: 1788: 1751: 1706: 1476:Entries for the Federal Flag Competition 1471: 1137: 1113: 849: 4718: 4389: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4279:Source: Australian Army Military Orders 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3760: 2819:. Barton, A.C.T.: The Dept. p. 5. 2530:(3rd ed.). Australian Government. 2357:, and during the Prime Ministership of 2131:(adopted 1936, modified circa 1950-60s) 7284: 5226: 5193:—Includes the Federal Flag Competition 4944: 4942: 4793: 4644:(Acacia Ridge), 8 September 2004, p. 3 4584: 4465: 4229: 4227: 4068: 4062: 3609: 3607: 3572: 3256: 2972: 1310:; it was included from 1801 after the 7317:Flags that incorporate the Union Jack 7178: 5753: 5531: 5200: 5150: 4743: 4540: 4456:Elizabeth Kwan, Flag and Nation, 2004 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3575:"Eureka Flag heralds winds of change" 2934:from the original on 15 November 2017 2848: 2846: 2844: 2753: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2612: 1911:Flags of the Australian Defence Force 1766:Flags of the Australian Defence Force 1524:, a fourteen-year-old schoolboy from 5557: 4830: 4731:from the original on 1 December 2017 4572: 4497:Australian National Flag Association 4384: 4372: 4189: 4151: 3866: 3458: 3419: 3287: 3257:Hudson, Phillip (16 November 2002). 3199:from the original on 4 December 2017 3159:"Flag announcement: Remembrance Day" 2370:Australian National Flag Association 2257:Royal Standard of the United Kingdom 2039:Australian National Flag Association 1941:issued a similar statement in 1947. 1711:First raising of the Australian flag 1431:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition 1425:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition 1299:established a convict settlement at 4939: 4345: 4308: 4299: 4224: 3857: 3839: 3604: 3128:"Ceremonial protocols and guidance" 2297:, and by the Minister for Defence. 2019:celebrations had been occurring in 937:five white stars (representing the 13: 5079:Source: Newspoll, 25 January 2004. 4631:(Canberra), 4 September 2002, p. 7 4441: 4336: 4069:Booker, Herbert (September 1934). 3761:Thomson, Jeff (10 November 2015). 3689: 3573:Wright, Clare (28 November 2014). 3291:"Bid to ban burning of flag fails" 3288:Farr, Malcom (17 September 2003). 3169:from the original on 7 August 2023 3138:from the original on 7 August 2023 2912: 2841: 2684: 2027: 215: 153:quarter and the five stars of the 14: 7353: 7307:Flags adopted through competition 6429:Flags inspired by the Union Jack 5477:Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies 5189:Review of Reviews for Australasia 5166: 4607:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette 4485:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette 3487:from the original on 18 July 2021 3269:from the original on 2 March 2007 2800:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette 2563:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette 2547:from the original on 17 May 2023. 2222:Royal Australian Air Force Ensign 2159:Royal Australian Air Force Ensign 1492:Review of Reviews for Australasia 1278:Timeline of the flag of Australia 7297:1908 establishments in Australia 7266: 7150: 7136: 7122: 7107: 7092: 7077: 7062: 7047: 7039:Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla 7032: 7017: 7002: 6987: 6972: 6958: 6944: 6929: 6915: 6901: 6886: 6871: 6856: 6841: 6826: 6811: 6796: 6781: 6767: 6753: 6738: 6723: 6708: 6680: 6649: 6616: 6601: 6571: 6556: 6541: 6526: 6511: 6496: 6457: 6445: 6433: 6419: 6409: 6369: 6359: 6349: 6338: 6316: 6283: 6271: 6246: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6172: 6160: 6148: 6136: 6124: 6112: 6072: 6060: 6035: 6023: 6011: 5999: 5987: 5975: 5963: 5951: 5939: 5927: 5915: 5903: 5891: 5879: 5845: 5833: 5821: 5809: 5797: 5512:Queen's Personal Australian Flag 5144: 5108: 5082: 5073: 5047: 5038: 5029: 5020: 5001: 4992: 4983: 4951: 4896: 4877: 4856: 4805: 4712: 4699: 4686: 4673: 4660: 4647: 4634: 4621: 4612: 4600: 4578: 4552: 3660:– via National Library of. 2735:from the original on 16 May 2013 2582:. 