2971:
6900:
6268:
6201:, introducing significant reforms and expanding the federal budget. Welfare benefits were extended and payment rates increased, a national health insurance scheme was introduced, and divorce laws liberalised. Commonwealth expenditure on schools trebled in the two years to mid-1975 and the Commonwealth assumed responsibility for funding higher education, abolishing tuition fees. In foreign affairs, the new government prioritised the Asia Pacific region, formally abolishing the White Australia Policy, recognising Communist China and enhancing ties with Indonesia. Conscription was abolished and the remaining Australian troops in Vietnam withdrawn. The Australian national anthem was changed from God Save the Queen to Advance Australia Fair, the imperial honours system was replaced at the Commonwealth level by the Order of Australia, and Queen Elizabeth II was officially styled Queen of Australia. Relations with the US, however, became strained after government members criticised the resumption of the US bombing campaign in North Vietnam.
2192:
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espoused a policy of administrative competence and economic austerity leavened by progressive humanitarian, social and environmental interventions. The government enacted the
Whitlam government's land rights bill with few changes, increased immigration, and resettled Indochinese refugees. It promoted multiculturalism and in 1978 established the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) as a multicultural broadcaster. In foreign policy, the government continued Labor's friendly relations with China and Indonesia, repaired the frayed relationship with the US and opposed white minority rule in South Africa and Rhodesia. Environmental policies included banning resource development on Fraser Island and the Great Barrier Reef, creating Kakadu National Park and banning whaling. However, the government refused to use Commonwealth powers to stop the construction of the
2513:
2146:
7090:
7408:, holding that Indigenous native title survived reception of English law and continued to exist unless extinguished by conflicting law or interests in land. The Keating government passed a Native Title Act in 1993 to regulate native title claims and established a Native Title Tribunal to hear those claims. In the subsequent Wik decision of 1996, the High Court found that a pastoral lease did not necessarily extinguish native title. In response, the Howard government amended the Native Title Act to provide better protection for pastoralists and others with an interest in land. By March 2019 the Native Titles Tribunal had determined that 375 Indigenous communities had established native title over 39 per cent of the Australian continent, with one third under exclusive title.
6422:
6316:
6634:
3591:
2626:
3754:
3202:
2036:) in 1803, partly to forestall a possible French settlement. The British settlement of the island soon centred on Launceston in the north and Hobart in the south. From the 1820s free settlers were encouraged by the offer of land grants in proportion to the capital the settlers would bring. Van Diemen's Land became a separate colony from New South Wales in December 1825 and continued to expand through the 1830s, supported by farming, sheep grazing and whaling. Following the suspension of convict transportation to New South Wales in 1840, Van Diemen's land became the main destination for convicts. Transportation to Van Diemen's Land ended in 1853 and in 1856 the colony officially changed its name to Tasmania.
5367:, formed in October 1941, that was largely responsible for "a complete revision of the whole Australian economic, domestic and industrial life". Rationing of fuel, clothing and some food was introduced, (although less severely than in Britain) Christmas holidays curtailed, "brown outs" introduced and some public transport reduced. From December 1941, the Government evacuated all women and children from Darwin and northern Australia, and more than 10,000 refugees arrived from South East Asia as Japan advanced. In January 1942, the Manpower Directorate was set up "to ensure the organisation of Australians in the best possible way to meet all defence requirements." Minister for War Organisation of Industry,
3050:
4534:, proposed a radical plan which repudiated overseas debt. The "Premier's Plan" finally accepted by federal and state governments in June 1931, followed the deflationary model advocated by Niemeyer and included a reduction of 20 per cent in government spending, a reduction in bank interest rates and an increase in taxation. In March 1931, Lang announced that interest due in London would not be paid and the Federal government stepped in to meet the debt. In May, the Government Savings Bank of New South Wales was forced to close. The Melbourne Premiers' Conference agreed to cut wages and pensions as part of a severe deflationary policy but Lang renounced the plan. The grand opening of the
4607:, Lyons held a steadfast belief in "the need to balance budgets, lower costs to business and restore confidence" and the Lyons period gave Australia "stability and eventual growth" between the drama of the Depression and the outbreak of the Second World War. A lowering of wages was enforced and industry tariff protections maintained, which together with cheaper raw materials during the 1930s saw a shift from agriculture to manufacturing as the chief employer of the Australian economyβa shift which was consolidated by increased investment by the commonwealth government into defence and armaments manufacture. Lyons saw restoration of Australia's exports as the key to economic recovery.
5691:
3983:
1542:
3281:
2376:
1134:
1220:
2939:
1318:
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7894:, were written to influence public opinion and British policy in the colony. After the Australian colonies became self-governing in the 1850s, colonial governments commissioned histories aimed at promoting migration and investment from Britain. The beginning of professional academic history in Australian universities from 1891 saw the dominance of an Imperial framework for interpreting Australian history, in which Australia emerged from the successful transfer of people, institutions, and culture from Britain. Typical of the imperial school of Australian history was the Australian volume of the
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4473:
7508:
6798:
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1861:
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830:
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6047:: "seemed shattering to most Australians, particularly to older people and conservatives." Carl Bridge, however, points out that Australia had been "hedging its British bets" for some time. The ANZUS treaty and Australia's decision to enter the Vietnam War did not involve Britain and by 1967 Japan was Australia's leading export partner and the US her largest source of imports. According to Bridge, Australia's decision not to follow Britain's devaluation of her currency in 1967 "marked the demise of British Australia."
5811:
dramatic increases in home ownership, and by the sixties, Australia had the most equitable spread of income in the world. By the beginning of the sixties, an
Australia-wide McNair survey estimated that 94% of homes had a fridge, 50% a telephone, 55% a television, 60% a washing machine, and 73% a vacuum cleaner. In addition, most households had now acquired a car. According to one study, "In 1946, there was one car for every 14 Australians; by 1960, it was one to 3.5. The vast majority of families had access to a car."
3579:
5303:
1821:, but a building program, assisted by convict labour, advanced steadily. Between 1788 and 1792, convicts and their gaolers made up the majority of the population; however, a free population soon began to grow, consisting of emancipated convicts, locally born children, soldiers whose military service had expired and, finally, free settlers from Britain. Governor Phillip departed the colony for England on 11 December 1792, with the new settlement having survived near starvation and immense isolation for four years.
4859:
6614:
3131:
6355:
6062:
4875:
4416:
8060:'s ideas on the relationship between memory and history influenced work in a number of fields including military history, ethnographic history, oral history and historical work in Australian museums. Interdisciplinary histories drawing on the insights of fields such as sociology, anthropology, cultural studies and environmental studies have become more common since the 1980s. Transnational approaches which analyse Australian history in a global and regional context have also flourished in recent decades.
1956:
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4977:
4799:
589:
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2821:
5699:
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and
Protection Boards with extensive powers to regulate the lives of Aboriginal Australians including their ownership of property, place of residence, employment, sexual relationships and custody of their children. Reserves were established, ostensibly for the protection of the Aboriginal population who had been dispossessed of their land. Church groups also ran missions throughout Australia providing shelter, food, religious instruction and elementary schooling for Indigenous people.
3946:, and Australia obtained a special League of Nations mandate over German New Guinea allowing Australia to control trade and immigration. Australia also gained a 42 per cent share of the formerly German-ruled island of Nauru, giving access to its rich superphosphate reserves. Australia argued successfully against a Japanese proposal for a racial equality clause in the League of Nations covenant, as Hughes feared that it would jeopardise the White Australia policy. As a signatory to the
4752:
2674:
2757:
2040:
1434:
1034:
5775:
3127:, the most famous bushrangers, were the sons of impoverished small farmers). The exploits of Ned Kelly and his gang garnered considerable local community support and extensive national press coverage at the time. After Kelly's capture and execution for murder in 1880 his story inspired numerous works of art, literature and popular culture and continuing debate about the extent to which he was a rebel fighting social injustice and oppressive police, or a murderous criminal.
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2075:
5992:
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3663:, Labor won a majority in both houses of parliament and Fisher again became prime minister. The Labor government introduced a series of reforms including a progressive land tax (1910), invalid pensions (1910) and a maternity allowance (1912). The government established the Commonwealth Bank (1911) but referendums to nationalise monopolies and extend Commonwealth trade and commerce powers were defeated in 1911 and 1913. The Commonwealth took over responsibility for the
5439:
3012:
7550:
against
Australian Muslims and some other minority ethnic groups. The government increased funding for multicultural, citizenship and settlement programs, with an emphasis on the promotion of social cohesion and security. The annual immigration intake also increased substantially as the economy boomed, from 67,900 in 1998β99 to 148,200 in 2006β07. The proportion of migrants selected for their skills increased from 30 per cent in 1995β96 to 68 per cent in 2006β07.
7229:
7491:
disadvantage and should be encouraged to understand and embrace other cultures." In response to the report, the Fraser government expanded funding for settlement services, established the
Australian Institute of Multicultural Affairs (AIMA), funded multicultural and community language education programs in schools and established the multi-lingual Special Broadcasting Service (SBS). State and territory government programs to support multiculturalism followed.
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conditions were deteriorating. The second oil shock in 1979 increased inflation which was exacerbated by a boom in commodity prices and a sharp increase in real wages. An international recession, the collapse of the resources boom and a severe drought in eastern
Australia saw unemployment rise. The government responded with Keynesian deficit spending in its 1982 Budget, but by 1983 both unemployment and annual inflation exceeded 10 per cent. At the
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4026:
6338:
an Accord with trade unions under which wage demands would be curtailed in return for increased social benefits. Welfare payments were increased and better targeted to those on low incomes, and a retirement benefits scheme (superannuation) was extended to most employees. A new universal health insurance scheme, Medicare, was introduced. The
Treasurer Paul Keating oversaw a program of deregulation and micro-economic reforms which broke with the
7663:
5122:
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517:
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2227:
107:
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6228:, the Senate remained an obstacle to its political agenda. The government's popularity was also harmed by deteriorating economic conditions and a series of political scandals. Increased government spending, rapid wage growth, booming commodity prices and the first OPEC oil shock led to economic instability. The unemployment rate reached post-war high of 3.6 per cent in late 1974 and the annual inflation rate hit 17 per cent.
3310:
5088:
4587:
4638:, 41.3 per cent of men and 20.7 per cent of women were listed as unemployed. Geoffrey Spenceley stated that apart from variation between men and women, unemployment was also much higher in some industries, such as the building and construction industry, and comparatively low in the public administrative and professional sectors. In country areas, worst hit were small farmers in the wheat belts as far afield as north-east
5146:, to formulate a Pacific defence plan with Australia in March 1942. Curtin agreed to place Australian forces under the command of General MacArthur, who became "Supreme Commander of the South West Pacific". Curtin had thus presided over a fundamental shift in Australia's foreign policy. MacArthur moved his headquarters to Melbourne in March 1942 and American troops began massing in Australia. In late May 1942, Japanese
1625:(1775β1783) saw Britain lose most of its North American colonies and consider establishing replacement territories. Britain had transported about 50,000 convicts to the New World from 1718 to 1775 and was now searching for an alternative. The temporary solution of floating prison hulks had reached capacity and was a public health hazard, while the option of building more jails and workhouses was deemed too expensive.
1830:
1655:, who had also travelled with Cook, produced a new plan for colonising New South Wales in 1783. Matra argued that the country was suitable for plantations of sugar, cotton and tobacco; New Zealand timber and hemp or flax could prove valuable commodities; it could form a base for Pacific trade; and it could be a suitable compensation for displaced American Loyalists. Following an interview with Secretary of State
7554:
head of population. India and China became the largest source countries of new migrants. The immigration intake was reduced to 160,000 in 2018β19 as some State governments complained that high immigration was adding to urban congestion. The opposition also linked high immigration with low wages growth while the One Nation party continued to oppose high immigration while proclaiming: "It's okay to be white.".
2876:
employment, education and place of residence of
Aboriginal Victorians, and closely managed the five reserves and missions established since self government in 1858. In 1886, the protection board gained the power to exclude "half caste" Aboriginal people from missions and stations. The Victorian legislation was the forerunner of the racial segregation policies of other Australian governments from the 1890s.
2210:. Emancipists were granted small plots of land for farming and a year of government rations. Later they were assigned convict labour to help them work their farms. Some convicts were assigned to military officers to run their businesses. These convicts learnt commercial skills which could help them work for themselves when their sentence ended or they were granted a "ticket of leave" (a form of parole).
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4627:
third is far too low." Potts himself though suggested a peak national figure of 25 per cent unemployed. Measurement is difficult in part because there was great variation, geographically, by age and by gender, in the level of unemployment. Statistics collected by historian Peter
Spearritt show 17.8 per cent of men and 7.9 per cent of women unemployed in 1933 in the comfortable Sydney suburb of
4511:, and his largely inexperienced government were almost immediately faced with a series of crises. Hamstrung by their lack of control of the Senate, a lack of control of the banking system and divisions within their party about how best to deal with the situation, the government was forced to accept solutions that eventually split the party, as it had in 1917. Some gravitated to New South Wales
24:
5311:
4611:
3636:
3507:
1598:, no longer incognita, as this Map demonstrates, but the Southern Continent Discovered. It lies precisely in the richest climates of the World... and therefore whoever perfectly discovers and settles it will become infalliably possessed of Territories as Rich, as fruitful, and as capable of Improvement, as any that have hitherto been found out, either in the East Indies or the West.
4051:
7420:
report of the Royal
Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody in April 1991. The Keating government responded with $ 400 million in new spending to address some of the recommendations of the report. However, by 2001 Indigenous incarceration rates and deaths in custody had increased. Deaths in custody continued at an average of 15 per year during the decade to 2018.
7416:(or homelands), particularly in Arnhem Land and Central Australia. The movement to outstations was associated with a wider trend for the revival of traditional culture. However, the expense of providing infrastructure to small remote communities has seen pressure from federal, state and territory governments to redirect funding towards larger Indigenous communities.
5848:
has recalled life for a child in a new outer suburb of Melbourne as having a kind of joyous excitement. "Our imaginations saved us from finding life too humdrum, as did the wild freedom of being able to roam far and wide in different kinds of (neighbouring) bushland...Children in the suburbs found space in backyards, streets and lanes, playgrounds and reserves..."
4040:
2927:. campaigned for a greater degree of self-government, although there were divisions about the extent to which a future legislative body should be popularly elected. Other issues included traditional British political rights, land policy, transportation and whether a large population of convicts and former convicts could be trusted with self-government. The
7495:
social cohesion. In 1988, the opposition Leader, John Howard called for the abandonment of multiculturalism, a reduction in Asian immigration, and a focus on 'One Australia'. In the same year, the government's FitzGerald review of immigration recommended a sharper economic focus in the selection of immigrants. In 1989, the Hawke government released its
5084:
Government... regards the Pacific struggle as primarily one in which the United States and Australia must have the fullest say in the direction of the democracies' fighting plan. Without inhibitions of any kind, I make it clear that Australia looks to America, free of any pangs as to our traditional links or kinship with the United Kingdom."
4699:
Aboriginal people lived on reserves in the 1920s. The majority lived in camps on the fringes of country towns and a small percentage lived in cities. During the Great Depression more Aboriginal people moved to reserves and missions for food and shelter. By 1941 almost half of the Aboriginal population of New South Wales lived on reserves.
7911:(1921β42). Bean's earlier work as Australia's official war correspondent had helped establish the Anzac legend which, according to McKenna: "immediately supplanted all other narratives of nationhood β the march of the explorers, the advance of settlement, Eureka, Federation and Australia's record of progressive democratic legislation."
7251:
restricted. Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory banned Aboriginal people from voting and Queensland and Western Australia controlled their right to marry. Aboriginals were often subjected to unofficial "colour bars" restricting their access to many goods, services and public facilities, especially in country towns.
1679:
the navy, and the desirability of strategic ports in the region β were paramount. Christopher and Maxwell-Stewart argue that whatever the government's original motives were in establishing the colony, by the 1790s it had at least achieved the imperial objective of providing a harbour where vessels could be careened and resupplied.
3077:
suffrage, and the right to stand for office, was first won in South Australia in 1895. Women won the vote in Western Australia in 1899, with racial restrictions. Women in the rest of Australia only won full rights to vote and to stand for elected office in the decade after Federation, although there were some racial restrictions.
2218:
isolated penal settlements were established as places of secondary punishment, the rules for tickets of leave were tightened, and land grants were skewed to favour free settlers with large capital. As a result, convicts who arrived after 1820 were far less likely to become property owners, to marry, and to establish families.
4661:, a young New South Welshman of just 21 years of age wrote his name into the record books by smashing the previous highest batting score in first-class cricket with 452 runs not out in just 415 minutes. The rising star's world beating cricketing exploits were to provide Australians with much needed joy through the emerging
7324:
2413:
2353:, founded in 1838, provided hospitals, orphanages and asylums for the old and disabled. Religious organisations were also the main providers of school education in the first half of the nineteenth century, a notable example being Lang's Australian College which opened in 1831. Many religious associations, such as the
4179:, a balance of trade was not successfully achieved with Britain. "In the five years from 1924. .. to ... 1928, Australia bought 43.4% of its imports from Britain and sold 38.7% of its exports. Wheat and wool made up more than two-thirds of all Australian exports", a dangerous reliance on just two export commodities.
6927:, boat turnbacks, the reintroduction of temporary protection visas, and the resettlement in third countries of those found to be refugees. The number of people arriving by boat fell from 20,587 in 2013 to none in 2015. The government continued Australia's economic engagement with Asia, signing trade agreements with
7358:, the first indigenous Australian to hold vice-regal office. By the 2020s, Aboriginal representation in the federal parliament had exceeded the proportion of Aboriginal people in the general population, and Australia had its first Aboriginal leader of a state or territory in 2016, when the Country Liberal Party's
5988:, in 1954. He made the following remarks during a light-hearted speech to an American audience in New York, while on his way to attend her coronation in 1953: "We in Australia, of course, are British, if I may say so, to the boot heels...but we stand together β our people stand together β till the crack of doom."
4631:. This is not to say that 81.9 per cent of women were working but that 7.9 per cent of the women interested/looking for work were unable to find it, a much lower figure than maybe first thought, as many women stayed home and were not in the job force in those years, especially if they were unable to find work.
7461:
qualification. 68 per cent of women aged 20β74 years old participated in the labour force, compared with 78 per cent of men. However, 43 per cent of employed women were working part-time, compared with 16 per cent of men, and the average earnings of women working full-time was 14 per cent below that of men.
1764:. The colony was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Phillip described as being, 'with out exception the finest Harbour in the World Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security'.
6026:, the dominant theme in Australia's foreign policy under Australia's LiberalβCountry Party governments of the 1950s and 1960s was anti-communism. Another former diplomat, Gregory Clark, suggested that it was specifically a fear of China that drove Australian foreign policy decisions for twenty years. The
4719:... efforts of all State authorities should be directed towards the education of children of mixed aboriginal blood at white standards, and their subsequent employment under the same conditions as whites with a view to their taking their place in the white community on an equal footing with the whites.
2989:. Further discoveries were made later that year in Victoria, where the richest gold fields were found. New South Wales and Victoria introduced a gold mining licence with a monthly fee, the revenue being used to offset the cost of providing infrastructure, administration and policing of the goldfields.
1793:
overseas were scarce. Between 1788 and 1792 about 3546 male and 766 female convicts were landed at Sydney. Many new arrivals were sick or unfit for work and the condition of healthy convicts also deteriorated due to the hard labour and poor food. The food situation reached crisis point in 1790 and the
7553:
Immigration continued to grow under the Labor government (2007β13) with prime minister Kevin Rudd proclaiming a "big Australia" policy. The immigration intake averaged around 190,000 a year from 2011β12 to 2015β16, a level based on research indicating the optimum level to increase economic output per
7411:
From 1960 the Indigenous population grew faster than the Australian population as a whole. The Aboriginal population was 106,000 in 1961 (1 per cent of the total population) but by 2016 had grown to 786,900 (3 per cent of the population) with a third living in major cities. Despite the drift to large
6808:
The government changed its predecessor's asylum seeker policy by closing the Nauru processing centre, abolished temporary protection visas and improving the legal rights and processing time for applicants for asylum. However, unauthorised arrivals by boat increased sharply from 2009 and the number in
6720:
By 2007, the Howard government was consistently trailing the Labor opposition in opinion polls, with key issues being rising interest rates, the unpopular Work Choices industrial relations reforms, and climate change policy. There were also leadership tensions between Howard and Costello, and opinion
6696:
In foreign affairs, the government advocated a policy of "Asia first, but not Asia only", emphasising traditional links to the Commonwealth and the US. Relations with Indonesia became strained over East Timor but generally improved after the Bali bombings. Australia's support of US policy during the
5378:
Manufacturing grew significantly because of the war. "In 1939, there were only three Australian firms producing machine tools, but by 1943 there were more than one hundred doing so." From having few front line aircraft in 1939, the RAAF had become the fourth largest allied Air force by 1945. A number
5083:
sent to defend Singapore were sunk soon afterwards. Australia was ill-prepared for an attack, lacking armaments, modern fighter aircraft, heavy bombers, and aircraft carriers. While demanding reinforcements from Churchill, on 27 December 1941 Curtin published an historic announcement: "The Australian
4702:
In northern Australia, the majority of employed Aboriginal people worked in the pastoral industry where they lived in camps, often with their extended families. Many also camped on the margins of towns and reserves where they could avoid most of the controls imposed by the administrators of reserves,
4698:
The segregation of Aboriginal people on reserves and in institutions was never systematically accomplished due to funding constraints, differing policy priorities in the states and territories, and resistance from Aboriginal people. In the more densely settled areas of Australia, about 20 per cent of
4690:
Following federation Aboriginal affairs was a state responsibility, although the Commonwealth became responsible for the Aboriginal population of the Northern Territory from 1911. By that date the Commonwealth and all states except Tasmania had passed legislation establishing Protectors of Aborigines
3227:
In 1890, a strike in the shipping industry spread to wharves, railways, mines and shearing sheds. Employers responded by locking out workers and employing non-union labour, and colonial governments intervened with police and troops. The strike failed, as did subsequent strikes of shearers in 1891 and
2883:
Foreign pearlers moved into the Torres Strait Islands from 1868 bringing exotic diseases which halved the Indigenous population. In 1871, the London Missionary Society began operating in the islands and most Torres Strait Islanders converted to Christianity which they considered compatible with their
2799:
units, and newly developed revolvers and breech-loaded guns. Conflict was particularly intense in NSW in the 1840s and in Queensland from 1860 to 1880. In central Australia, it is estimated that 650 to 850 Aboriginal people, out of a population of 4,500, were killed by colonists from 1860 to 1895. In
2654:
Other introduced diseases such as measles, influenza, typhoid and tuberculosis also resulted in high death rates in Aboriginal communities. Butlin estimates that the Aboriginal population in the area of modern Victoria was around 50,000 in 1788 before two smallpox outbreaks reduced it to about 12,500
2621:
When the First Fleet arrived in Sydney Cove with some 1,300 colonists in January 1788 the Aboriginal population of the Sydney region is estimated to have been about 3,000 people. The first governor of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip, arrived with instructions to: "endeavour by every possible means to
1662:
The major alternative to Botany Bay was sending convicts to Africa. From 1775 convicts had been sent to garrison British forts in west Africa, but the experiment had proved unsuccessful. In 1783, the Pitt government considered exiling convicts to a small river island in Gambia where they could form a
1161:
Aboriginal groups were semi-nomadic, generally ranging over a specific territory defined by natural features. Members of a group would enter the territory of another group through rights established by marriage and kinship or by invitation for specific purposes such as ceremonies and sharing abundant
7545:
In 1996, Pauline Hanson, a newly elected independent member of parliament, called for a cut in Asian immigration and an end to multiculturalism. In 1998, her One Nation Party gained 23 per cent of the vote in the Queensland elections. The Howard government (1996 to 2007) initially abolished a number
7485:
In 1961, just over 90 per cent of the Australian population had been born in Australia, New Zealand, the UK or Ireland. Another eight per cent had been born in continental Europe. The White Australia policy was in force and migrants were expected to assimilate into the Australian way of life. As the
7004:
In foreign affairs, Australia signed a refugee exchange deal with the US in September 2016, allowing those in detention on Manus Island and Nauru to be settled in the US. There was increased tension with China over its policies in the South China Sea, Australia's new laws targeting foreign influence
6712:
The economy continued its uninterrupted expansion since the early 1990s recession, with record jobs growth and the lowest unemployment rates since the 1970s. Exports, imports and foreign investment grew, and China became Australia's second largest trading partner after Japan. The coalition delivered
6298:
On the economic front, the Fraser government followed a "fight inflation first" strategy centred on budget cuts and wage restraint. Welfare benefits were restricted, the universal healthcare system was partially dismantled, and university funding per student cut. However, by the early 1980s economic
6204:
In Indigenous affairs, the government introduced a policy of self-determination for Aboriginal people in economic, social and political affairs. Federal expenditure on Aboriginal services increased from $ 23 million to $ 141 million during the three years of the government. One of the first acts of
6109:
expressed his government's support for the US and its role in Vietnam in particular. "I don't know where people would choose to look for the security of this country were it not for the friendship and strength of the United States." While on a visit in the same year to the US, Holt assured President
5951:
Summarising the policy of assimilation and forced removals of Aboriginal children of mixed descent, Richard Broome concludes: "Even though the children's material conditions and Western education may have been improved by removal, even though some removals were necessary, and even though some people
5928:
During this period, the policy of assimilation attracted increasing criticism from Aboriginal people and their supporters on the grounds of its negative effects on Aboriginal families and its denial of Aboriginal cultural autonomy. Removals of Aboriginal children of mixed descent from their families
5798:
In the 1960s, about 60 per cent of Australian manufacturing was protected by tariffs. Pressure from business interests and the union movement ensured these remained high. Historian Geoffrey Bolton suggests that this high tariff protection of the 1960s caused some industries to "lapse into lethargy",
5718:
wrote "If the experience of the Pacific War has taught us one thing, it surely is that seven million Australians cannot hold three million square miles of this earth's surface indefinitely." All political parties shared the view that the country must "populate or perish". Calwell stated a preference
5374:
In May 1942 uniform tax laws were introduced in Australia, ending state governments' control of income taxation. "The significance of this decision was greater than any other... made throughout the war, as it added extensive powers to the Federal Government and greatly reduced the financial autonomy
4723:
The following decades saw an increase in the number of Aboriginal Australians of mixed descent removed from their families, although the states and territories progressively adopted a policy of cultural, rather than biological, assimilation, and justified removals on the grounds of child welfare. In
3876:
By the time the war ended on 11 November 1918, 324,000 Australians had served overseas. Casualties included 60,000 dead and 150,000 woundedβthe highest casualty rate of any allied force. Australian troops also had higher rates of unauthorised absence, crime and imprisonment than other allied forces.
3614:
In July 1905, Deakin formed a Protectionist government with the support of Labor. The new government embarked on a series of social reforms and a program dubbed "new protection" under which tariff protection for Australian industries would be linked to their provision of "fair and reasonable" wages.
3476:
Referendums held in 1898 resulted in solid majorities for the constitution in Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. However, the referendum failed to gain the required majority in New South Wales. The premiers of the other colonies agreed to a number of concessions to New South Wales (particularly
3163:
The size of the government sector almost doubled from 10 per cent of national expenditure in 1850 to 19 per cent in 1890. Colonial governments spent heavily on infrastructure such as railways, ports, telegraph, schools and urban services. Much of the money for this infrastructure was borrowed on the
3159:
By the 1880s half the Australian population lived in towns, making Australia more urbanised than the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada. Between 1870 and 1890 average income per person in Australia was more than 50 per cent higher than that of the United States, giving Australia one of the
3089:
In the 1860s, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and South Australia introduced Selection Acts intended to promote family farms and mixed farming and grazing. Improvements in farming technology and the introduction of crops adapted to Australian conditions eventually led to the diversification of
3068:
The constitutions for New South Wales, Victoria and Van Diemen's Land (renamed Tasmania in 1856) gained Royal Assent in 1855, that for South Australia in 1856. The constitutions varied, but each created a lower house elected on a broad male franchise and an upper house which was either appointed for
2847:
Governor Macquarie attempted to assimilate Aboriginal people, providing land grants, establishing Aboriginal farms, and founding a Native Institution to provide education to Aboriginal children. However, by the 1820s the Native Institution and Aboriginal farms had failed. Aboriginal people continued
2743:
broke out in 1824, following a rapid expansion of settler numbers and sheep grazing in the island's interior. Martial law was declared in November 1828 and in October 1830 a "Black Line" of around 2,200 troops and settlers swept the island with the intention of driving the Aboriginal population from
2489:
conducted a series of expeditions from the 1830s to follow up these previous expeditions. Mitchell employed three Aboriginal guides and recorded many Aboriginal place names. He also recorded a violent encounter with traditional owners on the Murray in 1836 in which his men pursued them, "shooting as
2238:
The Bigge reforms also aimed to encourage free settlers by offering them land grants in proportion to their capital. From 1831, the colonies replaced land grants with land sales by auction at a fixed minimum price per acre, the proceeds being used to fund the assisted migration of workers. From 1821
2217:
A series of reforms recommended by J. T. Bigge in 1822 and 1823 worsened conditions for convicts. The food ration was cut and their opportunities to work for wages restricted. More convicts were assigned to rural work gangs, bureaucratic control and surveillance of convicts was made more systematic,
2213:
Convicts soon established a system of piece work which allowed them to work for wages once their allocated tasks were completed. By 1821 convicts, emancipists and their children owned two-thirds of the land under cultivation, half the cattle and one-third of the sheep. They also worked in trades and
1984:
In 1825, the western boundary of New South Wales was extended to longitude 129Β° East, which is the current boundary of Western Australia. As a result, the territory of New South Wales reached its greatest extent, covering the area of the modern state as well as modern Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania,
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region as a promising area for expansion, and moved many of the convicts from late 1788 to establish a small township, which became the main centre of the colony's economic life. This left Sydney Cove only as an important port and focus of social life. Poor equipment and unfamiliar soils and climate
1129:
Aboriginal society consisted of family groups organised into bands and clans averaging about 25 people, each with a defined territory for foraging. Clans were attached to tribes or nations, associated with particular languages and country. At the time of European contact there were about 600 tribes
7659:. Features of the new wave were the extensive use of Australian colloquial speech (including obscenities), the exploration of the Australian identity, and the critique of cultural myths. By the end of the 1970s new Australian plays were a feature of small and large theatre companies in most states.
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Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the US, the Bali bombings and other terrorist incidents, some media and political commentary sought to link terrorism with Islam. In 2004, the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) reported an increase in vilification and violence
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and a policy of cultural pluralism based on principles of social cohesion, equality of opportunity and cultural identity soon gained bipartisan support. The Galbally Report on migrant services in 1978 recommended that: "every person should be able to maintain his or her culture without prejudice or
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bought in no-fault divorce. From the 1980s there was an increase in government funding of women's refuges, health centres, rape crisis centres and information services. The Australian government began funding child care with the Child Care Act of 1972, although state, territory and local government
6708:
After initial cuts, the immigration intake increased steadily, with a bias towards skilled workers to meet the needs of a rapidly growing economy. Immigration also became more diverse, with the proportion of immigrants from South Asia increasing from 8 per cent in 1996β97 to 20 per cent in 2007β08.
6609:
Honouring an election commitment, the Howard government set up a people's convention on an Australian republic. The resulting 1999 referendum on a republic failed. Howard, a monarchist, became the only Australian Prime Minister to publicly oppose a constitutional amendment he had put to the people.
6468:
Under the Hawke government the annual migration intake had more than doubled from 54,500 in 1984β85 to more than 120,000 in 1989β90. The Keating government responded to community concerns about the pace of immigration by cutting the immigration intake and introducing mandatory detention for illegal
6337:
pursued a mixture of free market reforms and consensus politics featuring "summits" of government representatives, business leaders, trade unions and non-government organisations in order to reach consensus on key issues such as economic policy and tax reform. The centrepiece of this policy mix was
5960:
In the early 1950s, the Menzies government saw Australia as part of a "triple alliance" in concert with both the US and traditional ally Britain. At first, "the Australian leadership opted for a consistently pro-British line in diplomacy", while at the same time looking for opportunities to involve
4837:
said "The dependence of Australia upon the competence, let alone the readiness, of British statesmen to send forces to our aid is too dangerous a hazard upon which to found Australia's defence policy." According to John Robertson, "some British leaders had also realised that their country could not
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Australia recovered relatively quickly from the financial downturn of 1929β1930, with recovery beginning around 1932. The Prime Minister, Joseph Lyons, favoured the tough economic measures of the Premiers' Plan, pursued an orthodox fiscal policy and refused to accept the proposals of the Premier of
4182:
Australia embraced the new technologies of transport and communication. Coastal sailing ships were finally abandoned in favour of steam, and improvements in rail and motor transport heralded dramatic changes in work and leisure. In 1918, there were 50,000 cars and lorries in the whole of Australia.
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which grew from under 100,000 members in 1901 to more than half a million in 1914. The party also drew considerable support from clerical workers, Catholics and small farmers. In 1905, the Labor party adopted objectives at the federal level which included the "cultivation of an Australian sentiment
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In 1856, building workers in Sydney and Melbourne were the first in the world to win the eight hour working day. The 1880s saw trade unions grow and spread to lower skilled workers and also across colonial boundaries. By 1890 about 20 per cent of male workers belonged to a union, one of the highest
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The increasing number of free settlers and people born in the colonies led to further agitation for liberal and democratic reforms. In the Port Phillip District there was agitation for representative government and independence from New South Wales. In 1850, Britain granted Van Diemen's Land, South
2341:
The Bigge reports recommended that the status of the Anglican Church be enhanced. An Anglican archdeacon was appointed in 1824 and allocated a seat in the first advisory Legislative Council. The Anglican clergy and schools also received state support. This policy was changed under Governor Burke by
1678:
There has been a longstanding debate over whether the key consideration in the decision to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay was the pressing need to find a solution to the penal management problem, or whether broader imperial goals β such as trade, securing new supplies of timber and flax for
1145:
Aboriginal society was egalitarian with no formal government or chiefs. Authority rested with elders and group decisions were generally made through the consensus of elders. The traditional economy was cooperative, with males generally hunting large game while females gathered local staples such as
8325:
Clarkson, Chris; Jacobs, Zenobia; Marwick, Ben; Fullagar, Richard; Wallis, Lynley; Smith, Mike; Roberts, Richard G.; Hayes, Elspeth; Lowe, Kelsey; Carah, Xavier; Florin, S. Anna; McNeil, Jessica; Cox, Delyth; Arnold, Lee J.; Hua, Quan; Huntley, Jillian; Brand, Helen E. A.; Manne, Tiina; Fairbairn,
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became the first Australian to win a Nobel Prize for Literature. While there were only around twenty Australian novels published in 1973, this had grown to around 300 in 1988. By 1985 more than 1,000 writers had received grants and more than 1,000 books had been subsidised by the Literature Board.
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Holmes and Pinto point out that in 1960 domesticity and motherhood were still the dominant conceptions of femininity. In 1961, women made up only 25 per cent of employed adults and twice as many women described their occupation as "home duties" compared with those in paid employment. The fertility
6847:
Following mounting leadership speculation and poor polling for the government, Rudd defeated Gillard in a leadership ballot in June 2013 and returned as prime minister, promising to replace the carbon tax with an emissions trading scheme and to ensure that people arriving without authority by boat
6010:
As British influence declined in South East Asia, the US alliance came to have greater significance for Australian leaders and the Australian economy. British investment in Australia remained significant until the late 1970s, but trade with Britain declined through the 1950s and 1960s. In the late
5847:
Some writers defended suburban life. Journalist Craig Macgregor saw suburban life as a "...solution to the needs of migrants..." Hugh Stretton argued that "plenty of dreary lives are indeed lived in the suburbs... but most of them might well be worse in other surroundings". Historian Peter Cuffley
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The great housing boom of the post war period saw rapid growth in the suburbs of the major Australian cities. By the 1966 census, only 14 per cent lived in rural Australia, down from 31 per cent in 1933, and only 8 per cent lived on farms. Virtual full employment meant high standards of living and
5722:
Migration brought large numbers of southern and central Europeans to Australia for the first time. A 1958 government leaflet assured readers that unskilled non-British migrants were needed for "labour on rugged projects ... work which is not generally acceptable to Australians or British workers".
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The secret ballot was adopted in Tasmania, Victoria and South Australia in 1856, followed by New South Wales (1858), Queensland (1859) and Western Australia (1877). South Australia introduced universal male suffrage for its lower house in 1856, followed by Victoria in 1857, New South Wales (1858),
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Elections for the semi-representative Legislative Councils, held in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Van Diemen's Land in 1851, produced a greater number of liberal members who agitated for full self-government. In 1852, the British Government announced that convict transportation to
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The gold rush initially caused inflation and labour shortages as male workers moved to the goldfields. Immigrants als poured in from Britain, Europe, the United States and China. The Australian population increased from 430,000 in 1851 to 1,170,000 in 1861. Victoria became the most populous colony
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In more densely settled areas, most Aboriginal people who had lost control of their land lived on reserves and missions, or on the fringes of cities and towns. In pastoral districts the British Waste Land Act of 1848 gave traditional landowners limited rights to live, hunt and gather food on Crown
1106:
The Aboriginal population faced significant changes in the climate and environment. About 30,000 years ago, sea levels began to fall, temperatures in the south-east of the continent dropped by as much as 9 degrees Celsius, and the interior of Australia became more arid. About 20,000 years ago, New
7494:
By the late 1980s Australia had a high migrant intake which included significant numbers of new arrivals from Asian and MiddleβEastern countries, leading to public debate on immigration policy. In 1984, the historian Geoffrey Blainey called for a reduction in Asian immigration in the interests of
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The reforming drive of the 1960s and the increasing influence of the women's movement led to a series of legislative and institutional changes. These included the abolition of the "marriage bar" in the Australian public service in 1966, the Arbitration Commission's equal pay decisions of 1969 and
5947:
In 1997, the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission estimated that between 10 per cent and one-third of Aboriginal children had been removed from their families from 1910 to 1970. Regional studies indicate that 15 per cent of Aboriginal children were removed in New South Wales from 1899 to
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Prices for wool and wheat remained high, with wool the mainstay of Australia's exports. Sheep numbers grew from 113 million in 1950 to 171 million in 1965. Wool production increased from 518,000 to 819,000 tonnes in the same period. Wheat, wool and minerals ensured a healthy balance of trade
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also brought the war close to home for Australians. Austerity measures, rationing and labour controls measures were all implemented to assist the war effort. Australian civilians dug air raid shelters, trained in civil defence and first aid, and Australian ports and cities were equipped with anti
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and wheat. Exposed by continuous borrowing to fund capital works in the 1920s, the Australian and state governments were "already far from secure in 1927, when most economic indicators took a turn for the worse. Australia's dependence of exports left her extraordinarily vulnerable to world market
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became Prime Minister in 1923, when members of the Nationalist Party Government voted to remove W.M. Hughes. Speaking in early 1925, Bruce summed up the priorities and optimism of many Australians, saying that "men, money and markets accurately defined the essential requirements of Australia" and
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The government also introduced a tariff on imports, designed to raise revenue and protect Australian industry. However, disagreements over industrial relations legislation led to the fall of Deakin's Protectionist government in April 1904 and the appointment of the first national Labor government
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An obstacle to federation was the fear of the smaller colonies that they would be dominated by New South Wales and Victoria. Queensland, in particular, although generally favouring a white Australia policy, wished to maintain an exception for South Sea Islander workers in the sugar cane industry.
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Transportation to New South Wales was suspended in 1840. In 1842 Britain granted limited representative government to the colony by reforming the Legislative Council so that two-thirds of its members would be elected by male voters. However, a property qualification meant that only 20 per cent of
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The spread of British settlement also led to an increase in inter-tribal Aboriginal conflict as more people were forced off their traditional lands into the territory of other, often hostile, tribes. Butlin estimated that of the 8,000 Aboriginal deaths in Victoria from 1835 to 1855, 200 were from
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in the South Pacific where he hoped to obtain timber and flax for the navy. The island, however, had no safe harbour, which led the settlement to be abandoned and the settlers evacuated to Tasmania in 1807. The island was subsequently re-established as a site for secondary transportation in 1825.