19 December 1908. p. 1709 2501: 2468: 2454: 2317:Australian Civil Aviation Ensign 2302:Legislative Instruments Act 2003 2295:Australian Defence Force Academy 2278:describing it as divisive. Some 2249:Queen's Personal Australian flag 2181: 2176:(designed 1971, proclaimed 1995) 2166: 2151: 2136: 2121: 2106: 2078:, requested to the speaker that 1898:after its use for the review of 1693: 1675: 1663:As the design was basically the 1649: 1641: 1633: 1632:competition winning design 1620: 1613: 1606: 1455: 1439: 1407: 1393: 1379: 1365: 1351: 1164:On the death of a member of the 1142:Australian flag at half-mast on 1096:. Each star's inner diameter is 896: 880: 863: 456: 59: 54: 49: 28: 5482:Anti-Transportation League Flag 5151:Smith, Mark (26 January 2016). 4512: 4490: 4478: 4459: 4450: 4432: 4417: 4402: 4363: 4354: 4317: 4290: 4270: 4236: 4198: 4170: 4145: 4136: 4089: 4032: 4023: 4001: 3976: 3946: 3927: 3908: 3848: 3813: 3785: 3767:FOTW Flags Of The World website 3754: 3566: 3452: 3413: 3369: 3348: 3336: 3310: 3281: 3259:"PM defends right to burn flag" 3250: 3223: 3181: 3150: 3119: 3070: 2946: 2879: 2808: 2793: 2772: 2476:Heraldry and Vexillology portal 2395:The Coalition government under 2291:Australian Defence Force Ensign 2189:Australian Defence Force Ensign 2070:Parliament house centenary flag 1648:As approved by King Edward VII 1640:Blue version of winning design 1401:Anti-Transportation League Flag 1333:Anti-Transportation League Flag 1291:. Following the arrival of the 1276:For a chronological guide, see 845: 679:is one of the most distinctive 608:countries of the United Kingdom 7322:Flags with blue, red and white 5934:British Indian Ocean Territory 5578:Federated States of Micronesia 4466:Madden, Cathy (22 June 2023). 4177:Commonwealth of Australia Flag 3132:Australian Government: Defence 2954:"Union Flag: approved designs" 2747: 2721: 2631: 2355:Australian Bicentenary in 1988 2326: 2282:, such as the flag's designer 1820:Shipping Registration Act 1981 1801:as the merchant shipping flag. 727:. The Australian Government's 519:) and a representation of the 1: 7337:National symbols of Australia 5374:North Queensland (separatist) 4705:Iconic flag to tour Warwick, 3984:"Armistice Day, Sydney, 1918" 2514: 2345:in 2000 to coincide with the 2306:Governor-General of Australia 2161:(adopted 1949, modified 1982) 2116:(adopted 1935, modified 1948) 842:(Pantone 280C, Hex: 012169). 6773:British South Africa Company 5298:Australian Capital Territory 5267:Boxing Kangaroo (unofficial) 4815:, July 1995, p. 3, cited in 4501:History of National Flag Day 3078:The Australian National Flag 2890:. Barton, A.C.T.: The Dept. 2401:Australian National Flag Day 2321:Australian Border Force Flag 2218:Royal Australian Navy Ensign 2144:Royal Australian Navy Ensign 1837:The Australian flag and the 1730:Australian National Flag Day 1718:Hersey, Countess of Hopetoun 1327:(which came into use at the 1252:was tabled in Parliament by 668:featured the pointer stars, 124:and given priority over the 7: 6452:Newfoundland & Labrador 5922:British Antarctic Territory 4683:, p. 4 September 2012, p. 1 4609:No. S382, 20 September 2001 4590:"The Crimson Thread Speech" 3189:"Commonwealth Flag Network" 2729:"South Australia 1870–1876" 2447: 2268:Torres Strait Islander flag 2004: 1109: 525:one small five-pointed star 10: 7358: 6863:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 2958:www.college-of-arms.gov.uk 2330: 2230:Royal Australian Air Force 2174:Australian Aboriginal flag 2097: 2008: 1566:The report carried by the 1557:newspaper were told that, 1428: 1373:Australian Federation Flag 1275: 1271: 1149:When the flag is flown at 873:flag of the United Kingdom 714: 610:(as constituted in 1801): 578: 7263: 7242: 7216: 6698: 6666: 6634: 6589: 6481: 6474: 6464:St. Pierre & Miquelon 6405:List of New Zealand flags 6387: 6330: 6309: 6302: 6278:Somerset County, Maryland 6261: 6236: 6187: 6102: 6091: 6050: 5869: 5860: 5787: 5669: 5646: 