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In the 21st century, most historical works are not created by academic historians, and public conceptions of Australia's history are more likely to be shaped by popular histories, historical fiction and drama, the media, the internet, museums and public institutions. Popular histories by amateur
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and others, have been able to establish careers both in Australia and abroad. The technical expertise developed in the Australian industry, and the increasing number of internationally successful Australian directors and actors, encouraged foreign producers to make more films in Australia. Major
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From 1971 to 2006, indicators for Indigenous employment, median incomes, home ownership, education and life expectancy all improved, although they remained well below the level for those who were not indigenous. High rates of Indigenous incarceration and deaths in custody were highlighted by the
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The Australian government made provision for $ 267 billion in economic stimulus measures, and $ 16.6 billion in health measures in response to COVID-19. As a result of the COVID-19 recession, the unemployment rate peaked at 7.5 per cent in July 2020 before falling to 5.6 per cent in March 2021.
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The government's environmental interventions included stopping the Franklin Dam in Tasmania, banning new uranium mines at Jabiluka, and proposing Kakadu National park for world heritage listing. In foreign policy, the government maintained strong relations with the US and was instrumental in the
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in addition to the advisers of the AATTV placed throughout Vietnam, and personnel reached a peak total of almost 8,000, comprising about one third of the Army's combat capacity. Between 1962 and 1972 almost 60,000 personnel served in Vietnam, including ground troops, naval forces and air assets.
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Some officials were concerned by the growing number of Aboriginal children of mixed heritage, particularly in northern Australia where large Indigenous, South Sea Islander and Asian populations were seen as inconsistent with the white Australia policy. Laws concerning Aboriginal Australians were
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in her collection of oral histories of the depression; however, David Potts argued that "over the last thirty years ...historians of the period have either uncritically accepted that figure (29% in the peak year 1932) including rounding it up to 'a third', or they have passionately argued that a
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The prewar period saw strong growth in the population and economy. The economy grew by 75 per cent, with rural industries, construction, manufacturing and government services leading the way. The population increased from four million in 1901 to five million in 1914. From 1910 to 1914 just under
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produced poetry and prose exploring the nature of bush life and themes of independence, stoicism, masculine labour, egalitarianism, anti-authoritarianism and mateship. Protagonists were often shearers, boundary riders and itinerant bush workers. In the following decade Lawson, Paterson and other
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followed the example of the European Impressionists by painting in the open air. They applied themselves to capturing the light and colour of the Australian landscape and exploring the distinctive and the universal in the "mixed life of the city and the characteristic life of the station and the
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In New South Wales, 116 Aboriginal reserves were established between 1860 and 1894. Most reserves allowed Aboriginal people a degree of autonomy and freedom to enter and leave. In contrast, the Victorian Board for the Protection of Aborigines (created in 1869) had extensive power to regulate the
2685:
The British settlement was initially planned to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on agriculture. Karskens argues that conflict broke out between the settlers and the traditional owners of the land because of the settlers' assumptions about the superiority of British civilisation and their
2650:
There were further smallpox outbreaks devastating Aboriginal populations from the late 1820s (affecting south-eastern Australia), in the early 1860s (travelling inland from the Coburg Peninsula in the north to the Great Australian Bight in the south), and in the late 1860s (from the Kimberley to
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The proclamation meant that from then, all people found occupying land without the authority of the government would be considered illegal trespassers. In 1836, Port Phillip was officially recognised as a district of New South Wales and opened for settlement. The main settlement of Melbourne was
1968:
in 1815 the transportation of convicts increased rapidly and the number of free settlers grew steadily. From 1821 to 1840, 55,000 convicts arrived in New South Wales and 60,000 in Van Diemen's Land. However, by 1830, free settlers and the locally born exceeded the convict population of New South
1792:
Governor Phillip was vested with complete authority over the inhabitants of the colony. His intention was to establish harmonious relations with local Aboriginal people and try to reform as well as discipline the convicts of the colony. Early efforts at agriculture were fraught and supplies from
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Multicultural programs continued to expand between 1986 and 1996 with an emphasis on addressing disadvantage in migrant communities as well as settlement services for recent migrants. James Walter argues that the Hawke and Keating governments (1983β96) also promoted high migration as a means of
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that had traditionally been favoured by the Labor party. These reforms included floating the Australian dollar, deregulating capital markets and allowing competition from foreign banks. Business regulation and competition policy was streamlined, tariffs and quotas on imports were reduced, and a
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Controls over the daily lives of Aboriginal people and the removal of Aboriginal children of mixed descent continued under the policy of assimilation, although the control was now largely exercised by Welfare Boards and removals were justified on welfare grounds. The number of Aboriginal people
5794:
motor car came out of General Motors-Holden's Fisherman's Bend factory in November 1948. Car ownership rapidly increasedβfrom 130 owners in every 1,000 in 1949 to 271 owners in every 1,000 by 1961. By the early 1960s, four competitors to Holden had set up Australian factories, employing between
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While the Australian civilian population suffered less at the hands of the Axis powers than did other Allied nations in Asia and Europe, Australia nevertheless came under direct attack by Japanese naval forces and aerial bombardments, particularly through 1942 and 1943, resulting in hundreds of
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replaced Fisher as prime minister in October 1915, regulations under the act were increasingly used to censor publications, penalise public speech and suppress organisations that the government considered detrimental to the war effort. Anti-German leagues were formed and 7,000 Germans and other
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Growing nationalist sentiment coincided with business concerns about the economic inefficiency of customs barriers between the colonies, the duplication of services by colonial governments and the lack of a single national market for goods and services. Colonial concerns about German and French
3034:
Following a Royal Commission, the monthly licence was replaced with a cheaper annual miner's right which gave holders the right to vote and build a dwelling on the goldfields. The administration of the Victorian goldfields was also reformed. The Eureka rebellion soon became a part of Australian
3022:
Faced with increasing competition, Victorian miners increasingly complaint about the licence fee, corrupt and heavy-handed officials, and the lack of voting rights for itinerant miners. Protests intensified in October 1854 when three miners were arrested following a riot at Ballarat. Protesters
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only to discover the rest of their party had departed the location only a matter of hours previously. They became tragic heroes to the European settlers, their funeral attracting a crowd of more than 50,000 and their story inspiring numerous books, artworks, films and representations in popular
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One of the goals of the assisted migration programs from the 1830s was to promote migration of women and families to provide a more even gender balance in the colonies. Caroline Chisholm established a shelter and labour exchange for migrant women in New South Wales in the 1840s and promoted the
2202:
Between 1788 and 1868, approximately 161,700 convicts were transported to the Australian colonies of New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land and Western Australia. The literacy rate of convicts was above average and they brought a range of useful skills to the new colony including building, farming,
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included a guarantee of Aboriginal land rights. The colony, however, was badly hit by the depression of 1841β44. Conflict with Indigenous traditional landowners also reduced the protections they had been promised. In 1842, the settlement became a Crown colony administered by the governor and an
7460:
According to Holmes and Pinto, reliable birth control, increased employment opportunities, and improved family welfare and childcare provision increased opportunities for women outside motherhood and domesticity. In 2019β20, women were more likely than men to hold a bachelor's degree or higher
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Falling wool prices and the collapse of a speculative property bubble in Melbourne heralded the end of the long boom. A number of major banks suspended business and the economy contracted by 20 per cent from 1891 to 1895. Unemployment rose to almost a third of the workforce. The depression was
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Chinese migration was a particular concern for colonial officials due to the widespread belief that it represented a danger to white Australian living standards and morality. Colonial governments responded by imposing taxes and restrictions on Chinese migrants and residents. Anti-Chinese riots
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Following escalating frontier conflict, Protectors of Aborigines were appointed in South Australia and the Port Phillip District in 1839, and in Western Australia in 1840. The aim was to extend the protection of British law to Aboriginal people, to distribute rations, and to provide education,
2709:
Conflict also arose from cross-cultural misunderstandings and from reprisals for previous actions such as the kidnapping of Aboriginal men, women and children. Reprisal attacks and collective punishments were perpetrated by colonists and Aboriginal groups alike. Sustained Aboriginal attacks on
1666:
In 1785, a parliamentary select committee chaired by Lord Beauchamp recommended against the Gambia plan, but failed to endorse the alternative of Botany Bay. In a second report, Beauchamp recommended a penal settlement at Das Voltas Bay in modern Namibia. The plan was dropped, however, when an
1114:
The warmer climate was associated with new technologies. Small back-bladed stone tools appeared 15β19 thousand years ago. Wooden javelins and boomerangs have been found dating from 10,000 years ago. Stone points for spears have been found dating from 5β7 thousand years ago. Spear throwers were
7250:
At the start of the decade, Aboriginal affairs were still regulated by state governments and, in the Northern Territory, by the Australian government. In most states Aboriginal Australians were banned from drinking alcohol and their freedom of association, movement and control of property was
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and other multicultural agencies, and introduced citizenship tests for migrants. Following a sharp increase in unauthorised arrivals by boat from 1999, the government opened new mandatory detention centres in remote areas of Australia and issued temporary visas for those found to be refugees.
6286:
resulted in a landslide victory for the Liberal-Country Party coalition and Malcolm Fraser continued as prime minister. The coalition government won subsequent elections in 1977 and 1980, making Fraser the second longest serving Australian prime minister up to that time. The Fraser government
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peninsula on 25 April 1915. The Australian and New Zealand position at Anzac Cove was vulnerable to attack and the troops suffered heavy losses in establishing a narrow beachhead. After it had become clear that the expeditionary force would be unable to achieve its objectives, the Anzacs were
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Societies to promote women's suffrage were formed in Victoria in 1884, South Australia in 1888 and New South Wales in 1891. The Women's Christian Temperance Union also established branches in most Australian colonies in the 1880s, promoting votes for women and a range of social causes. Female
3186:
From the late 1870s trade unions, Anti-Chinese Leagues and other community groups campaigned against Chinese immigration and low-wage Chinese labour. Following intercolonial conferences on the issue in 1880β81 and 1888, colonial governments responded with a series of laws which progressively
2275:
Women comprised only about 15% of convicts transported. Due to the shortage of women in the colony they were more likely to marry than men and tended to choose older, skilled men with property as husbands. The early colonial courts enforced the property rights of women independently of their
6591:
In Indigenous affairs the Prime Minister rejected calls for a treaty with Indigenous Australians and an apology for past actions which had harmed them. Instead, the government pursued a policy of "practical reconciliation" involving specific measures to improve Indigenous education, health,
2811:
Broome estimates the total death toll from settler-Aboriginal conflict between 1788 and 1928 as 1,700 settlers and 17β20,000 Aboriginal people. Reynolds has suggested a higher "guesstimate" of 3,000 settlers and up to 30,000 Aboriginals killed. A project team at the University of Newcastle,
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was to be planned with a generous provision of churches, parks and schools. Land was to be sold at a uniform price and the proceeds used to secure an adequate supply of labour through selective assisted migration. Various religious, personal and commercial freedoms were guaranteed, and the
1732:
withdrew the extensive territorial claim over the South Pacific, passing an act specifying that Tahiti, New Zealand and other islands of the South Pacific were not within His Majesty's dominions. However, it is unclear whether the claim ever extended to the current islands of New Zealand.
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1919:
to a budding civil society. He established a bank, a currency and a hospital. He employed a planner to design the street layout of Sydney and commissioned the construction of roads, wharves, churches, and public buildings. He sent explorers out from Sydney and, in 1815, a road across the
5879:
The Menzies era (1949β1972) saw significant strides in civil rights for indigenous Australians. Over the period, Menzies and his successors dismantled remaining restrictions on voting rights for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples culminating in the Menzies Government's 1962
1118:
Aboriginal Tasmanians were isolated from the mainland from about 14,000 years ago. As a result, they only possessed one quarter of the tools and equipment of the adjacent mainland. Coastal Tasmanians switched from fish to abalone and crayfish and more Tasmanians moved to the interior.
7594:, the Australian Film Development Corporation (AFDC) and the National Film and Television Training School. The Whitlam government (1972β75) established the Australia Council with funding to promote crafts, Aboriginal arts, literature, music, visual arts, theatre, film and television.
7265:
In 1963, the Yolngu people of Arnhem Land sent a bark petition to the Australian parliament asking for recognition of their traditional land rights. They subsequently took their case to the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory which ruled against them in September 1971. In 1965,
6397:
The Keating government's first priority was economic recovery. In February 1992 it released the "One Nation" job creation package and later legislated tax cuts to corporations and individuals to boost economic growth. Unemployment reached 11.4 per cent in 1992βthe highest since the
18179:
Covering His Indian Report to the Dutch East India Company and the Wreck of the Ship 'Batavia' in 1629 Off the Coast of Western Australia Together With the Full Text of His Journals, Concerning the Rescue Voyages, the Mutiny On the Abrolhos Islands and the Subsequent Trials of the
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to address the crisis. The national cabinet announced restrictions on non-essential business, travel and gatherings of people. These restrictions were eased from May, although individual states and territories reimposed restrictions in response to particular outbreaks of COVID-19.
2172:. A series of disputes between northern pastoralists and the government in Sydney led to increasing demands from the northern settlers for separation from New South Wales. In 1857, the British government agreed to the separation and in 1859 the colony of Queensland was proclaimed.
7670:
Support through the AFDC (from 1975 the Australian Film Commission) and state funding bodies, and generous tax concessions for investors introduced in 1981, led to a large increase in Australian produced films. Almost 400 were produced between 1970 and 1985. Notable films include
5814:
Car ownership flourished during the postwar period, with 1970/1971 census data estimating that 96.4 per cent of Australian households in the early Seventies owned at least one car; however, not all felt the rapid suburban growth was desirable. Distinguished Architect and designer
6347:. Paul Kelly concludes that, "In the 1980s both Labor and non-Labor underwent internal philosophical revolutions to support a new set of ideasβfaith in markets, deregulation, a reduced role for government, low protection and the creation of a new cooperative enterprise culture."
4964:
campaigns, Menzies re-approached the Labor Party to form a War Cabinet. Unable to secure their support, and with an unworkable parliamentary majority, Menzies resigned as prime minister. The coalition held office for another month, before the independents switched allegiance and
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security treaty, which had been signed in 1951, had its origins in Australia's and New Zealand's fears of a rearmed Japan. Its obligations on the US, Australia and New Zealand are vague, but its influence on Australian foreign policy thinking, at times has been significant. The
3907:
The economy contracted by 10 per cent during the course of hostilities. Inflation rose in the first two years of war and real wages fell. Lower wages and perceptions of profiteering by some businesses led, in 1916, to a wave of strikes by miners, waterside workers and shearers.
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From the 1850s to 1871 gold was Australia's largest export and allowed the colony to import a range of consumer and capital goods. The increase in population in the decades following the gold rush stimulated demand for housing, consumer goods, services and urban infrastructure.
7752:
began using acrylic paints to make "dot" paintings based on the traditional Honey Ant Dreaming. Indigenous artists from other regions also developed distinctive styles based on a fusion of modern art materials and traditional stories and iconography. Indigenous writers such as
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also points out that although Australian GDP grew from Β£386.9 million to Β£485.9 million between 1931 and 1932 and 1938β39, real domestic product per head of population was still "but a few shillings greater in 1938β39 (Β£70.12), than it had been in 1920β21 (Β£70.04)."
7486:
White Australia policy was gradually dismantled in the 1960s and formally abolished in 1973, governments developed a policy of multiculturalism to manage Australia's increasing cultural diversity. In August 1973 Labor's immigration minister Al Grassby announced his vision of
7423:
Richard Broome has concluded: "To close the gap on inequality and well being will take many years; some despairingly say generations. Compensation for lost wages, for missing out on native title settlements and for being removed from one's family and kin remain unresolved."
4460:
magazine described loans as occurring with a "disconcerting frequency" unrivalled in the British Empire: "It may be a loan to pay off maturing loans or a loan to pay the interest on existing loans, or a loan to repay temporary loans from the bankers..." Thus, well before the
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The Australians suffered about 8,000 deaths in the campaign. Australian war correspondents variously emphasised the bravery and fighting qualities of the Australians and the errors of their British commanders. The 25 April soon became an Australian national holiday known as
2642:
The relative isolation of the Indigenous population for some 60,000 years meant that they had little resistance to many introduced diseases. An outbreak of smallpox in April 1789 killed about half the Aboriginal population of the Sydney region. The source of the outbreak is
7557:
By 2020, 30 per cent of the Australian population were born overseas. The top five countries of birth for those born overseas were England, China, India, New Zealand and the Philippines. Australia's population encompassed migrants born in almost every country in the world.
3923:
From August to October 1917 there was a major strike of New South Wales railway, transport, waterside and coal workers which was defeated after the Commonwealth and New South Wales governments arrested strike leaders and organised special constables and non-union labour. A
16889:
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as a parody of a house-proud housewife of staid 1950s Melbourne suburbia (the character only later morphed into a critique of self-obsessed celebrity culture). It was the first of many of his satirical stage and screen creations based around quirky Australian characters:
5789:
Australia enjoyed significant growth in prosperity in the 1950s and 1960s, with increases in both living standards and in leisure time. The manufacturing industry, previously playing a minor part in an economy dominated by primary production, greatly expanded. The first
4724:
1940, New South Wales became the first state to introduce a child welfare model whereby Aboriginal children of mixed descent were removed from their families under general welfare provisions by court order. Other jurisdictions introduced a welfare model after the war.
7373:
on the lawns of parliament house, Canberra and issued a number demands including land rights, compensation for past loss of land and self-determination. The leader of the opposition Gough Whitlam was among those who visited the tent embassy to discuss their demands.
2071:
established in 1837 as a planned town on the instructions of Governor Bourke. Squatters and settlers from Van Diemen's Land and New South Wales soon arrived in large numbers. In 1851, the Port Phillip District separated from New South Wales as the colony of Victoria.
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As Britain struggled to enter the Common Market in the 1960s, Australia saw that its historic ties with the mother country were rapidly fraying. Canberra was alarmed but kept a low profile, not wanting to alienate London. Russel Ward states that the implications of
2423:
In 1798, the former convict John Wilson and two companions crossed the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney, in an expedition ordered by Governor Hunter. Hunter suppressed news of the feat for fear that it would encourage convicts to abscond from the settlement. In 1813,
7962:
developed an idiosyncratic interpretation of Australian history telling the story of "epic tragedy" in which "the explorers, Governors, improvers, and perturbators vainly endeavoured to impose their received schemes of redemption on an alien, intractable setting".
4621:
The extent of unemployment in Australia, often cited as peaking at 29 per cent in 1932 is debated. "Trade union figures are the most often quoted, but the people who were there...regard the figures as wildly understating the extent of unemployment" wrote historian
3623:
of the Conciliation and Arbitration Court set a basic wage based on the needs of a male breadwinner supporting a wife and three children. By 1914 the Commonwealth and all the states had introduced systems to settle industrial disputes and fix wages and conditions.
2658:
Venereal diseases were also a factor in Indigenous depopulation, reducing Aboriginal fertility rates in south-eastern Australia by an estimated 40 per cent by 1855. By 1890 up to 50 per cent of the Aboriginal population in some regions of Queensland were affected.
1981:, but booming wool prices and the high cost of land in the settled areas encouraged further squatting. By 1844 wool accounted for half of the colony's exports and by 1850 most of the eastern third of New South Wales was controlled by fewer than 2,000 pastoralists.
1840:
After the departure of Phillip, the colony's military officers began acquiring land and importing consumer goods obtained from visiting ships. Former convicts also farmed land granted to them and engaged in trade. Farms spread to the more fertile lands surrounding
7464:
In the five-to-ten years to 2020, the number of women in private sector leadership roles, female federal Justices and Judges, and federal parliamentarians have all increased gradually. However, between 1999 and 2021, Australia has fallen from ninth to 50th in the
2871:
at Lake Macquarie. In the 1830s and early 1840s there were also missions in the Wellington Valley, Port Phillip and Moreton Bay. The settlement for Aboriginal Tasmanians on Flinders Island operated effectively as a mission under George Robinson from 1835 to 1838.
2764:
The spread of settlers and pastoralists into the region of modern Victoria in the 1830s also sparked conflict with traditional landowners. Broome estimates that 80 settlers and 1,000β1,500 Aboriginal people died in frontier conflict in Victoria from 1835 to 1853.
16717:
2880:
land under pastoral leases. Many Aboriginal groups camped on pastoral stations where Aboriginal men were often employed as shepherds and stockmen. These groups were able to retain a connection with their lands and maintain aspects of their traditional culture.
2655:
in 1830. Between 1835 and 1853, the Aboriginal population of Victoria fell from 10,000 to around 2,000. It is estimated that about 60 per cent of these deaths were from introduced diseases, 18 per cent from natural causes and 15 per cent from settler violence.
7546:
of multicultural agencies and reduced funding to some migrant services as part of a general program of budget cuts. In 1999, the government adopted a policy of "Australian multiculturalism" with an emphasis on citizenship and adherence to "Australian values".
6844:, and school funding reforms. The government negotiated an agreement with Malaysia to process some asylum seekers there but the plan was struck down by the High Court. In response, the government reopened offshore processing centres on Manus Island and Nauru.
1719:
The territory of New South Wales claimed by Britain included all of Australia eastward of the meridian of 135Β° East. This included more than half of mainland Australia. The claim also included "all the Islands adjacent in the Pacific" between the latitudes of
1582:
sent a plan to the Dutch East India Company for the colonisation of an area in modern South Australia. The company rejected the plan with the comment that, "There is no prospect of use or benefit to the Company in it, but rather very certain and heavy costs".
1110:
About 19,000 years ago temperatures and sea levels began to rise. Tasmania became separated from the mainland some 14,000 years ago, and between 8,000 and 6,000 years ago thousands of islands in the Torres Strait and around the coast of Australia were formed.
6946:
The government's May 2014 Budget proved unpopular, with the perception that it had involved breaking a number of election promises. The government secured the passage of legislation abolishing the carbon tax (July 2014) and the mining tax (September 2014).
3073:
Queensland (1872), Western Australia (1893) and Tasmania (1900). Queensland excluded Aboriginal males from voting in 1885. In Western Australia a property qualification for voting existed for male Aboriginals, Asians, Africans and people of mixed descent.
7607:
became a local and international success. By 1969 eight of the twelve most popular television programs were Australian. With these successes, locally produced dramas became a staple of Australian television in the 1970s and 1980s. Notable examples include
4771:, both political parties advocated increased defence spending, in the context of increased Japanese aggression in China and Germany's aggression in Europe; however, there was a difference in opinion about how the defence spending should be allocated. The
2752:
led a series of "Friendly Missions" to the Aboriginal tribes which effectively ended the war. Around 200 settlers and 600 to 900 Aboriginal Tasmanians were killed in the conflict and the Aboriginal survivors were eventually relocated to Flinders Island.
4928:
and a citizen militia organised for local defence. Troubled by Britain's failure to increase defences at Singapore, Menzies was cautious in committing troops to Europe. By the end of June 1940, France, Norway, Denmark and the Low Countries had fallen to
2276:
husbands, and the ration system also gave women and their children some protection from abandonment. Women were active in business and agriculture from the early years of the colony, among the most successful being the former convict turned entrepreneur
7035:, a number of coalition members rebelled. The controversy harmed the government, which had already lost more than 30 consecutive Newspolls. The parliamentary Liberal Party elected Scott Morrison as its new leader and he was sworn in as prime minister.
6436:
In May 1994 a more ambitious "Working Nation" jobs program was introduced. The Keating government also pursued a number of "big picture" issues throughout its two terms including increased political and economic engagement in the Asia Pacific region,
3456:
In 1891, a National Australasian Convention was held in Sydney, with all the colonies and New Zealand represented. A draft constitutional Bill was adopted, but the worsening economic depression and opposition in colonial parliaments delayed progress.
3941:
in 1919, Hughes argued that Germany should pay the full cost of the war, but ultimately gained only Β£5 million in war reparations for Australia. Australia and the other self-governing British dominions won the right to become full members of the new
7918:
published a series of histories from 1939 to 1941 which sought to demonstrate the exploitative nature of Britain's economic relationship with Australia and the role of the labour movement in a struggle for social justice and economic independence.
5940:, the Commonwealth Minister for Territories, stated: "Assimilation means, in practical terms, that, in the course of time, it is expected that all persons of aboriginal blood or mixed blood in Australia will live like other white Australians do."
3266:, a forerunner of the White Australia Policy. However, after Britain and Japan voiced objections to the legislation, New South Wales, Tasmania and Western Australia instead introduced European language tests to restrict "undesirable" immigrants.
16315:
2794:
The spread of sheep and cattle grazing after 1850 brought further conflict with Aboriginal tribes more distant from the closely settled areas. Aboriginal casualty rates in conflicts increased as the colonists made greater use of mounted police,
6820:
as leader: Australia's first female prime minister. The new leader was able to negotiate concessions on a new mining tax with large mining companies but failed to reach agreement with East Timor on a proposed migration processing centre there.
5735:
complex in south-east Australia consisted of sixteen major dams and seven power stations constructed between 1949 and 1974. It remains the largest engineering project undertaken in Australia. Necessitating the employment of 100,000 people from
2922:
Imperial legislation in 1823 had provided for a Legislative Council nominated by the governor of New South Wales, and a new Supreme Court, providing additional limits to the power of governors. A number of prominent colonial figures, including
3936:
Hughes attended the Imperial War Conference and Imperial War Cabinet in London from June 1918 where Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa won British support for their separate representation at the eventual peace conference. At the
1963:
In 1820, British settlement was largely confined to a 100 kilometre radius around Sydney and to the central plain of Van Diemen's land. The settler population was 26,000 on the mainland and 6,000 in Van Diemen's Land. Following the end of the
7457:
were still the main providers of funding. In 1984, the Australian government introduced standardised fee relief for child care, and funding was greatly expanded in 1990 by the decision to extend fee relief to commercial child care centres.
3911:
Enlistments in the military also declined, falling from 35,000 a month at its peak in 1915 to 6,000 a month in 1916. In response, Hughes decided to hold a referendum on conscription for overseas service. Following the narrow defeat of the
3472:
All of the colonies except Queensland sent representatives to a constitutional convention which held sessions in 1897 and 1898. The convention drafted a proposed constitution for a Commonwealth of federated states under the British Crown.
5339:
The Australian economy was markedly affected by World War II. Expenditure on war reached 37 per cent of GDP by 1943β44, compared to 4 per cent expenditure in 1939β1940. Total war expenditure was Β£2,949 million between 1939 and 1945.
5952:
were thankful for it in retrospect, overall it was a disaster....It was a rupturing of tens of thousands of Aboriginal families, aimed at eradicating Aboriginality from the nation in the cause of homogeneity and in fear of difference."
5560:, added to a sense of impending threat that politically favoured Menzies' Liberal-CP government, as the Labor Party split over concerns about the influence of the Communist Party on the trade union movement. The tensions led to another
4917:, undertaking bomber missions over Europe, engaging in naval battles in the Mediterranean. At home, Japanese attacks included mini-submarine raids on Sydney Harbour and very heavy air raids on and near the Northern Territory's capital,
4538:
in 1932 provided little respite to the growing crisis straining the young federation. With multimillion-pound debts mounting, public demonstrations and move and counter-move by Lang and then Scullin, then Lyons federal governments, the
1636:
on his 1770 voyage, recommended Botany Bay as a suitable site for a penal settlement. Banks's plan was to send 200 to 300 convicts to Botany Bay where they could be left to their own devices and not be a burden on the British taxpayer.
4578:, easily won office. They remained in power until September 1940. The Lyons government has often been credited with steering recovery from the depression, although just how much of this was owed to their policies remains contentious.
3872:
in August 1916. In 1917, they participated in the allied advance through the Sinai Peninsula and into Palestine. In 1918, they pressed on through Palestine and into Syria in an advance that led to the Ottoman surrender on 31 October.
9088:(ed.) The Discovery of Tasmania: Journal Extracts from the Expeditions of Abel Janszoon Tasman and Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne 1642 & 1772, St David's Park Publishing/Tasmanian Government Printing Office, Hobart, 1992, p. 106,
4104:". The goal was to enhance the status of the graziers (operators of big sheep ranches) and small farmers, and secure subsidies for them. Enduring longer than any other major party save the Labor party, it has generally operated in
3611:. The Watson government itself fell in April and a Free Trade government under prime minister Reid successfully introduced legislation for a Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Court to settle interstate industrial disputes.
7787:
Carter and Griffen-Foley state that by the end of the 1970s: "There was a widely shared sense of Australian culture as independent, no longer troubled by its relationship with Britain." However, by 1990 commentators as diverse as
7871:
Carter and Griffen-Follet conclude: "Australia is no longer a Dominion or client state within a closed imperial market, but a medium-sized player, exporter as well as importer, within globalised cultural industries and markets."
3352:
declared that all white men who left the religious and class divisions of the old world behind were Australians. A white Australia also meant the exclusion of cheap Asian labour, an idea strongly promoted by the labour movement.
3488:. Following negotiations with the British government, the federation Bill was passed by the imperial parliament on 5 July 1900 and gained Royal Assent on 9 July. Western Australia subsequently voted to join the new federation.
1004:
program received more than 7 million migrants from every continent. Supported by immigration of people from almost every country in the world since the end of World War II, the population increased to more than 25.5 million by
2451:
led an expedition to find new grazing land in the south of the colony, and also to find out where New South Wales' western rivers flowed. Over 16 weeks in 1824β25, they journeyed to Port Phillip and back. They discovered the
1976:
increasingly established unauthorised cattle and sheep runs beyond the official limits of the settled colony. In 1836, a system of annual licences authorising grazing on Crown Land was introduced in an attempt to control the
1169:
consists of hand-prints, hand-stencils, and engravings of circles, tracks, lines and cupules, and has been dated to 35,000 years ago. Around 20,000 year ago Aboriginal artists were depicting humans and animals. According to
6385:
Strong economic growth, falling unemployment, an unstable opposition, and Bob Hawke's popularity with the public contributed to the re-election of the Hawke government in 1984, 1987 and 1990. However, the economy went into
5283:
Of Australia's wartime population of seven million, almost one million men and women served in a branch of the services during the six years of warfare. By war's end, gross enlistments totalled 727,200 men and women in the
5181:
in June effectively defeated the Japanese navy and the Japanese army launched a land assault on Moresby from the north. Between July and November 1942, Australian forces repulsed Japanese attempts on the city by way of the
3667:
from South Australia in 1911. The government increased defence spending, expanding the system of compulsory military training which had been introduced by the previous government and establishing the Royal Australian Navy.
7070:, calling for constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians and a "voice to parliament". In 2019, the government announced a process to ensure that Indigenous Australians would be heard at all levels of government.
5488:
As in the United States in the early 1950s, allegations of communist influence in society saw tensions emerge in politics. Refugees from Soviet dominated Eastern Europe immigrated to Australia, while to Australia's north,
5137:
Two battle-hardened Australian divisions were already steaming from the Middle East for Singapore. Churchill wanted them diverted to Burma, but Curtin refused, and anxiously awaited their return to Australia. US President
2242:
Two-thirds of the migrants to Australia during this period received assistance from the British or colonial governments. Families of convicts were also offered free passage and about 3,500 migrants were selected under the
3564:. This centrepiece of the White Australia policy, the act used a dictation test in a European language to exclude Asian migrants, who were considered a threat to Australia's living standards and majority British culture.
1857:, and by 1803 the colony was self-sufficient in grain. Boat building developed in order to make travel easier and exploit the marine resources of the coastal settlements. Sealing and whaling became important industries.
3572:. When the British government asked for more troops from Australia in early 1902, the Australian government obliged with a national contingent. Some 16,500 men had volunteered for service by the war's end in June 1902.
6128:
Despite Holt's sentiments and his government's electoral success in 1966, the war became unpopular in Australia, as it did in the United States. The movements to end Australia's involvement gathered strength after the
979:
to Australia was phased out from 1840 to 1868. Autonomous parliamentary democracies began to be established throughout the six British colonies from the mid-19th century. The colonies voted by referendum to unite in a
13133:
by Australia shows de facto recognition of sovereign nation status. See Sir Geoffrey Butler KBE, MA and Fellow, Librarian and Lecturer in International Law and Diplomacy of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge author of
5068:
With most of Australia's best forces committed to fight against Hitler in the Middle East, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the US naval base in Hawaii, on 8 December 1941 (eastern Australia time). The British battleship
3069:
life (New South Wales) or elected on a more restricted property franchise. When Queensland became a separate colony in 1859 it immediately became self-governing. Western Australia was granted self-government in 1890.
2110:, becoming the first convict-free and privatised colony in Australia. However, by 1850 there were a little more than 5,000 settlers. The colony accepted convicts from that year because of the acute shortage of labour.
8326:
Andrew; Shulmeister, James; Lyle, Lindsey; Salinas, Makiah; Page, Mara; Connell, Kate; Park, Gayoung; Norman, Kasih; Murphy, Tessa; Pardoe, Colin (2017). "Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago".
6343:
number of government enterprises were privatised. The higher education system was restructured and significantly expanded, partly funded by the reintroduction of fees in the form of student loans and "contributions"
5819:, a critic of Australia's built surroundings, described Australia as "'the constant sponge lying in the Pacific', following the fashions of overseas and lacking confidence in home-produced, original ideas". In 1956,
1667:
investigation of the site in 1786 found it to be unsuitable. Two weeks later, in August 1786, the Pitt government announced its intention to send convicts to Botany Bay. The Government incorporated the settlement of
6156:
The Australian military presence in Vietnam had lasted 10 years, and in purely human cost, more than 500 had been killed and more than 2,000 wounded. The war cost Australia $ 218 million between 1962 and 1972.
4160:
that he was seeking such from Britain. The migration campaign of the 1920s, operated by the Development and Migration Commission, brought almost 300,000 Britons to Australia, although schemes to settle migrants and
3728:
When the United Kingdom declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914, the declaration automatically involved all of Britain's colonies and dominions. Both major parties offered Britain 20,000 Australian troops. As the
3464:
in July 1893 they developed a new plan for federation involving a constitutional convention with directly elected delegates and a referendum in each colony to endorse the proposed constitution. The new NSW premier,
8782:
4677:
in 1932. Soon after, on the cusp of US success, Phar Lap developed suspicious symptoms and died. Theories swirled that the champion race horse had been poisoned and a devoted Australian public went into shock. The
3567:
With federation, the Commonwealth inherited the small defence forces of the six former Australian colonies. By 1901, units of soldiers from all six Australian colonies had been active as part of British forces in
2164:. In 1842, the penal colony was closed and the area was opened for free settlement. By 1850 the population of Brisbane had reached 8,000 and increasing numbers of pastoralists were grazing cattle and sheep in the
7926:(1958) which sought to trace the origins of a distinctive democratic national ethos from the experiences of the convicts, bushrangers, gold-diggers, drovers and shearers. In the 1960s, Marxist historians such as
7396:
Following this, some states introduced their own land rights legislation; however, there were significant limitations on the returned lands, or that available for claim. In 1985, the Hawke government handed over
3651:
Deakin's Protectionist government remained in power, but following the passage of legislation for old age pensions and a new protective tariff in 1908, Labor withdrew its support for the government. In November,
5394:
Australia also created, virtually from nothing, a significant female workforce engaged in direct war production. Between 1939 and 1944 the number of women working in factories rose from 171,000 to 286,000. Dame
1515:, in command of two French ships, reached Van Diemen's land on his way to Tahiti and the South Seas. His party became the first recorded Europeans to encounter the Indigenous Tasmanians and to kill one of them.
6886:
challenged for and won the leadership of the Liberals within Abbott's first term. After Turnbull narrowly returned the coalition to office in 2016, Party dissatisfaction with his leadership saw him replaced by
5657:, but also launched post-war trade with Japan, beginning a growth of Australian exports of coal, iron ore and mineral resources that would steadily climb until Japan became Australia's largest trading partner.
4849:
increased the reserve militia to almost 80,000. The first division raised for war was designated the 6th Division, of the 2nd AIF, there being 5 Militia Divisions on paper and a 1st AIF in the First World War.
4695:
progressively tightened to make it easier for officials to remove Aboriginal children of mixed descent from their parents and place them in reserves, missions, institutions and employment with white employers.
5761:
which replaced the Immigration Restriction Act's arbitrarily applied dictation test with an entry permit system, that reflected economic and skills criteria. Further changes in the 1960s effectively ended the
3575:
In 1902, the government introduced female suffrage in the Commonwealth jurisdiction, but at the same time excluded Aboriginal people from the franchise unless they already had the vote in a state jurisdiction.
4710:
he destiny of the natives of aboriginal origin, but not of the full blood, lies in their ultimate absorption by the people of the Commonwealth and it therefore recommends that all efforts be directed to that
6766:
moved quickly to ratify the Kyoto protocols, dismantle the previous government's Work Choices industrial relations reforms, and issue an apology to Aboriginal Australians for past policies, particularly the
2647:; some researchers contend that it originated from contact with Indonesian fisherman in the far north while others argue that it is more likely to have been inadvertently or deliberately spread by settlers.
2142:
appointed Legislative Council. The economy recovered and by 1850 the settler population had grown to 60,000. In 1851, the colony achieved limited self-government with a partially elected Legislative Council.
6588:, which involved moving unauthorised immigrants to detention centres in Nauru and Papua New Guinea while their refugee status was determined, as well as a policy of turning back vessels intercepted at sea.
5888:
received overwhelming public support for the transfer of responsibility for Aboriginal Affairs to the Federal Government, and the removal of discriminatory provisions regarding the national census from the
4119:. Industrial disputes characterised the 1920s in Australia. Other major strikes occurred on the waterfront, in the coalmining and timber industries in the late 1920s. The union movement had established the
7244:
5251:, though clearly marked as a medical vessel, was sunk by Japanese raiders off the Queensland coast, killing 268, including all but one of the nursing staff, further enraging popular opinion against Japan.
4715:
The officials saw the policy of Aboriginal assimilation by absorption into the white community as progressive, aimed at eventually achieving civil and economic equality for mixed-descent Aboriginal people.
2203:
sailing, fishing and hunting. The small number of free settlers meant that early governors also had to rely on convicts and emancipists for professions such as lawyers, architects, surveyors and teachers.
18961:
Van Duivenvoorde, Wendy; Kaiser, Bruce; Megens, Luc; van Bronswijk, Wilhelm (2015), 'Pigments from the Zuiddorp (Zuytdorp) ship sculpture: red, white and blue?,'. Post-Medieval Archaeology 49(2): 268β290
15924:
2342:
the Church Acts of 1836 and 1837. The government now provided state support for the clergy and church buildings of the four largest denominations: Anglican, Catholic, Presbyterian and, later, Methodist.
16323:
7830:
In film, the number of Australian productions averaged 14 per year in the 1970s but grew to 31 per year in the 2000s and 37 per year in the 2010s. A number of Australian directors and actors, including
5568:(DLP). The DLP remained an influential political force, often holding the balance of power in the Senate, until 1974. Its preferences supported the Liberal and Country Party. The Labor party was led by
3262:
At an Intercolonial Conference in 1896, the colonies agreed to extend restrictions on Chinese immigration to "all coloured races". Labor supported the Reid government of New South Wales in passing the
1943:
as a magistrate. His policy on emancipists was opposed by many influential free settlers, officers and officials, and London became concerned at the cost of his public works. In 1819, London appointed
7377:
The Whitlam government came to power in December 1972 with a policy of self-determination for Aboriginal people. The government also passed legislation against racial discrimination and established a
6779:, responding with a series of economic stimulus measures worth A$ 75 billion. Although economic growth slowed in 2008, Australia was one of the few advanced economies in the world to avoid recession.
6093:
in 1971 indicated that the decision to commit troops was made by Australia and the US, not at the request of South Vietnam. By 1968, there were three Australian Army battalions at any one time at the
2530:
led three expeditions in northern Australia in the 1840s, sometimes with the help of Aboriginal guides. He and his party disappeared in 1848 while attempting to cross the continent from east to west.