5565: 5464: 5438: 5382: 5361: 5290: 5234: 5157:Western Sydney University 4657:, 4 September 2009, p. 33 4561:Royal Exhibition Building 3886:"Documenting a Democracy" 3579:The Sydney Morning Herald 3322:The Sydney Morning Herald 2200:The Australian national, 2043:Royal Exhibition Building 1517:Royal Exhibition Building 1203:Collingwood Football Club 1062:down from the centre fly. 817: 787: 770: 765: 763: 761: 759: 756: 695:, in decreasing order of 573: 180: 165: 134: 75: 67: 36: 27: 23: 7312:Flags introduced in 1901 6788:British Windward Islands 6395:List of Australian flags 6096:administrative divisions 6042:Turks and Caicos Islands 5724:Northern Mariana Islands 5507:Van Diemen's Land Ensign 5173:Australian National Flag 4696:, 3 September 2013, p. 2 4670:, 2 September 2010, p. 6 4487:No. S321, 28 August 1996 4152:Kwan, Elizabeth (2006). 3920:13 February 2014 at the 3420:King, Robert J. (1981). 2754:Foley, Carol A. (1996). 2613:Foley, Carol A. (1996). 2494: 2224:, the flags used by the 2100:List of Australian flags 1944:On 4 December 1950, the 1829:Status of the Union Jack 564:Australian National Flag 536:Commonwealth blue ensign 507:is based on the British 191:This article is part of 122:Australian National Flag 6745:British Leeward Islands 5689:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5353:Governors of the States 5308:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4998:Kwan, pp. 131–137. 4980:Kwan, pp. 138–139. 4964:6 February 2009 at the 4948:Kwan, pp. 125–129. 4908:12 January 2009 at the 4889:12 January 2009 at the 4838:"Who is Harold Thomas?" 4518:Kwan, pp. 136–138, 144. 4472:Parliament of Australia 4438:Kwan, pp. 104–105, 109. 4284:5 February 2012 at the 4182:26 January 2005 at the 4102:The Register (Adelaide) 3939:20 October 2014 at the 3884:Commonwealth Document. 3126:Australian Government. 2960:. College of Arms. 2023 2928:Government of Australia 2778:Kwan, Elizabeth. 2006. 2565:No. 8, 20 February 1903 2212:Under Section 5 of the 2088:Australian flag Society 2033:Centenary flag of state 1907:Australian White Ensign 1855:Queen Victoria Building 1500:Commonwealth Government 1308:Saint Patrick's Saltire 1036:up from the centre fly. 994:up from the centre fly. 666:flag of South Australia 511:—a blue field with the 97:; 115 years ago 83:; 121 years ago 7243:National coats of arms 7024:Rhodesia and Nyasaland 6375:Taunton, Massachusetts 6345:Baton Rouge, Louisiana 5946:British Virgin Islands 5502:National Colonial Flag 5291:States and territories 5252:Torres Strait Islander 4957:Hansard. 2 June 1994. 4468:"Flags in the Chamber" 4324:The Status Of The Flag 3236:4 October 2013 at the 2349: 2333:Australian flag debate 2251:was approved by Queen 2242:Royal Air Force Ensign 2209: 2206:Torres Strait Islander 2094:Other Australian flags 2084: 1961: 1858: 1846: 1802: 1760: 1748:Blue versus red ensign 1712: 1597: 1579: 1564: 1477: 1359:National Colonial Flag 1316:National Colonial Flag 1244:. The Prime Minister, 1226:private member's bills 1146: 1119: 855: 220: 111:; 70 years ago 7255:Dependent territories 7229:Dependent territories 6400:List of British flags 5862:Dependent territories 5672:and other territories 5262:Civil Aviation Ensign 5013:14 March 2011 at the 4755:Royal Australian Navy 4506:17 March 2012 at the 3934:Federal Flag and Seal 3924:Elizabeth Kwan Pg 110 3649:The Argus (Melbourne) 3644:"The Australian flag" 2803:No. 18, 23 March 1934 2340: 2226:Royal Australian Navy 2199: 2080: 1956: 1909:on 1 March 1967 (see 1884:Royal Australian Navy 1852: 1836: 1792: 1757:Australian red ensign 1755: 1710: 1684:Harold Septimus Power 1589: 1574: 1559: 1475: 1141: 1117: 1052:of the way right and 1026:of the way right and 853: 262:Monarchy of Australia 219: 81:11 February 1903 7342:Southern Cross flags 6593:external territories 6365:New Castle, Delaware 5472:British Empire flags 5446:Defence Force Ensign 4694:The Queensland Times 4681:The Queensland Times 4668:The Queensland Times 4277:ceremonial parades. 4071:"Flags of the World" 3459:Hill, David (2009). 