16641:
7113:. The first initiative under AUKUS would be for Australia to acquire nuclear-powered submarine technology. As a result of the agreement, Australia cancelled its 2016 contract for the diesel-electric
5244:, which persisted into 1945. The offensives in Papua and New Guinea of 1943β44 were the single largest series of connected operations ever mounted by the Australian armed forces. On 14 May 1943, the
2239:
to 1850, Australia attracted 200,000 immigrants from the United Kingdom. However, the system of land allocations led to the concentration of land in the hands of a small number of affluent settlers.
16479:
2315:(various ministries 1795β1838) became known for his missionary work, the severity of his punishments as a magistrate, and the vehemence of his public denunciations of Catholicism and Irish convicts.
9273:
8676:
5723:
The Australian economy stood in sharp contrast to war-ravaged Europe, and newly arrived migrants found employment in a booming manufacturing industry and government assisted programmes such as the
3027:
to support the arrested men and demanded manhood suffrage, reform of the mining licence and administration, and land reform to promote small farms. Further protests followed and protesters built a
2651:
Geraldton). According to Josphine Flood, the estimated Aboriginal mortality rate from smallpox was 60 per cent on first exposure, 50 per cent in the tropics, and 25 per cent in the arid interior.
1500:
He noted in his journal that he could "land no more upon this Eastern coast of New Holland, and on the Western side I can make no new discovery the honour of which belongs to the Dutch Navigators
7499:
which endorsed respect for cultural diversity and the need for settlement services, but indicated that pluralism was limited by the need for "an overriding and unifying commitment to Australia".
5740:, to many it denoted the birth of multicultural Australia. Some 4.2 million immigrants arrived between 1945 and 1985, about 40 per cent of whom came from Britain and Ireland. The 1957 novel
6153:
was reduced to two battalions and in November 1971, 1ATF was withdrawn from Vietnam. The last military advisers of the AATTV were withdrawn by the Whitlam Labor government in mid-December 1972.
6251:
delayed passage of the government's money bills in the Senate, until the government would promise a new election. Whitlam refused and the deadlock ended when his government was controversially
6125:
had stated that a Labor government might maintain regular army troops there. Arthur Calwell, who had been leader of the Labor Party since 1960, retired in favour of Whitlam a few months later.
1080:
in New South Wales, which have been dated to around 41,000 years ago. The site suggests one of the world's oldest known cremations, indicating early evidence for religious ritual among humans.
4199:
pushed the new flying machines to the limit, completing a round Australia circuit in 1927 and in 1928 traversed the Pacific Ocean, via Hawaii and Fiji from the US to Australia in the aircraft
7950:(1964) is a critique of a "dull and provincial" Australia that gets by on its abundance of natural resources. The book's title has been constantly misinterpreted since the book was published.
5288:(of whom 557,800 served overseas), 216,900 in the RAAF and 48,900 in the RAN. More than 39,700 were killed or died as prisoners of war, about 8,000 of whom died as prisoners of the Japanese.
1904:, staged the only successful armed takeover of government in Australian history, deposing Bligh and instigating a brief period of military rule prior to the arrival from Britain of Governor
18824:
Gerritsen, Rupert (2009), 'The Batavia Mutiny: Australia's first military conflict in 1629,'. Sabretache: Journal and Proceedings of the Military Historical Society of Australia 50(4): 5β10
7021:
3306:, campaigned for an Australian federation within the British Empire, promoted Australian literature and history, and successfully lobbied for the 26 January to be Australia's national day.
3090:
rural land use. The expansion of the railways from the 1860s allowed wheat to be cheaply transported in bulk, stimulating the development of a wheat belt from South Australia to Queensland.
2844:, a Kuringgai man, joined Matthew Flinders in his circumnavigation of Australia from 1801 to 1803, playing an important role as emissary to the various Indigenous peoples they encountered.
2772:
in which some 15 to 30 Aboriginal people were killed. According to Neville Green, 30 settlers and 121 Aboriginal people died in violent conflict in Western Australia between 1826 and 1852.
7109:. On 16 September 2021, the government announced that Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States had agreed to the creation of an enhanced trilateral security partnership, dubbed
5556:, first by legislation in 1950 and later by referendum, in 1951. While both attempts were unsuccessful, further international events such as the defection of minor Soviet Embassy official
4783:
battle fleet "which, it was hoped, would use it in time of need". Defence spending in the inter-war years reflected this priority. In the period 1921β1936 totalled Β£40 million on the
17329:
7060:
6717:
to reduce the national debt. Income inequality and private debt increased as the economy expanded, with the biggest increase in incomes accruing to the top 10 per cent of income earners.
6500:
16056:
SCRGSP (Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision) 2020, Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage: Key Indicators 2020, Productivity Commission, Canberra. Section 1.11
7978:
7808:
5344:
5106:, before surrendering on 15 February 1942. Around 15,000 Australian soldiers became prisoners of war. Curtin predicted that the "battle for Australia" would now follow. On 19 February,
3477:
that the future Commonwealth capital would be located in that state), and in 1899 further referendums were held in all the colonies except Western Australia. All resulted in yes votes.
16602:
SCRGSP (Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision) 2020, Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage: Key Indicators 2020, Productivity Commission, Canberra. Section 1.7
3632:
based upon the maintenance of racial purity" and "the collective ownership of monopolies". In the same year, the Queensland branch of the party adopted an overtly socialist objective.
2970:
2338:
of 1804. Only two Catholic priests operated temporarily in the colony before Governor Macquarie appointed official Catholic chaplains in New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land in 1820.
7784:(1974β87) helped promote Australian music while radio station 2JJ (later JJJ) in Sydney promoted live performances and recordings by Australian independent artists and record labels.
4171:
In Australia, the costs of major investment had traditionally been met by state and Federal governments and heavy borrowing from overseas was made by the governments in the 1920s. A
4073:
was formed in 1920 and, though remaining electorally insignificant, it obtained some influence in the trade union movement and was banned during World War II for its support for the
9592:
4901:
Thus began Australia's involvement in the six-year global conflict. Australians were to fight in an extraordinary variety of locations, including withstanding the advance of German
19016:
Australia's Women, a Documentary History: From a Selection of Personal Letters, Diary Entries, Pamphlets, Official Records, Government and Police Reports, Speeches, and Radio Talks
6848:
would not be settled in Australia. The opposition, promising to "stop the boats," abolish the carbon tax and mining tax, and reduce the Budget deficit and government debt, won the
6661:
to help establish democracy and independence for that nation, following political violence. Australia also committed to other peacekeeping and stabilisation operations: notably in
20280:
6606:
in order to create a safe environment for Indigenous children. The government's response was criticised by the co-chairs of the report, but was supported by the Labor opposition.
4706:
The 1937 Native Welfare conference of state and Commonwealth officials endorsed a policy of biological absorption of mixed-descent Aboriginal Australians into the white community.
2334:
About a quarter of convicts were Catholics. The lack of official recognition of Catholicism was combined with suspicion of Irish convicts which only increased after the Irish-led
1422:
Following Tasman's voyages, the Dutch were able to make almost complete maps of Australia's northern and western coasts and much of its southern and south-eastern Tasmanian coasts
6536:
from 1996 until 2007, winning re-election in 1998, 2001 and 2004 to become the second-longest serving prime minister after Menzies. The Howard government introduced a nationwide
4795:(established in 1921, the "youngest" of the three services). In 1939, the Navy, which included two heavy cruisers and four light cruisers, was the service best equipped for war.
4469:
was already facing significant difficulties. As the economy slowed in 1927, so did manufacturing and the country slipped into recession as profits slumped and unemployment rose.
2206:
Convicts initially worked on government farms and public works such as land clearing and building. After 1792, the majority were assigned to work for private employers including
1988:
By 1850 the settler population of New South Wales had grown to 180,000, not including the 70β75 thousand living in the area which became the separate colony of Victoria in 1851.
1158:. The extent to which some groups engaged in agriculture is controversial. Some Anthropologists describe traditional Aboriginal Australia as a "complex hunter-gatherer" society.
957:
population and the disruption of their cultures due to introduced diseases, violent conflict and dispossession of their traditional lands. From 1871, the Torres Strait Islanders
16693:
6899:
6351:
formation of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group. Australia contributed naval ships and troops to UN forces in the Gulf War after Iraq had invaded Kuwait in 1990.
2783:
consisted of native troopers under the command of white officers that was largely responsible for the 'dispersal' of Aboriginal tribes in eastern Australia, but particularly in
2128:. Convict labour was banned in the hope of making the colony more attractive to "respectable" families and promote an even balance between male and female settlers. The city of
1072:, in the north of the continent, is perhaps the oldest site of human occupation in Australia. From the north, the population spread into a range of very different environments.
18817:
Gerritsen, Rupert (2008), 'The landing site debate: Where were Australia's first European residents marooned in 1629?', pp. 105β129; in P. Hornsby & J. Maschke (eds.)
19010:
v.1. Colonial Australia, 1788β1840 β v.2. Colonial Australia, 1841β1874 -v.3. Colonial Australia, 1875β1900 -v.4. Modern Australia, 1901β1939 -v.5. Modern Australia, 1939β1970
15954:
Bongiorno, Frank (2019). "A tale of two leaders: Malcolm Turnbull and Scott Morrison in Historical perspective". In Evans, Mark; Grattan, Michelle; McCaffrie, Brendan (eds.).
10128:
3183:
of the Northern Territory and the Kimberley region of Western Australia in the 1870s and 1880s. Sugar plantations also expanded in northern Queensland during the same period.
16006:
15681:
12460:
7293:
to include all Aboriginal Australians in the national census and allow the Federal parliament to legislate on their behalf. A Council for Aboriginal Affairs was established.
3916:, Hughes and 23 of his supporters left the parliamentary Labor party and formed a new Nationalist government with the former opposition. The Nationalists comfortably won the
5254:
4673:, following an assassination attempt and carrying 9 stone 12 pounds weight. Phar Lap sailed for the United States in 1931, going on to win North America's richest race, the
18910:
Schilder, GΓΌnter (1984), 'The Dutch Conception of New Holland in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries,'. The Globe: Journal of the Australian Map Circle 22: 38β46
18769:
Broomhall, Susan (2017), 'Shipwrecks, Sorrow, Shame and the Great Southland: The Use of Emotions in Seventeenth-Century Dutch East India Company Communicative Ritual,'. In
10314:
Haines, Robin, and Ralph Shlomowitz. "Nineteenth century government-assisted and total immigration from the United Kingdom to Australia: quinquennial estimates by colony."
8008:(1976) analysed the role of women in Australian history. Others explored the history of those marginalised because of their sexuality or ethnicity. Oral histories, such as
6465:
to examine options for Australia becoming a republic. The government also introduced family payments and a superannuation guarantee with compulsory employer contributions.
3683:
became prime minister. The Cook government's attempt to pass legislation abolishing preferential treatment for union members in the Commonwealth Public Service triggered a
1478:. Unable to find this continent, Cook decided to survey the east coast of New Holland, the only major part of that continent that had not been charted by Dutch navigators.
15587:
8774:
6114:"...I hope there is corner of your mind and heart which takes cheer from the fact that you have an admiring friend, a staunch friend, that will be all the way with LBJ."
3335:
A minority of nationalists saw a distinctive Australian identity rather than shared "Britishness" as the basis for a unified Australia. Some, such as the radical magazine
2800:
the Gulf Country of northern Australia five settlers and 300 Aboriginal people were killed before 1886. The last recorded massacre of Aboriginal people by settlers was at
4547:, had been examining Lang's instruction not to pay money into the Federal Treasury. Game judged it was illegal. Lang refused to withdraw his order and, on 13 May, he was
3740:
Public enthusiasm for the war was high, and the initial quota for the AIF was quickly filled. The troops left for Egypt on 1 November 1914, one of the escort ships, HMAS
1659:
in 1784, Matra amended his proposal to include convicts as settlers, considering that this would benefit both "Economy to the Publick, & Humanity to the Individual".
18797:
Gentelli, Liesel (2016), 'Provenance Determination of Silver Artefacts from the 1629 VOC Wreck Batavia using LA-ICP-MS,'. Journal of Archaeological Science 9: 536β542.
8153:
4937:. Menzies called for "all-out war", increasing federal powers and introducing conscription. Menzies' minority government came to rely on just two independents after the
4894:, made a national radio broadcast: "My fellow Australians. It is my melancholy duty to inform you, officially, that, in consequence of the persistence by Germany in her
4741:
4317:
3549:(ALP) polling third. Labor declared it would support the party which offered concessions to its program, and Barton's Protectionists formed a government, with Deakin as
18837:
Green, Jeremy N. (1975), 'The VOC ship Batavia wrecked in 1629 on the Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia,'. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 4(1): 43β63.
18794:
Gaastra, Femme (1997), 'The Dutch East India Company: A Reluctant Discoverer,'. Great Circle β Journal of the Australian Association for Maritime History 19(2): 109β123
7051:
enforcing the border closure between Queensland and New South Wales in April 2020 that was implemented by the Queensland Government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic
6453:
as a major forum for strategic and economic co-operation. A Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation was established and, following the High Court of Australia's historic
6121:, fought over national security issues including Vietnam. The opposition Labor Party had advocated the withdrawal of all conscripts from Vietnam, but its deputy leader
5719:
for ten British immigrants for each one from other countries; however, the numbers of British migrants fell short of what was expected, despite government assistance.
5521:. After fighting to a bitter standstill, the UN and North Korea signed a ceasefire agreement in July 1953. Australian forces had participated in such major battles as
4257:
7254:
The official policy of the Australian government and most state governments, however, was the assimilation of Aboriginal people into mainstream culture. In 1962, the
2545:. Lacking bushcraft and unwilling to learn from the local Aboriginal people, Burke and Wills died in 1861, having returned from the Gulf to their rendezvous point at
1892:
to relieve the marines who had accompanied the First Fleet. Officers of the Corps soon became involved in the corrupt and lucrative rum trade in the colony. Governor
19132:
8519:
8480:
8441:
7907:
7811:" which had influenced Australian arts and culture. Overseas cultural works could be more readily accessed in person or virtually. Australian performers such as the
6231:
In 1974β75 the government began negotiations for US$ 4 billion in foreign loans to fund state development of Australia's mineral and energy resources. Minister
16944:
15745:
8567:
17126:
16416:
3302:
By the late 1880s, a majority of people living in the Australian colonies were native born, although more than 90 per cent were of British and Irish heritage. The
2852:
instruction in Christianity, and occupational training. However, by 1857 the protection offices had been closed due to their cost and failure to meets their goals.
2736:
led a group of 50-100 Aboriginal men in raids which resulted in the death of 15-20 colonists. Estimates of Aboriginal deaths in the conflict range from 15 to 100.
6267:
18830:
Gibbs, Martin (2002), 'Maritime Archaeology and Behavior during Crisis: The Wreck of the VOC Ship Batavia (1629),'; in John Grattan & Robin Torrence (eds.),
18537:
The Dutch Explorations, 1605β1756, of the North and Northwest Coast of Australia. Extracts from Journals, Log-books and Other Documents Relating to These Voyages
15932:
8751:
6081:(AATTV), and in April the Government made a sudden announcement that "after close consultation with the United States", a battalion of troops was to be sent to
5306:
Australian women were encouraged to contribute to the war effort by joining one of the female branches of the armed forces or participating in the labour force.
4817:
Fearing Japanese intentions in the Pacific, Menzies established independent embassies in Tokyo and Washington to receive independent advice about developments.
4594:
is chaired off the cricket pitch after scoring a world record 452 runs not out in 1930. Sporting success lifted Australian spirits through the Depression years.
3412:
ambitions in the region also led to British pressure for a federated Australian defence force and a unified, single-gauge railway network for defence purposes.
1162:
seasonal foods. As all natural features of the land were created by ancestral beings, a group's particular country provided physical and spiritual nourishment.
1122:
Around 4,000 years ago the first phase of occupation of the Torres Strait Islands began. By 2,500 years ago more of the islands were occupied and a distinctive
3812:, 23,000 Australians were killed or wounded in seven weeks of attacks on German positions. In Spring 1917, Australian troops suffered 10,000 casualties at the
2717:
people from 1794 to 1800 in which 26 settlers and up to 200 Darug were killed. Conflict also erupted in Dharawal country from 1814 to 1816, culminating in the
18896:
Schilder, GΓΌnter (1976), 'Organisation and Evolution of the Dutch East India Company's Hydrographic Office in the Seventeenth Century,'. Imago Mundi 28: 61β78
17304:
8260:"Identifying disturbance in archaeological sites in tropical northern Australia: Implications for previously proposed 65,000-year continental occupation date"
7972:(1964) was scathing in its observations of a complacent, dull, anti-intellectual and provincial Australia, with a swollen suburbia and absence of innovation.
4682:
were held in Sydney from 5β12 February, timed to coincide with Sydney's sesqui-centenary (150 years since the foundation of British settlement in Australia).
3356:
The growing nationalist sentiment in the 1880s and 1890s was associated with the development of a distinctively Australian art and literature. Artists of the
7262:
gave Indigenous people the right to vote at federal elections. In 1965, Queensland became the last state to confer state voting rights on Aboriginal people.
6701:
in 2004. Trade agreements with Singapore and Thailand were also secured and relations with China improved. Australia joined the US in refusing to ratify the
6224:
As the Whitlam government did not control the Senate, much of its legislation was rejected or amended. After Labor was re-elected with a reduced majority at
4989:
1801:
appalled Phillip. From 1791, however, the more regular arrival of ships and the beginnings of trade lessened the feeling of isolation and improved supplies.
18854:
Guy, Richard (2015), 'Calamitous Voyages: the social space of shipwreck and mutiny narratives in the Dutch East India Company,'. Itinerario 39(1): 117β140.
6571:
by publicly criticising elites and political correctness and emphasising Australian values. The coalition initially cut immigration intakes, abolished the
2710:
settlers, the burning of crops and the mass killing of livestock were more obviously acts of resistance to the loss of traditional land and food resources.
20297:
16471:
15899:
9258:
7807:
In the new millennium, the globalisation of the Australian economy and society, and developments in jet travel and the internet have largely overcome the "
6790:, the government decided to postpone its ETS until 2013, a decision which saw Labor lose some electoral support to the Greens. The government's proposed a
6056:
5577:
5371:
introduced a degree of austerity and government control previously unknown, to such an extent that he was nicknamed "the man who killed Father Christmas".
4838:
fight Japan and Germany at the same time." But "this was never discussed candidly at...meeting(s) of Australian and British defence planners", such as the
2349:
also promoted sectarian divisions in the 1840s. State support, however, led to a growth in church activities. Charitable associations such as the Catholic
1146:
small animals, shellfish, vegetables, fruits, seeds and nuts. Food was shared within groups and exchanged across groups. Some Aboriginal groups engaged in
18762:
Broomhall, Susan (2017), 'Fire, Smoke and Ashes: Communications of Power and Emotions by Dutch East India Company Crews on the Australian Continent,'. In
18741:(2015), " 'Quite indifferent to these things': The Role of Emotions and Conversion in the Dutch East India Company's Interactions with the South Lands,".
18530:. Extracts from Two Log-Books Concerning the Voyage to and Explorations on the Coast of Western Australia and from Other Documents Relating to this Voyage
8673:
4522:, a representative of the English banks who visited in mid-1930, proposed a deflationary plan, involving cuts to government spending and wages. Treasurer
10999:
4953:
4448:
accounted for almost half of Australia's accumulated debt by December 1927. The situation caused alarm amongst a few politicians and economists, notably
2145:
2124:
The Province of South Australia was established in 1836 as a privately financed settlement based on the theory of "systematic colonisation" developed by
7059:
committed to remaining in the Paris Agreement, but promised a greater focus on reduction of energy prices. In foreign affairs the government signed the
1076:
in the extreme south-west of the continent was occupied around 47,000 years ago and Tasmania by 39,000 years ago. The oldest human remains found are at
7243:
The 1960s proved a key decade for Indigenous rights in Australia, with the demand for change led by Indigenous activists and organisations such as the
6997:
saw the government returned with a majority on only one and a minority in the Senate. Following a national postal plebiscite, the government legalised
6936:
5936:
The 1951 Native Welfare Conference of state and Commonwealth officials had agreed on a policy of cultural assimilation for all Aboriginal Australians.
3345:, were republicans, while others were prepared to accept a fully independent country of Australia with only a ceremonial role for the British monarch.
1935:, whom he considered should be treated as social equals to free-settlers in the colony. He appointed emancipists to key government positions including
1522:, became the first Europeans to formally claim sovereignty over the west coast of Australia, but no attempt was made to follow this with colonisation.
18041:
5948:
1968, while the figure for Victoria was about 10 per cent. Robert Manne estimates that the figure for Australia as a whole was closer to 10 per cent.
3656:
became the second Labor prime minister. In response, opposition parties formed an anti-Labor coalition and Deakin became prime minister in June 1909.
2191:
21030:
15815:
15339:
7106:
4733:
4304:, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to
3928:
was also defeated in December. Enlistments in 1918 were the lowest for the war, leading to the disbandment of 12 battalions and mutinies in the AIF.
1781:
15385:
15261:
13654:
3171:
Economic growth was accompanied by expansion into northern Australia. Gold was discovered in northern Queensland in the 1860s and 1870s, and in the
1698:
210:
18204:
Mirror of the Australian Navigation by Jacob Le Maire: A Facsimile of the 'Spieghel der Australische Navigatie.' Being an Account of the Voyage of
17100:
15414:
15316:
Walter, James (2013). "Growth resumed, 1983β2000". In Bashford and MacIntyre (eds.). The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2. pp. 167β8, 179.
15103:
13805:
6940:
6705:
on greenhouse gas emissions, arguing that it would harm Australia's economy and would be ineffective without the participation of China and India.
6698:
5573:
3704:
2058:
and others negotiated the transfer of 100,000 acres of land from the Kulin people. However, the treaty was annulled the same year when the British
1130:
or nations and 250 distinct languages with various dialects. Estimates of the Aboriginal population at this time range from 300,000 to one million.
15154:
7597:
In 1966, a television drama quota was introduced requiring broadcasters to show 30 minutes of locally produced drama each week. The police series
6993:
The new Turnbull government announced a National Innovation and Science Agenda and delivered a Budget featuring cuts to company tax. However, the
6618:
1087:
was used in many parts of Australia to clear vegetation, make travel easier, and create open grasslands rich in animal and vegetable food sources.
20678:
20178:
9430:
Matra to Fox, 2 April 1784. British Library, Add. Ms 47568; an abridgement of this second version of Matra's proposal was published in issues of
2848:
to live on vacant waterfront land and on the fringes of the Sydney settlement, adapting traditional practices to the new semi-urban environment.
2102:, formally annexed the western third of the continent as a British colony. In 1829, the Swan River colony was established at the sites of modern
19138:
17337:
13728:
John Robertson (1984) p. 20. Thus Australian battalions of World War II carried the prefix 2/ to distinguish them from battalions of World War I
10515:
19350:
18668:
16346:
7388:
6674:
6643:
6603:
4187:, established in 1853, finally closed in 1924. In 1920, the Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Service (to become the Australian airline
858:
545:
13158:
5265:
on 2,000 Australian and British prisoners of warβonly 6 survived. This was the single worst war crime perpetrated against Australians in war.
2622:
open an Intercourse with the Natives and to conciliate their affections, enjoining all Our Subjects to live in amity and kindness with them."
1504:
but the Eastern Coast from the Latitude of 38 South down to this place I am confident was never seen or viseted by any European before us and
21944:
20183:
19474:
19279:
19092:
16917:
16147:
14594:
13574:"Bringing them Home Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families"
6787:
4956:
for the duration of his visit. Returning to Australia, with the threat of Japan imminent and with the Australian army suffering badly in the
4126:
The consumerism, entertainment culture, and new technologies that characterised the 1920s in the United States were also found in Australia.
1640:
18810:(2006), 'The evidence for cohabitation between Indigenous Australians, marooned Dutch mariners and VOC passengers,'; in Nonja Peters (ed.),
2607:
trekked from the north coast of Western Australia to the overland telegraph, discovering land suitable for grazing in the Kimberley region.
1748:
in January 1788. It consisted of more than a thousand settlers, including 778 convicts (192 women and 586 men). A few days after arrival at
21821:
21725:
20448:
19446:
19299:
18029:(Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series) (2008) excerpt and text search DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563739.001.0001 online
17034:
15525:
1489:. Cook charted the coast to its northern extent and formally took possession of the east coast of New Holland on 21/22 August 1770 when on
16284:
16032:
14346:
11216:
9596:
906:
traditions they established are among the longest surviving in human history. The ancestors of today's ethnically and culturally distinct
22256:
19244:
18731:
Broomhall, Susan (2014), "Emotional Encounters: Indigenous Peoples in the Dutch East India Company's Interactions with the South Lands,"
15980:
13407:
2534:
led an expedition into what is now far-western Queensland in 1847 before being speared by Aborigines in the Cape York Peninsula in 1848.
394:
18882:
McCarthy, M. (2006), 'The Dutch on Australian shores: The Zuytdorp tragedy β unfinished business,'. In L. Shaw & W. Wilkins (eds.),
18197:
The Discovery of Tasmania: Journal Extracts from the Expeditions of Abel Janszoon Tasman and Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne 1642 & 1772
19704:
19274:
18932:
16982:
Multiculturalism: a review of Australian policy statements and recent debates in Australia and overseas: Research Paper No. 6, 2010β11:
13866:
10008:
7931:
7824:
6012:
6011:
1950s the Australian Army began to re-equip using US military equipment. In 1962, the US established a naval communications station at
5702:
After World War II and by the 1950s, Australia had a population of 10 million, and the most populous urban centre was its oldest city,
5268:
MacArthur largely excluded Australian forces from the main push north into the Philippines and Japan. It was left to Australia to lead
3031:
at Ballarat. On 3 December troops overran the stockade, killing about 20 protesters. Five troops were killed and 12 seriously wounded.
1199:
285:
205:
133:
18755:
Broomhall, Susan (2016), 'Dishes, Coins and Pipes: The Epistemological and Emotional Power of VOC Material Culture in Australia,'. In
17456:
7586:
The 1960s and 1970s saw increased government support for the arts and the flourishing of distinctively Australian artistic works. The
7181:
that began in 2021, continued. The Australian inflation rate peaked at 7.5% at the end of 2022: a 32 year high. By November 2023, the
4775:
government emphasised co-operation with Britain in "a policy of imperial defence". The lynchpin of this was the British naval base at
3950:
and a full member of the League of Nations, Australia took an important step towards international recognition as a sovereign nation.
2168:
west of the town. Frontier violence between settlers and the Indigenous population became severe as pastoralism expanded north of the
21151:
21111:
19951:
19648:
19176:
18278:', Western Australia 1656. An Historical Background and Excavation Report With an Appendix On Similar Loss of the Fluit 'Lastdrager'
16371:
7286:
7077:
and the subsequent recession, Australia's first in 29 years. The government banned foreign nationals entering Australia and formed a
6954:β which had not been approved by cabinet and which were widely criticised in the media. By September 2015 the government had lost 30
6138:
5297:
2840:
led the survivors of several clans into Sydney, 18 months after the smallpox epidemic that had devastated the Aboriginal population.
1915:, from 1810 to 1821, and had a leading role in the social and economic development of New South Wales which saw it transition from a
1797:
which finally arrived in June 1790 had lost a quarter of its passengers through sickness, while the condition of the convicts of the
819:
355:
19116:
13488:
10132:
8064:
historians regularly outsell work by academic historians. Local histories and family histories have proliferated in recent decades.
6816:
In June 2010, with the government behind the opposition in polls and Rudd's popularity falling, the Labor caucus replaced Rudd with
6085:. In parliament, Menzies emphasised the argument that "our alliances made demands on us". The alliance involved was presumably, the
4123:(ACTU) in 1927 in response to the Nationalist government's efforts to change working conditions and reduce the power of the unions.
21781:
21741:
19146:
History of European settlement and relations with Aboriginal people of South Eastern Australia, Australian Broadcasting Corporation
15689:
13434:
12561:
Garton, Stephen; Stanley, Peter (2013). "The Great War and its aftermath, 1914-22". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
12468:
8395:
Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue (2013). "The past 50,000 years: an archaeological view". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).
8303:
8044:
Post-structuralist ideas on the relationship between language and meaning were influential in the 1980s and 1990s, for example, in
7363:
7332:
6928:
6908:
6638:
6089:(SEATO), and Australia was providing military assistance because South Vietnam, a signatory to SEATO, had apparently requested it.
5909:
5885:
5565:
5332:
5323:
4737:
4320:, this was because Australians had little interest in redefining their relationship with Britain until the crisis of World War II.
3808:, the AIF suffered 5,533 casualties in 24 hours, the most costly single encounter in Australian military history. Elsewhere on the
2557:
succeeded in traversing central Australia from south to north. His expedition mapped out the route which was later followed by the
2354:
5257:
were at this time suffering severe ill-treatment in the Pacific Theatre. In 1943, 2,815 Australian Pows died constructing Japan's
1190:. The Dreaming established the laws and structures of society and the ceremonies performed to ensure continuity of life and land.
21877:
20982:
19620:
14301:
9185:
Cook, James, Journal of the HMS Endeavour, 1768β1771, National Library of Australia, Manuscripts Collection, MS 1, 22 August 1770
5833:
3925:
3913:
3252:
1028:
161:
16121:
15595:
13840:
13461:
9400:
Harold B. Carter, "Banks, Cook and the Eighteenth Century Natural History Tradition", in Tony Delamotte and Carl Bridge (eds.),
6598:, in 1996, the government amended native title legislation to limit native title claims. In 2007, following the release of the "
5391:, designed and built in four months of 1942, emphasised the desperate state Australia found itself in as the Japanese advanced.
21225:
20805:
20225:
20035:
19843:
19757:
19585:
19289:
18995:
17873:
17702:
16449:
6725:
with a swing of more than 5 per cent and Howard became only the second sitting prime minister to lose his seat in an election.
6681:. Following the September 2001 terrorist attacks on the US and the subsequent War on Terror, Australia committed troops to the
4484:
3938:
3240:
2955:
2512:
950:
290:
138:
10770:
7285:
In 1966, the Australian government gave Aboriginal people the same rights to social security benefits as other Australians. A
6552:
legislation, which made it easier for small businesses to terminate employment. After the 1996 election, Howard and treasurer
5630:
produced little of its own content in the 1950s, but British and Hollywood studios produced a string of successful epics from
4984:
saw an Australian garrison halt the advance of Hitler's Panzer divisions for the first time since the commencement of the war.
21952:
20121:
19961:
18435:
18157:
17778:
16678:
15046:
14877:
14569:
14536:
14413:
14157:
13746:
11532:
11099:
10102:
10076:
9376:
8561:
8513:
8474:
8435:
8408:
7915:
7267:
6878:
to power after six years in opposition initially failed to restore stability to the office of prime minister. Prime Minister
6682:
6518:
6252:
6186:
6078:
6016:
5111:
4069:
in Russia posed a threat in the eyes of many Australians, although to a small group of socialists it was an inspiration. The
3765:
3718:
3534:
1656:
1415:. On his second voyage of 1644, he also contributed significantly to the mapping of the Australian mainland (which he called
17074:
16091:
12938:
10000:
7412:
cities, the period from 1965 to 1980 also saw a movement of Indigenous Australians away from towns and settlements to small
6693:
and other terrorist incidents, led to the creation of a National Security Committee and further anti-terrorist legislation.
6378:
in 1988 was the focus of year-long celebrations with multicultural themes. The World Expo 88 was held in Brisbane and a new
5102:
British Malaya quickly collapsed, shocking the Australian nation. British, Indian and Australian troops made a disorganised
2291:
Between 1830 and 1850 the female proportion of the Australian settler population increased from 24 per cent to 41 per cent.
21992:
21215:
21091:
20727:
20237:
19777:
19772:
19767:
18968:
of Human Skeletal Remains Associated with the Batavia Mutiny of 1629,'. Records of the Western Australian Museum 26: 98β108
18576:
Sailing for the East: History and Catalogue of Manuscript Charts on Vellum of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), 1602β1799
13375:
Spearritt cited in Henry Pook (1993) pp. 211β12. See Also Drew Cottle (1979) "The Sydney Rich and the Great Depression" in
10332:
Richards, Eric (July 1993). "How Did Poor People Emigrate from the British Isles to Australia in the Nineteenth Century?".
6932:
6841:
6344:
5607:, who would become the musical embodiment of rural Australia, had Australia's first international music chart hit with his
5561:
4265:
4058:
3712:
3497:
3337:
2898:
1688:
245:
156:
151:
146:
18913:
Schilder, GΓΌnter (1989), 'From Secret to Common Knowledge β The Dutch Discoveries,'; in John Hardy and Alan Frost (eds.),
16232:
7445:
1972, the introduction of paid maternity leave in the Australian public service in 1973, and the enactment of the federal
7027:
The government lost five by-elections in July 2018. When, in August, the government made a commitment to meet Australia's
4649:
Extraordinary sporting successes did something to alleviate the spirits of Australians during the economic downturn. In a
21230:
21071:
20671:
20624:
20568:
20463:
19969:
19803:
19717:
19265:
19249:
19235:
19191:
19064:
14249:
9241:
Objects & History of the Voyage of Mm. Yves de Kerguelen and François Alesne de Saint Allouarn in the Australian Seas
8859:
Gammage, Bill (October 2011). The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines made Australia. Allen & Unwin. pp. 281β304.
7166:
was sworn in as Australia's new prime minister. His Labor Party defeated Scott Morrison's conservative government in the
6950:
The Prime Minister announced a number of decisions β most notably the reintroduction of knighthoods and a knighthood for
6323:
6292:
6291:
in Tasmania in 1982 and the resulting grassroots campaign against the dam contributed to the emergence of an influential
5856:
5685:
5591:
Menzies presided during a period of sustained economic boom and the beginnings of sweeping social change, which included
5404:
5319:
5115:
4145:
in 1927 failed to assist and the industry that had begun so brightly with the release of the world's first feature film,
697:
483:
220:
185:
18780:, edited by Stephanie Downes, Sally Holloway and Sarah Randles. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), pp. 175β91
14245:
4845:
By September 1939 the Australian Army numbered 3,000 regulars. A recruiting campaign in late 1938, led by Major-General
4669:
dominated Australia's racing industry, at one stage winning fourteen races in a row. Famous victories included the 1930
2501:
in 1839 and, led by two Aboriginal guides, became the first European to ascend Australia's highest peak, which he named
22246:
21920:
21040:
20631:
19762:
19742:
19343:
19040:
18889:
Mutch, T. D. (1942), 'The First Discovery of Australia with an Account of the Voyages of the Duyfken and the Career of
18872:
18393:
18305:. (Published by the Royal Dutch Geographical Society in Commemoration of the XXVth Anniversary of Its Foundation, 1899)
14892:
Bridge, Carl (2013). "Australia, Britain and the British Commonwealth". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).
13350:. Vol. 24, No. 7, p. 378. Also see David Potts (2006) "The Myth of the Great Depression." Scribe Press, Carlton North.
12824:
Bridge, Carl (2013). "Australia, Britain and the British Commonwealth". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
9073:
8163:
7255:
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6802:
6658:
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6415:
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6044:
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4120:
3708:
3590:
3303:
2593:
2558:
2479:
851:
538:
19051:
13701:
John Robertson "The Distant War: Australia and Imperial defence 1919β1914." In M. McKernan and M. Browne (1988) p. 225
7627:
From the late 1960s a "new wave" of Australian theatre emerged, initially centred on small theatre groups such as the
6786:(ETS) to address climate change, but the legislation was twice rejected in the Senate. After the failed December 2009
6633:
6259:
on 11 November 1975. Opposition leader Malcolm Fraser was installed as caretaker prime minister, pending an election.
5871:
being a major driving force behind the introduction of television to Australia. Colour TV began broadcasting in 1975.
4205:. He went on to global fame and a series of aviation records before vanishing on a night flight to Singapore in 1935.
3820:. In the summer and autumn of 1917, Australian troops also sustained heavy losses during the British offensive around
2836:
In the first two years of settlement the Aboriginal people of Sydney mostly avoided the newcomers. In November 1790,
2625:
1947:
to conduct an inquiry into the colony, and Macquarie resigned shortly before the report of the inquiry was published.
20748:
20173:
20074:
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19894:
19828:
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18698:
18583:
18142:
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17735:
17555:
17497:
17287:
16523:
16180:
15963:
15482:
15372:
15292:
15234:
David Lowe (2013) "Security". In Bashford and Macintyre (eds) The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2, pp 511β12
15206:
14901:
14831:
14793:
14773:
14744:
14637:
14477:
14454:
14325:
14229:
14045:
13639:
13619:
13355:
13335:
13233:
13192:
12989:
12833:
12639:
12570:
12284:
12010:
11579:
10960:"The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepang industry across two centuries"
10929:
10838:
10214:
9851:
9743:
9679:
9568:
9153:
9093:
8957:
8906:
8881:
8743:
8717:
8658:
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7342:
was appointed Liberal Senator for QLD in 1971, becoming the first federal parliamentarian to identify as Aboriginal.
6783:
6772:
6662:
6210:
5737:
5681:
5623:
4825:
opposition urged greater national self-reliance through a buildup of manufacturing and more emphasis on the Army and
4531:
4512:
4424:
4382:
4141:
declined through the decade, despite more than 2 million Australians attending cinemas weekly at 1250 venues. A
3769:
3753:
3256:
3196:
2581:
2370:
2196:
Black-eyed Sue and Sweet Poll of Plymouth, England mourning their lovers who are soon to be transported to Botany Bay
1536:
1018:
1001:
418:
335:
13104:
7769:
was established in Sydney in the early 1970s. The Aboriginal Islander Dance Theatre was established in 1976 and the
6461:
was introduced to regulate claims and provide compensation for loss of native title. In 1993, Keating established a
4944:
In January 1941, Menzies flew to Britain to discuss the weakness of Singapore's defences. Arriving in London during
4164:"on the land" were generally not a success. "The new irrigation areas in Western Australia and the Dawson Valley of
3899:
which gave it the power to make regulations "for securing the public safety and defence of the Commonwealth". After
3332:
stated in 1890, "The crimson thread of kinship runs through us all...we must unite as one great Australian people."
2962:
Australia and the newly created colony of Victoria semi-elected Legislative Councils on the New South Wales model.
1578:
Although various proposals for the colonisation of Australia were made prior to 1788, none were attempted. In 1717,
22266:
22024:
21707:
21106:
21015:
20831:
19901:
19838:
19823:
19439:
19294:
17904:
17685:
14961:
Ashley Elkins, Australian War Memorial: Overview of Australian military involvement in the Vietnam War, 1962β1975.
14123:
8138:
8133:
7673:
7167:
7155:
6994:
6951:
6849:
6825:
6722:
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budget surpluses in most years which, along with the proceeds of government asset sales, were partly invested in a
6541:
6473:
6421:
6411:
6300:
6283:
6225:
6134:
6118:
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in 1949, in part because of a Labor proposal to nationalise banks and following a crippling coal strike led by the
4938:
4768:
4567:
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4328:
3917:
3688:
3676:
3660:
3648:
3557:
3542:
3232:
2928:
2916:
1921:
1606:(1744β1748, 1764) recommended exploration of the east coast of New Holland, with a view to a British colonisation.
360:
340:
295:
275:
255:
180:
18928:, edited by Michael Richards & Maura O'Connor. (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1993), pp. 10β16
18827:
Gerritsen, Rupert (2011), 'Australia's First Criminal Prosecutions in 1629'. (Canberra: Batavia Online Publishing)
18783:
Donaldson, Bruce (2006), 'The Dutch Contribution to the European Discovery of Australia,'. In Nonja Peters (ed.),
13658:
6006:
in Washington, D.C., 1963. By the 1960s, Australian defence policy had shifted from Britain to the US as key ally.
2812:
Australia, has reached a preliminary estimate of 8,270 Aboriginal deaths in frontier massacres from 1788 to 1930.
2361:
in 1866, continued their educational activities after the provision of secular state schools grew from the 1850s.
1448:, an English buccaneer and explorer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688 and again in 1699, and
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20904:
20801:
20342:
20141:
20131:
20067:
19808:
19782:
19625:
19489:
18322:
14193:
12059:
The federal government of Australasia : speeches delivered on various occasions (November, 1889 β May, 1890)
11086:
Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788β1822". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).
9863:
9769:
9670:
Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788-1822". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).
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7382:
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7013:
6763:
6734:
6572:
6218:
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along the way. Meanwhile, in September, a separate Australian expeditionary force had captured German New Guinea.
3734:
3390:
2350:
1869:
1171:
1107:
Guinea and Tasmania were connected to the Australian continent, which was more than a quarter larger than today.
922:
225:
200:
6315:
3123:. The resurgence of bushranging from the 1850s drew on the grievances of the rural poor (several members of the
3065:
Van Diemen's Land would cease and invited the eastern colonies to draft constitutions enabling self-government.
21837:
21789:
21051:
20664:
20428:
20327:
20047:
20025:
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19697:
19126:
18681:
18411:
17929:
17753:
17428:
17377:
17214:
17167:
16611:
Geoffrey Bolton (1990) pp. 190β94. The vote represented a record in terms of support for constitutional change.
16206:
12309:
12031:
9975:
9343:, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2005, pp. 3β20. Also through APAFT at: search.informit.com.au/fullText;dn=200600250;res=APAFT
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There was also a growing recognition of Indigenous cultural movements. In the early 1970s Aboriginal elders at
7189:
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6998:
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6213:
in the Northern Territory under Justice Woodward. Legislation based on its findings was passed into law by the
4563:
4363:
4249:
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3994:
was one of the most expensive buildings and the second largest construction of the Inter-war period, after the
3416:
3201:
2938:
2698:
2021:
1973:
1490:
720:
328:
215:
119:
18776:
Broomhall, Susan (2018), 'Dirk Hartog's Sea Chest: An Affective Archaeology of VOC Objects in Australia,'; in
15183:
Tim Battin, "A Break from the Past: The Labor Party and the Political Economy of Keynesian Social Democracy",
12910:
7063:(IA-CEPA) in March 2019. The government was returned at the elections of May 2019 with a three-seat majority.
6390:
and by late 1991 the unemployment rate had risen above 10 per cent. With the government's popularity falling,
6141:
held across Australia in mid-1970 attracted large crowdsβthe Melbourne march of 100,000 being led by Labor MP
6035:
treaty, signed only three years later, clearly demonstrated Australia's position as a US ally in the emerging
5690:
5276:. Curtin suffered from ill health from the strains of office and died weeks before the war ended, replaced by
5158:. On 8 June 1942, two Japanese submarines briefly shelled Sydney's eastern suburbs and the city of Newcastle.
5114:, the first time the Australian mainland had ever been attacked by enemy forces. For the following 19 months,
3164:
London financial markets, but land-rich governments also sold land to finance expenditure and keep taxes low.
2098:
to deter the French from establishing a settlement in Western Australia. In 1827, the head of the expedition,
1924:
was completed, opening the way for large scale farming and grazing in the lightly wooded pastures west of the
22327:
22177:
22112:
21928:
21391:
20874:
20578:
20495:
20371:
20220:
20213:
20084:
20030:
19833:
19813:
19336:
19169:
19107:
13766:
David Littlewood, "Conscription in Britain, New Zealand, Australia and Canada during the Second World War,"
9696:
9524:
Robert J. King, "Terra Australis, New Holland and New South Wales: the Treaty of Tordesillas and Australia",
9511:
Robert J. King, "Terra Australis, New Holland and New South Wales: the Treaty of Tordesillas and Australia",
8869:
8158:
8113:
7679:
7296:
Popular acclaim for Aboriginal artists, sportspeople and musicians also grew over the period. In 1968, boxer
7174:
6776:
6399:
5363:
Although the peak of army enlistments occurred in JuneβJuly 1940, when more than 70,000 enlisted, it was the
5043:, the siege saw the advance of the German army halted for the first time and provided a morale boost for the
4925:
4662:
4643:
4410:
4339:
4233:
3982:
3550:
3530:
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regions of Western Australia in the 1880s. Sheep and cattle runs spread to northern Queensland and on to the
3172:
3049:
2169:
1901:
1126:
maritime culture emerged. Agriculture also developed on some islands and by 700 years ago villages appeared.
844:
808:
626:
564:
531:
345:
280:
270:
230:
18419:. (Sydney, 1942) Reprinted from the Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, Vol. XXVIII., Part V
15526:"Official History of Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and PostβCold War Operations | Australian War Memorial"
12057:
11718:
10654:
6019:
were sent to help train South Vietnamese forces, in a developing conflict in which the British had no part.
5714:
Labor government instigated a massive programme of European immigration. In 1945, Minister for Immigration,
4385:(FCT) was formed from New South Wales in 1911 to provide a location for the proposed new federal capital of
2768:
The growth of the Swan River Colony in the 1830s led to conflict with Aboriginal people, culminating in the
22226:
22221:
21968:
21452:
20563:
20357:
20094:
20057:
19936:
19926:
19798:
19635:
19224:
19079:
14297:
House of Representatives Hansard, 2 August 1945, pp. 4911β15. Arthur Calwell β White Paper on Immigration.
11403:"'A Halo of Protection': Colonial Protectors and the Principle of Aboriginal Protection through Punishment"
8775:"Friday essay: traps, rites and kurrajong twine β the incredible ingenuity of Indigenous fishing knowledge"
8128:
7891:
7864:
7816:
6545:
6256:
5944:
deemed to be wards of the state under Northern Territory welfare laws doubled to 11,000 from 1950 to 1965.
5855:
formally announced the introduction of the new two-tiered TV systemβa government-funded service run by the
5553:
4481:
4394:
4116:
4070:
4014:
and breakaway elements of Labor (of which he was the most prominent), after the deep and bitter split over
3976:
2157:
2079:
2005:
1512:
1449:
1155:
958:
677:
478:
323:
18100:. (Australian National Centre of Excellence for Maritime Archaeology, Department of Maritime Archaeology,
10717:
9495:
Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700β88".
9482:
Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700β88".
9456:
Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700β88".
9443:
Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700β88".
9387:
Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700β88".
9353:
Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700β88".
7796:
were complaining that the large increase in artistic works had led to the celebration of mediocrity. Poet
7005:
in domestic politics, and a ban, on national security grounds, on Chinese companies supplying Australia's
2975:
Mr E.H. Hargraves, The Gold Discoverer of Australia, Feb 12th 1851 returning the salute of the gold miners
1618:
had ambitions to establish a colony for his country at the Swan River in 1786 but the plan was stillborn.
1519:
21986:
21893:
21885:
21291:
21131:
20895:
20332:
20290:
20285:
20232:
19979:
19946:
19874:
19595:
19580:
19552:
19509:
19432:
19284:
18569:
In the Steps of Tasman and De Vlamingh. An Important Cartographic Document for the Discovery of Australia
18448:. Edited and translated by Marit van Huystee. (Fremantle, W.A.: Western Australian Maritime Museum, 1998)
16705:
15389:
15253:
14276:
14221:
10435:
9622:
7881:
7636:
7632:
7446:
7355:
7147:
6924:
6647:
6533:
6507:
6462:
6438:
6133:
of early 1968 and compulsory national service (selected by ballot) became increasingly unpopular. In the
5518:
5482:
5450:
5226:
5013:
4635:
4540:
4335:
4313:
4285:
4281:
4269:
4241:
4192:
4146:
4093:
4074:
4033:
3514:
2345:
Many Anglicans saw state support of the Catholic Church as a threat. The prominent Presbyterian minister
1912:
1775:
1610:
put forward a proposal in 1766 for Britain to found a colony of banished convicts in the South Sea or in
1541:
250:
17104:
15418:
15107:
13809:
13346:
David Potts. "A Reassessment of the extent of Unemployment in Australia during the Great Depression" in
12249:
9068:
5973:
after 1952. Australia was also the only Commonwealth country to offer support to the British during the
2311:, with improving "public morality" in the colony and was also heavily involved in health and education.
1671:
into their plan, with its attractions of timber and flax, proposed by Banks's Royal Society colleagues,
22296:
22281:
22251:
21376:
20738:
20398:
20302:
20156:
20111:
20015:
19519:
19209:
19199:
18921:
18653:
The Journal of Abel Jansz Tasman, 1642; with Documents Relating to His Exploration of Australia in 1644
18640:
18509:
16066:
15162:
13987:, Australia in the War of 1939β1945, Series 1, Volume 7, pp. 622β37. Australian War Memorial, Canberra.
8028:
7024:
trade agreement with 10 other nations in March 2018 after the US withdrew from the original agreement.
6943:
and Syria, joining the air campaign, sending special forces and providing training for the Iraqi army.
6875:
6833:
6791:
6599:
6379:
6359:
5746:
was a popular account of an Italian migrating to Australia, although written by Australian-born author
5474:
5466:
5446:
5408:
5222:
5107:
5009:
4918:
4826:
4792:
4628:
4527:
4456:, but most political, union and business leaders were reluctant to admit to serious problems. In 1926,
4439:
of the 1930s, particularly due to its heavy dependence on exports, especially primary products such as
4109:
4011:
3813:
3672:
3628:
3389:, Miles Franklin, and Joseph Furphy helped forge a distinctive national literature. Paterson's ballad "
3280:
2677:
Mounted police engaging Indigenous people during the Slaughterhouse Creek Massacre of 1838, during the
2486:
2304:
2011:
1622:
1369:
503:
442:
406:
260:
20865:
18242:: Betrayal, Shipwreck, Murder, Sexual Slavery, Courage: A Spine-Chilling Chapter in Australian History
18170:. Edited by GΓΌnter Schilder. 2 vols. "WLV," Vols. LXXVIII, LXXIX. (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976)
7105:
In June 2021, Australia and the United Kingdom announced that they had struck a preliminary deal on a
2521:
Arrival of Burke, Wills and King at the deserted camp at Cooper's Creek, Sunday evening, 21 April 1861
2375:
1133:
917:
Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century and named the continent
22271:
22261:
21361:
21336:
21025:
20821:
20815:
20761:
20518:
20475:
20423:
20322:
20168:
20136:
20052:
20042:
20010:
19690:
19615:
19575:
19304:
18931:
Sheehan, Colin (2008), 'Strangers and Servants of the company: The United East India Company and the
18425:
18217:
18101:
17461:
16629:
16316:"Australia to pursue nuclear-powered submarines through new trilateral enhanced security partnership"
15550:
Goot, Murray (2013), In Bashford and MacIntye (eds) Cambridge History of Australia, Vol 2. pp. 200β02
13940:
13077:
10519:
9243:, Paris, 1934. Walter R. Bloom, "The role of a French ecu in the colonization of Western Australia",
8143:
8020:
7836:
7182:
6678:
6626:
6577:
6150:
6094:
5529:. 17,000 Australians had served and casualties amounted to more than 1,500, of whom 339 were killed.
4679:
4462:
4201:
4066:
4015:
3987:
2986:
2429:
1889:
1850:
1737:
1166:
876:
798:
777:
654:
350:
265:
190:
58:
14868:
See discussion on the role of ANZUS in Australia's commitment to the Vietnam War in Paul Ham (2007)
14671:
13962:
13913:
13264:
12790:
6978:
6794:
adversely affected Labor's support in the resource-rich states of Queensland and Western Australia.
1219:
22216:
22191:
21623:
21417:
21331:
21005:
20853:
20433:
20418:
20265:
20101:
20062:
19889:
19610:
19590:
19382:
19377:
19162:
18643:: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers, and Cartographers Who Mapped the Earth's Greatest Ocean
15497:
Bashford and MacIntyre (eds) The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2. (2013). pp. 182, 207β09.
13573:
9571:
9111:, Canberra, National Library of Australia, 2007, p. 32; this map is reproduced in Gunter Schilder,
8258:
Williams, Martin A. J.; Spooner, Nigel A.; McDonnell, Kathryn; O'Connell, James F. (January 2021).
7603:
7405:
7271:
7196:
called for a week of silence "to grieve this outcome and reflect on its meaning and significance".
6594:
5747:
5600:
5218:
5155:
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4477:
4289:
4273:
3895:
3103:
2982:
2796:
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2745:
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2585:
2138:
1846:
1794:
1713:
1336:
972:
930:
621:
17489:
16155:
15816:"ony Abbott under fire from Cabinet colleagues over decision to grant knighthood to Prince Philip"
15197:
Walter, James (2013). "Growth resumed, 1983-2000". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).
14598:
7777:, which drew on traditional Aboriginal music and dance, achieved commercial and critical success.
6602:" report detailing widespread abuse in Aboriginal communities, the Howard government launched the
6149:
of the war and began the withdrawal of troops, so did the Australian Government. In November 1970
4862:
Australian troops at Milne Bay, Papua. The Australian army was the first to inflict defeat on the
4115:
Other significant after-effects of the war included ongoing industrial unrest, which included the
3545:
and resulted in a narrow plurality for the Protectionist Party over the Free Trade Party with the
3419:
was formed in 1885 but it had few powers and New South Wales and South Australia declined to join.
3259:. The world's first Labor government was formed in Queensland in 1899, but it lasted only a week.
2456:(which they named the Hume) and many of its tributaries, and good agricultural and grazing lands.
1896:(1806 β 1808) tried to suppress the rum trade and the illegal use of Crown Land, resulting in the
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22211:
22088:
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20116:
19941:
19818:
19747:
19373:
18900:
18673:
18222:
15668:
Wallace, Chris (2016) "Julia Eileen Gillard". In Grattan (ed) Australian Prime Ministers. p 498.
13307:
13162:
9040:
7758:
7370:
7317:
7290:
6837:
5890:
5732:
5650:
5532:
5494:
5352:
5237:
5174:
5166:
4600:
4401:
was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the Commonwealth in 1911.
4309:
4196:
4112:(since the 1940s), becoming a major party of government in Australiaβparticularly in Queensland.
4044:
3854:
3839:
3821:
3583:
3561:
3501:
3446:
3406:
3275:
3112:
3097:
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1854:
1798:
1416:
1179:
1123:
1024:
989:
981:
918:
907:
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128:
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18249:
The Batavia Legacy: The Location of the First European Settlement in Australia, Hutt River, 1629
18098:(1727): An Analysis of the Potential for Finding the Dutch Castaways' Human Remains in Australia
16718:
Indigenous Australian parliamentarians in federal and state/territory parliaments: a quick guide
16122:"Australia blocks arrival of all non-citizens, non-residents in expanded coronavirus travel ban"
15529:
14962:
14177:
12849:
11000:"Was Sydney's smallpox outbreak of 1789 an act of biological warfare against Aboriginal tribes?"
7914:
Radical nationalist interpretations of Australian history became more prominent from the 1930s.
4924:
The recruitment of a volunteer military force for service at home and abroad was announced, the
961:, and the islands were later annexed by Queensland, choosing to remain a part of Australia when
925:
visited Australia's northern coasts from around 1720, and possibly earlier. In 1770, Lieutenant
914:
around 2,500 years ago, and settled the islands on the northern tip of the Australian landmass.
883:. The human history of Australia, however, commences with the arrival of the first ancestors of
22104:
22040:
21912:
21680:
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21381:
20718:
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20408:
20388:
20352:
20190:
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20151:
20126:
20089:
20020:
19857:
19752:
19499:
18227:. Originally published in 1966. (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1966; HarperCollins, 2000)
18199:. (Hobart: St David's Park Publishing/Tasmanian Government Printing Office, 1992, pp. 106)
18133:
16292:
14561:
14350:
14211:
12275:
Hirst, John (2013). "Nation building, 1901-14". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
11207:
10894:
8103:
7992:(1970) attacked radical nationalist historical narratives from a Marxist New Left perspective.
7770:
7766:
7762:
7722:
7640:
7301:
7237:
7222:
7139:
7114:
7043:
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6363:
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5816:
5782:
5763:
5742:
5724:
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4970:
4910:
4863:
4822:
4810:
4772:
4674:
4571:
4559:
4555:
4496:
4476:
In 1931, more than 1,000 unemployed men marched from the Esplanade to the Treasury Building in
3865:
3858:
3817:
3595:
3546:
3538:
3469:, endorsed the "Corowa plan" and in 1895 convinced the majority of other premiers to adopt it.
3437:
Another major barrier was the free trade policies of New South Wales which conflicted with the
3024:
2860:
2494:
1050:
1006:
968:
954:
891:
between 50,000 and 65,000 years ago, and continues to the present day multicultural democracy.
884:
814:
803:
767:
610:
34:
18773:, edited by M. Bailey and K. Barclay. (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp. 83β103
17477:
15037:
Strangio, Paul (2013). "Instability, 1966-82". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).
14526:
14430:
13411:
8503:
8464:
8425:
7901:
Military history received government support after the First World War, most prominently with
7331:
became the first indigenous Australian to head a state or territory government when he became
4980:
A patrol from the 2/13th Infantry Battalion at Tobruk in North Africa, (AWM 020779). The 1941
3328:
Many nationalists spoke of Australians sharing common blood as members of the British "race".
1053:
moved into what is now the Australian continent about 50,000 to 65,000 years ago, during the
22276:
22139:
21773:
21618:
21593:
21462:
20786:
20776:
20687:
20553:
20485:
20383:
20337:
20200:
20106:
19993:
19879:
19388:
19204:
15900:"What is the Quad, and how will it impact US-China relations under the Biden administration?"
15746:"Boat arrivals and boat 'turnbacks' in Australia since 1976: a quick guide to the statistics"
14658:
14018:
Bolton cited in John Close "Australians in Wartime" in Ray Willis et al. (eds.) (1982) p. 209
14007:
13289:
See for example John Close "The Depression Decade" in R. Willis, et al. (eds.) (1982), p. 318
9115:, Amsterdam, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1976, p. 402; and in William Eisler and Bernard Smith,
8551:
8095:
7812:
7697:
6670:
6537:
6458:
6403:
6248:
5985:
5646:
5631:
5526:
5478:
5230:
5183:
5139:
4898:, Great Britain has declared war upon her, and that, as a result, Australia is also at war."
4784:
4654:
4548:
4535:
4420:
4221:
4175:
was set up in 1928 to co-ordinate loans, three-quarters of which came from overseas. Despite
4105:
4029:
3995:
3972:
3804:
In 1916, five infantry divisions of the AIF were sent to the Western Front. In July 1916, at
3640:
3044:
2702:
2616:
2564:
The completion of this telegraph line in 1872 was associated with further exploration of the
2335:
2323:
2303:
was the only recognised church before 1820 and its clergy worked closely with the governors.
2214:
small business. Emancipists employed about half of the convicts assigned to private masters.
2186:
2015:
1885:
1095:
949:. In the century that followed, the British established other colonies on the continent, and
894:
Aboriginal Australians settled throughout continental Australia and many nearby islands. The
760:
664:
638:
633:
430:
17974:
16865:. Canberra: Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. 1962. Table 9: Occupational Status
14403:
13870:
8397:
7066:
In 2017, a convention of 250 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander delegates had issued the
6472:
With foreign debt, inflation and unemployment still stubbornly high, Keating lost the March
4472:
3441:
policies dominant in Victoria and most of the other colonies. Nevertheless, the NSW premier
2705:. Tasmania suffered a higher level of conflict than the other British colonies in Australia.
2506:
1594:
It is impossible to conceive a Country that promises fairer from its Situation than this of
1350:
22162:
21960:
21765:
21733:
21437:
20970:
20617:
20588:
20510:
20347:
20317:
20253:
20208:
19921:
19916:
19884:
19869:
19143:
19099:
18847:
Green, Jeremy N. (2006), 'The Dutch Down Under: Sailing Blunders,'. In Nonja Peters (ed.),
18759:, edited by Anne Gerritsen & Giorgio Riello. (London: Routledge, 2016), pp. 145β61
18707:
13130:
9109:
Australia in Maps: Great Maps in Australia's History from the National Library's Collection
9107:
National Library of Australia, Maura O'Connor, Terry Birtles, Martin Woods and John Clark,
9078:
9012:
8335:
8271:
8211:
8173:
8118:
7827:, have increased the exposure of Australian art in the region and the wider global market.
7797:
7567:
7507:
6797:
6560:(GST) which they successfully took to the electorate in 1998 and implemented in July 2000.
6522:
6514:
6066:
5864:
5750:. The Australian population reached 10 million in 1959βwith Sydney its most populous city.
5262:
5151:
5044:
4776:
4639:
4347:
3947:
3480:
In March 1900, delegates were dispatched to London, including leading federation advocates
2725:
2694:
2554:
2358:
2029:
1925:
1725:
1703:
The perilous situation of The Guardian Frigate as she appeared striking on the rocks of ice
1615:
1404:
1325:
1256:
1038:
976:
692:
574:
471:
300:
18612:
Dutch Discoveries of Australia: Shipwrecks, Treasures and Early Voyages off the West Coast
16554:
16347:"China condemns AUKUS pact, Tony Abbott flags a 'common danger', Kevin Rudd urges caution"
15307:
Bashford and MacIntyre (eds). The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2. pp. 182, 353β4
12934:
Rae Wear, "Countrymindedness Revisited", (Australian Political Science Association, 1990)
9304:
Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibilotheca or A Complete Collection of Voyages and Travels
7982:(1966) argued that Australia's distance from Britain had shaped its history and identity.
6548:
which promoted individual contracts and enterprise bargaining. In 2006, it introduced the
5785:(1949β1974). Construction necessitated the expansion of Australia's immigration programme.
5240:, between November 1942 and January 1943, set the tone for the bitter final stages of the
3963:
3537:
on 1 January 1901, and Barton was sworn in as Australia's first prime minister. The first
2855:
1386:
1317:
1094:
Kolaia man wearing a headdress worn in a fire ceremony, Forrest River, Western Australia.
8:
22291:
22064:
21869:
21598:
21483:
21432:
21188:
20538:
20480:
20312:
20275:
20005:
19484:
19219:
19214:
18757:
The Global Lives of Things: The Material Culture of Connections in the Early Modern World
18286:
18239:
18134:
Batavia's Graveyard: The True Story of the Mad Heretic Who Led History's Bloodiest Mutiny
18091:
17433:
16007:"Scott Morrison contradicts energy advice, saying Paris targets can be met 'at a canter'"
15473:
Goot, Murray (2013). "The new millenium". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).
14684:
13892:
13492:
9419:"In the Beginning..." The Story of the Creation of Australia, From the Original Writings,
9259:"A Useless Discovery? Australia and its People in the Eyes of Others from Tasman to Cook"
9172:, Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society, 1955, pp. 288β91; J.C. Beaglehole,
7820:
7685:
7453:
7347:
7192:
was held on the 14 October 2023 and was rejected nationally. The Yes23 campaign co-chair
7170:. Prime Minister Albanese formed Australia's first Labor government in almost a decade.
7134:
7056:
6869:
6865:
6442:
6429:
6407:
6339:
5241:
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4914:
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4343:
4176:
4150:
4138:
3809:
3805:
3450:
3342:
3248:
3141:
3108:
2542:
2284:. One-third of the shareholders of the first colonial bank (founded in 1817) were women.
2281:
2268:
2084:
2001:
1997:
1721:
1494:
1394:
1238:
1054:
750:
725:
669:
466:
454:
447:
435:
399:
318:
46:
18553:. Translated from the German by Olaf Richter. (Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1976)
18314:
and New Zealand in 1642: With Documents Relating to His Exploration of Australia in 1644
18121:. Translated from the Dutch by C.B. Bodde-Hodgkinson, with an introduction and notes by
15243:
Bashford and MacIntyre (eds) The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2, pp 178β9, 532
13438:
12491:
9434:
of 12, 13, 17 and 14October 1786, accessible at: www.nla.gov.au/app/eresources/item/3304
8339:
8275:
8259:
8215:
6418:. Keating campaigned strongly against the tax and was returned to office in March 1993.
6303:
the coalition government was comfortably defeated by Labor under its popular new leader
6243:
misled parliament about the issue. Arguing the government was incompetent following the
5924:, the first federal parliamentarian to identify as Aboriginal, joined the Senate in 1971
5477:. Menzies became the country's longest-serving prime minister and the Liberal party, in
4599:
New South Wales, Jack Lang, to default on overseas debt repayments. According to author
4300:
of the British empire in the following way: "They are autonomous Communities within the
1555:
22072:
22048:
22008:
21693:
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20791:
20698:
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20558:
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20500:
20403:
20307:
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19906:
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19534:
19455:
19408:
19393:
18842:
18527:
18488:
18441:
18176:
18163:
18019:
17860:
16984:. Canberra: Parliament of Australia: Department of Parliamentary Services. pp. 4β8
15019:
14554:
11422:
11042:
10981:
10357:
10349:
8833:
8505:
Climate, Clothing, and Agriculture in Prehistory: Linking Evidence, Causes, and Effects
8377:
8295:
8232:
8199:
8178:
8123:
8038:
7858:
7819:
frequently toured abroad. The growing number of international art exhibitions, such as
7789:
7754:
6768:
6738:
6690:
6394:
successfully challenged for the leadership and became prime minister in December 1991.
6371:
6206:
6182:
5930:
5758:
5269:
5170:
5077:
5036:
5035:
derided the defenders as 'rats', a term the soldiers adopted as an ironic compliment: "
4895:
4466:
4398:
4324:
4130:
was not implemented in Australia, though anti-alcohol forces were successful in having
3991:
3789:
3684:
3664:
3429:
delivering the first resolution at the federation conference in Melbourne, 1 March 1890
3365:
3284:
The origins of a distinctly Australian style of painting are often associated with the
3221:
2471:
2437:
2025:
1860:
1274:
1165:
Aboriginal Australians developed a unique artistic and spiritual culture. The earliest
1147:
1084:
1077:
772:
745:
735:
715:
687:
682:
54:
40:
16743:
14298:
9119:, Sydney, International Cultural Corporation of Australis, 1988, pp. 67β84. Image at:
7666:
Patrick White: In 1973, became the first Australian to win a Nobel Prize in Literature
7120:
with the French company Naval Group. The decision drew rebukes from China and France.
6970:
5660:
When Menzies retired in 1965, he was replaced as Liberal leader and prime minister by
2820:
22201:
22172:
21853:
21686:
21583:
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20270:
19605:
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18992:
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17984:
17952:
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17681:
17551:
17493:
17373:
17283:
17210:
17163:
16674:
16519:
15959:
15719:
Grattan, Michelle (2013). "Kevin Michael Rudd". In Australian Prime Ministers. p 488.
15478:
15368:
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14873:
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12566:
12305:
12280:
12027:
12006:
11575:
11528:
11474:
Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations".
11461:
Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations".
11439:
Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations".
11426:
11365:
Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations".
11250:
Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations".
11192:
Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations".
11160:
Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations".
11046:
10925:
10867:
10834:
10361:
10210:
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9616:
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9149:
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8509:
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8369:
8361:
8299:
8287:
8237:
7968:
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7887:
7587:
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7432:
6920:
6861:
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6666:
6489:
6326:
6214:
6111:
5966:
5841:
5627:
5619:
5522:
5498:
5416:
5356:
5315:
5202:
5143:
5103:
5092:
5051:
4993:
4949:
4803:
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4500:
4444:
fluctuations", according to economic historian Geoff Spenceley. Debt by the state of
4101:
4019:
3943:
3461:
3357:
3294:
3285:
2924:
2912:
2868:
2801:
2769:
2604:
2527:
2433:
2409:, who became the first person born on the Australian continent to circumnavigate it.
2405:
led the first circumnavigation of Australia. Aboard ship was the Aboriginal explorer
2346:
2300:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2231:
2095:
1905:
1579:
1393:. In 1628, a squadron of Dutch ships explored the northern coast particularly in the
1365:
793:
730:
615:
459:
423:
411:
16653:
16441:
16397:
13129:
Cited in Jan Bassett (1986) p. 271. It has also been argued that the signing of the
11758:
11317:
Ryan, L. (2020). Digital map of colonial frontier massacres in Australia 1788β1930.
9941:
6170:
5893:. By 1971, the first Aboriginal Senator was sitting on the government benches, with
5626:" became the first local recording to reach the national charts, peaking at No. 20.
5379:
of aircraft were built under licence in Australia before the war's end, notably the
4280:
Australia achieved independent Sovereign Nation status after World War I, under the
4085:. Despite splits, the party remained active until its dissolution at the end of the
2908:
1349:, made the first documented European landing in Australia in 1606. Later that year,
879:. The modern nation came into existence on 1 January 1901 as a federation of former
22241:
22096:
21529:
21524:
21386:
21316:
21296:
20961:
20934:
20645:
20079:
19524:
19514:
19504:
19494:
18855:
18838:
18807:
18798:
18746:
18559:
18551:
Australia Unveiled: The Share of the Dutch Navigators in the Discovery of Australia
18465:
18383:
18311:
18077:
17485:
16971:. Canberra: Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. 1962. Table 4: Birthplace
15009:
15001:
13323:
11414:
11034:
10971:
10341:
8825:
8351:
8343:
8279:
8227:
8219:
8081:
8019:
From the 1970s, histories of the Aboriginalβsettler relationship became prominent.
8009:
7985:
7973:
7734:
7709:
7644:
7628:
7572:
7305:
7233:
7163:
7143:
7078:
7028:
6974:
6959:
6883:
6585:
6568:
6334:
5728:
5664:. Holt drowned while swimming at a surf beach in December 1967 and was replaced by
5612:
5380:
5178:
5147:
4988:
From 1940 to 1941, Australian forces played prominent roles in the fighting in the
4957:
4883:
4650:
4623:
4604:
4579:
4436:
4375:
4371:
4245:
4142:
3869:
3846:
3827:
3394:
3321:
3244:
3028:
3006:
2804:
in the Northern Territory in 1928 where at least 31 Aboriginal people were killed.
2689:
2502:
2474:
into the Murray River. His party then followed this river to its junction with the
2425:
2416:
2391:
1978:
1936:
1786:
Founding of the settlement of Port Jackson at Botany Bay in New South Wales in 1788
1629:
1590:, in 1747, promoted the benefits of exploring and colonising the country, writing:
1549:
1471:
1419:), making observations on the land and people of the north coast below New Guinea.
1310:
962:
911:
899:
880:
834:
521:
235:
18386:: How Dutch Sailors found Australia and an English Pirate almost beat Captain Cook
14405:
Something Rich and Strange: Sea Changes, Beaches and the Littoral in the Antipodes
9611:
8553:
Archaeological Dimension of World Heritage: From Prevention to Social Implications
6374:
eliminated the last vestiges of British legal authority at the federal level. The
6015:, the first of several built during the next decade. Most significantly, in 1962,
5991:
4767:
Until the late 1930s, defence was not a significant issue for Australians. At the
4334:
From 1 February 1927 until 12 June 1931, the Northern Territory was divided up as
3578:
1767:
1663:
self-governing community, a "colony of thieves", at no expense to the government.
1083:
The spread of the population also altered the environment. From 46,000 years ago,
22306:
22206:
22157:
22000:
21861:
21845:
21813:
21749:
21603:
21573:
21182:
21086:
21066:
20886:
20756:
19600:
19557:
19479:
19402:
19111:
18999:
18890:
18802:
18738:
18499:
18415:
18343:
18275:
18264:
18214:. Hordern House for the Australian National Maritime Museum, Sydney, 1999, 202 pp
18209:
18114:
17915:
Australia in international politics: an introduction to Australian foreign policy
17908:
17877:
17820:
17799:
17706:
16099:
14305:
12942:
12935:
12884:
11418:
11038:
10744:
10681:
10618:
10489:
10462:
10400:
10012:
9307:
8969:
8680:
7934:
explored the relationship of the labour movement to radical nationalist politics.
7801:
7313:
7279:
7275:
7032:
7017:
6832:
and three independents. The Gillard government passed enabling legislation for a
6651:
6469:
immigrants arriving without a valid visa. Immigration fell to 67,900 in 1992β93.
6449:
and other regional partners, and successfully campaigned to increase the role of
6090:
5999:
5961:
the US in South East Asia. Thus, the government committed military forces to the
5824:
5669:
5596:
5412:
5285:
5126:
5020:
5019:
A garrison of around 14,000 Australian soldiers, commanded by Lieutenant General
5005:
4997:
4981:
4961:
4906:
4858:
4788:
4445:
4359:
4261:
3599:
3569:
3361:
3236:
3015:
2784:
2569:
2538:
2498:
2463:
2059:
1965:
1940:
1611:
1561:
1475:
1445:
1346:
1283:
1229:
1209:
1205:
1073:
19084:
18619:
Nederlanders ontdekken AustraliΓ«: Scheepsarcheologische vondsten op het Zuidland
13996:
11756:
10722:
Biography β Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell β Australian Dictionary of Biography
7477:
6721:
polls indicated a desire for a generational change in leadership. Labor won the
6613:
6354:
5469:
dominated much of the immediate post war era, defeating the Labor government of
4874:
4415:
3397:" (c. 1895) helped make it the unofficial national anthem for many Australians.
3130:
2686:
entitlement to land which they had "improved" through building and cultivation.
829:
22301:
22231:
22131:
22016:
21638:
21514:
21478:
21457:
21447:
21407:
21356:
21260:
21141:
21136:
21061:
20976:
20952:
20826:
20811:
20713:
20523:
18667:
The Batavia Shipwreck: An Archaeological Study of an Early Seventeenth-Century
18564:. Translated by C. de Heer. (Sydney: Royal Australian Historical Society, 1985)
18205:
17546:
Thomson, Alistair (2013). "Oral history". In Clark, Anna; Ashton, Paul (eds.).
16417:"Australia's central bank raises rates to 12-year high, tempers hawkish stance"
15925:"Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)"
11402:
11088:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
9672:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I, Indigenous and colonial Australia
9064:
8816:
Williams, Elizabeth (2015). "Complex hunter-gatherers: a view from Australia".
8399:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
7844:
7793:
7703:
7691:
7339:
7193:
6888:
6747:
6702:
6564:
6553:
6271:
6146:
5921:
5894:
5852:
5837:
5754:
5715:
5635:
5581:
5514:
5462:
5442:
5348:
5161:
In an effort to isolate Australia, the Japanese planned a seaborne invasion of
4891:
4756:
4355:
4351:
4301:
4293:
4253:
4131:
4078:
3835:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3616:
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3317:
2829:
2718:
2531:
2516:
2448:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2134:
2099:
2065:
2054:
hinterland on the mainland in 1834, attracted by its rich grasslands. In 1835,
1955:
1877:
1805:
1771:
1745:
1729:
1668:
1607:
1377:
1042:
985:
895:
659:
18859:
15981:"Buses checked and motorists denied entry to Queensland amid border crackdown"
13928:
11930:
Macintyre, Stuart; Scalmer, Sean (2013). "Colonial states and civil society".
10749:
Biography β Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki β Australian Dictionary of Biography
10106:
10080:
8829:
7381:
in the Northern Territory, which formed the basis for the Fraser government's
7316:" was the first No.1 hit by an Aboriginal artist. Women's Tennis World No. 1
7274:
into parts of Australia to expose discrimination and inequality. In 1966, the
5929:
slowed by the late 1960s and by 1973 the Commonwealth had adopted a policy of
5302:
5133:
in 1943. 22,000 Australians were captured by the Japanese; 8,000 died as POWs.
2234:
was a leading advocate for women's issues and family friendly colonial policy.
1817:
continued to hamper the expansion of farming from Farm Cove to Parramatta and
22321:
22286:
22056:
21829:
21797:
21633:
21504:
21442:
21321:
21245:
21210:
21205:
21170:
21121:
21096:
21076:
21056:
20925:
20910:
20880:
20703:
19663:
19650:
18185:
17592:
Boucher, Leigh (2013). "New cultural history and Australia's colonial past".
17032:
16258:
14253:
14104:
John Close "Australians in Wartime" in Ray Willis et al. (eds.) (1982) p. 211
14086:
John Close "Australians in Wartime" in Ray Willis et al. (eds.) (1982) p. 210
13783:
13253:
John Close "The Depression Decade" in R. Willis, et al. (eds.) (1982), p. 318
9085:
9035:
9007:
8365:
8291:
8200:"An Aboriginal Australian Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia"
8001:
7959:
7852:
7848:
7717:
7614:
7441:
rate fell from a post-war high of 3.5 to less than 2 in the 1970s and 1980s.
7351:
7245:
Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders
6923:
began implementing its policies on unauthorised maritime arrivals, including
6817:
6755:
6454:
6370:
The government took other initiatives aimed at fostering national unity. The
6198:
6178:
6174:
6130:
6122:
6082:
6070:
5616:
5592:
5585:
5557:
5544:
on her 1954 Royal Tour. Huge crowds greeted the Royal party across Australia.
5388:
5387:, although the majority of aircraft were from Britain and later, the US. The
5024:
4846:
4830:
4670:
4519:
4508:
4504:
4237:
4229:
4156:
3653:
3620:
3518:
3510:
3485:
3481:
3438:
3093:
2932:
2565:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2444:
2165:
2091:
1897:
1893:
1834:
1761:
1587:
1460:
1354:
1187:
19315:
19139:
European discovery and the colonisation of Australia β Australian Government
19070:
19018:(2nd ed. U of Queensland Press, 1989) 335pp. The first edition was entitled
18750:
17957:
The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 3: 1860β1900 Glad, Confident Morning
17282:(Third ed.). Melbourne: Monash University Publishing. pp. 268β69.
16472:"Indigenous yes advocates have called for a week of silence post-referendum"
10436:"3105.0.65.001 Australian Historical Population Statistics, 2014, Table 1.1"
9120:
8223:
7247:, and embraced by the wider population as citizenship rights were extended.
7012:
In 2017, the United States, Japan, India and Australia agreed to revive the
6061:
4751:
3853:
took over command. The Australian Corps was heavily involved in halting the
3793:
evacuated in December, followed by the British and French in early January.
3348:
A unified Australia was usually associated with a white Australia. In 1887,
2997:
erupted on the Victorian goldfields in 1856 and in New South Wales in 1860.
2756:
2673:
2436:
crossed the mountains by a different route and a road was soon built to the
2039:
588:
21628:
21613:
21578:
21519:
21427:
21371:
21341:
21275:
21265:
21101:
20992:
20781:
18965:
18951:
18865:
18451:
18414:β With an Account of the Voyage of the "Duyfken" and the Career of Captain
18289:', Western Australia, 1629. An Excavation Report and Catalogue of Artefacts
15475:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2, The Commonwealth of Australia
15199:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2, The Commonwealth of Australia
14894:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2, The Commonwealth of Australia
14556:
The Myth of Home-ownership: Private Versus Public Choices in Housing Tenure
12826:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2, The Commonwealth of Australia
12563:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2, The Commonwealth of Australia
10976:
10959:
9404:, London, Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, 1988, pp. 4β23.
8373:
8241:
7993:
7964:
7941:
7927:
7902:
7832:
7749:
7738:
7726:
7656:
7652:
7469:'s ranking of countries by women's representation in national parliaments.
7323:
7309:
6982:
6758:
in 2006. Gillard went on to become Australia's first female Prime Minister.
6581:
6425:
6391:
6288:
6275:
6244:
6236:
5981:
5937:
5828:
5698:
5537:
5400:
5162:
5032:
5028:
4976:
4930:
4798:
4575:
4523:
4449:
4367:
4172:
4003:
3968:
3900:
3608:
3442:
3426:
3329:
3180:
3137:
2701:, which explains the precepts of British justice in pictorial form for the
2573:
2546:
2453:
2412:
2051:
1916:
1900:
of 1808. The Corps, working closely with the newly established wool trader
1753:
1572:
An Historical Narrative of the Discovery of New Holland and New South Wales
1433:
1390:
1382:
made the first recorded rounding of the southwest corner of the continent.
1151:
1033:
984:
in 1901, and modern Australia came into being. Australia fought as part of
946:
18956:
Dutch Connections: 400 Years of AustralianβDutch Maritime Links, 1606β2006
18884:
Dutch Connections: 400 Years of AustralianβDutch Maritime Links, 1606β2006
18605:
Dutch Connections: 400 Years of Australian-Dutch Maritime Links, 1606β2006
18109:
De zeven reizen van de Jonge Lieve: Biografie van een VOC-schip, 1760β1781
15039:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Voume 2, The Commonwealth of Australia
13963:"Stolen Years: Australian prisoners of war | Australian War Memorial"
13941:"Stolen Years: Australian prisoners of war | Australian War Memorial"
13328:
Weevils in the Flour: an oral record of the 1930s depression in Australia.