2413:2000 Summer Olympics 2399:in 1996 established 2347:2000 Summer Olympics 2011:Flag Day (Australia) 1999:New Parliament House 1995:Old Parliament House 1726:7th Earl of Hopetoun 1157:On the death of the 984:of the way left and 968:up from bottom edge. 709:Commonwealth Gazette 606:which represent the 448:World Heritage Sites 95:8 December 1908 7273:Heraldry portal 7114:Straits Settlements 6290:Westmoreland County 5191:, 20 September 1901 5132:on 13 February 2014 4862:Kwan, pp. 116, 126. 4588:(6 February 1890). 4329:31 October 2004 at 4248:14 May 2011 at the 4142:Kwan, 2006, p. 106. 4075:National Geographic 3793:"EXHIBITION OPENED" 3381:parlinfo.aph.gov.au 3296:The Daily Telegraph 2853:Australia. (2002). 1778:National Geographic 1446:The edition of the 1258:2005 Cronulla riots 1010:down from top edge. 672:and Beta Centauri. 624:The white diagonal 275:Arts and literature 120:(designated as the 20: 7327:Flags with cantons 7292:Flags of Australia 6833:East India Company 6760:British Somaliland 6488:independent states 6189:Canadian provinces 5323:Northern Territory 5228:Flags of Australia 5183:Flags of the World 5044:Kwan, p. 144. 5035:Kwan, p. 137. 5026:Kwan, p. 116. 4936:, pp. 46, 53. 4912:, ComLaw database. 4893:, ComLaw database. 4823:7 May 2006 at the 4802:Kwan, pp. 133–135. 4721:"Australian flags" 4707:Warwick Daily News 4629:The Canberra Times 4549:Kwan, pp. 140–141. 4097:"THE EMPIRE FLAGS" 4044:flagsociety.org.au 3508:, pp. 46, 60. 2930:. 17 August 2016. 2888:Australian symbols 2817:Australian symbols 2350: 2210: 1965:Queen Elizabeth II 1859: 1847: 1803: 1761: 1713: 1478: 1312:Acts of Union 1801 1147: 1120: 1042:– 5-pointed star, 1016:– 7-pointed star, 974:– 7-pointed star, 934:in the Union Jack; 871:Flags forming the 856: 658:Territory of Papua 636:St Patrick's Cross 221: 18: 7279: 7278: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7161: 7146: 7133: 7118: 7103: 7099:Southern Rhodesia 7088: 7073: 7058: 7043: 7028: 7013: 6998: 6983: 6968: 6955: 6940: 6925: 6912: 6897: 6882: 6867: 6852: 6837: 6822: 6807: 6792: 6777: 6764: 6749: 6734: 6719: 6691: 6659: 6627: 6612: 6582: 6567: 6552: 6537: 6522: 6507: 6383: 6382: 6298: 6297: 6179:Western Australia 6104:Australian states 6092:States, provinces 6087: 6086: 5747: 5746: 5739:Wallis and Futuna 5647:Associated states 5525: 5524: 5348:Western Australia 5061:. 25 January 2018 4811:Harold Thomas in 4757:. 5 November 2014 4537:, pp. 35–36. 4163:978-0-86840-567-4 3601:, pp. 63–64. 3523:, pp. 60–62. 3472:978-1-74166-800-1 2421:Commonwealth Star 2280:Indigenous people 2191:(proclaimed 2000) 1720:(the wife of the 1661: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1536:, an artist from 1508:Review of Reviews 1504:Review of Reviews 1488:Australian pounds 1448:Review of Reviews 1415:Murray River Flag 1337:Murray River Flag 950:Commonwealth Star 932:St George's Cross 905:Commonwealth Star 835: 834: 701:British Admiralty 654:Commonwealth Star 634:The red diagonal 626:St Andrew's Cross 616:St George's Cross 593:Commonwealth Star 517:Commonwealth Star 497: 496: 206: 184: 183: 147:Commonwealth Star 109:8 April 1954 19:Flag of Australia 7349: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7250:Sovereign states 7224:Sovereign states 7199: 7192: 7185: 7176: 7175: 7159: 7155: 7154: 7144: 7140: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7041: 7037: 7036: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7011: 7007: 7006: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6966: 6962: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6938: 6934: 6933: 6923: 6919: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6880: 6876: 6875: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6805: 6801: 6800: 6790: 6786: 6785: 6775: 6771: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6747: 6743: 6742: 6732: 6730:British Cameroon 6728: 6727: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6657: 6653: 6625: 6621: 6620: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6505: 