7401:(Ayers Rock) to traditional owners with a lease back to the Commonwealth.
6809:
mandatory detention stretched capacity. The new leader of the opposition,
6329:
in 1987. Hawke went on to become the longest-serving Labor Prime Minister.
5900:
5874:
5774:
4554:
May 1931 had seen the creation of a new conservative political force, the
3788:. The Anzacs, along with French, British and Indian troops, landed on the
2541:
led the first southβnorth crossing of the continent from Melbourne to the
2113:
2074:
1812:
Phillip sent exploratory missions in search of better soils, fixed on the
22167:
21805:
21555:
21412:
21351:
21346:
21326:
21270:
21255:
21250:
21240:
21000:
20847:
20796:
20771:
20766:
20593:
20453:
19058:
18648:
18168:
De ontdekkingsreis van Willem Hesselsz. de Vlamingh in de jaren 1696β1697
18122:
18081:
17901:
17766:
17305:"Why Australian artists find it so hard to get international recognition"
16945:"More women will fix Parliament's 'culture' problem. Here's how to do it"
16666:
13683:. Vol. 1. Series One; Army. pp. 22β23. Australian War Memorial, Canberra.
12850:"Treaty of Versailles 1919 (including Covenant of the League of Nations)"
11704:
Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government".
11688:
Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government".
11594:
Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government".
11556:
Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government".
11522:
11497:
Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government".
11090:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 9781107011533.
10163:
Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government".
8057:
8045:
7920:
7774:
7730:
7576:
7513:
The Pai Lau Gate in the ethnically diverse suburb of Cabramatta in Sydney
7343:
7297:
7218:
7048:
6904:
6879:
6810:
6714:
6549:
6529:
6503:
6477:
6106:
6023:
6003:
5995:
5974:
5905:
5711:
5665:
5661:
5639:
5608:
5599:
and, in the late 1950s, the arrival of television broadcasting. In 1958,
5541:
5506:
5502:
5470:
5438:
5384:
5368:
5364:
5277:
5245:
5210:
5096:
4966:
4834:
4658:
4591:
4544:
4428:
4350:
comprising 6,677 hectares, in 1915. The external territories were added:
4184:
4127:
4097:
4054:
3850:
3773:
3680:
3466:
3386:
3369:
3314:
3289:
3011:
2597:
2387:
2277:
2055:
1865:
1757:
1741:
1652:
1474:. Cook also carried secret Admiralty instructions to locate the supposed
1408:
1400:
1361:
1321:
1301:
1265:
1247:
1069:
1058:
942:
20656:
18771:
Emotion, Ritual and Power in Europe, 1200β1920: Family, State and Church
15023:
14127:
13893:"Wartime Issue 23 β New Guinea Offensive | Australian War Memorial"
10985:
9016:. Hobart, Tas.: National Library of Australia. 9 October 1923. p. 5
8347:
7521:
7228:
5799:
neglecting research and development and the search for new markets. The
4507:, the former prime minister, lost his own seat. The new Prime Minister,
3422:
2610:
2120:
in 1839. South Australia was founded as a free-colony, without convicts.
22080:
21643:
21588:
21306:
20708:
19328:
19154:
18786:
18457:
18378:
17372:(2nd ed.). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 31β35.
16372:"France withdraws ambassadors to Australia and US over submarines deal"
15014:
12302:
The Oxford History of Australia, Volume 4, The Succeeding Age 1901β1942
11025:
Warren Christopher (2013). "Smallpox at Sydney Cove β Who, When, Why".
8356:
7856:
international productions made in Australia in the past decade include
7840:
7742:
7620:
7359:
7328:
6986:
6912:
6751:
6709:
Inbound tourism also grew, helped by the Sydney Olympic games in 2000.
6499:
6240:
6232:
6142:
5962:
5604:
5569:
5549:
5490:
5396:
5197:
5187:
5040:
4818:
4780:
4646:, who saw more and more of their income absorbed by interest payments.
4393:
was the seat of government from 1901 to 1927). The FCT was renamed the
4165:
4082:
3120:
2788:
2733:
2577:
2207:
1944:
1932:
1842:
1818:
1813:
1749:
1633:
1565:
1486:
1456:
1438:
1292:
1065:
934:
926:
18903:: The Dutch Discoveries,'; in Glyndwr Williams and Alan Frost (eds.),
18296:
Het aandeel der Nederlanders in de ontdekking van AustraliΓ«, 1606β1765
17971:
The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 4: 1901β42, the Succeeding Age
11334:
Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788β1822". In
10353:
9413:
James Matra, 23 August 1783, National Archives, Kew, Colonial Office,
8994:
Manning Clark; A Short History of Australia; Penguin Books; 2006; p. 6
8283:
7579:
in 1970. As Prime Minister, Gorton revitalised government support for
6563:
The government responded to the populist anti-immigration policies of
6137:, the government hung on despite a significant decline in popularity.
5916:
5343:
4423:
on 20 March 1932. Breaking protocol, the soon to be dismissed Premier
4025:
1441:, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770
945:
of British ships arrived at Botany Bay in January 1788 to establish a
21936:
21653:
21422:
21235:
19713:
19682:
19424:
18989:
Speaking for Australia: Parliamentary Speeches That Shaped Our Nation
18655:. Edited by G.H. Kenihan. (Adelaide: Australian Heritage Press, 1960)
18128:
16748:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
16398:"Anthony Albanese: Australia's new PM sworn in ahead of Quad meeting"
15005:
14650:
13771:
11378:
Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788β1822". In
10305:
Ford, Lisa; Roberts, David Andrew (2013). pp. 122, 126β7, 131, 135β36
9894:
Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788β1822". In
9318:, Cambridge University Press and the Hakluyt Society, 1955, p. lxxvi.
8257:
7721:
Writers who published their first book between 1975 and 1985 include
7662:
7648:
7532:
7404:
In 1992, the High Court of Australia handed down its decision in the
7178:
7098:
6855:
6828:, Gillard formed a minority Labor government with the support of the
6319:
6304:
5868:
5860:
5795:
80,000 and 100,000 workers, "at least four-fifths of them migrants".
5121:
4945:
4390:
4305:
4213:
4134:
closed after 6 pm, and closed altogether in a few city suburbs.
4061:
in 1921 and was the first woman elected to any Australian Parliament.
3798:
3746:
3526:
3149:
3145:
3124:
2837:
2749:
2740:
2729:
2263:
2103:
2043:
1760:
on 26 January 1788. This date later became Australia's national day,
1672:
1485:
reached the east coast of New Holland and ten days later anchored at
1373:
1138:
1137:
A Luritja man demonstrating his method of attack with a large curved
1099:
903:
195:
18886:(Sydney: Australian National Maritime Museum, 2006), pp. 94β109
18303:
The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia, 1606β1765
17857:
The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 5: 1942β1995. The Middle Way
15363:
Day, David (2016). "Paul John Keating". In Grattan, Michelle (ed.).
15283:
Day, David (2016). "Paul John Keating". In Grattan, Michelle (ed.).
14824:
A suitable piece of real estate; American Installations in Australia
13048:
Josie Castle, "The 1920s" in R. Willis, et al. (eds.) (1982), p. 273
13030:
Josie Castle, "The 1920s" in R. Willis, et al. (eds.) (1982), p. 253
13021:
Josie Castle, "The 1920s" in R. Willis, et al. (eds.) (1982), p. 285
7937:
7542:
improving Australia's competitive advantage in a globalised market.
6592:
employment and housing. In response to the High Court's decision in
5706:. It has retained its status as Australia's largest city ever since.
5194:
in August 1942 was the first Allied defeat of Japanese land forces.
4665:
and post-World War II recovery. Between 1929 and 1931 the racehorse
4346:. New South Wales has had one further territory surrendered, namely
3885:
3235:
led trade unions to form political parties. In New South Wales, the
2247:. Various special-purpose and charitable schemes, such as those of
2226:
106:
22032:
18478:
17421:
17182:
Carter, David; Griffen-Foley, Bridget (2013). "Culture and media".
17143:
Carter, David; Griffen-Foley, Bridget (2013). "Culture and media".
16890:"Childcare in Australia: current provision and recent developments"
14432:
Nation and People: An Introduction to Australia in a Changing World
10345:
9647:
King, Robert J. "Norfolk Island: Phantasy and Reality, 1770β1814."
9469:
Robert J. King, "Norfolk Island: Phantasy and Reality, 1770β1814",
9402:
Interpreting Australia: British Perceptions of Australia since 1788
9202:, Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society, 1955, p. 387.
8901:(2nd ed.). Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin. pp. 237β38.
7350:(NT) followed at a state and territory level in 1974. In 1976, Sir
7214:
7097:
founders Prime Minister Boris Johnston of the UK and US President
6955:
6686:
6510:
held office from 1996 to 2007, the second-longest tenure in history
6036:
5580:(1948). Evatt retired in 1960 amid signs of mental ill-health, and
5130:
4934:
4666:
4614:
4386:
4297:
4217:
4086:
2841:
2825:
2775:
2406:
2395:
2161:
2149:
2129:
2117:
2033:
1649:
1403:'s voyage of 1642 was the first known European expedition to reach
1329:
997:
19104:
18519:
Changing Coastlines: Putting Australia on the World Map, 1493β1993
18359:
Before the First Fleet: European Discovery of Australia, 1606β1777
17482:
The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography
17392:
Stuart McIntyre, "Australia and the Empire," in Robin Winks, ed.,
12565:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41β42, 48.
10405:
Biography β Caroline Chisholm β Australian Dictionary of Biography
10292:
McCalman, Janet; Kippen, Rebecca (2013). "Population and health".
9828:
Ford, Lisa; Roberts, David Andrew (2013). "Expansion, 1820β1850".
9813:
McCalman, Janet; Kippen, Rebecca (2013). "Population and health".
9044:. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 24 May 1927. p. 11
6117:
The Liberal-CP Government was returned with a massive majority in
5513:
request for military aid for South Korea and diverted forces from
5322:
during 1942β43 killed hundreds of servicemen and civilians, while
5087:
4586:
3845:
In November 1917 the five Australian divisions were united in the
3733:
precluded sending conscripts overseas, a new volunteer force, the
3695:
300,000 migrants arrived, all white, and almost all from Britain.
3309:
2419:
led the first successful circumnavigation of Australia in 1801β02.
2398:, thus proving it to be an island. In 1801β02 Matthew Flinders in
1604:
Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca, or Voyages and Travels
18728:
42#1 (2023) pp. 99β121 doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2023.2150485
18706:
Abel Janszoon Tasman: His Life and Voyages, and The Discovery of
18470:
The Wreck of the Zuytdorp on the Western Australian Coast in 1712
18401:
18333:
18095:
17943:
The End of Certainty: Power, Politics & Business in Australia
17898:
Curtin's Gift: Reinterpreting Australia's Greatest Prime Minister
14472:, Volume 5, 1942β1988, p. 99 Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
12024:
The Sentimental Nation, the making of the Australian Commonwealth
10796:
Gascoigne, John; Maroske, Sara (2013). "Science and technology".
9225:
Konishi, Shino; Nugent, Maria (2013). "Newcomers, c. 1600β1800".
9131:
Konishi, Shino; Nugent, Maria (2013). "Newcomers, c. 1600β1800".
8693:
McCalman, Janet; Kipen, Rebecca (2013). "Population and health".
7601:(1964β67) became the highest rating program and the family drama
6446:
6098:
5820:
5778:
5095:, Commander of Allied forces in the Pacific, with Prime Minister
3801:, centring on themes of "nationhood, brotherhood and sacrifice".
3176:
3153:
2867:
In 1825, the NSW governor granted 10,000 acres for an Aboriginal
2721:(April 1816) in which at least 14 Aboriginal people were killed.
1341:
1175:
18864:
Ketelaar, Eric (2008), 'Exploration of the Archived World: From
18337:. (Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 1999, 232pp)
17964:
The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 2: 1770β1860 Possessions
17891:
No charity there: A short history of social welfare in Australia
14992:
Lavelle, Ashley (May 2006). "Labor and Vietnam: A Reappraisal".
13597:
13595:
11524:
William Charles Wentworth : Australia's greatest native son
9002:
9000:
7061:
IndonesiaβAustralia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
6445:. The government engaged closely with the Indonesian President,
5347:
1942 Australian propaganda poster. Australia feared invasion by
4195:, the world's first air ambulance in 1928. Daredevil pilot, Sir
2859:
Aboriginal farmers at Loddon Aboriginal Protectorate Station at
1829:
933:. He returned to London with accounts favouring colonisation at
19020:
Uphill All the Way: A Documentary History of Women in Australia
18821:. (International Federation of Hydrographic Societies, Belrose)
18472:. (Nedlands: Royal Western Australian Historical Society, 1960)
16969:
Census of the Commonwealth 30 June 1961, Census Bulletin No. 21
16863:
Census of the Commonwealth 30 June 1961, Census Bulletin No. 21
12828:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 522β24.
7528:
6813:, promised that a coalition government would "stop the boats."
5791:
5703:
4902:
4188:
3824:. Overall, almost 22,000 Australian troops were killed in 1917.
3598:
was one of the first acts of the new parliament. Pictured: The
3460:
Citizen Federation Leagues were formed, and at a conference in
2942:
The opening of Australia's first elected Parliament in Sydney (
2892:
2327:
1467:
938:
18964:
Yahya, Padillah; Gaudieri, Silvana; Franklin, Daniel (2010), '
18285:
The Loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie Retourschip '
18016:
Australia in peace and war : external relations 1788β1977
16289:
Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
15929:
Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
14887:
14885:
14597:. Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. 7 February 2007. Archived from
14055:
14053:
10901:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
10874:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
10686:
Biography β Charles Sturt β Australian Dictionary of Biography
10659:
Biography β Hamilton Hume β Australian Dictionary of Biography
9312:
The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery
9196:
The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery
9166:
The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery
5221:
played a crucial role in some of the heaviest fighting of the
4050:
4022:
of 1919, almost certainly brought home by returning soldiers.
1548:(1784), lithograph based on 1770 sketch by Cook's illustrator
18907:. (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 83β115
18868:
to Digital Realities,'. Archives and Manuscripts 36(2): 13β33
18717:
16942:
16694:
Indigenous parliamentarians, federal and state: a quick guide
16181:"One year of COVID-19: Aussie jobs, business and the economy"
14918:
A Nation for a Continent: the history of Australia, 1901β1975
13649:
13647:
13592:
8997:
8324:
7643:
in Sydney. Playwrights associated with the new wave included
7398:
7110:
7094:
6483:
6032:
6027:
5800:
5654:
5214:
4879:
3904:"enemy aliens" were sent to internment camps during the war.
3324:" (1895), regarded as Australia's unofficial national anthem.
2714:
2589:
2107:
1888:
was formed in England in 1789 as a permanent regiment of the
1644:
Landing of Lieutenant James Cook at Botany Bay, 29 April 1770
1183:
1090:
993:
953:
ventured into its interior. This period saw a decline in the
16874:
Holmes, Katie; Pinto, Sarah (2016). "Gender and sexuality".
16849:
Holmes, Katie; Pinto, Sarah (2016). "Gender and sexuality".
16518:(fifth ed.). Sydney: Allen and Unwin. pp. 219β25.
16313:
15201:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 166, 179.
14349:. Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. 20 March 2008. Archived from
14318:
There Goes the Neighbourhood! Australia's Migrant Experience
13634:. p. 33 Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
12982:
History and Heartburn; The Saga of Australian Film 1896β1978
12026:. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 38β39.
10623:
Biography β George Bass β Australian Dictionary of Biography
9970:(Fifth ed.). London: Faber and Faber. pp. 118β19.
9561:
Who Cooked the Last Supper: The Women's History of the World
9063:
8899:
The Original Australians: The Story of the Aboriginal People
5310:
5217:. A turning point came between July and November 1942, when
5201:
Australian soldiers display Japanese flags they captured at
3893:
In October 1914, the Fisher Labor government introduced the
1693:
18937:
Strangers on the Shore: Early Coastal Contacts in Australia
18691:
Strangers on the Shore: Early Coastal Contacts in Australia
17850:
The Europeans in Australia: A History. Volume 2: Democracy.
15682:"Australia's Prime Ministers, Julia Gillard: During Office"
14882:
14339:
14050:
13410:. Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. 7 April 2008. Archived from
12694:
12692:
12527:
9306:, revised by John Campbell, London, 1764, p. 332; cited in
8154:
List of towns and cities in Australia by year of foundation
6450:
6185:
was responsible for significant reforms, but went on to be
4742:
Proposed Japanese invasion of Australia during World War II
4610:
4440:
4039:
3635:
3506:
2050:
Pastoralists from Van Diemen's land began squatting in the
1412:
19074:
18503:. (Canberra: Department of Environment and Heritage, 2005)
17162:. NSW: Brandl and Schlesinger. pp. 12, 16β19, 34β64.
15958:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 325β26.
15577:
Grattan, Michelle (2013). "John Winston Howard". pp 462β67
14804:
cited in Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa (1976) pp. 36β38
13983:
Jan Bassett (1986) pp. 228β29. Also see Gavin Long (1963)
13644:
12465:
Australian Prime Ministers, National Archives of Australia
10508:
9738:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 118β19.
9674:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 90β114.
9352:
8197:
6637:
The Australian-led multinational force in response to the
5509:. The Menzies government responded to a United States led
4018:. An estimated 12,000 Australians died as a result of the
3764:
After arriving in Egypt, the AIF was incorporated into an
2470:. Leading a second expedition in 1829, Sturt followed the
2152:(Moreton Bay Settlement), 1835; watercolour by H. Bowerman
875:
is the history of the land and peoples which comprise the
19149:
18482:. (Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 1996)
18462:. (Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 2006)
18327:. (Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 1980)
17059:
Allen, Liz (2019). "Population, immigration and policy".
16777:
Haebich, Anna; Kinnane, Steve. "Indigenous Australians".
16729:
Haebich, Anna; Kinnane, Steve. "Indigenous Australians".
16539:
Haebich, Anna; Kinnane, Steve. "Indigenous Australians".
16500:
Haebich, Anna; Kinnane, Steve. "Indigenous Australians".
15477:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 203β4.
15068:
Haebich, Anna; Kinnane, Steve. "Indigenous Australians".
15041:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 145β7.
12279:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21β23.
12186:
Irving, Helen (2013). "Making the federal Commonwealth".
12172:
Irving, Helen (2013). "Making the federal Commonwealth".
12097:
Irving, Helen (2013). "Making the federal Commonwealth".
11574:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 40β41.
7282:
in a quest for equal pay and recognition of land rights.
6801:
Australian special forces wait for extraction during the
5433:
4969:
was sworn in as prime minister. Eight weeks later, Japan
2935:
to promote representative government for New South Wales.
2728:, opening the way for large scale farming and grazing in
1061:
and short sea crossings from what is now Southeast Asia.
18879:. (Crawley: University of Western Australia Press, 2006)
18851:. (Crawley: University of Western Australia Press, 2006)
18814:. (University of WA Press, Sydney, 2006), pp. 38β55
18791:. (Crawley: University of Western Australia Press, 2006)
18633:
The Sea in World History: Exploration, Travel, and Trade
18274:
The Loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie Jacht '
18150:
The A to Z of the Discovery and Exploration of Australia
18119:
Memorable Description of the East Indian Voyage, 1618β25
17744:
Davison, Graeme, John Hirst, and Stuart Macintyre, eds.
17696:
What Happened When: A Chronology of Australia from 1788.
17394:
The Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography
15588:"Australia's Prime Ministers, Kevin Rudd: During Office"
12689:
11949:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 56β94.
11018:
8427:
People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory
4191:) was established. The Reverend John Flynn, founded the
3453:
in 1889 was pivotal in gathering support for the cause.
3393:(1890) achieved popularity, and his lyrics to the song "
1804:
In 1788, Phillip established a subsidiary settlement on
1385:
In 1627, the south coast of Australia was discovered by
992:
in the two world wars and was to become a long-standing
19065:
History of the Australian nation β State Library of NSW
18920:
Schilder, GΓΌnter (1993), 'A Continent Takes Shape: The
18693:. (Canberra: National Museum of Australia Press, 2008,
17720:
The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary of Australian History
17263:
Beyond the Cringe: Australia's Cultural Overconfidence?
17207:
Beyond the Cringe: Australia's Cultural Overconfidence?
15659:
Grattan, Michelle (2016). "Kevin Michael Rudd." p 483-8
15515:
Grattan, Michelle (2016). "John Winston Howard". p. 457
15098:
15096:
13514:
Haebich, Anna; Kinnane, Steve. "Indigenous Australia".
12854:
Documenting a Democracy, Museum of Australian Democracy
12304:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 123β25.
11916:
Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s".
11803:
Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s".
11657:
Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s".
11644:
Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s".
11631:
Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s".
11608:
Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s".
10322:, www.jstor.org/stable/41110599. Accessed 20 July 2021.
7006:
6193:
Elected in December 1972 after 23 years in opposition,
5875:
Indigenous civil rights, assimilation and child removal
3986:
Built between 1920 and 1930, a cultural masterpiece of
3206:"The labor crisis. β The riot in George Street, Sydney"
3187:
restricted Chinese immigration and citizenship rights.
3140:
operated between 1863 to 1904 saw tens of thousands of
2760:
Fighting near Creen Creek, Queensland in September 1876
2288:
settlement of single and married women in rural areas.
1931:
Central to Macquarie's policy was his treatment of the
1115:
probably developed more recently than 6,500 years ago.
929:
charted the east coast of Australia and claimed it for
19027:
Colonial Eve: Sources On Women in Australia, 1788β1914
17252:
Carter, David; Griffen-Foley, Bridget (2013). p 254-60
17234:
Carter, David; Griffen-Foley, Bridget (2013). p 256-57
14896:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 531.
13997:
Home front: Second World War | Australian War Memorial
12082:
Russell, Penny (2013). "Gender and colonial society".
11757:
Museum of Australian Democracy, Old Parliament House.
10454:
10131:. Parliament.sa.gov.au. 21 August 2006. Archived from
9908:
Russell, Penny (2013). "Gender and colonial society".
9545:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1β2.
7800:
questioned whether Australia had overcome its former "
7481:
Malcolm Fraser: Committed to a multicultural Australia
7185:
had raised interest rates to 4.35%, a 12-year high.
7073:
In 2020, the government was confronted with the world
5769:
5407:
in 1943, joining the Robert Menzies' new centre-right
4518:
Various "plans" to resolve the crisis were suggested;
2713:
There were intense conflicts between settlers and the
1546:
Two of the Natives of New Holland, Advancing To Combat
1502:
and as such they may lay Claim to it as their property
19100:"State Library of New South Wales Online Collections"
18958:. (Sydney: Australian National Maritime Museum, 2006)
18766:, edited by G. Moore. (New York: Punctum Books, 2017)
18724:
Beaumont, Joan. "Australian military historiography"
18607:. (Sydney: Australian National Maritime Museum, 2006)
18375:. (Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 2006)
18225:: Murder, Mayhem and Mutiny: The Story of the Batavia
17765:
16263:
Johns Hopkins University, Coronavirus Resource Centre
16033:"IA-CEPA deal to take IR-Australia ties to new level"
13215:, London, 1926, cited in Geoff Spenceley (1981) p. 14
10831:
Art of Australia, Volume I, exploration to Federation
9559:, Melbourne, Black Inc., 2011. Rosalind Miles (2001)
9211:
Bill Gammage, "Early Boundaries of New South Wales",
8403:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 19.
7452:
Single mothers' benefits were introduced in 1973 and
7308:
was honoured with a postage stamp. Singer-songwriter
7199:
7128:
5645:
Menzies remained a staunch supporter of links to the
5031:
between April and August 1941. The Nazi propagandist
4526:
proposed a mildly inflationary plan, while the Labor
3491:
3134:
The seizure of the blackbirder ship 'Daphne' ca.1869;
2611:
Impact of British settlement on Indigenous population
2482:, where the Murray meets the sea in South Australia.
2380:
Flinders prepares to circumnavigate Terra Australis -
2307:, (chief chaplain 1788β1802) was charged by Governor
2024:
French naval expedition in Sydney in 1802, Governor
1530:
18778:
Feeling Things: Objects and Emotions through History
18340:
Hiatt, Alfred; Wortham, Christopher; et al. (eds.):
15979:
Rendall, Jessica; Cansdale, Dominic (2 April 2020).
15769:
Grattan, Michelle (2016), "Anthony John Abbott". In
15093:
14336:
cited in Michael Dugan and Josef Swarc (1984) p. 139
13568:
13566:
13564:
13226:
Windows on our Past; Constructing Australian History
11159:
11100:
The Amazing 250-Year Adventure of Australian History
10924:(Fifth ed.). NSW: Allen and Unwin. p. 15.
10554:
10552:
10069:
10054:
Ford, Lisa; Roberts, David Andrew (2013). pp. 139β40
8744:"How Aboriginal burning changed Australia's climate"
8071:
7765:
produced significant work in the 1970s and 1980s. A
6057:
Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War
5578:
United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4878:
An Australian light machine gun team in action near
4312:
of Nations."; however, Australia did not ratify the
4220:
with his prime ministers. Standing (left to right):
4183:
By 1929 there were 500,000. The stage coach company
2915:
advocated for greater self-government, establishing
2903:
1991:
1568:
with The Adjacent Countries and New Discovered Lands
1009:, with 30 per cent of the population born overseas.
965:
gained independence from Australia a century later.
18310:Abel Janszoon Tasman's Journal of His Discovery of
18048:
Australia: A New History of the Great Southern Land
17728:
Island Nation: A History of Australians and the Sea
17358:
Carter, David; Griffen-Foley, Bridget (2013). p 261
17142:
17033:Australian Government, Department of Home Affairs.
14397:
14395:
12112:Dixon, Robert; Hoorn (2013). "Art and literature".
11359:
11209:
Frontier Conflict in Van Diemen's Land (PhD thesis)
10852:
10850:
9144:Admiralty instructions cited in A.G.L. Shaw (1972)
8988:
8683:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 25 January 2002.
5572:after Chifley's death in 1951. Evatt had served as
5331:fatalities and fuelling fear of Japanese invasion.
4551:. At June elections, Lang Labor's seats collapsed.
2394:set out from Sydney in a sloop and circumnavigated
1959:
Map of the south eastern portion of Australia, 1850
1506:
therefore by the same Rule belongs to great Brittan
1452:influential descriptions of the Aboriginal people.
1102:
have been practised for tens of thousands of years.
18430:. (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 2013,
17631:Lake, Marilyn (2013). "Histories across borders".
16442:"Australia rejects historic Indigenous referendum"
16314:Senator the Hon Marise Payne (16 September 2021).
15634:Grattan, Michelle (2016) "Kevin Michael Rudd." In
15463:Bashford and MacIntyre (eds) (2013). pp 178, 205β7
15409:
15407:
14687:; Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate
14553:
13003:, 9 April 1925, cited in Lloyd Robson (1980) p. 76
12624:
11978:Bellanta, Melissa (2013). "Rethinking the 1890s".
11743:Bellanta, Melissa (2013). "Rethinking the 1890s".
11024:
10062:
10060:
9339:Robert J. King, "Gustaf III's Australian Colony",
9245:Journal of the Numismatic Association of Australia
8396:
7472:
7320:was celebrated as Australian of the Year in 1971.
7038:
6965:
6856:Liberal-National Coalition governments (2013β2022)
6769:removal of Aboriginal children from their families
6532:with a LiberalβNational Party coalition served as
6165:
5781:power station was constructed as part of the vast
5142:ordered his commander in the Philippines, General
3053:A polling booth in Melbourne β David Syme and Co (
1214:
1045:in Australia can be traced back some 30,000 years.
18939:. (Canberra: National Museum of Australia Press,
18544:The Cartographic Eye: How Explorers Saw Australia
18521:. (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1993)
18498:Great Southern Land: The Maritime Exploration of
17922:The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia's Founding
17579:Read, Peter (2013). "Making Aboriginal History".
16547:
15848:Grattan, Michelle (2016). "Anthony John Abbott".
15800:Grattan, Michelle (2016). "Anthony John Abbott".
15786:Grattan, Michelle (2016). "Anthony John Abbott".
15781:
15779:
15729:Grattan, Michelle (2016). "Anthony John Abbott".
15655:
15653:
15449:Grattan, Michelle (2016). "John Winston Howard".
14739:, pp. 35β49. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Sydney.
13929:Centaur (Hospital ship) | Australian War Memorial
13561:
13105:"Kingsford Smith, Sir Charles Edward (1897β1935)"
11700:
11698:
10549:
10095:
9729:
9727:
9536:
9534:
8318:
7886:The first Australian histories, such as those by
7369:In January 1972, Aboriginal activists erected an
6646:(2003β2017) became Australia's largest effort in
6160:
6077:By 1965, Australia had increased the size of the
5803:was expected to fulfil research and development.
4734:Military history of Australia during World War II
3639:Procession in support of an eight-hour work day,
2884:beliefs. Queensland annexed the islands in 1879.
1428:
111:Painting of 1851 bushfires in Victoria, Australia
22319:
19029:(Melbourne : Oxford University Press, 1978)
18819:Hydro 2007 Conference Proceedings: Focus on Asia
18514:. (Lanham, MD and Oxford: Scarecrow Press, 2005)
18446:The Batavia Journal of Francisco Pelsaert (1629)
18291:. (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1989)
18280:. (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1977)
18004:(1970) University of Queensland Press, Brisbane.
17884:Claiming a Continent: A New History of Australia
17273:
17271:
16320:Minister for Foreign Affairs, Minister for Women
15254:"Australia's Prime Ministers, Keating in Office"
14947:See discussion in E.M. Andrews (1979) pp. 172β73
14531:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 174β.
14524:
14447:Australia and the World in the Twentieth Century
14392:
14008:Australia under attack | Australian War Memorial
13554:
13552:
12241:
11929:
11496:
10847:
10795:
10316:Journal of the Australian Population Association
10162:
10121:
9176:, London, The Hakluyt Society, 1955, pp. 273β74.
8874:Farmers or Hunter-Gatherers? The Dark Emu Debate
8644:
8642:
8417:
8394:
8198:Rasmussen, M.; et al. (22 September 2011).
7449:in 1984 and the Affirmative Action Act of 1986.
6894:
5908:with Aboriginal rights campaigners ahead of the
5574:President of the United Nations General Assembly
5047:, which was then standing alone against Hitler.
4081:unsuccessfully tried to ban it again during the
3958:
3713:Economic history of World War I Β§ Australia
3705:Military history of Australia during World War I
3038:
2175:
1682:
1000:to the present. Trade with Asia increased and a
18935:,'; in Peter Veth, Margo Neale, et al. (eds.),
18546:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
18406:. Artarmon, N.S.W.: Antipodean Publishers, 1974
17570:MacIntyre, Stuart; Clark, Anna (2004). pp 43β45
17512:MacIntyre, Stuart; Clark, Anna (2004). pp 39β40
17418:MacIntyre, Stuart; Clark, Anna (2004). pp 38β39
17230:
17228:
17226:
16992:
16990:
16845:
16843:
16841:
16285:"Australia-United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement"
15978:
15404:
15333:
15331:
14713:
14711:
14525:Crawford, Robert; Humphery, Kim (9 June 2010).
14464:
14462:
14428:
13798:
13486:
12234:
12232:
12062:. Sydney: Turner and Henderson. pp. 71β76.
11923:
10944:Governor Phillips Instructions, 25 April 1787,
10612:
10610:
10608:
10057:
9876:Ford, Lisa; Roberts, David Andrew (2013). p.138
9595:. SL/nsw.gov.au. 9 October 2009. Archived from
8732:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 27, 189β91, 194β97
6728:
6494:
6310:
5844:, a vulgar parody of a Whitlam-era politician.
4833:also advocated. In November 1936, Labor leader
3080:
2965:
2815:
2364:
1574:, London, Fielding and Stockdale, November 1786
18950:Sigmond, Peter (2006), 'Cultural Heritage and
17536:MacIntyre, Stuart; Clark, Anna (2004). pp 41β2
17367:
17302:
17204:
16943:Rachel Nolan and James Pawluk (3 March 2021).
16894:Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library
16799:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 216, 320β21, 352β3
15776:
15750:Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library
15650:
15344:Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library
15155:"Australia's Prime Ministers, Hawke in Office"
14872:. pp. 86β87 HarperCollins Publishers, Sydney.
13681:To Benghazi. Australia in the War of 1939β1945
11759:"Constitution (Female Suffrage) Act 1895 (SA)"
11695:
10718:"Mitchell, Sir Thomas Livingstone (1792β1855)"
10033:Ford, Lisa; Roberts, David Andrew (2013). p.73
9812:
9724:
9531:
9417:CO 201/1: 57 61; reproduced in Jonathan King,
8876:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing.
8596:
8594:
8456:
7780:In music, ABC television's popular music show
7123:
6675:Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands
5694:Postwar migrants arriving in Australia in 1954
5552:, the Liberal government attempted to ban the
4746:
4378:transferred to Australia from Britain (1947).
4096:) formed in 1920 to promulgate its version of
3709:Home front during World War I Β§ Australia
3107:(1887), scene of frequent hold-ups during the
2887:
2633:(1850) depicts German settlers with Aborigines
2046:Landing, 1840; watercolor by W. Liardet (1840)
1824:
20672:
19698:
19440:
19344:
19320:
19170:
18834:. (New York: Routledge, 2002), pp. 66β86
18635:. (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2017)
18526:The Explorations, 1696β1697, of Australia by
18247:Gerritsen, Rupert; Cramer, Max; Slee, Colin:
18090:Databases of the People Aboard the VOC Ships
17644:McKenna, Mark (2013). "The history anxiety".
17522:McKenna, Mark (2013). "The history anxiety".
17405:McKenna, Mark (2013). "The history anxiety".
17330:"Australian Feature Film Production Activity"
17268:
17075:"30% of Australia's population born overseas"
16736:
16706:Sir Douglas Ralph (Doug) Nicholls (1906β1988)
15676:
15674:
14973:Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa (1976) p. 79
14938:Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa (1976) p. 74
14813:Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa (1976) p. 63
14755:Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa (1976) p. 35
14649:"Australian Television: the first 24 years".
14630:Australian Houses of the Forties and Fifties.
13869:. Awm.gov.au. 23 October 1942. Archived from
13867:"Encyclopedia | Australian War Memorial"
13784:"Encyclopedia | Australian War Memorial"
13549:
13228:. p. 195 Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
12560:
11947:History of the White Australia Policy to 1920
11380:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1.
11336:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1.
9896:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I.
9224:
8692:
8639:
8540:Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue (2013). pp. 19, 23
7804:" only to fall into cultural overconfidence.
7639:in Melbourne and the Jane Street Theatre and
7497:National Agenda for a Multicultural Australia
7392:Uluru: returned to traditional owners in 1985
7016:in order to counter Chinese ambitions in the
6262:
6145:. As the Nixon administration proceeded with
5980:Menzies oversaw an effusive welcome to Queen
3784:which had entered the war on the side of the
3264:Coloured Races Restriction and Regulation Act
2662:
2584:and called it Mount Olga. The following year
2572:. While exploring central Australia in 1872,
1518:In the same year, a French expedition led by
1193:
852:
539:
57:. Please discuss this issue on the article's
18493:. . (Perth: Western Australian Museum, 1998)
17947:The End of Certainty: The Story of the 1980s
17646:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
17524:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
17407:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
17223:
17209:. London: University of London. p. 10.
17184:The Cambridge History of Australia, volume 2
17145:The Cambridge History of Australia, volume 2
17131:The Cambridge History of Australia, volume 2
16987:
16912:
16910:
16876:The Cambridge History of Australia, volume 2
16851:The Cambridge History of Australia, volume 2
16838:
16779:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
16731:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
16665:
16541:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
16502:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
16175:
16173:
15891:
15328:
15223:The end of certainty: The story of the 1980s
15149:
15147:
15145:
15143:
15070:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
14766:Maralinga; British A-Bomb, Australian legacy
14708:
14459:
12791:"Hughes, William Morris (Billy) (1862β1952)"
12788:
12277:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
12229:
12188:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
12174:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
12114:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
12099:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
12084:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11980:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11932:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11918:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11869:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11819:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11805:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11745:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11706:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11690:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11659:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11646:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11633:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11610:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11596:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11558:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11520:
11499:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11476:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11463:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11441:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11367:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11252:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11194:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11162:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
10922:Aboriginal Australians, A history since 1788
10798:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
10745:"Strzelecki, Sir Paul Edmund de (1797β1873)"
10605:
10600:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
10560:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
10543:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
10386:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
10294:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
10165:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
10050:
10048:
9910:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9867:, Series III, Vol. V, 1922, pp. 743β47, 770.
9830:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9815:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9507:
9505:
9497:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9484:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9458:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9445:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9389:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9355:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9227:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9133:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
8868:
8824:(232). Cambridge University Press: 310β321.
8695:The Cambridge History of Australia, volume 1
8627:Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue (2013). pp. 34β35
8600:Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue (2013). pp. 29β32
8423:
7908:History of Australia in the War of 1914β1918
6962:successfully challenged for the leadership.
6771:. The government was soon confronted by the
6699:Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement
5859:, and two commercial services in Sydney and
3967:Australian soldiers carrying Prime Minister
3560:was one of the first laws passed by the new
3320:penned a number of classic works including "
2893:Colonial self-government and the gold rushes
1985:South Australia and the Northern Territory.
1632:, the eminent scientist who had accompanied
18593:. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963)
18517:Richards, Michael; O'Connor, Maura (eds.):
18508:Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and
18212:(1615β1616), published in Amsterdam in 1622
17758:Galligan, Brian, and Winsome Roberts, eds.
17550:. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing. p. 75.
17103:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from
15956:From Turnbull to Morrison: The trust divide
15861:Turnbull, Malcolm (2020). pp 179β81, 321β23
15417:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from
15388:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from
15106:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from
15064:
15062:
15060:
15058:
14764:See Adrian Tame and F.P.J. Robotham (1982)
14528:Consumer Australia: Historical Perspectives
14274:
14040:p. 474. Australian War Memorial, Canberra.
13808:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from
13657:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from
13459:
13432:
13156:
12162:Hirst, John (2000). pp. 107, 171β73, 204β11
11215:, University of Tasmania, pp. 329β31,
10540:
9827:
8930:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 213β14, 235β37
8712:. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. pp. 30β35.
8591:
8543:
8508:. Cambridge University Press. p. 237.
8495:
8469:. Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 111β.
8462:
3737:(AIF), was raised to meet this commitment.
3723:
2180:
2160:was established on the site of present-day
1744:of 11 vessels under the command of Captain
20679:
20665:
19705:
19691:
19447:
19433:
19351:
19337:
19177:
19163:
19080:Bush Poetry a source of Australian History
18718:Journal articles, scholarly papers, essays
18689:Veth, Peter; Sutton, Peter; Neale, Margo:
18487:Voyage of Discovery to Terra Australis by
18269:. (Perth: Western Australian Museum, 1974)
17769:; Balderstone, Simon; Bowan, John (2006).
17748:(2001) online at many academic libraries;
17746:The Oxford Companion to Australian History
16808:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 247β48, 367β68
16538:
15671:
15580:
14957:
14955:
14953:
14515:The New Rulers of the World by John Pilger
14402:Hosking, Susan; et al., eds. (2009).
14152:. pp. 222β26. Wren Publishing, Melbourne.
13830:Cited in Frank Crowley (1973) Vol 2, p. 51
13513:
12111:
11400:
10833:. Sydney: Pan Macmillan. pp. 271β80.
10518:. Catholicaustralia.com.au. Archived from
10009:State Records Authority of New South Wales
9942:"Governor Bourke's proclamation 1835 (UK)"
9767:
9369:1788; The Brutal Truth of the First Fleet.
8430:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 250β253.
7825:Asia-Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art
7278:people of Wave Hill station commenced the
6941:intervention against Islamic State in Iraq
6788:UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen
6484:Australia in a globalised world: 1996β2022
5326:threatened shipping between 1940 and 1945.
4308:, and freely associated as members of the
3760:with a kangaroo as regimental mascot, 1914
3243:and held the balance of power between the
2744:the settled districts. From 1830 to 1834,
2592:and named it Ayers Rock, in honour of the
2271:helped establish the merino wool industry.
2090:In 1826, the governor of New South Wales,
1950:
1200:European maritime exploration of Australia
859:
845:
546:
532:
20686:
18915:Studies from Terra Australis to Australia
18662:. . (The Hague: Nationaal Archief, 2006)
18621:. (Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw, 1988)
18368:. (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2005)
18354:. (Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren, 2000)
18182:. . (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1963)
18125:. (London: G. Routledge & Sons, 1929)
18062:
18025:Schreuder, Deryck, and Stuart Ward, eds.
17762:(2007); online at many academic libraries
17605:Clark, Anna; Ashton, Paul (eds.) (2013).
17490:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205661.003.0009
17475:
16907:
16826:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 274β78, 363β4
16233:"Hours worked recover to pre-COVID level"
16207:"Policy responses to COVID-19, Australia"
16170:
15953:
15140:
15013:
13312:Joseph Lyons: The People's Prime Minister
12980:Also see for example β Eric Reade (1979)
12299:
11241:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 44β45, 54, 77
10975:
10957:
10643:Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 102, 108, 116
10045:
9620:
9502:
9330:, Edinburgh, 1766, Vol. I, pp. 10, 20β23.
9256:
9194:J.C. Beaglehole and R.A. Skelton (eds.),
9164:J.C. Beaglehole and R.A. Skelton (eds.),
8355:
8231:
7209:
5485:, won every federal election until 1972.
5351:following the invasion of the Australian
5298:Australian home front during World War II
5039:". Vital in the defence of Egypt and the
4890:On 3 September 1939, the prime minister,
3931:
3849:, and in May 1918 the Australian general
3687:of parliament. Labor comfortably won the
3119:The period 1850 to 1880 saw a revival in
2954:males were eligible to vote in the first
2724:In the 1820s, the colony spread over the
1694:Establishment of the colony: 1788 to 1792
1560:A General Chart of New Holland including
1376:, Western Australia. In 1622β23 the ship
1353:sailed to the north of Australia through
21782:The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole
19358:
19184:
19117:"Some Inspirational (Australian) People"
18954:,'; in L. Shaw & W. Wilkins (eds.),
18256:The First and Last Voyage of the Batavia
18244:. (Sydney: Random House Australia, 2011)
17983:(2nd. ed. 2009) excerpt and text search
17484:. Oxford University Press. p. 175.
16887:
16345:Dalzell, Stephanie (17 September 2021).
16030:
15743:
15187:, July 1993, Vol. 28 Issue 2, pp. 221β41
15055:
15036:
14737:Australian American Relations Since 1945
14735:Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa (1976)
14642:
14429:Hodge, Brian; Whitehurst, Allen (1967).
14150:Modern Australia in Documents, 1939β1970
13516:Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
12072:Hirst, John (2000). pp. 11β13, 69β71, 76
11977:
11849:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). pp. 47, 107β08
11791:
11281:Flood, Josephine (2019), pp. 125β30, 138
11205:
10828:
10715:
10679:
10487:
10331:
10283:Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 116, 122β125
9733:
9669:
9540:
8948:J.P. Sigmond and L.H. Zuiderbaan (1979)
8815:
8618:Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue (2013). p. 32
8549:
8501:
8424:Fagan, Brian M.; Durrani, Nadia (2018).
7936:
7661:
7571:
7476:
7431:
7387:
7364:Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
7333:Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
7322:
7227:
7213:
7138:
7088:
7042:
6969:
6898:
6796:
6746:
6632:
6612:
6513:
6498:
6420:
6353:
6314:
6266:
6169:
6060:
5990:
5915:
5899:
5773:
5697:
5689:
5531:
5517:to begin Australia's involvement in the
5437:
5411:, formed in 1945. At the same election,
5403:, became the first woman elected to the
5342:
5333:Axis naval activity in Australian waters
5324:Axis naval activity in Australian waters
5309:
5301:
5291:
5196:
5120:
5086:
5027:, by the German-Italian army of General
4975:
4873:
4857:
4797:
4750:
4738:Axis naval activity in Australian waters
4609:
4585:
4471:
4414:
4327:removed any remaining links between the
4212:
4049:
4038:
4024:
3981:
3962:
3920:and Hughes continued as prime minister.
3884:
3826:
3752:
3634:
3589:
3577:
3505:
3421:
3308:
3279:
3269:
3200:
3129:
3092:
3048:
3018:Riot. J. B. Henderson (1854) watercolour
3010:
2969:
2937:
2907:
2854:
2819:
2774:
2755:
2688:
2672:
2624:
2511:
2493:The Polish scientist and explorer Count
2411:
2374:
2317:
2262:
2225:
2190:
2144:
2112:
2073:
2038:
1954:
1911:Macquarie served as the last autocratic
1859:
1828:
1780:
1766:
1740:was established with the arrival of the
1697:
1639:
1554:
1540:
1432:
1364:, sailing off course, en route from the
1316:
1218:
1132:
1098:religious practices associated with the
1089:
1032:
1012:
21878:The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce
18660:Het Journaal van Abel Tasman, 1642β1643
18422:Nichols, Robert; Woods, Martin (eds.):
17997:(2 vol 1993β99), online at ACLS e-books
17822:The Australian frontier wars, 1788β1838
17760:Oxford Companion to Australian Politics
17713:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Australia
17657:MacIntyre, Stuart; Clark, Anna (2004).
17545:
17521:
17368:MacIntyre, Stuart; Clark, Anna (2004).
17277:
17243:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 248β52, 280
16344:
15813:
15785:
15728:
15448:
15185:Australian Journal of Political Science
14991:
14950:
14788:, p. 144, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne.
14560:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp.
14401:
14224:, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book, 2005.
13739:Modern Australia in Documents 1939β1970
13491:. Museumvictoria.com.au. Archived from
13464:. Museumvictoria.com.au. Archived from
13437:. Museumvictoria.com.au. Archived from
13159:"Australia, 1930: An inaugural lecture"
13150:
12208:Irving, Helen (2013). pp. 259β61.
12081:
11944:
11607:
11569:
9907:
9694:
9371:pp. 9,11. William Heinemann, Australia
8850:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 25β27, 146
8742:Wyrwoll, Karl-Heinz (11 January 2012).
8741:
8653:. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. p. 12.
7896:Cambridge History of the British Empire
7488:A MultiβCultural Society for the Future
6584:in 2001, the government introduced the
5884:, while the Holt Government's landmark
5840:a naive Australian expat in London and
5675:
3768:(ANZAC). The Anzacs formed part of the
3160:highest living standards in the world.
1029:Aboriginal history of Western Australia
85:This article is part of a series on the
22320:
19712:
19454:
18982:Select Documents in Australian History
18645:. (Singapore: Periplus Editions, 2004)
18626:De Oostindische Compagnie en AustraliΓ«
18603:Shaw, Lindsey; Wilkins, Wendy (eds.):
18404:and the First Discoveries of Australia
18366:The Wreck of the Batavia. A True Story
18034:A short political history of Australia
17818:
17725:
17457:"Forever misquoted, Donald Horne dies"
16513:
16005:Murphy, Katherine (3 September 2018).
16004:
15559:Groot, Murray (2013). pp 191, 195, 205
15337:
15196:
14891:
14786:A History of Australian Foreign Policy
14696:Broome, Richard (2019). p. 215-17, 230
14632:p. 26. The Five Mile Press, Victoria.
14619:Cited in Geoffrey Bolton (1990) p. 124
14551:
13632:An Outline of Australian Naval History
13265:"Lang, John Thomas (Jack) (1876β1975)"
12823:
12489:
12171:
12096:
12055:
10919:
10460:
10229:Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 91β97, 104
9842:W.P. Driscoll and E.S. Elphick (1982)
9239:Ducksey C. C. Cowan and John C. Camm,
9170:The Voyage of the Endeavour, 1768β1771
8648:
8636:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 21β22, 37
8466:Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World
8041:" of Aboriginal children are notable.
7204:
5955:
5584:succeeded him as leader, with a young
5434:Menzies and Liberal dominance: 1949β72
5415:became the first woman elected to the
5261:. In 1944, the Japanese inflicted the
3400:
3251:. Labor parties also won seats in the
3000:
2255:, also provided migration assistance.
1756:where a settlement was established at
1223:Exploration by Europeans until 1812:
21953:The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant
20660:
19686:
19428:
19332:
19319:
19158:
19105:"Australian War Memorial Collections"
18832:Natural Disasters and Cultural Change
18316:. (Amsterdam: Frederick Muller, 1898)
17936:Class Structure in Australian History
17841:
17303:O'Sullivan, Jane (25 February 2016).
17157:
17058:
17023:Koleth, Elsa (2010). pp. 15β16, 31β32
15897:
15378:
14320:. p. 138 Macmillan, South Melbourne.
14204:
14191:
14178:Biography β Herbert Vere (Bert) Evatt
13330:p. 14, Scribe Publications, Fitzroy.
12274:
12247:
12199:Irving, Helen (2013). pp. 255β59
12021:
11867:Frost, Lionel (2013). "The economy".
11817:Frost, Lionel (2013). "The economy".
11816:
11719:"Women's right to vote in Queensland"
11514:
10895:"Gosse, William Christie (1842β1881)"
10892:
10865:
10384:Frost, Lionel (2013). "The economy".
10383:
10204:
10105:. Foundingdocs.gov.au. Archived from
10079:. Foundingdocs.gov.au. Archived from
9993:
9316:The Voyage of the Endeavor, 1768β1771
9200:The Voyage of the Endeavor, 1768β1771
8896:
8811:
8809:
8785:from the original on 11 February 2024
8772:
8707:
8253:
8251:
8037:(1981) and Peter Reid's work on the "
8025:The Destruction of Aboriginal Society
6079:Australian Army Training Team Vietnam
5984:on the first visit to Australia by a
5783:Snowy Mountains Hydro Electric Scheme
4435:Australia was deeply affected by the
3766:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
3719:World War I conscription in Australia
2956:Legislative Council elections in 1843
2748:and Aboriginal ambassadors including
2028:decided to establish a settlement in
1752:the fleet moved to the more suitable
1648:Under Banks's guidance, the American
1357:, along New Guinea's southern coast.
18987:Kemp, Rod, and Marion Stanton, eds.
18712:. (Hobart: Government Printer, 1896)
18686:. (Perth: Rio Bay Enterprises, 1997)
18332:Sent Forth a Dove: The Discovery of
17938:(1992), Longman Cheshire: Melbourne.
17789:Australia: The Complete Encyclopedia
17675:
17429:"China and the Tyranny of Proximity"
16708:; Australian Dictionary of Biography
16644:; Australian Dictionary of Biography
16482:from the original on 19 October 2023
16452:from the original on 14 October 2023
16414:
15870:Turnbull, Malcolm (2020), pp 516β19.
15472:
15287:. Sydney: New Holland. p. 424.
14768:, p. 179, Fontana Books, Melbourne,
14449:. pp. 123β24 McGraw Hill Australia.
14316:Michal Dugan and Josef Swarc (1984)
14210:
14148:See Menzies in Frank Crowley (1973)
13741:. p. 1. Wren Publishing, Melbourne.
13630:Department of Defence (Navy) (1976)
13075:
12677:Garton and Stanley (2013). pp. 40β45
12668:Garton and Stanley (2013). pp. 46β47
12585:Garton and Stanley (2013). pp. 42β43
11968:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). pp. 131β34
11959:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). pp. 138β39
11452:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 31β32,72
11232:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 105-107
10652:
10374:Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 94, 112.
10209:. Melbourne: Black Inc. p. 31.
9965:
9279:from the original on 9 October 2022.
8674:"1301.0 β Year Book Australia, 2002"
8570:from the original on 3 December 2023
8522:from the original on 3 December 2023
8483:from the original on 3 December 2023
8444:from the original on 3 December 2023
6909:ChinaβAustralia Free Trade Agreement
6842:National Disability Insurance Scheme
6677:(RAMSI) in the early 2000s; and the
6659:United Nations force into East Timor
6546:industrial relations reforms in 1996
6235:conducted secret discussions with a
5897:becoming a Liberal Senator for QLD.
5576:during 1948β49 and helped draft the
5501:in 1949 and in June 1950, Communist
4685:
4515:, others to Prime Minister Scullin.
4059:West Australian Legislative Assembly
3914:October 1916 conscription referendum
3627:The base of the Labor Party was the
3148:plantations of Queensland either as
2931:was formed in 1835 by Wentworth and
246:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition
17:
19150:Royal Australian Historical Society
18617:Sigmond, J. P.; Zuiderbaan, L. H.:
18610:Sigmond, J. P.; Zuiderbaan, L. H.:
18598:The Voyages of Abel Janszoon Tasman
18477:Carpet of Silver: The Wreck of the
18251:. (Geraldton: Sun City Print, 2007)
18085:. (Wellington: Te Papa Press, 2001)
17934:Irving, Terry and Connell, Raewyn.
16642:Albert (Elea) Namatjira (1902β1959)
16593:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) pp. 193, 195
16434:
15888:Turnbull, Malcolm (2020). pp 422β35
15744:Phillips, Janet (17 January 2017).
15338:Spinks, Harriet (29 October 2010).
15282:
13136:A Handbook to the League of Nations
13012:Stuart MacIntyre (1986) pp. 200β201
12650:Garton and Stanley (2013). p. 44-46
12126:Macintyre, Stuart (2020), p. 140-41
12005:. p. 33. Thomas Nelson, Melbourne.
12003:National Identity and Consciousness
11622:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). pp. 95β96
11174:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 120β23
11114:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 124β25
11059:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 153β55
9117:Terra Australis: The Furthest Shore
8939:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 163β69
8933:
8924:
8921:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 161β62
8915:
8890:
8862:
8853:
8844:
8803:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 239β40
8797:
8766:
8735:
8726:
8701:
8686:
8667:
8630:
8621:
8612:
8609:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 233β35
8603:
8588:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 229β30
8582:
8388:
8306:from the original on 4 October 2023
7561:
6939:. The government also embraced the
6293:environmental movement in Australia
5770:Economic growth and suburban living
5686:History of immigration to Australia
5564:and the emergence of the breakaway
5116:Australia was attacked from the air
4727:
4558:formed by breakaway members of the
4404:
4316:until 1942. According to historian
3889:Prime Minister W. M. Hughes in 1919
3776:to allied battleships, threatening
3341:and the Tasmanian Attorney-General
3228:1894, and miners in 1892 and 1896.
3190:
2478:. Sturt continued down river on to
1182:is a sacred era in which ancestral
1141:under cover of a thin shield (1920)
13:
19135:, State Library of New South Wales
19041:Bibliography of Australian history
19034:
19006:A Documentary History of Australia
18973:
18843:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1975.tb00902.x
18539:. . (Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1973)
18532:. . (Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1972)
18057:(Routledge, 2020), historiography.
18011:(2nd ed. 2008), politics 1990β2008
17796:Dictionary of Australian Biography
17668:
17618:Clark, Anna; Ashton, Paul (2013).
16768:Broome, Richard (2109). pp. 237β44
16620:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) pp. 190β94.
15814:Uhlmann, Chris (27 January 2015).
15264:from the original on 15 March 2011
14181:Australian Dictionary of Biography
13558:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 210β11
13546:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 122β36
13528:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 195β98
13102:
12882:
12795:Australian Dictionary of Biography
12496:Australian Dictionary of Biography
11356:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 69β70
10899:Australian Dictionary of Biography
10872:Australian Dictionary of Biography
10653:Hume, Stuart H. (17 August 1960).
10616:
10598:O'Brien, Anne (2013). "Religion".
10558:O'Brien, Anne (2013). "Religion".
10541:O'Brien, Anne (2013). "Religion".
10318:, vol. 8, no. 1, 1991, pp. 50β61.
9758:Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 115β17
9651:, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2003, pp. 20β41.
9473:, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2003, pp. 20β41.
9421:Melbourne, Macmillan, 1985, p. 18.
9215:, Vol.19, No.77, 1981, pp. 524β31.
9074:Dictionary of Australian Biography
8952:. Rigby Ltd, Australia. pp. 19β30
8806:
8534:
8248:
8164:Territorial evolution of Australia
7200:Society and culture: 1960sβpresent
7129:Albanese government (2022βpresent)
6414:, including the introduction of a
6284:Federal elections of December 1975
6087:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
4909:, turning back the advance of the
4813:in the Indian Ocean, November 1941
4568:Federal elections in December 1931
4208:
4121:Australian Council of Trade Unions
4006:led a new conservative force, the
3953:
3698:
3492:From federation to war (1901β1914)
3380:and other writers associated with
2594:Chief Secretary of South Australia
2559:Australian Overland Telegraph Line
1712:) β Robert Dighton; depicting the
1531:Plans for colonisation before 1788
977:Transportation of British convicts
587:
14:
22339:
19300:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
19133:From Terra Australis to Australia
19045:
18600:. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968)
18234:. (Adelaide: Rigby Limited, 1970)
17609:. pp. 81β82, 101, 114β15, 143β44.
17195:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) pp. 229β30
16817:Broome, Richard (2019). p. 353-54
16584:Broome, Richard (2021). pp. 227β9
15367:. Sydney: New Holland. pp 432β4.
14705:Broome, Richard (2019). p. 212-13
14192:Laing, Dave (20 September 2003).
14077:Frank Crowley (1973) Vol 2, p. 55
13262:
13187:p. 14, Thomas Nelson, Australia.
11679:Shaw, A. G. L. (1983). pp. 126β27
11391:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 52β53
11308:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 54β55
11299:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 74β77
11141:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 25β26
11123:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 46β47
11068:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 76β77
10742:
10398:
10238:Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 91β97
10207:Australian History in 7 Questions
10177:Shaw, A. G. L. (1983). pp. 137β38
9528:, No. 47, 1998, pp. 35β55, 48β49.
9148:. p. 32 Faber and Faber, London.
8754:from the original on 15 July 2023
8129:History of broadcasting#Australia
7875:
7823:and the Queensland Art Gallery's
7379:Royal Commission into land rights
6697:War on Terror was followed by an
6408:ambitious plan of economic reform
6253:dismissed by the Governor-General
6211:Royal Commission into land rights
6105:In July 1966, new Prime Minister
6045:British entry into Europe in 1973
5682:Post-war immigration to Australia
5399:, widow of former Prime Minister
5050:The war came closer to home when
4829:, as Chief of the General Staff,
4366:transferred from Britain (1933);
4296:leaders in London, which defined
3926:second referendum on conscription
3880:
3770:Mediterranean Expeditionary Force
3197:Australian banking crisis of 1893
2917:Australia's first political party
2904:Towards representative government
2371:European exploration of Australia
1992:Establishment of further colonies
1537:European exploration of Australia
1324:, the first European to discover
1019:History of Indigenous Australians
22025:For the Term of His Natural Life
21945:For the Term of His Natural Life
21822:For the Term of His Natural Life
21726:For the Term of His Natural Life
19056:, by John Hirst, February 2008,
19008:(5 vol. Melbourne: Wren, 1973);
18628:. (Amsterdam: Van Kampen, 1937)
18571:. (Amsterdam: Nico Israel, 1988)
18412:The First Discovery of Australia
18175:Voyage to Disaster: The Life of
18036:. In Peter J. Chen, et al. eds.
17945:(2008); originally published as
17651:
17638:
17625:
17612:
17599:
17586:
17573:
17564:
17539:
17530:
17515:
17506:
17469:
17449:
17412:
17399:
17386:
17361:
17352:
17322:
17296:
17255:
17246:
17237:
17198:
17189:
17176:
17151:
17136:
17119:
17093:
17067:
17052:
17026:
17017:
17008:
16999:
16974:
16962:
16936:
16881:
16868:
16856:
16829:
16820:
16811:
16802:
16793:
16790:Broom, Richard (2019). p. 361-62
16784:
16771:
16762:
16723:
16711:
16699:
16687:
16659:
16656:; Encyclopedia Britannica online
16647:
16635:
16623:
16614:
16605:
16596:
16587:
16578:
16569:
16532:
16507:
16494:
16464:
16408:
16390:
16364:
16338:
16307:
16277:
16251:
16225:
16199:
16148:"Update on Coronavirus measures"
16140:
16114:
16084:
16059:
16050:
16024:
15998:
15972:
15947:
15917:
15898:Power, John (24 February 2021).
15882:
15873:
15864:
15855:
15842:
15839:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). p. 319
15833:
15807:
15794:
15763:
15737:
15722:
15713:
15704:
15662:
15641:
15628:
15619:
15610:
15571:
15562:
15553:
15544:
15518:
15509:
15500:
15491:
15466:
15457:
15442:
15433:
15357:
15319:
15310:
15301:
15276:
15246:
15237:
15228:
15215:
15190:
15177:
15131:
15122:
15084:
15075:
15030:
14985:
14976:
14967:
14941:
14932:
14923:
14910:
14862:
14849:
14836:
14816:
14807:
14798:
14778:
14758:
14749:
14729:
14720:
14699:
14690:
14678:
14653:: Nelsen/Cinema Papers. 1980: 3.
14622:
14613:
14587:
14578:
14545:
14518:
14509:
14500:
14491:
14482:
14439:
14422:
14408:. Wakefield Press. pp. 6β.
14383:
14374:
14365:
14330:
14310:
14291:
14268:
14238:
14185:
14171:
14162:
14142:
14116:
14107:
14098:
14089:
14080:
14071:
14068:John Robertson (1984) pp. 202β03
14062:
14030:
14021:
14012:
14001:
13990:
13977:
13955:
13933:
13922:
13907:
13885:
13859:
13843:. Home.st.net.au. Archived from
13833:
13824:
13776:
13760:
13751:
13731:
13722:
13713:
13704:
13695:
13686:
13673:
13624:
13612:Australia goes to War, 1939β1945
13604:
13540:
13531:
13522:
13507:
13487:Museum Victoria (6 April 1932).
13480:
13453:
13426:
13400:
13391:
13382:
13369:
13360:
13340:
13317:
13301:
13292:
13283:
13256:
13247:
13238:
13218:
13206:
13203:Geoff Spenceley (1981) pp. 15β17
13197:
13177:
13141:
13123:
13096:
13069:
13060:
13051:
13042:
13033:
13024:
13015:
13006:
12994:
12974:
12965:
12956:
12947:
12928:
12903:
12876:
12867:
12842:
12817:
12814:Garton and Stanley (2013). p. 39
12808:
12782:
12779:Garton and Stanley (2013). p. 47
12773:
12764:
12755:
12752:Garton and Stanley (2013). p. 52
12746:
12737:
12728:
12725:Garton and Stanley (2013). p. 51
12719:
12710:
12701:
12698:Garton and Stanley (2013). p. 49
12680:
12671:
12662:
12653:
12644:
12621:Garton and Stanley (2013). p. 43
12615:
12606:
12597:
12588:
12579:
12554:
12545:
12536:
12518:
12509:
12483:
12453:
12444:
12435:
12426:
12417:
12408:
12399:
12390:
12381:
12372:
12363:
12354:
12345:
12336:
12327:
12318:
12293:
12268:
12238:Irving, Helen (2013). pp. 263β65
12220:
12211:
12202:
12193:
12180:
12165:
12156:
12153:Irving, Helen (2013). pp. 250β51
12147:
12138:
12129:
12120:
12105:
12090:
12075:
12066:
12049:
12040:
12015:
11995:
11992:Willard, Myra (1967). pp. 109β17
11986:
11971:
11962:
11953:
11938:
11910:
11907:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). p. 134
11901:
11892:
11889:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). p. 103
11883:
11874:
11861:
11858:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). p. 118
11852:
11843:
11840:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). p. 108
11834:
11825:
11810:
11797:
11785:
11776:
11750:
11737:
11711:
11682:
11673:
11664:
11651:
11638:
11625:
11616:
11601:
11588:
11563:
11550:
11541:
11511:Shaw, A. G. L. (1983). pp. 89β93
11505:
11490:
11481:
11468:
11455:
11446:
11433:
11394:
11385:
11372:
11350:
11341:
11328:
11311:
11302:
11293:
11284:
11275:
11266:
11257:
11244:
11235:
11226:
11222:from the original on 18 May 2015
11199:
11186:
11177:
11168:
11153:
11144:
11135:
11126:
11117:
11108:
11093:
11080:
11071:
11062:
11053:
10992:
10951:
10938:
10913:
10886:
10859:
10822:
10813:
10804:
10789:
10763:
10736:
10709:
10700:
10673:
10646:
10637:
10592:
10583:
10574:
10565:
10534:
10481:
10428:
10419:
10401:"Chisholm, Caroline (1808β1877)"
10392:
10377:
10368:
10325:
10308:
10299:
10286:
10277:
10268:
10259:
10250:
10241:
10232:
10223:
10198:
10189:
10180:
10171:
10156:
10147:
10001:"King George's Sound Settlement"
9803:Macintrye (2020). pp. 55, 60, 77
9770:"Macquarie, Lachlan (1762β1824)"
8556:. Springer Science. p. 41.
8139:Immigration history of Australia
8134:History of monarchy in Australia
8088:
8074:
7954:In the first two volumes of his
7773:in 1989. In 1991, the rock band
7674:The Adventures of Barry McKenzie
7520:
7506:
6952:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
6782:The Rudd government proposed an
5836:, a morose elderly suburbanite,
5422:
5209:Meanwhile, in North Africa, the
3558:Immigration Restriction Act 1901
3498:History of Australia (1901β1945)
2993:and Melbourne the largest city.
2929:Australian Patriotic Association
2899:History of Australia (1851β1900)
2505:in honour of the Polish patriot
2497:conducted surveying work in the
2221:
1689:History of Australia (1788β1850)
828:
515:
105:
37:to read and navigate comfortably
22:
19053:Australia: The Official History
18877:The Dutch Down Under, 1606β2006
18849:The Dutch Down Under, 1606β2006
18812:The Dutch Down Under: 1606β2006
18562:, Willem de Vlamingh, 1696β1697
18232:The Wreck on the Half-Moon Reef
17813:The Atlas of Australian History
17806:Collins Australian Encyclopedia
17678:A Maritime History of Australia
17336:. December 2020. Archived from
17079:Australian Bureau of Statistics
17014:Goot, Murray (2013). pp. 205β06
16922:Australian Bureau of Statistics
16415:Cole, Wayne (7 November 2023).
16237:Australian Bureau of Statistics
16185:Australian Bureau of Statistics
16098:. 13 March 2020. Archived from
16031:Septiari, Dian (4 March 2019).
15879:Turnbull, Malcolm (2020). p 400
15340:"Australia's Migration Program"
14726:Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 285
14470:The Oxford History of Australia
14217:Australian Chart Book 1940β1970
14095:John Robertson (1984) pp.189β90
13537:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 172
11670:Macintyre, Stuart (2020), p. 97
11272:Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 127
11104:Adventure of Australian History
11077:Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 156
10946:Historical records of Australia
10440:Australian Bureau of Statistics
10036:
10027:
9984:
9959:
9934:
9925:
9916:
9901:
9888:
9879:
9870:
9864:Historical Records of Australia
9856:
9836:
9821:
9806:
9797:
9788:
9761:
9752:
9715:
9688:
9663:
9654:
9641:
9585:
9576:
9557:The First Fleet: The Real Story
9549:
9518:
9489:
9476:
9463:
9450:
9437:
9424:
9407:
9394:
9381:
9361:
9346:
9333:
9321:
9296:
9283:
9250:
9247:, Vol. 9, July 1998, pp. 34β42.
9233:
9218:
9205:
9188:
9179:
9158:
9138:
9125:
9101:
9056:
9028:
8962:
8942:
7592:Australian Council for the Arts
7473:Migrants and cultural diversity
7436:A female police officer in 2008
7383:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
7039:Morrison government (2018β2022)
7014:Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
6966:Turnbull government (2015β2018)
6689:. These events, along with the
6604:Northern Territory Intervention
6573:Office of Multicultural Affairs
6301:Federal elections in March 1983
6249:Liberal-Country Party Coalition
6219:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
6189:in controversial circumstances.
6166:The Whitlam government: 1972β75
6119:elections held in December 1966
5655:alliance with the United States
5511:United Nations Security Council
5429:History of Australia since 1945
5320:Japanese air raids on Australia
4933:. Britain stood alone with its
4634:In the working class suburb of
4454:University of Western Australia
4427:cuts the ribbon while Governor
4057:(1861β1932) was elected to the
3868:brigades were prominent at the
3629:Australian Trade Union movement
3298:(1890) being an iconic example.
1525:
1215:Dutch discovery and exploration
1172:Australian Aboriginal mythology
959:welcomed Christian Missionaries
39:. When this tag was added, its
19475:Federated States of Micronesia
19280:Australian Antarctic Territory
19075:Project Gutenberg of Australia
18873:Dutch place names in Australia
18361:. Kangaroo Press, 1995, 192 pp
18038:Australian politics and policy
17981:A Concise History of Australia
17261:Wallace-Crabbe, Chris (1990).
17205:Wallace-Crabbe, Chris (1990).
17035:"Migration program statistics"
16918:"Gender Indicators, Australia"
16835:Broome, Richard (2019). p. 378
16291:. 15 June 2021. Archived from
15686:National Archives of Australia
15625:Goot, Murray (2003). pp 202β03
15616:Goot, Murray (2013). pp 188β89
15592:National Archives of Australia
15568:Goot, Murray (2013), pp 188β94
15258:National Archives of Australia
15159:National Archives of Australia
14826:. Hale and Iremonger. Sydney.
14717:Broome, Richard (2015). p. 215
14552:Kemeny, Jim (1 January 1981).
14445:Lynn Kerr and Ken Webb (1989)
14435:. Hicks, Smith. pp. 184β.
13841:"Midget Submarines history at"
13757:John Robertson (1984) pp. 9β11
13601:Broome, Richard (2019). p. 212
13298:Stuart MacIntyre (1986) p. 287
13039:Stuart MacIntyre (1986) p. 204
12885:"Thornton, Ernest (1907β1969)"
12634:pp. 158β162 Penguin Australia
12492:"Cook, Sir Joseph (1860β1947)"
12461:"Andrew Fisher, during office"
12387:Stuart MacIntyre (1986) p. 86.
12116:. Jeanette. pp. 500, 508.
11347:Broome, Richard. (2019). p. 33
11290:Broome, Richard (2019). p. 202
11263:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 44
11150:Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 70
11132:Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 66
10463:"Johnson, Richard (1753β1827)"
10256:Karskens, Grace (2013). p. 104
10247:Karskens, Grace (2013). p. 113
9946:Museum of Australian Democracy
9174:The Life of Captain James Cook
9008:"Interesting Historical Notes"
8950:Dutch Discoveries of Australia
8773:Clark, Anna (31 August 2023).
8191:
8169:Timeline of Australian history
8149:List of conflicts in Australia
8109:Australian telegraphic history
8034:The Other Side of the Frontier
8016:(1978) became more prominent.
7998:Damned Whores and God's Police
7190:Indigenous Voice to Parliament
7068:Uluru Statement from the Heart
7020:. Australia signed a modified
6803:War in Afghanistan (2001β2021)
6161:Reform and reaction: 1972β1996
6050:
4493:elections held in October 1929
4364:Australian Antarctic Territory
4288:, a report resulting from the
4002:After the war, Prime Minister
3417:Federal Council of Australasia
3304:Australian Natives Association
3239:won a quarter of seats in the
2094:, sent a military garrison to
1429:British and French exploration
1:
22113:Parrot and Olivier in America
19144:Looking For Blackfellas Point
19086:Australian Historical Studies
18733:Australian Historical Studies
18676:, Dept of Anthropology, 2008)
18574:Schilder, GΓΌnter; Kok, Hans:
18323:Western Australian Shipwrecks
18192:. (Melbourne: AE Press, 1987)
18076:The Merchant of the Zeehaen:
17730:. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
17280:Australia, a cultural history
17160:Contemporary Australian Drama
17129:(2013). "Culture and media".
15710:Goot, Murray (2013) pp 204β05
15647:Goot, Murray (2013). pp 204β5
14822:Also see Desmond Ball (1980)
14595:"Cultureandrecreation.gov.au"
14584:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) p. 123
14506:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) p. 122
14371:Jan Bassett (1986) pp. 138β39
14275:+ updated + (30 April 2010).
14027:John Robertson (1984) p. 198.
13408:"Cultureandrecreation.gov.au"
13348:Australian Historical Studies
13157:L.F. Giblin (28 April 1930).
12686:Mcintyre (1993). pp. 142, 161
12135:Hirst, John (2020). pp. 45β61
11898:Hirst, John (2014). pp. 82β86
11880:Hirst, John (2014). pp. 79β81
11831:Hirst, John (2014), pp. 74β77
11547:Hirst, John (2014), pp. 51β54
11407:Australian Historical Studies
11183:Broome, Richard (2019). p. 42
11027:Journal of Australian Studies
10490:"Marsden, Samuel (1765β1838)"
10274:Hirst, John (2014). pp. 39β40
10195:Karskens, Grace (2013). p. 93
9846:p. 147-48. Rigby, Australia.
9623:"Phillip, Arthur (1738β1814)"
9291:Complete System of Geography.
8463:Oppenheimer, Stephen (2013).
8184:
8159:Military history of Australia
8114:Economic history of Australia
6895:Abbott government (2013β2015)
6400:Great Depression in Australia
6067:RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam
5634:, featuring home grown stars
4926:2nd Australian Imperial Force
4663:Great Depression in Australia
4574:, led by former Labor member
4411:Great Depression in Australia
3959:1920s: men, money and markets
3772:with the task of opening the
3744:, sinking the German cruiser
3209:
3054:
3039:Self-government and democracy
2943:
2198:(published in London in 1792)
2176:Convicts and colonial society
1706:
1683:The colony of New South Wales
22227:Darlington Probation Station
22222:Commissariat Store, Brisbane
21742:It Is Never Too Late to Mend
21453:Thomas Griffiths Wainewright
19245:Australian Capital Territory
18905:Terra Australis to Australia
18803:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.08.044
18743:Journal of Religious History
18641:Early Mapping of the Pacific
18506:Quanchi, Max; Robson, John:
17771:Events That Shaped Australia
16996:Koleth, Elsa (2010). pp.9β11
16575:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) p.190
16154:. 8 May 2020. Archived from
15528:. Awm.gov.au. Archived from
14497:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) p. 97
14488:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) p. 92
14347:"The Snowy Mountains Scheme"
14168:Jan Bassett (1986) pp. 75β76
14126:. AWM.gov.au. Archived from
14059:John Robertson (1984) p. 195
13614:. p. 12. Doubleday, Sydney.
13397:Geoff Spenceley (1981) p. 52
13388:Geoff Spenceley (1981) p. 46
13244:Jan Bassett(1986) pp. 118β19
13057:Jan Bassett (1986) pp. 56β57
12911:"Australian Communist Party"
12789:Fitzhardinge, L. F. (2006).
12761:Macintyre (1993). pp. 162β67
12743:Macintyre (1993). pp. 161β63
12716:Macintyre (1993). pp. 155β57
12659:Macintyre (1993). pp. 175β76
12594:Macintyre (1993). pp. 147β49
12542:Macintyre (2020). pp. 166β67
12450:Macintyre (1993). pp. 139β40
12414:Macintyre (1993). pp. 92β93.
12333:Macintyre (1993). pp. 130β32
12250:"Deakin, Alfred (1856β1919)"
12226:Irving, Helen (2013). p. 263
12217:Irving, Helen (2013). p. 262
12144:Irving, Helen (2013). p. 252
11419:10.1080/1031461X.2012.706621
11039:10.1080/14443058.2013.849750
10958:MacKnight, Campbell (2011).
10819:Macintyre (2020). pp. 109β10
10682:"Sturt, Charles (1795β1869)"
10655:"Hume, Hamilton (1797β1873)"
10589:Macintyre (2020), pp. 123β27
10571:O'Brien, Anne (2013). p. 421
9885:Macintyre (2020). pp. 46β48,
9736:A History of New South Wales
9697:"Bligh, William (1754β1817)"
9543:A History of New South Wales
9257:Macknight, Campbell (2008).
7817:Australian Chamber Orchestra
7158:of Elizabeth II, 4 June 2022
6826:August 2010 federal election
6729:Labor governments: 2007β2013
6542:mass shooting at Port Arthur
6495:Howard government: 1996β2007
6457:in 1992, the first national
6311:Labor governments: 1983β1996
5933:for Indigenous Australians.
5766:. It legally ended in 1973.
5710:Following World War II, the
5554:Communist Party of Australia
5213:had driven Allies back into
5173:engaged the Japanese in the
4419:Ribbon ceremony to open the
4395:Australian Capital Territory
4149:(1906), atrophied until its
4117:1923 Victorian Police strike
4071:Communist Party of Australia
3977:Paris Peace Conference, 1919
3971:, the 'little digger', down
3758:Australian soldiers in Egypt
3257:Queensland elections of 1893
3111:by bushrangers known as the
3081:The long boom (1860 to 1890)
3029:stockade on the Eureka Field
2966:The gold rushes of the 1850s
2816:Accommodation and protection
2462:led an expedition along the
2365:Exploration of the continent
2158:Moreton Bay penal settlement
2080:The Foundation of Perth 1829
2006:History of Western Australia
1513:Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne
7:
21993:It's Never Too Late to Mend
21987:Journals of the First Fleet
19275:Ashmore and Cartier Islands
18875:,'. In Nonja Peters (ed.),
18173:Drake-Brockman, Henrietta:
17309:Australian Financial Review
17101:"Primeministers.naa.gov.au"
17005:Walter, James (2013). p.177
16632:; The Guardian; 11 May 2011
16211:International Monetary Fund
16152:Prime Minister of Australia
16096:Prime Minister of Australia
15636:Australian Prime Ministers.
15506:Walter, James (2013). p 179
15439:Walter (2013). pp. 169, 178
15415:"Primeministers.naa.gov.au"
15386:"Primeministers.naa.gov.au"
15104:"Primeministers.naa.gov.au"
14870:Vietnam; The Australian War
14389:Frank Crowley (1973) p. 358
13806:"Primeministers.naa.gov.au"
13710:John Robertson (1984) p. 17
13692:John Robertson (1984) p. 12
13655:"Primeministers.naa.gov.au"
13147:Frank Crowley (1973) p. 417
12770:Mcintyre (1993). pp. 170β72
12707:Mcintyre (2020). pp. 172β73
12612:Macintyre (2020). p. 168-69
12533:Frank Crowley (1973) p. 214
12524:Macintyre (1993). pp. 34β35
12515:Macintyre (1993). pp. 26β34
12423:Macintyre (1993). pp. 93β95
11401:Nettelbeck, Amanda (2012).
11206:Clements, Nicholas (2013),
10868:"Giles, Ernest (1835β1897)"
10771:"Paul Edmund de Strzelecki"
10706:Macintyre (2020). pp. 64β65
10066:Macintyre (2020). pp. 87β88
10042:Macintyre (2020). pp. 86β87
9990:Macintyre (2020). pp. 85-86
9931:Macintyre (2020). pp. 84β85
9794:Macintyre (2020). pp. 54β59
9734:Kingston, Beverley (2006).
9582:Peter Hill (2008) pp.141β50
9541:Kingston, Beverley (2006).
8067:
7882:Historiography of Australia
7637:Australian Performing Group
7356:Governor of South Australia
7148:Prime Minister of Australia
7124:Post-pandemic: 2022βpresent
7093:Scott Morrison with fellow
6925:Operation Sovereign Borders
6792:Resources Super Profits Tax
6735:Rudd government (2007β2010)
6544:. The coalition introduced
6508:Prime Minister of Australia
6463:Republic Advisory Committee
6404:Liberal-National opposition
5827:performed the character of
5451:Prime Minister of Australia
5336:aircraft and sea defences.
5255:Australian prisoners of war
5227:Second Battle of El Alamein
5177:and halted the attack. The
5057:was lost with all hands in
5014:Second Battle of El Alamein
4948:, Menzies was invited into
4866:during World War II at the
4791:and Β£6 million on the
4759:and British Prime Minister
4747:Defence policy in the 1930s
4541:Governor of New South Wales
4331:and the Australian states.