6501: 6500: 6479: 6478: 6462: 6461: 6450: 6449: 6438: 6437: 6423: 6422: 6413: 6412: 6373: 6372: 6363: 6362: 6353: 6352: 6343: 6342: 6320: 6319: 6307: 6306: 6288: 6287: 6276: 6275: 6251: 6250: 6226: 6225: 6214: 6213: 6204:British Columbia 6202: 6201: 6177: 6176: 6165: 6164: 6153: 6152: 6141: 6140: 6129: 6128: 6117: 6116: 6100: 6099: 6077: 6076: 6065: 6064: 6040: 6039: 6030:Tristan da Cunha 6028: 6027: 6016: 6015: 6004: 6003: 5994:Pitcairn Islands 5992: 5991: 5980: 5979: 5970:Falkland Islands 5968: 5967: 5956: 5955: 5944: 5943: 5932: 5931: 5920: 5919: 5908: 5907: 5898:Ascension Island 5896: 5895: 5884: 5883: 5867: 5866: 5850: 5849: 5838: 5837: 5826: 5825: 5814: 5813: 5802: 5801: 5789:Sovereign states 5774: 5767: 5760: 5751: 5750: 5729:Pitcairn Islands 5699:French Polynesia 5684:Christmas Island 5613:Papua New Guinea 5593:Marshall Islands 5566:Sovereign states 5559:Flags of Oceania 5552: 5545: 5538: 5529: 5528: 5451:Air Force Ensign 5383:Cities and towns 5303:Christmas Island 5272:Governor-General 5221: 5214: 5207: 5198: 5197: 5161: 5160: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5125:. 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6334: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6313: 6311: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6280: 6267: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6242: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6218: 6206: 6193: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6169: 6157: 6145: 6133: 6121: 6108: 6106: 6097: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6069: 6056: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6032: 6020: 6008: 5996: 5984: 5972: 5960: 5958:Cayman Islands 5948: 5936: 5924: 5912: 5900: 5888: 5875: 5873: 5871:United Kingdom 5864: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5852:United Kingdom 5842: 5830: 5818: 5806: 5793: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5777: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5754: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5719:Norfolk Island 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5679:American Samoa 5675: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5652: 5650: 5649:of New Zealand 5644: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5555: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5318:Norfolk Island 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5224: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5185: 5176: 5168: 5167:External links 5165: 5163: 5162: 5143: 5107: 5081: 5072: 5046: 5037: 5028: 5019: 5000: 4991: 4982: 4970: 4950: 4938: 4926: 4914: 4895: 4876: 4864: 4855: 4829: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4768: 4742: 4725:www.pmc.gov.au 4711: 4698: 4685: 4672: 4659: 4646: 4633: 4620: 4611: 4599: 4594:Foundation1901 4577: 4575:, p. 140. 4565: 4551: 4539: 4520: 4511: 4489: 4477: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4424:Flags Act 1953 4416: 4409:Flags Act 1953 4401: 4394:Flags Act 1953 4383: 4371: 4362: 4360:Kwan, pp.96–97 4353: 4344: 4335: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4269: 4254: 4235: 4223: 4212:. p. 22. 4197: 4188: 4169: 4162: 4144: 4135: 4116: 4088: 4061: 4031: 4022: 4000: 3988:www.awm.gov.au 3975: 3958: 3945: 3926: 3907: 3896:on 2 June 2008 3865: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3812: 3784: 3753: 3732: 3720: 3688: 3663: 3632: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3565: 3544: 3525: 3510: 3498: 3471: 3451: 3412: 3393: 3368: 3347: 3335: 3309: 3280: 3249: 3222: 3210: 3193:www.pmc.gov.au 3180: 3149: 3118: 3101: 3086: 3069: 3057: 3042: 3015: 3003: 2991: 2984:Flags Act 1953 2971: 2945: 2911: 2896: 2878: 2863: 2840: 2825: 2807: 2792: 2771: 2764: 2746: 2720: 2705: 2683: 2660: 2643:www.aph.gov.au 2630: 2623: 2605: 2593: 2567: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2537:978-0642471345 2536: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2465: 2449: 2446: 2425:Southern Cross 2331:Main article: 2328: 2325: 2272:reconciliation 2214:Flags Act 1953 2194: 2193: 2187: 2180: 2178: 2172: 2165: 2163: 2157: 2150: 2148: 2146:(adopted 1967) 2142: 2135: 2133: 2127: 2120: 2118: 2112: 2105: 2098:Main article: 2095: 2092: 2071: 2068: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2009:Main article: 2006: 2003: 1974:Flags Act 1953 1949:Robert Menzies 1946:Prime Minister 1920:King George VI 1867:Richard Crouch 1830: 1827: 1807:Flags Act 1953 1795:Flags Act 1953 1749: 1746: 1699: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1681: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1665:Victorian flag 1659: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1646: 1638: 1626: 1625: 1618: 1611: 1461: 1454: 1453: 1445: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1429:Main article: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1392: 1390: 1385: 1378: 1376: 1371: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1297:Arthur Phillip 1273: 1270: 1262:Bronwyn Bishop 1230:National Party 1218:Arthur Calwell 1194: 1193: 1186: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1162: 1111: 1108: 1064: 1063: 1040:Epsilon Crucis 1037: 1011: 995: 969: 953: 943: 942: 939:Southern Cross 935: 927: 922:) next to the 910: 909: 902: 895: 893: 889:Southern Cross 886: 879: 877: 869: 862: 860: 847: 844: 840:United Kingdom 833: 832: 830: 827: 824: 823:100%–80%–0%–0% 821: 815: 814: 812: 807: 802: 797: 785: 784: 782: 780: 777: 774: 768: 767: 764: 762: 760: 758: 754: 753: 751: 749: 747: 745: 716: 713: 693:Greek alphabet 681:constellations 677:Southern Cross 647:British Empire 643: 642: 632: 622: 585:Southern Cross 580: 577: 575: 572: 558:Flags Act 1953 529:official flags 521:Southern Cross 495: 494: 492: 491: 484: 477: 469: 466: 465: 453: 452: 451: 450: 445: 439: 434: 429: 424: 416: 415: 411: 410: 409: 408: 403: 398: 393: 392: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 361: 356: 351: 346: 338: 337: 333: 332: 331: 330: 329: 328: 323: 318: 313: 302: 301: 300: 290: 285: 277: 276: 272: 271: 270: 269: 264: 259: 258: 257: 252: 241: 236: 228: 227: 223: 222: 212: 211: 199: 198: 182: 181: 178: 177: 167: 163: 162: 155:Southern Cross 136: 132: 131: 130: 129: 107: 93: 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 40: 34: 33: 25: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7354: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7274: 7262: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7210:coats of arms 7207: 7200: 7195: 7193: 7188: 7186: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6656: 6655:Western Samoa 6652: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6588: 6579: 6578:United States 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6473: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6418: 6416: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388:Miscellaneous 6386: 6376: 6368: 6366: 6358: 6356: 6348: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331:United States 6329: 6323: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6090: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5775: 5770: 5768: 5763: 5761: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5714:New Caledonia 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5694:Easter Island 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5548: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5242:National flag 5240: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5128: 5124: 5117: 5111: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5076: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5004: 4995: 4986: 4977: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4954: 4945: 4943: 4935: 4930: 4924:, p. 44. 4923: 4918: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4880: 4874:, p. 41. 4873: 4868: 4859: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4814: 4808: 4799: 4797: 4790:, p. 38. 4789: 4784: 4778:, p. 52. 