4286:Balfour Declaration of 1926
4193:Royal Flying Doctor Service
4147:The Story of the Kelly Gang
4092:The Country Party (today's
4034:Royal Flying Doctor Service
3818:Second Battle of Bullecourt
3691:and Fisher resumed office.
3521:, the second Prime Minister
3515:Prime Minister of Australia
3376:In the 1890s Henry Lawson,
2888:From autonomy to federation
2732:country. From 1822 to 1824
2466:in 1828 and discovered the
2294:
1913:Governor of New South Wales
1825:Consolidation: 1793 to 1821
1776:Governor of New South Wales
139:European exploration (land)
49:content into sub-articles,
10:
22344:
22297:The Old Windmill, Brisbane
22257:Kingston and Arthur's Vale
20983:Anti-Transportation League
19094:Historical Primary Sources
19038:
18933:Dutch Voyages to Australia
18922:Dutch mapping of Australia
18899:Schilder, GΓΌnter (1988), '
18591:The Discovery of Australia
18510:Exploration of the Pacific
18352:De schepen van Abel Tasman
18347:. (Farnham: Ashgate, 2011)
18152:. (Scarecrow Press, 2009,
18137:. (New York: Crown, 2002,
18115:Bontekoe, Willem Ysbrandsz
17478:"Australia and the Empire"
17476:Macintyre, Stuart (1999).
15850:Australian Prime Ministers
15802:Australian Prime Ministers
15788:Australian Prime Ministers
15771:Australian Prime Ministers
15731:Australian Prime Ministers
15451:Australian Prime Ministers
15365:Australian Prime Ministers
15285:Australian Prime Ministers
14929:E.M. Andrews (1979) p. 160
12984:. Harper and Row, Sydney.
12405:McMullin (1991). pp. 55β57
12324:Frank Crowley (1973) p. 22
12300:MacIntyre, Stuart (1993).
11570:Blainey, Geoffrey (2013).
10619:"Bass, George (1771β1803)"
10516:"Catholicaustralia.com.au"
10334:Journal of British Studies
9515:, No. 47, 1998, pp. 35β55.
7879:
7590:(1968β71) established the
7565:
7427:
7260:Commonwealth Electoral Act
7132:
6876:Liberal-National Coalition
6859:
6834:National Broadband Network
6732:
6600:Little Children are Sacred
6487:
6263:Fraser government: 1975β83
6065:Personnel and aircraft of
6054:
5882:Commonwealth Electoral Act
5679:
5475:Australian Communist Party
5467:Liberal Party of Australia
5447:Liberal Party of Australia
5426:
5409:Liberal Party of Australia
5295:
5272:against Japanese bases in
4793:Royal Australian Air Force
4787:, Β£20 million on the
4731:
4549:dismissed by Governor Game
4528:Premier of New South Wales
4499:was swept into power in a
4408:
3975:after his return from the
3857:of 1918 and in the allied
3814:First Battle of Bullecourt
3716:
3702:
3673:Commonwealth Liberal Party
3495:
3404:
3273:
3194:
3042:
3004:
2977:β Thomas Tyrwhitt Balcombe
2896:
2739:In Van Diemen's land, the
2699:Lieutenant-Governor Arthur
2666:
2663:Conflict and dispossession
2637:
2631:A Scene in South Australia
2614:
2368:
2184:
2012:History of South Australia
2009:
1995:
1939:as colonial architect and
1686:
1623:American Revolutionary War
1534:
1470:to observe and record the
1372:, landed on an island off
1203:
1197:
1194:Early European exploration
1037:Rock painting at Ubirr in
1022:
1016:
504:List of years in Australia
134:European exploration (sea)
22272:Parramatta Female Factory
22190:
22150:
22123:
21979:
21904:
21717:
21673:
21666:
21564:
21538:
21497:
21471:
21400:
21305:
21284:
21198:
21163:
21150:
21039:
20991:
20840:
20747:
20694:
20611:
20509:
20379:
20370:
20261:
20252:
20199:
20075:Intelligence and security
20001:
19992:
19960:
19865:
19856:
19791:
19733:
19724:
19566:
19543:
19462:
19364:
19326:
19321:Links to related articles
19263:
19233:
19190:
18860:10.1017/S0165115315000157
18704:Walker, James Backhouse:
18665:Van Duivenvoorde, Wendy:
18614:. (Adelaide: Rigby, 1979)
18258:. (Perth: Abrolhos, 1994)
18102:Western Australian Museum
17698:Allen & Unwin. 2000.
17480:. In Winks, Robin (ed.).
17462:The Sydney Morning Herald
17061:From Turnbull to Morrison
16720:; Parliament of Australia
16696:; Parliament of Australia
16071:Reserve Bank of Australia
15325:Walter (2013). pp. 177β78
15137:Strangio (2013) pp 159β60
15090:Strangio (2013) pp 149β51
14982:Jan Bassett (1986) p. 265
14855:See Gregory Clark (1967)
14380:Jan Bassett (1986) p. 273
13965:. Awm.gov.au. 20 May 1945
13918:| Australian War Memorial
13078:"Flynn, John (1880β1951)"
13066:Jan Bassett (1986) p. 213
12971:Lloyd Robson (1980) p. 48
12962:Lloyd Robson (1980) p. 45
12953:Lloyd Robson (1980) p. 18
12873:Jan Bassett (1986) p. 236
12046:Hirst, John (2000). p. 16
10265:Hirst, John (2014). p. 44
10186:Jan Bassett (1986) p. 258
9310:and R.A. Skelton (eds.),
8897:Flood, Josephine (2019).
8830:10.1017/S0003598X00052182
8708:Flood, Josephine (2019).
8550:Castillo, Alicia (2015).
8144:LGBT history in Australia
7467:Inter-Parliamentary Union
7371:Aboriginal "tent embassy"
7304:. That same year, artist
7183:Reserve Bank of Australia
7022:Trans-Pacific Partnership
6679:2006 East Timorese crisis
6657:In 1999, Australia led a
6578:Children Overboard affair
6439:Indigenous reconciliation
6237:loan broker from Pakistan
6151:1st Australian Task Force
6095:1st Australian Task Force
5548:During the course of the
5246:Australian Hospital Ship
5233:in favour of the Allies.
4870:of AugustβSeptember 1942.
4680:1938 British Empire Games
4463:Wall Street Crash of 1929
4383:Federal Capital Territory
3735:Australian Imperial Force
3527:Commonwealth of Australia
3445:was a strong advocate of
3391:The Man from Snowy River"
2987:Bathurst, New South Wales
2322:A painting depicting the
1738:colony of New South Wales
1728:(Tasmania). In 1817, the
1520:Louis Aleno de St AloΓΌarn
994:ally of the United States
910:arrived from what is now
877:Commonwealth of Australia
19621:Northern Mariana Islands
18998:23 November 2011 at the
18991:Allen & Unwin, 2004
18893:,'. JRAHS 28(5): 303β352
18684:: Discovery of Australia
18674:Texas A&M University
18342:European Perceptions of
18298:. (Leiden: Brill, 1899)
18111:. (Nijmegen: SUN, 1999)
18067:
17907:23 November 2011 at the
17876:24 February 2012 at the
17867:The History of Australia
17705:23 November 2011 at the
16514:Broome, Richard (2019).
15904:South China Morning Post
15128:Strangio (2013) pp 156β9
15081:Strangio (2013) pp 148β9
14113:Jan Bassett (1986) p. 18
13379:magazine, September 1979
12734:Macintyre (1993). p. 155
12603:Macintyre (2020). p. 168
12378:Macintyre (1993). p. 101
11782:Hirst, John (2014. p. 58
11487:Flood (2019) pp. 199-200
11478:. p. 355β58, 358β60
11465:. p. 355β58, 363β64
10920:Broome, Richard (2019).
10856:Macintyre (2020). p. 110
10810:Macintyre (2020). p. 109
9721:Macintyre (2020). p. 65.
9415:Original Correspondence,
8872:; Walshe, Keryn (2021).
8710:The Original Australians
8649:Broome, Richard (2019).
7604:Skippy the Bush Kangaroo
7009:communications network.
6921:Tony Abbott's government
6784:emissions trading scheme
6669:(1998β2003); as well as
6639:Solomon Islands conflict
6595:Wik Peoples v Queensland
6459:Native Title legislation
6382:in Canberra was opened.
6360:the new Parliament House
6017:Australian Army advisors
5668:(1968β1971) and then by
5601:Australian country music
5405:House of Representatives
5219:Australia's 9th Division
4840:1937 Imperial Conference
4703:compounds and missions.
4478:Perth, Western Australia
4290:1926 Imperial Conference
3864:In the Middle East, the
3724:Australia at war 1914β18
3689:September 1914 elections
3679:and former Labor leader
2781:Australian native police
2746:George Augustus Robinson
2679:Australian frontier wars
2669:Australian frontier wars
2280:and the agriculturalist
2258:
2181:Convicts and emancipists
2139:South Australia Act 1834
1724:and the southern tip of
1337:Dutch East India Company
563:This article is part of
22237:Experiment Farm Cottage
22212:Cascades Female Factory
21758:The Life of Rufus Dawes
21701:Jim Jones at Botany Bay
21609:Laurence Hynes Halloran
20905:Norfolk Island mutinies
19586:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
19290:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
19127:"The Australian Empire"
19121:Laurence MacDonald Muir
19110:7 December 2013 at the
18751:10.1111/1467-9809.12267
18735:45(3): pp. 350β367
18373:1606: An Epic Adventure
18350:Hoving, Ab; Emke, Cor:
18223:Islands of Angry Ghosts
17620:Australian History Now.
17158:Radic, Leonard (2006).
17147:. pp. 253β54, 258.
16888:McIntosh, Greg (1998).
16671:Australians of the Year
16092:"Advice on Coronavirus"
16067:"Explainers: Recession"
14468:Geoffrey Bolton (1990)
13719:Gavin Long (1952) p. 26
13489:"Museumvictoria.com.au"
13462:"Museumvictoria.com.au"
13435:"Museumvictoria.com.au"
13183:Geoff Spenceley (1981)
12551:Lowe (2013). pp. 506β08
12432:Hirst (2013). pp. 35β37
12369:Hirst (2013). pp. 29β31
12360:Hirst (2013). pp. 25β26
12342:Hirst (2013). pp. 20β21
11763:Documenting a Democracy
10893:Gosse, Fayette (1972).
10829:McDonald, John (2008).
10580:Macintyre (2020), p. 90
10425:Macintyre (2020). p. 89
10153:Macintyre (2020). p. 88
9966:Shaw, A. G. L. (1983).
9922:Macintyre (2020). p. 65
9776:. ADB.online.anu.edu.au
9703:. ADB.online.anu.edu.au
9660:Macintyre (2020). p. 78
9328:Terra Australis Cognita
8679:16 January 2022 at the
8224:10.1126/science.1211177
8050:Mr Bligh's Bad Language
7979:The Tyranny of Distance
7454:the Family Law Act 1975
7318:Evonne Goolagong Cawley
7291:Australian constitution
6850:September 2013 election
6773:Global Financial Crisis
6673:and the Australian-led
5891:Australian Constitution
5807:between 1950 and 1966.
5651:Commonwealth of Nations
5495:Chinese Communist Party
5365:Curtin Labor government
5353:Territory of New Guinea
5175:Battle of the Coral Sea
5167:Territory of New Guinea
5110:suffered a devastating
5104:last stand at Singapore
5061:with the German raider
4197:Charles Kingsford Smith
4075:MolotovβRibbentrop Pact
4045:Charles Kingsford Smith
3988:Australian architecture
3855:German Spring Offensive
3649:December 1906 elections
3584:Parliament of Australia
3502:Federation of Australia
3407:Federation of Australia
3276:Federation of Australia
3231:The defeat of the 1890
3113:St Kilda Road robberies
3035:nationalist mythology.
2808:inter-tribal violence.
2693:Proclamation issued in
2126:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
1951:Expansion: 1821 to 1850
1156:semi-permanent shelters
1025:Prehistory of Australia
973:agricultural industries
908:Torres Strait Islanders
889:Maritime Southeast Asia
22041:Bring Larks and Heroes
21921:The Devil Makes Sunday
21913:The Devil Makes Sunday
21681:Transportation ballads
20469:Indigenous Australians
19970:States and territories
18871:McCarthy, M. (2006), '
18535:Robert, Willem C. H.:
18524:Robert, Willem C. H.:
18195:Duyker, Edward (ed.):
18190:The Dutch in Australia
18063:Early recorded history
17995:Robert Menzies: A Life
17825:. Sydney: UNSW Press.
17726:Broeze, Frank (1998).
17633:Australian History Now
17607:Australian History Now
17594:Australian History Now
17581:Australian History Now
17548:Australian History Now
17278:Rickard, John (2017).
17127:Griffen-Foley, Bridget
16516:Aboriginal Australians
14844:The Frightened Country
14666:Cite journal requires
13610:John Robertson (1984)
13271:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
13185:The Depression Decade.
13111:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
13084:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
12891:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
12490:Crowly, F. K. (2006).
12441:McMullin (1991). p. 64
12256:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
12056:Parkes, Henry (1890).
11945:Willard, Myra (1967).
11708:. pp. 160β65, 168
10977:10.22459/AH.35.2011.06
10751:. Adbonline.anu.edu.au
10724:. Adbonline.anu.edu.au
10688:. Adbonline.anu.edu.au
10661:. Adbonline.anu.edu.au
10625:. Adbonline.anu.edu.au
10496:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
10469:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
10407:. Adbonline.anu.edu.au
10129:"Parliament.sa.gov.au"
9968:The Story of Australia
9629:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
9432:The General Advertiser
9289:Bowen, Emanuel (1747)
9146:The Story of Australia
8976:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
8970:"Torres, Luis Vaez de"
8651:Aboriginal Australians
8502:Gilligan, Ian (2018).
8104:Australian archaeology
7951:
7771:Bangarra Dance Theatre
7767:National Black Theatre
7707:trilogy (1979β85) and
7680:Picnic at Hanging Rock
7667:
7641:Nimrod Theatre Company
7583:
7482:
7447:Sex Discrimination Act
7437:
7393:
7336:
7302:Australian of the Year
7240:
7238:Australian of the Year
7225:
7223:Australian of the Year
7210:Indigenous Australians
7159:
7102:
7052:
6995:elections of July 2016
6990:
6916:
6805:
6759:
6743:Rudd government (2013)
6723:November 2007 election
6654:
6630:
6558:Goods and Services Tax
6526:
6511:
6433:
6416:Goods and Services Tax
6376:Australian Bicentenary
6367:
6364:Australian Bicentenary
6330:
6279:
6190:
6074:
6022:According to diplomat
6007:
5925:
5913:
5786:
5764:White Australia Policy
5757:Government passed the
5738:more than 30 countries
5725:Snowy Mountains Scheme
5707:
5695:
5566:Democratic Labor Party
5545:
5458:
5360:
5327:
5307:
5259:Burma-Thailand Railway
5206:
5186:, in the highlands of
5134:
5099:
5010:SyriaβLebanon Campaign
4985:
4911:Imperial Japanese Army
4887:
4871:
4864:Imperial Japanese Army
4853:
4814:
4773:United Australia Party
4764:
4721:
4713:
4675:Agua Caliente Handicap
4618:
4595:
4572:United Australia Party
4556:United Australia Party
4488:
4432:
4314:Statute of Westminster
4284:. This formalised the
4282:Statute of Westminster
4277:
4062:
4047:
4036:
4010:, formed from the old
3999:
3979:
3939:Paris Peace Conference
3932:Paris peace conference
3890:
3866:Australian Light Horse
3842:
3761:
3644:
3603:
3596:White Australia policy
3587:
3547:Australian Labor Party
3529:was proclaimed by the
3522:
3430:
3325:
3299:
3237:Labor Electoral League
3216:
3156:
3116:
3061:
3025:Ballarat Reform League
3019:
2978:
2950:
2919:
2864:
2861:Franklinford, Victoria
2833:
2828:at Sydney in 1826, by
2791:
2761:
2706:
2682:
2634:
2523:
2495:Paul Edmund Strzelecki
2420:
2383:
2331:
2272:
2235:
2199:
2153:
2121:
2087:
2047:
1960:
1881:
1837:
1789:
1778:
1716:
1675:and Sir George Young.
1645:
1600:
1575:
1552:
1493:off the west coast of
1481:On 19 April 1770, the
1442:
1332:
1314:
1142:
1124:Torres Strait Islander
1103:
1051:Aboriginal Australians
1046:
885:Aboriginal Australians
592:
21774:One Hundred Years Ago
21624:William Smith O'Brien
20875:Castle Hill Rebellion
20688:Convicts in Australia
19763:Territorial evolution
19569:and other territories
19129:by Rob Robinson, 2009
19089:, a scholarly journal
18040:(Sydney UP, 2019). .
18007:Megalogenis, George.
17819:Connor, John (2002).
17794:Serle. Percival, ed.
17680:. Melbourne: Nelson.
16980:Koleth, Elsa (2010).
16949:Sydney Morning Herald
14628:Peter Cuffley (1993)
14246:"Long Way to the Top"
13737:Frank Crowley (1973)
11723:Queensland Government
11572:A History of Victoria
11527:. Allen & Unwin.
11521:Tink, Andrew (2009).
10866:Green, Louis (1972).
10103:"Foundingdocs.gov.au"
10077:"Foundingdocs.gov.au"
9774:ADB.online.anu.edu.au
9701:ADB.online.anu.edu.au
9079:Angus & Robertson
8096:British Empire portal
7940:
7924:The Australian Legend
7665:
7575:
7480:
7435:
7391:
7326:
7312:'s 1963 Gospel song "
7231:
7217:
7142:
7092:
7046:
6973:
6902:
6838:carbon pricing scheme
6800:
6750:
6671:Operation Helpem Fren
6636:
6616:
6517:
6502:
6424:
6357:
6318:
6270:
6226:elections in May 1974
6173:
6064:
5994:
5919:
5903:
5777:
5701:
5693:
5632:Australian literature
5535:
5481:with the rural based
5441:
5346:
5313:
5305:
5292:Australian home front
5231:North Africa Campaign
5205:, New Guinea in 1943.
5200:
5140:Franklin D. Roosevelt
5125:Dutch and Australian
5124:
5090:
4990:Mediterranean theatre
4979:
4971:attacked Pearl Harbor
4877:
4861:
4801:
4785:Royal Australian Navy
4754:
4717:
4708:
4655:Sydney Cricket Ground
4653:cricket match at the
4613:
4589:
4536:Sydney Harbour Bridge
4475:
4421:Sydney Harbour Bridge
4418:
4250:Union of South Africa
4216:
4053:
4042:
4028:
3996:Sydney Harbour Bridge
3985:
3973:George Street, Sydney
3966:
3888:
3861:of August that year.
3838:. A depiction of the
3830:
3780:, the capital of the
3756:
3717:Further information:
3661:elections of May 1910
3641:George Street, Sydney
3638:
3607:under prime minister
3593:
3582:Opening of the first
3581:
3562:Australian parliament
3509:
3425:
3312:
3283:
3270:Growth of nationalism
3224:" from 1895 to 1903.
3204:
3195:Further information:
3133:
3096:
3052:
3045:Suffrage in Australia
3014:
2985:discovered gold near
2973:
2941:
2911:
2858:
2823:
2778:
2759:
2703:Tasmanian Aboriginals
2692:
2676:
2628:
2617:Smallpox in Australia
2615:Further information:
2580:from a location near
2526:The German scientist
2515:
2490:many as they could."
2485:Surveyor General Sir
2415:
2378:
2336:Castle Hill Rebellion
2324:Castle Hill Rebellion
2321:
2266:
2229:
2194:
2187:Convicts in Australia
2148:
2116:
2077:
2042:
2016:History of Queensland
1958:
1886:New South Wales Corps
1863:
1832:
1784:
1770:
1701:
1643:
1592:
1558:
1544:
1436:
1407:(later Tasmania) and
1320:
1222:
1186:spirit beings formed
1136:
1096:Aboriginal Australian
1093:
1036:
1013:Indigenous prehistory
634:Monarchy of Australia
591:
22328:History of Australia
22267:Old Government House
22163:Port Jackson Painter
22089:Gould's Book of Fish
21766:The Mark of the Lash
21734:The Assigned Servant
21489:Kevin Izod O'Doherty
21438:William Buelow Gould
20971:Cooking Pot Uprising
20887:Capture of the brig
20724:History of Australia
20209:Cabinet of Australia
20184:Government ministers
19952:World Heritage Sites
19758:European exploration
19359:History by continent
19266:External territories
19250:Jervis Bay Territory
19236:Mainland territories
19185:History of Australia
19004:Crowley, Frank, ed.
18399:Murdoch, Priscilla:
18388:. (ABC Books, 2016,
18321:Unfinished Voyages:
18308:Heeres J. E. (ed.):
18263:Treasures from the '
17787:O'Shane, Pat et al.
17711:Bambrick, Susan ed.
16630:Lionel Rose obituary
16326:on 24 September 2021
16259:"Mortality analysis"
14784:E.M. Andrews (1979)
14304:6 March 2011 at the
13269:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
13131:Treaty of Versailles
13109:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
13082:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
12941:23 July 2011 at the
12889:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
12630:Bill Gammage (1974)
12254:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
12022:Hirst, John (2000).
10800:. pp. 444, 449.
10494:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
10467:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
10205:Hirst, John (2014).
9627:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
9563:Three Rivers Press.
9486:. pp. 70, 83β89
9036:"Nuyts Tercentenary"
8974:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
8174:Whaling in Australia
8119:Europeans in Oceania
8014:Weevils in the Flour
7956:History of Australia
7798:Chris Wallace-Crabbe
7568:Culture of Australia
7107:free-trade agreement
6977:takes a selfie with
6523:2000 Summer Olympics
5865:1956 Summer Olympics
5676:Post-war immigration
5540:inspecting sheep at
5318:, 19 February 1942.
5263:Sandakan Death March
5165:, in the Australian
5154:in a daring raid on
5152:accommodation vessel
5045:British Commonwealth
4348:Jervis Bay Territory
4310:British Commonwealth
4151:revival in the 1970s
4067:Bolshevik Revolution
4043:Pioneer aviator Sir
4020:Spanish flu pandemic
3948:Treaty of Versailles
3168:rates in the world.
2726:Great Dividing Range
2697:around 1828β1830 by
2629:Alexander Schramm's
2555:John McDouall Stuart
2355:Sisters of St Joseph
2100:Major Edmund Lockyer
1926:Great Dividing Range
1602:John Harris, in his
1455:In 1769, Lieutenant
1257:Frederick de Houtman
1039:Kakadu National Park
1002:post-war immigration
975:brought prosperity.
873:history of Australia
820:World Heritage Sites
522:Australia portal
121:Timeline and periods
22292:Ross Female Factory
22065:Remembering Babylon
21870:Journey Among Women
21599:Elizabeth Callaghan
21484:William Henry Groom
21382:John Boyle O'Reilly
20281:Gross state product
19660: /
18926:Changing Coastlines
18866:De Vlamingh's Plate
18679:Van Zanden, Henry:
18669:Dutch East Indiaman
18631:Stein, Stephen K.:
18485:Playford, Phillip:
18475:Playford, Phillip:
18442:Pelsaert, Francisco
18424:Mapping Our World:
18319:Henderson, Graeme:
18237:Fitzsimons, Peter:
18164:De Vlamingh, Willem
18080:and the Voyages of
18074:Anderson, Grahame:
18055:Inventing Australia
18000:McQueen, Humphrey.
17979:Macintyre, Stuart.
17969:Macintyre, Stuart.
17676:Bach, John (1976).
17465:. 9 September 2005.
16448:. 14 October 2023.
16378:. 18 September 2021
16295:on 3 September 2021
15165:on 14 November 2011
14842:Alan Renouf (1979)
13985:The Final Campaigns
13914:The sinking of the
13661:on 13 November 2013
13103:Howard, Frederick.
12396:Hirst (2013). p. 35
12351:Hirst (2013). p. 24
9832:. pp. 128β135.
9367:David Hill. (2008)
8348:10.1038/nature22968
8340:2017Natur.547..306C
8276:2021Gearc..36...92W
8216:2011Sci...334...94R
8056:Memory studies and
7898:published in 1933.
7821:Art Basel Hong Kong
7809:tyranny of distance
7686:My Brilliant Career
7348:Hyacinth Tungutalum
7205:Social developments
7188:A referendum on an
7135:Albanese government
7057:Morrison government
6870:Morrison government
6866:Turnbull government
6443:Australian republic
6432:on 10 December 1992
6430:Redfern Park Speech
6340:Keynesian economics
6209:was to establish a
5969:and hosted British
5956:Alliances 1950β1972
5743:They're a Weird Mob
5597:rock and roll music
5270:amphibious assaults
5242:New Guinea campaign
5238:Battle of BunaβGona
5229:, which turned the
5192:Battle of Milne Bay
5169:. In May 1942, the
4954:British War Cabinet
4915:New Guinea Campaign
4868:Battle of Milne Bay
4562:combining with the
4397:(ACT) in 1938. The
4177:Imperial Preference
4168:proved disastrous"
4100:, which it called "
4065:The success of the
4030:The Revd John Flynn
3896:War Precautions Act
3451:Tenterfield Oration
3401:Federation movement
3343:Andrew Inglis Clark
3249:Protectionist Party
3142:South Sea Islanders
3138:Pacific Slave trade
3109:Victorian gold rush
3102:Bushrangers on the
3001:The Eureka stockade
2543:Gulf of Carpentaria
2282:Elizabeth Macarthur
2269:Elizabeth Macarthur
2085:George Pitt Morison
2026:Phillip Gidley King
2002:History of Victoria
1998:History of Tasmania
1495:Cape York Peninsula
1395:Gulf of Carpentaria
1239:Luis Vaez de Torres
1167:Aboriginal rock art
1055:last glacial period
923:Macassan trepangers
647:Arts and literature
41:readable prose size
22252:Hyde Park Barracks
22178:Twenty Dollar Note
22140:Our Country's Good
22073:The Potato Factory
22049:A Fringe of Leaves
22009:Great Expectations
21838:Red Sky at Morning
21790:Sentenced for Life
21649:Elizabeth Thackery
21510:Margaret Catchpole
21231:William Hutchinson
21177:Arthur Bowes Smyth
20920:Bathurst Rebellion
20599:Australian studies
20534:Australian English
20343:Telecommunications
20179:Government leaders
20122:Political ideology
19664:25.350Β°S 131.233Β°E
19456:History of Oceania
19255:Northern Territory
19071:Australian History
19014:Daniels, Kay, ed.
18980:Clark, C.M.H. ed.
18917:. (Canberra, 1989)
18567:Schilder, GΓΌnter:
18556:Schilder, GΓΌnter:
18549:Schilder, GΓΌnter:
18528:Willem de Vlamingh
18496:Pearson, Michael:
18489:Willem de Vlamingh
18283:Green, Jeremy N.:
18272:Green, Jeremy N.:
18261:Green, Jeremy N.:
18254:Godard, Philippe:
18177:Francisco Pelsaert
18027:Australia's Empire
18009:The Longest Decade
17953:Kingston, Beverley
17917:(Routledge, 2020).
17893:(Routledge, 2020).
17855:Bolton, Geoffrey.
17842:Historical surveys
17039:homeaffairs.gov.au
16924:. 16 December 2020
16011:Guardian Australia
15790:. pp. 513β15.
15733:. pp. 512β13.
15392:on 2 December 2010
14859:. Lansdowne Press.
14299:john.curtin.edu.au
14036:Gavin Long (1973)
13812:on 17 January 2012
13679:Gavin Long (1952)
13578:humanrights.gov.au
13518:. pp. 333β34.
13366:David Potts p. 395
13224:Henry Pook (1993)
13213:Australian Finance
13076:Bucknall, Graeme.
12471:on 25 October 2021
12176:. pp. 249β51.
12086:. pp. 479β80.
11982:. pp. 229β30.
11934:. pp. 213β16.
11821:. pp. 327β28.
11807:. pp. 180β81.
11692:. pp. 159β60.
11612:. pp. 170β76.
11598:. pp. 157β58.
11560:. pp. 155β56.
11501:. pp. 152β55.
10964:Aboriginal History
10948:, series I, vol, I
10545:. pp. 417β18.
10167:. pp. 163β64.
9912:. pp. 464β65.
9599:on 3 February 2013
9213:Historical Studies
9113:Australia Unveiled
8179:Women in Australia
8124:History of Oceania
8039:stolen generations
7952:
7859:Mad Max: Fury Road
7755:Oodgeroo Noonuccal
7668:
7584:
7483:
7438:
7394:
7337:
7270:, helped organise
7256:Menzies Government
7241:
7226:
7160:
7103:
7053:
7001:in December 2017.
6991:
6917:
6874:The return of the
6840:, a mining tax, a
6806:
6760:
6739:Gillard government
6691:2002 Bali Bombings
6655:
6631:
6538:gun control scheme
6527:
6512:
6434:
6372:Australia Act 1986
6368:
6331:
6280:
6207:Whitlam government
6191:
6183:Whitlam government
6139:Moratorium marches
6091:Documents released
6075:
6008:
5931:self-determination
5926:
5914:
5853:Menzies Government
5787:
5759:Migration Act 1958
5708:
5696:
5653:and formalised an
5546:
5459:
5443:Sir Robert Menzies
5361:
5328:
5308:
5207:
5135:
5118:almost 100 times.
5100:
5076:and battlecruiser
5065:in November 1941.
5037:The Rats of Tobruk
4986:
4896:invasion of Poland
4888:
4872:
4815:
4802:The light cruiser
4765:
4619:
4596:
4489:
4485:Sir James Mitchell
4467:Australian economy
4458:Australian Finance
4433:
4399:Northern Territory
4329:British Parliament
4325:Australia Act 1986
4278:
4268:), King George V,
4079:Menzies Government
4063:
4048:
4037:
4000:
3992:Brisbane City Hall
3980:
3918:May 1917 elections
3891:
3843:
3762:
3685:double dissolution
3677:May 1913 elections
3665:Northern Territory
3645:
3604:
3588:
3523:
3513:(left), the first
3431:
3366:Frederick McCubbin
3326:
3300:
3222:Federation Drought
3217:
3157:
3150:indentured workers
3117:
3062:
3020:
2981:In February 1851,
2979:
2951:
2920:
2865:
2834:
2792:
2762:
2707:
2683:
2635:
2524:
2507:Tadeusz KoΕciuszko
2472:Murrumbidgee River
2438:Central Tablelands
2421:
2384:
2351:Sisters of Charity
2332:
2273:
2236:
2200:
2154:
2122:
2088:
2048:
1961:
1882:
1838:
1790:
1779:
1730:British government
1717:
1646:
1576:
1553:
1476:Southern Continent
1443:
1351:LuΓs Vaz de Torres
1333:
1315:
1275:Willem de Vlamingh
1148:fire-stick farming
1143:
1104:
1047:
951:European explorers
593:
419:Northern Territory
329:Chinese Australian
319:African Australian
286:Telecommunications
206:Capital punishment
22315:
22314:
22202:Brickendon Estate
22186:
22185:
22173:Sydney punchbowls
21886:Van Diemen's Land
21708:Van Diemen's Land
21662:
21661:
21584:James Bloodsworth
21367:Lawrence Kavenagh
21031:Western Australia
20832:Western Australia
20802:Macquarie Harbour
20654:
20653:
20607:
20606:
20429:Human trafficking
20366:
20365:
20248:
20247:
20048:Foreign relations
19988:
19987:
19852:
19851:
19799:Asian Australians
19680:
19679:
19644:
19643:
19636:Wallis and Futuna
19544:Associated states
19422:
19421:
19313:
19312:
19295:Coral Sea Islands
19225:Western Australia
19025:Teale, Ruth, ed.
18952:a Piece of Pewter
18808:Gerritsen, Rupert
18726:War & Society
18708:Van Diemen's Land
18466:Playford, Phillip
18436:978-0-642-27809-8
18158:978-0-8108-6810-6
18032:Taflaga, Marija.
17865:Clarke, Frank G.
17780:978-1-74110-492-9
17694:Barker, Anthony.
17659:The History Wars.
17437:. 28 October 2020
16680:978-1-74196-809-5
15852:. pp. 516β20
15453:. pp. 452β3.
15048:978-1-107-01154-0
14878:978-0-7322-8237-0
14571:978-0-7100-0634-9
14538:978-1-4438-2305-0
14415:978-1-86254-870-1
14353:on 30 August 2007
14158:978-0-17-005300-6
14130:on 7 January 2012
14038:The Six Years War
13747:978-0-17-005300-6
13460:Museum Victoria.
13433:Museum Victoria.
13314:; NewSouth; 2011.
12632:The Broken Years.
12190:. pp. 252β55
12001:D.M. Gibb (1982)
11661:. pp. 177β78
11648:. pp. 182β84
11635:. pp. 180β81
11534:978-1-74175-192-5
10775:Australian Museum
9844:Birth of A Nation
9391:. pp. 78, 81
9377:978-1-74166-797-4
9357:. pp. 70β74.
9229:. pp. 60β61.
8563:978-1-4939-0283-5
8515:978-1-1084-7008-7
8476:978-1-7803-3753-1
8437:978-1-3517-5764-5
8410:978-1-1070-1153-3
8334:(7663): 306β310.
8284:10.1002/gea.21822
7969:The Lucky Country
7947:The Lucky Country
7916:Brian Fitzpatrick
7888:William Wentworth
7813:Australian Ballet
7588:Gorton government
7581:Australian cinema
7075:COVID-19 pandemic
6999:same-sex marriage
6862:Abbott government
6830:Australian Greens
6667:Operation Bel Isi
6629:from 1999 to 2002
6627:East Timor crisis
6490:Howard government
6476:to the Liberals'
6388:recession in 1990
6327:Mikhail Gorbachev
6274:and US President
6247:, the opposition
6215:Fraser government
6197:won office under
6177:and US President
6112:Lyndon B. Johnson
5998:and US President
5967:Malayan Emergency
5842:Sir Les Patterson
5753:In May 1958, the
5628:Australian cinema
5499:Chinese Civil War
5445:, founder of the
5389:Boomerang fighter
5357:Fall of Singapore
5316:Bombing of Darwin
5148:midget submarines
5144:Douglas MacArthur
5093:Douglas MacArthur
4994:Operation Compass
4950:Winston Churchill
4761:Winston Churchill
4686:Indigenous policy
4644:Western Australia
4564:Nationalist Party
4520:Sir Otto Niemeyer
4501:landslide victory
4340:Central Australia
4162:returned soldiers
4102:Countrymindedness
4032:, founder of the
4008:Nationalist Party
3944:League of Nations
3859:counter-offensive
3594:Implementing the
3539:Federal elections
3358:Heidelberg School
3295:Shearing the Rams
3286:Heidelberg School
3241:elections of 1891
3220:followed by the "
2925:William Wentworth
2913:William Wentworth
2869:Christian mission
2770:Pinjarra massacre
2695:Van Diemen's Land
2605:Alexander Forrest
2528:Ludwig Leichhardt
2434:William Wentworth
2347:John Dunmore Lang
2301:Church of England
2253:John Dunmore Lang
2249:Caroline Chisholm
2245:English Poor Laws
2232:Caroline Chisholm
2230:The humanitarian
2096:King George Sound
2030:Van Diemen's Land
2022:Nicholas Baudin's
1979:pastoral industry
1906:Lachlan Macquarie
1726:Van Diemen's Land
1597:
1580:Jean-Pierre Purry
1491:Possession Island
1405:Van Diemen's Land
1387:François Thijssen
1366:Cape of Good Hope
1326:Van Diemen's Land
1085:firestick farming
1049:The ancestors of
869:
868:
578:
556:
555:
489:
488:
479:Western Australia
341:Jewish Australian
336:Indigenous people
96:
76:
75:
43:was 35,000 words.
22335:
22247:Great North Road
22242:Fremantle Prison
22097:The Secret River
21969:The Secret River
21929:Against the Wind
21671:
21670:
21619:JΓΈrgen JΓΈrgensen
21530:John Acton Wroth
21525:James Hardy Vaux
21392:William Westwood
21387:Alexander Pearce
21317:Charlotte Badger
21297:Francis Greenway
21189:D'Arcy Wentworth
21161:
21160:
21157:
21152:Notable convicts
20714:Female factories
20681:
20674:
20667:
20658:
20657:
20634:
20627:
20620:
20496:Waste management
20377:
20376:
20298:Household income
20259:
20258:
20221:Governor-General
20031:Electoral system
19999:
19998:
19863:
19862:
19731:
19730:
19707:
19700:
19693:
19684:
19683:
19675:
19674:
19672:
19671:
19670:
19669:-25.350; 131.233
19665:
19661:
19658:
19657:
19656:
19653:
19626:Pitcairn Islands
19596:French Polynesia
19581:Christmas Island
19510:Papua New Guinea
19490:Marshall Islands
19463:Sovereign states
19449:
19442:
19435:
19426:
19425:
19353:
19346:
19339:
19330:
19329:
19317:
19316:
19285:Christmas Island
19268:
19238:
19179:
19172:
19165:
19156:
19155:
18739:Broomhall, Susan
18638:SuΓ‘rez, Thomas:
18578:. (BRILL, 2010,
18560:Great South Land
18384:Great South Land
18312:Van Diemens Land
18202:Duyker, Edward:
18088:Ariese, Csilla:
18053:White, Richard.
17920:Hughes, Robert.
17913:Firth, Stewart.
17848:Atkinson, Alan.
17836:
17804:Shaw, John, ed.
17784:
17741:
17691:
17662:
17655:
17649:
17642:
17636:
17629:
17623:
17616:
17610:
17603:
17597:
17590:
17584:
17577:
17571:
17568:
17562:
17561:
17543:
17537:
17534:
17528:
17527:
17519:
17513:
17510:
17504:
17503:
17473:
17467:
17466:
17453:
17447:
17446:
17444:
17442:
17425:
17419:
17416:
17410:
17403:
17397:
17390:
17384:
17383:
17370:The History Wars
17365:
17359:
17356:
17350:
17349:
17347:
17345:
17334:Screen Australia
17326:
17320:
17319:
17317:
17315:
17300:
17294:
17293:
17275:
17266:
17259:
17253:
17250:
17244:
17241:
17235:
17232:
17221:
17220:
17202:
17196:
17193:
17187:
17180:
17174:
17173:
17155:
17149:
17148:
17140:
17134:
17123:
17117:
17116:
17114:
17112:
17107:on 15 March 2011
17097:
17091:
17090:
17088:
17086:
17071:
17065:
17064:
17056:
17050:
17049:
17047:
17045:
17030:
17024:
17021:
17015:
17012:
17006:
17003:
16997:
16994:
16985:
16978:
16972:
16966:
16960:
16959:
16957:
16955:
16940:
16934:
16933:
16931:
16929:
16914:
16905:
16904:
16902:
16900:
16885:
16879:
16872:
16866:
16860:
16854:
16847:
16836:
16833:
16827:
16824:
16818:
16815:
16809:
16806:
16800:
16797:
16791:
16788:
16782:
16775:
16769:
16766:
16760:
16759:
16757:
16755:
16740:
16734:
16727:
16721:
16715:
16709:
16703:
16697:
16691:
16685:
16684:
16673:. Pier 9 Press.