4777: 4772: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4702: 4695: 4689: 4682: 4676: 4669: 4663: 4656: 4650: 4643: 4637: 4630: 4624: 4615: 4608: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4586:Parkes, Henry 4581: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4546: 4544: 4536: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4515: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4486: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4453: 4444: 4435: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4381:Kwan, p. 106. 4378: 4376: 4366: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4332: 4331:archive.today 4328: 4325: 4320: 4311: 4302: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4273: 4267:, p. 69. 4266: 4261: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4230: 4228: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4195:Kwan, p. 113. 4192: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4139: 4133:, p. 66. 4132: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4092: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4026: 4010: 4004: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3973:, p. 42. 3972: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3955: 3949: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3911: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3860: 3851: 3842: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3800: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3781: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3751:, p. 65. 3750: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3730:, p. 36. 3729: 3724: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3686:, p. 64. 3685: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3630:, p. 63. 3629: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3600: 3595: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3563:, p. 61. 3562: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3542:, p. 62. 3541: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3507: 3502: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3410:, p. 60. 3409: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3357: 3351: 3344: 3339: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3284: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3220:, p. 18. 3219: 3214: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3116:, p. 23. 3115: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3087:9780644040464 3083: 3079: 3073: 3067:, p. 20. 3066: 3061: 3055:, p. 26. 3054: 3049: 3047: 3040:, p. 10. 3039: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3012: 3007: 3000: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2864:9780701636470 2860: 2856: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2826:9780642471314 2822: 2818: 2811: 2804: 2801: 2796: 2789: 2788:0-86840-567-1 2785: 2781: 2775: 2767: 2765:9781862871885 2761: 2757: 2750: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2706:9780642471345 2702: 2698: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2657: 2645:. 7 July 2007 2644: 2640: 2634: 2626: 2624:9781862871885 2620: 2616: 2609: 2602: 2597: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2552: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2526: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2452: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417:Australia Day 2414: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2284:Harold Thomas 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2262:In 1995, the 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2190: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2091: 2089: 2083: 2079: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1863:Olympic Games 1856: 1851: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1815: 1813: 1808: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1758: 1754: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1737:Edmund Barton 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1696: 1685: 1678: 1669: 1666: 1652: 1647: 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