16663:
16657:
16651:
16645:
16639:
16633:
16627:
16621:
16618:
16612:
16609:
16603:
16600:
16594:
16591:
16585:
16582:
16576:
16573:
16567:
16566:
16564:
16562:
16551:
16545:
16544:
16536:
16530:
16529:
16511:
16505:
16498:
16492:
16491:
16489:
16487:
16468:
16462:
16461:
16459:
16457:
16438:
16432:
16431:
16429:
16427:
16412:
16406:
16405:
16394:
16388:
16387:
16385:
16383:
16368:
16362:
16361:
16359:
16357:
16342:
16336:
16335:
16333:
16331:
16322:. Archived from
16311:
16305:
16304:
16302:
16300:
16281:
16275:
16274:
16272:
16270:
16255:
16249:
16248:
16246:
16244:
16229:
16223:
16222:
16220:
16218:
16203:
16197:
16196:
16194:
16192:
16177:
16168:
16167:
16165:
16163:
16158:on 19 April 2021
16144:
16138:
16137:
16135:
16133:
16118:
16112:
16111:
16109:
16107:
16088:
16082:
16081:
16079:
16077:
16063:
16057:
16054:
16048:
16047:
16045:
16043:
16037:The Kakarta Post
16028:
16022:
16021:
16019:
16017:
16002:
15996:
15995:
15993:
15991:
15976:
15970:
15969:
15951:
15945:
15944:
15942:
15940:
15935:on 30 April 2021
15931:. Archived from
15921:
15915:
15914:
15912:
15910:
15895:
15889:
15886:
15880:
15877:
15871:
15868:
15862:
15859:
15853:
15846:
15840:
15837:
15831:
15830:
15828:
15826:
15811:
15805:
15798:
15792:
15791:
15783:
15774:
15767:
15761:
15760:
15758:
15756:
15741:
15735:
15734:
15726:
15720:
15717:
15711:
15708:
15702:
15701:
15699:
15697:
15692:on 14 April 2021
15688:. Archived from
15678:
15669:
15666:
15660:
15657:
15648:
15645:
15639:
15632:
15626:
15623:
15617:
15614:
15608:
15607:
15605:
15603:
15598:on 14 April 2021
15594:. Archived from
15584:
15578:
15575:
15569:
15566:
15560:
15557:
15551:
15548:
15542:
15541:
15539:
15537:
15522:
15516:
15513:
15507:
15504:
15498:
15495:
15489:
15488:
15470:
15464:
15461:
15455:
15454:
15446:
15440:
15437:
15431:
15430:
15428:
15426:
15421:on 15 March 2011
15411:
15402:
15401:
15399:
15397:
15382:
15376:
15361:
15355:
15354:
15352:
15350:
15335:
15326:
15323:
15317:
15314:
15308:
15305:
15299:
15298:
15280:
15274:
15273:
15271:
15269:
15250:
15244:
15241:
15235:
15232:
15226:
15219:
15213:
15212:
15194:
15188:
15181:
15175:
15174:
15172:
15170:
15161:. Archived from
15151:
15138:
15135:
15129:
15126:
15120:
15119:
15117:
15115:
15110:on 15 March 2011
15100:
15091:
15088:
15082:
15079:
15073:
15066:
15053:
15052:
15034:
15028:
15027:
15017:
15006:10.2307/27516117
14989:
14983:
14980:
14974:
14971:
14965:
14959:
14948:
14945:
14939:
14936:
14930:
14927:
14921:
14914:
14908:
14907:
14889:
14880:
14866:
14860:
14857:In fear of China
14853:
14847:
14840:
14834:
14820:
14814:
14811:
14805:
14802:
14796:
14782:
14776:
14762:
14756:
14753:
14747:
14733:
14727:
14724:
14718:
14715:
14706:
14703:
14697:
14694:
14688:
14682:
14676:
14675:
14669:
14664:
14662:
14654:
14646:
14640:
14626:
14620:
14617:
14611:
14610:
14608:
14606:
14601:on 10 April 2011
14591:
14585:
14582:
14576:
14575:
14559:
14549:
14543:
14542:
14522:
14516:
14513:
14507:
14504:
14498:
14495:
14489:
14486:
14480:
14466:
14457:
14443:
14437:
14436:
14426:
14420:
14419:
14399:
14390:
14387:
14381:
14378:
14372:
14369:
14363:
14362:
14360:
14358:
14343:
14337:
14334:
14328:
14314:
14308:
14295:
14289:
14288:
14286:
14284:
14272:
14266:
14265:
14263:
14261:
14252:. Archived from
14242:
14236:
14235:
14208:
14202:
14201:
14189:
14183:
14175:
14169:
14166:
14160:
14146:
14140:
14139:
14137:
14135:
14120:
14114:
14111:
14105:
14102:
14096:
14093:
14087:
14084:
14078:
14075:
14069:
14066:
14060:
14057:
14048:
14034:
14028:
14025:
14019:
14016:
14010:
14005:
13999:
13994:
13988:
13981:
13975:
13974:
13972:
13970:
13959:
13953:
13952:
13950:
13948:
13937:
13931:
13926:
13920:
13911:
13905:
13904:
13902:
13900:
13889:
13883:
13882:
13880:
13878:
13863:
13857:
13856:
13854:
13852:
13847:on 13 April 2010
13837:
13831:
13828:
13822:
13821:
13819:
13817:
13802:
13796:
13795:
13793:
13791:
13780:
13774:
13764:
13758:
13755:
13749:
13735:
13729:
13726:
13720:
13717:
13711:
13708:
13702:
13699:
13693:
13690:
13684:
13677:
13671:
13670:
13668:
13666:
13651:
13642:
13628:
13622:
13608:
13602:
13599:
13590:
13589:
13587:
13585:
13570:
13559:
13556:
13547:
13544:
13538:
13535:
13529:
13526:
13520:
13519:
13511:
13505:
13504:
13502:
13500:
13484:
13478:
13477:
13475:
13473:
13457:
13451:
13450:
13448:
13446:
13430:
13424:
13423:
13421:
13419:
13404:
13398:
13395:
13389:
13386:
13380:
13373:
13367:
13364:
13358:
13344:
13338:
13324:Wendy Lowenstein
13321:
13315:
13305:
13299:
13296:
13290:
13287:
13281:
13280:
13278:
13276:
13260:
13254:
13251:
13245:
13242:
13236:
13222:
13216:
13210:
13204:
13201:
13195:
13181:
13175:
13174:
13172:
13170:
13161:. Archived from
13154:
13148:
13145:
13139:
13127:
13121:
13120:
13118:
13116:
13100:
13094:
13093:
13091:
13089:
13073:
13067:
13064:
13058:
13055:
13049:
13046:
13040:
13037:
13031:
13028:
13022:
13019:
13013:
13010:
13004:
12998:
12992:
12978:
12972:
12969:
12963:
12960:
12954:
12951:
12945:
12932:
12926:
12925:
12923:
12921:
12907:
12901:
12900:
12898:
12896:
12883:Murray, Robert.
12880:
12874:
12871:
12865:
12864:
12862:
12860:
12846:
12840:
12839:
12821:
12815:
12812:
12806:
12805:
12803:
12801:
12786:
12780:
12777:
12771:
12768:
12762:
12759:
12753:
12750:
12744:
12741:
12735:
12732:
12726:
12723:
12717:
12714:
12708:
12705:
12699:
12696:
12687:
12684:
12678:
12675:
12669:
12666:
12660:
12657:
12651:
12648:
12642:
12628:
12622:
12619:
12613:
12610:
12604:
12601:
12595:
12592:
12586:
12583:
12577:
12576:
12558:
12552:
12549:
12543:
12540:
12534:
12531:
12525:
12522:
12516:
12513:
12507:
12506:
12504:
12502:
12487:
12481:
12480:
12478:
12476:
12467:. Archived from
12457:
12451:
12448:
12442:
12439:
12433:
12430:
12424:
12421:
12415:
12412:
12406:
12403:
12397:
12394:
12388:
12385:
12379:
12376:
12370:
12367:
12361:
12358:
12352:
12349:
12343:
12340:
12334:
12331:
12325:
12322:
12316:
12315:
12297:
12291:
12290:
12272:
12266:
12265:
12263:
12261:
12245:
12239:
12236:
12227:
12224:
12218:
12215:
12209:
12206:
12200:
12197:
12191:
12184:
12178:
12177:
12169:
12163:
12160:
12154:
12151:
12145:
12142:
12136:
12133:
12127:
12124:
12118:
12117:
12109:
12103:
12102:
12094:
12088:
12087:
12079:
12073:
12070:
12064:
12063:
12053:
12047:
12044:
12038:
12037:
12019:
12013:
11999:
11993:
11990:
11984:
11983:
11975:
11969:
11966:
11960:
11957:
11951:
11950:
11942:
11936:
11935:
11927:
11921:
11914:
11908:
11905:
11899:
11896:
11890:
11887:
11881:
11878:
11872:
11865:
11859:
11856:
11850:
11847:
11841:
11838:
11832:
11829:
11823:
11822:
11814:
11808:
11801:
11795:
11789:
11783:
11780:
11774:
11773:
11771:
11769:
11754:
11748:
11741:
11735:
11734:
11732:
11730:
11715:
11709:
11702:
11693:
11686:
11680:
11677:
11671:
11668:
11662:
11655:
11649:
11642:
11636:
11629:
11623:
11620:
11614:
11613:
11605:
11599:
11592:
11586:
11585:
11567:
11561:
11554:
11548:
11545:
11539:
11538:
11518:
11512:
11509:
11503:
11502:
11494:
11488:
11485:
11479:
11472:
11466:
11459:
11453:
11450:
11444:
11437:
11431:
11430:
11398:
11392:
11389:
11383:
11376:
11370:
11369:. p. 344β45
11363:
11357:
11354:
11348:
11345:
11339:
11332:
11326:
11319:Teaching History
11315:
11309:
11306:
11300:
11297:
11291:
11288:
11282:
11279:
11273:
11270:
11264:
11261:
11255:
11248:
11242:
11239:
11233:
11230:
11224:
11223:
11221:
11214:
11203:
11197:
11190:
11184:
11181:
11175:
11172:
11166:
11165:
11157:
11151:
11148:
11142:
11139:
11133:
11130:
11124:
11121:
11115:
11112:
11106:
11102:4 February 2024
11097:
11091:
11084:
11078:
11075:
11069:
11066:
11060:
11057:
11051:
11050:
11022:
11016:
11015:
11013:
11011:
10996:
10990:
10989:
10979:
10955:
10949:
10942:
10936:
10935:
10917:
10911:
10910:
10908:
10906:
10890:
10884:
10883:
10881:
10879:
10863:
10857:
10854:
10845:
10844:
10826:
10820:
10817:
10811:
10808:
10802:
10801:
10793:
10787:
10786:
10784:
10782:
10767:
10761:
10760:
10758:
10756:
10740:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10729:
10713:
10707:
10704:
10698:
10697:
10695:
10693:
10677:
10671:
10670:
10668:
10666:
10650:
10644:
10641:
10635:
10634:
10632:
10630:
10614:
10603:
10596:
10590:
10587:
10581:
10578:
10572:
10569:
10563:
10556:
10547:
10546:
10538:
10532:
10531:
10529:
10527:
10522:on 24 March 2012
10512:
10506:
10505:
10503:
10501:
10485:
10479:
10478:
10476:
10474:
10458:
10452:
10451:
10449:
10447:
10432:
10426:
10423:
10417:
10416:
10414:
10412:
10396:
10390:
10389:
10381:
10375:
10372:
10366:
10365:
10329:
10323:
10312:
10306:
10303:
10297:
10296:. p. 296β97
10290:
10284:
10281:
10275:
10272:
10266:
10263:
10257:
10254:
10248:
10245:
10239:
10236:
10230:
10227:
10221:
10220:
10202:
10196:
10193:
10187:
10184:
10178:
10175:
10169:
10168:
10160:
10154:
10151:
10145:
10144:
10142:
10140:
10125:
10119:
10118:
10116:
10114:
10099:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10088:
10073:
10067:
10064:
10055:
10052:
10043:
10040:
10034:
10031:
10025:
10024:
10022:
10020:
10011:. Archived from
9997:
9991:
9988:
9982:
9981:
9963:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9952:
9938:
9932:
9929:
9923:
9920:
9914:
9913:
9905:
9899:
9892:
9886:
9883:
9877:
9874:
9868:
9860:
9854:
9840:
9834:
9833:
9825:
9819:
9818:
9810:
9804:
9801:
9795:
9792:
9786:
9785:
9783:
9781:
9768:N.D. McLachlan.
9765:
9759:
9756:
9750:
9749:
9731:
9722:
9719:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9708:
9692:
9686:
9685:
9667:
9661:
9658:
9652:
9649:The Great Circle
9645:
9639:
9638:
9636:
9634:
9618:
9609:
9608:
9606:
9604:
9589:
9583:
9580:
9574:
9553:
9547:
9546:
9538:
9529:
9522:
9516:
9509:
9500:
9493:
9487:
9480:
9474:
9471:The Great Circle
9467:
9461:
9460:. pp. 77β78
9454:
9448:
9447:. pp. 75β77
9441:
9435:
9428:
9422:
9411:
9405:
9398:
9392:
9385:
9379:
9365:
9359:
9358:
9350:
9344:
9341:The Great Circle
9337:
9331:
9325:
9319:
9300:
9294:
9287:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9263:
9254:
9248:
9237:
9231:
9230:
9222:
9216:
9209:
9203:
9192:
9186:
9183:
9177:
9162:
9156:
9142:
9136:
9135:. pp. 49β50
9129:
9123:
9105:
9099:
9082:
9060:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9032:
9026:
9025:
9023:
9021:
9004:
8995:
8992:
8986:
8985:
8983:
8981:
8966:
8960:
8946:
8940:
8937:
8931:
8928:
8922:
8919:
8913:
8912:
8894:
8888:
8887:
8866:
8860:
8857:
8851:
8848:
8842:
8841:
8813:
8804:
8801:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8790:
8779:The Conversation
8770:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8759:
8748:The Conversation
8739:
8733:
8730:
8724:
8723:
8705:
8699:
8698:
8690:
8684:
8671:
8665:
8664:
8646:
8637:
8634:
8628:
8625:
8619:
8616:
8610:
8607:
8601:
8598:
8589:
8586:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8547:
8541:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8499:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8488:
8460:
8454:
8453:
8451:
8449:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8402:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8359:
8322:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8311:
8255:
8246:
8245:
8235:
8195:
8098:
8093:
8092:
8091:
8084:
8082:Australia portal
8079:
8078:
8077:
8010:Wendy Lowenstein
8006:The Real Matilda
7986:Humphrey McQueen
7974:Geoffrey Blainey
7865:The Great Gatsby
7735:Elizabeth Jolley
7710:Crocodile Dundee
7645:David Williamson
7624:(1985βpresent).
7562:Arts and culture
7524:
7510:
7327:Country Liberal
7306:Albert Namatjira
7234:Evonne Goolagong
7164:Anthony Albanese
7162:On 23 May 2022,
7156:Platinum Jubilee
7152:Federation Guard
7144:Anthony Albanese
7118:-class submarine
7079:National Cabinet
7029:emissions target
6989:, November 2017.
6975:Malcolm Turnbull
6960:Malcolm Turnbull
6884:Malcolm Turnbull
6777:global recession
6586:Pacific Solution
6569:One Nation party
6519:Opening ceremony
6406:had proposed an
6380:Parliament House
6335:Hawke government
6239:, and Treasurer
6217:in 1976, as the
5986:reigning monarch
5920:Liberal Senator
5729:hydroelectricity
5613:Pub With No Beer
5375:of the states."
5179:Battle of Midway
5023:was besieged in
4884:Papua New Guinea
4821:argues that the
4728:Second World War
4651:Sheffield Shield
4624:Wendy Lowenstein
4605:Sydney Institute
4580:Stuart Macintyre
4437:Great Depression
4405:Great Depression
4376:Macquarie Island
4372:McDonald Islands
4258:Irish Free State
4143:Royal Commission
3870:Battle of Romani
3847:Australian Corps
3840:Battle of Amiens
3731:Defence Act 1903
3643:, 4 October 1909
3551:Attorney-General
3531:Governor-General
3427:Sir Henry Parkes
3395:Waltzing Matilda
3385:writers such as
3322:Waltzing Matilda
3253:South Australian
3245:Free Trade Party
3214:
3211:
3191:1890s depression
3059:
3056:
3007:Eureka Rebellion
2983:Edward Hargraves
2948:
2945:
2503:Mount Kosciuszko
2480:Lake Alexandrina
2426:Gregory Blaxland
2417:Matthew Flinders
2392:Matthew Flinders
2357:, co-founded by
2064:Proclamation of
1937:Francis Greenway
1711:
1708:
1630:Sir Joseph Banks
1614:. Sweden's King
1595:
1550:Sydney Parkinson
1472:transit of Venus
1389:and named after
1311:Matthew Flinders
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1068:rock shelter in
963:Papua New Guinea
912:Papua New Guinea
881:British colonies
861:
854:
847:
835:Australia portal
832:
809:National colours
627:Multiculturalism
581:
576:
568:
558:
557:
548:
541:
534:
520:
519:
518:
379:
378:
324:Asian Australian
236:Eureka Rebellion
122:
109:
99:
94:
86:
80:
79:
71:
68:
62:
26:
25:
18:
22343:
22342:
22338:
22337:
22336:
22334:
22333:
22332:
22318:
22317:
22316:
22311:
22307:Woolmers Estate
22282:Richmond Bridge
22207:Cadmans Cottage
22193:
22182:
22158:Charlotte Medal
22146:
22119:
22001:The Broad Arrow
21975:
21900:
21894:The Nightingale
21846:Under Capricorn
21814:The Tenth Straw
21750:The Lady Outlaw
21713:
21667:Popular culture
21658:
21604:Margaret Dawson
21574:Esther Abrahams
21566:
21560:
21534:
21493:
21467:
21396:
21337:William Buckley
21309:
21301:
21292:James Blackburn
21280:
21194:
21183:William Redfern
21155:
21154:
21146:
21044:
21035:
21016:New South Wales
20987:
20836:
20822:Saltwater River
20757:Cockatoo Island
20743:
20690:
20685:
20655:
20650:
20637:
20630:
20623:
20616:
20603:
20564:Public holidays
20505:
20449:Life expectancy
20362:
20244:
20195:
19984:
19956:
19942:Protected areas
19848:
19787:
19720:
19711:
19681:
19676:
19668:
19666:
19662:
19659:
19654:
19651:
19649:
19647:
19646:
19645:
19640:
19568:
19562:
19545:
19539:
19520:Solomon Islands
19458:
19453:
19423:
19418:
19360:
19357:
19322:
19314:
19309:
19264:
19259:
19234:
19229:
19210:South Australia
19200:New South Wales
19186:
19183:
19112:Wayback Machine
19048:
19043:
19037:
19035:Further reading
19032:
19000:Wayback Machine
18976:
18974:Primary sources
18971:
18745:39(4): 524β44.
18720:
18715:
18596:Sharp, Andrew:
18589:Sharp, Andrew:
18500:Terra Australis
18426:Terra Incognita
18344:Terra Australis
18330:Henderson, J.:
18301:Heeres, J. E.:
18294:Heeres, J. E.:
18276:Vergulde Draeck
18267:' (Gilt Dragon)
18265:Vergulde Draeck
18230:Edwards, Hugh:
18210:Willem Schouten
18078:Isaac Gilsemans
18070:
18065:
18060:
18002:A New Britannia
17962:Kociumbas, Jan
17909:Wayback Machine
17896:Edwards, John.
17889:Dickey, Brian.
17878:Wayback Machine
17852:(2005). 440 pp.
17844:
17839:
17833:
17811:Taylor, Peter.
17781:
17773:. New Holland.
17738:
17707:Wayback Machine
17688:
17671:
17669:Reference books
17666:
17665:
17656:
17652:
17643:
17639:
17630:
17626:
17617:
17613:
17604:
17600:
17591:
17587:
17578:
17574:
17569:
17565:
17558:
17544:
17540:
17535:
17531:
17520:
17516:
17511:
17507:
17500:
17474:
17470:
17455:
17454:
17450:
17440:
17438:
17427:
17426:
17422:
17417:
17413:
17404:
17400:
17396:(1999) 5:163β81
17391:
17387:
17380:
17366:
17362:
17357:
17353:
17343:
17341:
17328:
17327:
17323:
17313:
17311:
17301:
17297:
17290:
17276:
17269:
17260:
17256:
17251:
17247:
17242:
17238:
17233:
17224:
17217:
17203:
17199:
17194:
17190:
17181:
17177:
17170:
17156:
17152:
17141:
17137:
17125:Carter, David;
17124:
17120:
17110:
17108:
17099:
17098:
17094:
17084:
17082:
17081:. 23 April 2021
17073:
17072:
17068:
17057:
17053:
17043:
17041:
17031:
17027:
17022:
17018:
17013:
17009:
17004:
17000:
16995:
16988:
16979:
16975:
16967:
16963:
16953:
16951:
16941:
16937:
16927:
16925:
16916:
16915:
16908:
16898:
16896:
16886:
16882:
16873:
16869:
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16312:
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16296:
16283:
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16278:
16268:
16266:
16265:. 17 April 2021
16257:
16256:
16252:
16242:
16240:
16239:. 15 April 2021
16231:
16230:
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16214:
16205:
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16200:
16190:
16188:
16187:. 17 March 2021
16179:
16178:
16171:
16161:
16159:
16146:
16145:
16141:
16131:
16129:
16128:. 19 March 2020
16120:
16119:
16115:
16105:
16103:
16102:on 8 April 2020
16090:
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15585:
15581:
15576:
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15567:
15563:
15558:
15554:
15549:
15545:
15535:
15533:
15532:on 23 June 2011
15524:
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14340:
14335:
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14315:
14311:
14306:Wayback Machine
14296:
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13825:
13815:
13813:
13804:
13803:
13799:
13789:
13787:
13782:
13781:
13777:
13768:History Compass
13765:
13761:
13756:
13752:
13736:
13732:
13727:
13723:
13718:
13714:
13709:
13705:
13700:
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13562:
13557:
13550:
13545:
13541:
13536:
13532:
13527:
13523:
13512:
13508:
13498:
13496:
13485:
13481:
13471:
13469:
13468:on 11 July 2011
13458:
13454:
13444:
13442:
13431:
13427:
13417:
13415:
13414:on 8 April 2011
13406:
13405:
13401:
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13392:
13387:
13383:
13374:
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13361:
13345:
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13274:
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13029:
13025:
13020:
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13011:
13007:
12999:
12995:
12979:
12975:
12970:
12966:
12961:
12957:
12952:
12948:
12943:Wayback Machine
12933:
12929:
12919:
12917:
12909:
12908:
12904:
12894:
12892:
12881:
12877:
12872:
12868:
12858:
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11996:
11991:
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11510:
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11473:
11469:
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11456:
11451:
11447:
11438:
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11399:
11395:
11390:
11386:
11377:
11373:
11364:
11360:
11355:
11351:
11346:
11342:
11338:pp. 106, 117β19
11333:
11329:
11316:
11312:
11307:
11303:
11298:
11294:
11289:
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11280:
11276:
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11212:
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11200:
11191:
11187:
11182:
11178:
11173:
11169:
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11149:
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11140:
11136:
11131:
11127:
11122:
11118:
11113:
11109:
11098:
11094:
11085:
11081:
11076:
11072:
11067:
11063:
11058:
11054:
11023:
11019:
11009:
11007:
11006:. 17 April 2014
10998:
10997:
10993:
10956:
10952:
10943:
10939:
10932:
10918:
10914:
10904:
10902:
10891:
10887:
10877:
10875:
10864:
10860:
10855:
10848:
10841:
10827:
10823:
10818:
10814:
10809:
10805:
10794:
10790:
10780:
10778:
10769:
10768:
10764:
10754:
10752:
10741:
10737:
10727:
10725:
10714:
10710:
10705:
10701:
10691:
10689:
10678:
10674:
10664:
10662:
10651:
10647:
10642:
10638:
10628:
10626:
10617:Macrae, Keith.
10615:
10606:
10597:
10593:
10588:
10584:
10579:
10575:
10570:
10566:
10557:
10550:
10539:
10535:
10525:
10523:
10514:
10513:
10509:
10499:
10497:
10486:
10482:
10472:
10470:
10459:
10455:
10445:
10443:
10434:
10433:
10429:
10424:
10420:
10410:
10408:
10399:Iltis, Judith.
10397:
10393:
10382:
10378:
10373:
10369:
10330:
10326:
10313:
10309:
10304:
10300:
10291:
10287:
10282:
10278:
10273:
10269:
10264:
10260:
10255:
10251:
10246:
10242:
10237:
10233:
10228:
10224:
10217:
10203:
10199:
10194:
10190:
10185:
10181:
10176:
10172:
10161:
10157:
10152:
10148:
10138:
10136:
10127:
10126:
10122:
10112:
10110:
10101:
10100:
10096:
10086:
10084:
10075:
10074:
10070:
10065:
10058:
10053:
10046:
10041:
10037:
10032:
10028:
10018:
10016:
10015:on 24 June 2014
9999:
9998:
9994:
9989:
9985:
9978:
9964:
9960:
9950:
9948:
9940:
9939:
9935:
9930:
9926:
9921:
9917:
9906:
9902:
9893:
9889:
9884:
9880:
9875:
9871:
9861:
9857:
9841:
9837:
9826:
9822:
9811:
9807:
9802:
9798:
9793:
9789:
9779:
9777:
9766:
9762:
9757:
9753:
9746:
9732:
9725:
9720:
9716:
9706:
9704:
9693:
9689:
9682:
9668:
9664:
9659:
9655:
9646:
9642:
9632:
9630:
9621:B.H. Fletcher.
9619:
9612:
9602:
9600:
9593:"SL/nsw.gov.au"
9591:
9590:
9586:
9581:
9577:
9554:
9550:
9539:
9532:
9523:
9519:
9510:
9503:
9494:
9490:
9481:
9477:
9468:
9464:
9455:
9451:
9442:
9438:
9429:
9425:
9412:
9408:
9399:
9395:
9386:
9382:
9366:
9362:
9351:
9347:
9338:
9334:
9326:
9322:
9308:J.C. Beaglehole
9301:
9297:
9288:
9284:
9276:
9261:
9255:
9251:
9238:
9234:
9223:
9219:
9210:
9206:
9193:
9189:
9184:
9180:
9163:
9159:
9143:
9139:
9130:
9126:
9106:
9102:
9065:Serle, Percival
9061:
9057:
9047:
9045:
9034:
9033:
9029:
9019:
9017:
9006:
9005:
8998:
8993:
8989:
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8895:
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8884:
8867:
8863:
8858:
8854:
8849:
8845:
8814:
8807:
8802:
8798:
8788:
8786:
8771:
8767:
8757:
8755:
8740:
8736:
8731:
8727:
8720:
8706:
8702:
8691:
8687:
8681:Wayback Machine
8672:
8668:
8661:
8647:
8640:
8635:
8631:
8626:
8622:
8617:
8613:
8608:
8604:
8599:
8592:
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8583:
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8571:
8564:
8548:
8544:
8539:
8535:
8525:
8523:
8516:
8500:
8496:
8486:
8484:
8477:
8461:
8457:
8447:
8445:
8438:
8422:
8418:
8411:
8393:
8389:
8323:
8319:
8309:
8307:
8256:
8249:
8210:(6052): 94β98.
8196:
8192:
8187:
8094:
8089:
8087:
8080:
8075:
8073:
8070:
7990:A New Britannia
7892:James Macarthur
7884:
7878:
7802:cultural cringe
7790:P. P. McGuiness
7757:(Kath Walker),
7570:
7564:
7539:
7538:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7525:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7511:
7475:
7430:
7314:Royal Telephone
7300:was proclaimed
7287:1967 referendum
7280:Gurindji strike
7268:Charles Perkins
7212:
7207:
7202:
7137:
7131:
7126:
7047:A barricade in
7041:
7033:Paris Agreement
7018:South China Sea
6968:
6919:Prime Minister
6915:, November 2014
6911:with President
6903:Prime Minister
6897:
6872:
6860:Main articles:
6858:
6775:and subsequent
6764:Rudd government
6745:
6733:Main articles:
6731:
6683:Afghanistan War
6652:nation-building
6644:Operation RAMSI
6642:
6497:
6492:
6486:
6428:delivering the
6410:to take to the
6313:
6265:
6168:
6163:
6097:(1ATF) base at
6073:in August 1964.
6059:
6053:
6013:North West Cape
6000:John F. Kennedy
5958:
5910:1967 Referendum
5904:Prime Minister
5886:1967 Referendum
5877:
5825:Barry Humphries
5772:
5688:
5680:Main articles:
5678:
5670:William McMahon
5617:rock and roller
5588:as his deputy.
5558:Vladimir Petrov
5436:
5431:
5425:
5413:Dorothy Tangney
5300:
5294:
5286:Australian Army
5073:Prince of Wales
5021:Leslie Morshead
5006:Battle of Crete
4998:Siege of Tobruk
4982:Siege of Tobruk
4907:Siege of Tobruk
4856:
4789:Australian Army
4755:Prime Minister
4749:
4744:
4732:Main articles:
4730:
4688:
4446:New South Wales
4413:
4407:
4360:Cartier Islands
4336:North Australia
4211:
4209:Dominion status
3961:
3956:
3954:Inter-war years
3934:
3883:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3703:Main articles:
3701:
3699:First World War
3600:Melbourne Punch
3504:
3496:Main articles:
3494:
3409:
3403:
3362:Arthur Streeton
3278:
3272:
3233:Maritime Strike
3212:
3199:
3193:
3144:brought to the
3135:
3083:
3057:
3047:
3041:
3016:Eureka Stockade
3009:
3003:
2968:
2946:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2890:
2818:
2785:New South Wales
2671:
2665:
2640:
2619:
2613:
2570:Nullarbor Plain
2539:Burke and Wills
2499:Australian Alps
2487:Thomas Mitchell
2464:Macquarie River
2373:
2367:
2305:Richard Johnson
2297:
2261:
2224:
2189:
2183:
2178:
2066:Governor Bourke
2060:Colonial Office
2018:
2010:Main articles:
2008:
1996:Main articles:
1994:
1972:From the 1820s
1966:Napoleonic Wars
1953:
1941:William Redfern
1827:
1709:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1612:Terra Australis
1596:TERRA AUSTRALIS
1570:, published in
1562:New South Wales
1539:
1533:
1528:
1466:, travelled to
1446:William Dampier
1431:
1411:, and to sight
1347:Willem Janszoon
1345:, captained by
1328:, now known as
1313:
1306:
1304:
1297:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1284:William Dampier
1279:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1230:Willem Janszoon
1225:
1217:
1212:
1210:Terra Australis
1206:Terra incognita
1202:
1196:
1178:framework, the
1031:
1021:
1015:
865:
833:
813:
678:Performing arts
676:
618:
579:
575:
562:
552:
516:
514:
509:
508:
499:
491:
490:
443:South Australia
407:New South Wales
383:State/Territory
376:
368:
367:
314:
306:
305:
176:
168:
167:
166:
124:
120:
112:
97:
93:
84:
72:
66:
63:
44:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
22341:
22331:
22330:
22313:
22312:
22310:
22309:
22304:
22302:Vaucluse House
22299:
22294:
22289:
22284:
22279:
22274:
22269:
22264:
22259:
22254:
22249:
22244:
22239:
22234:
22232:Elizabeth Farm
22229:
22224:
22219:
22214:
22209:
22204:
22198:
22196:
22188:
22187:
22184:
22183:
22181:
22180:
22175:
22170:
22165:
22160:
22154:
22152:
22148:
22147:
22145:
22144:
22136:
22132:The Transports
22127:
22125:
22121:
22120:
22118:
22117:
22109:
22105:The Lieutenant
22101:
22093:
22085:
22077:
22069:
22061:
22053:
22045:
22037:
22029:
22021:
22017:The Wild Goose
22013:
22005:
21997:
21989:
21983:
21981:
21977:
21976:
21974:
21973:
21965:
21957:
21949:
21941:
21933:
21925:
21917:
21908:
21906:
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21794:
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21778:
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21754:
21746:
21738:
21730:
21721:
21719:
21715:
21714:
21712:
21711:
21704:
21697:
21690:
21683:
21677:
21675:
21668:
21664:
21663:
21660:
21659:
21657:
21656:
21651:
21646:
21641:
21639:Joseph Potaski
21636:
21631:
21626:
21621:
21616:
21611:
21606:
21601:
21596:
21591:
21586:
21581:
21576:
21570:
21568:
21562:
21561:
21559:
21558:
21553:
21548:
21542:
21540:
21536:
21535:
21533:
21532:
21527:
21522:
21517:
21515:Frank the Poet
21512:
21507:
21501:
21499:
21495:
21494:
21492:
21491:
21486:
21481:
21479:William Cuffay
21475:
21473:
21469:
21468:
21466:
21465:
21460:
21458:Thomas Watling
21455:
21450:
21448:Charles Rodius
21445:
21440:
21435:
21430:
21425:
21420:
21418:Richard Browne
21415:
21410:
21408:Joseph Backler
21404:
21402:
21398:
21397:
21395:
21394:
21389:
21384:
21379:
21374:
21369:
21364:
21359:
21357:William Chopin
21354:
21349:
21344:
21339:
21334:
21332:William Bryant
21329:
21324:
21319:
21313:
21311:
21303:
21302:
21300:
21299:
21294:
21288:
21286:
21282:
21281:
21279:
21278:
21273:
21268:
21263:
21261:Robert Sidaway
21258:
21253:
21248:
21243:
21238:
21233:
21228:
21223:
21218:
21213:
21208:
21202:
21200:
21196:
21195:
21193:
21192:
21185:
21180:
21173:
21167:
21165:
21158:
21148:
21147:
21145:
21144:
21139:
21134:
21129:
21124:
21119:
21114:
21109:
21104:
21099:
21094:
21092:Eardley-Wilmot
21089:
21084:
21079:
21074:
21069:
21064:
21059:
21054:
21048:
21046:
21037:
21036:
21034:
21033:
21028:
21023:
21021:Norfolk Island
21018:
21013:
21008:
21003:
20997:
20995:
20989:
20988:
20986:
20985:
20980:
20977:Catalpa rescue
20974:
20968:
20959:
20950:
20941:
20932:
20923:
20917:
20908:
20902:
20893:
20884:
20878:
20872:
20863:
20857:
20851:
20844:
20842:
20838:
20837:
20835:
20834:
20829:
20827:Sullivans Cove
20824:
20819:
20812:Norfolk Island
20809:
20799:
20794:
20789:
20784:
20779:
20774:
20769:
20764:
20759:
20753:
20751:
20749:Penal colonies
20745:
20744:
20742:
20741:
20736:
20731:
20721:
20716:
20711:
20706:
20701:
20695:
20692:
20691:
20684:
20683:
20676:
20669:
20661:
20652:
20651:
20649:
20648:
20643:
20636:
20635:
20628:
20621:
20613:
20612:
20609:
20608:
20605:
20604:
20602:
20601:
20596:
20591:
20586:
20581:
20576:
20571:
20566:
20561:
20556:
20551:
20546:
20541:
20536:
20531:
20526:
20521:
20515:
20513:
20507:
20506:
20504:
20503:
20498:
20493:
20488:
20483:
20478:
20473:
20472:
20471:
20466:
20461:
20451:
20446:
20441:
20436:
20431:
20426:
20421:
20416:
20411:
20406:
20401:
20396:
20391:
20386:
20380:
20374:
20368:
20367:
20364:
20363:
20361:
20360:
20358:Welfare system
20355:
20350:
20345:
20340:
20335:
20333:Superannuation
20330:
20328:Stock exchange
20325:
20320:
20315:
20310:
20305:
20300:
20295:
20294:
20293:
20291:Public housing
20286:Home ownership
20283:
20278:
20273:
20268:
20262:
20256:
20250:
20249:
20246:
20245:
20243:
20242:
20241:
20240:
20233:Prime Minister
20230:
20229:
20228:
20218:
20217:
20216:
20205:
20203:
20197:
20196:
20194:
20193:
20191:Shadow Cabinet
20188:
20187:
20186:
20181:
20171:
20169:Public Service
20166:
20165:
20164:
20159:
20154:
20149:
20144:
20139:
20134:
20129:
20119:
20114:
20109:
20104:
20099:
20098:
20097:
20092:
20087:
20077:
20072:
20071:
20070:
20065:
20060:
20050:
20045:
20043:Federal budget
20040:
20039:
20038:
20033:
20028:
20018:
20013:
20008:
20002:
19996:
19990:
19989:
19986:
19985:
19983:
19982:
19977:
19972:
19966:
19964:
19958:
19957:
19955:
19954:
19949:
19944:
19939:
19934:
19929:
19924:
19919:
19914:
19909:
19904:
19899:
19898:
19897:
19887:
19882:
19877:
19875:Climate change
19872:
19866:
19860:
19854:
19853:
19850:
19849:
19847:
19846:
19841:
19836:
19831:
19826:
19821:
19816:
19811:
19806:
19804:Constitutional
19801:
19795:
19793:
19789:
19788:
19786:
19785:
19780:
19775:
19770:
19765:
19760:
19755:
19750:
19745:
19740:
19734:
19728:
19722:
19721:
19710:
19709:
19702:
19695:
19687:
19678:
19677:
19642:
19641:
19639:
19638:
19633:
19628:
19623:
19618:
19616:Norfolk Island
19613:
19608:
19603:
19598:
19593:
19588:
19583:
19578:
19576:American Samoa
19572:
19570:
19564:
19563:
19561:
19560:
19555:
19549:
19547:
19546:of New Zealand
19541:
19540:
19538:
19537:
19532:
19527:
19522:
19517:
19512:
19507:
19502:
19497:
19492:
19487:
19482:
19477:
19472:
19466:
19464:
19460:
19459:
19452:
19451:
19444:
19437:
19429:
19420:
19419:
19417:
19416:
19406:
19400:
19391:
19386:
19380:
19371:
19365:
19362:
19361:
19356:
19355:
19348:
19341:
19333:
19327:
19324:
19323:
19311:
19310:
19308:
19307:
19305:Norfolk Island
19302:
19297:
19292:
19287:
19282:
19277:
19271:
19269:
19261:
19260:
19258:
19257:
19252:
19247:
19241:
19239:
19231:
19230:
19228:
19227:
19222:
19217:
19212:
19207:
19202:
19196:
19194:
19188:
19187:
19182:
19181:
19174:
19167:
19159:
19153:
19152:
19147:
19141:
19136:
19130:
19124:
19114:
19102:
19097:
19090:
19082:
19077:
19067:
19062:
19047:
19046:External links
19044:
19039:Main article:
19036:
19033:
19031:
19030:
19023:
19012:
19002:
18993:online edition
18985:
18977:
18975:
18972:
18970:
18969:
18962:
18959:
18948:
18929:
18918:
18911:
18908:
18897:
18894:
18891:William Jansz.
18887:
18880:
18869:
18862:
18852:
18845:
18835:
18828:
18825:
18822:
18815:
18805:
18795:
18792:
18781:
18774:
18767:
18760:
18753:
18736:
18729:
18721:
18719:
18716:
18714:
18713:
18702:
18687:
18677:
18672:. (PhD diss.,
18663:
18658:Tasman, Abel:
18656:
18646:
18636:
18629:
18624:Stapel, F.W.:
18622:
18615:
18608:
18601:
18594:
18587:
18572:
18565:
18558:Voyage to the
18554:
18547:
18540:
18533:
18522:
18515:
18504:
18494:
18483:
18473:
18463:
18449:
18439:
18420:
18409:Mutch, T. D.:
18407:
18397:
18394:978-0733332371
18376:
18371:McHugh, Evan:
18369:
18362:
18355:
18348:
18338:
18328:
18317:
18306:
18299:
18292:
18281:
18270:
18259:
18252:
18245:
18235:
18228:
18215:
18206:Jacob Le Maire
18200:
18193:
18186:Duyker, Edward
18183:
18171:
18161:
18146:
18126:
18112:
18105:
18086:
18071:
18069:
18066:
18064:
18061:
18059:
18058:
18051:
18046:Welsh, Frank.
18044:
18030:
18023:
18014:Millar, T. B.
18012:
18005:
17998:
17993:Martin, A. W.
17991:
17977:
17967:
17960:
17950:
17939:
17932:
17918:
17911:
17902:online edition
17894:
17887:
17880:
17871:online edition
17863:
17853:
17845:
17843:
17840:
17838:
17837:
17831:
17816:
17809:
17802:
17800:online edition
17792:
17785:
17779:
17763:
17756:
17742:
17736:
17723:
17716:
17709:
17700:online edition
17692:
17686:
17672:
17670:
17667:
17664:
17663:
17650:
17637:
17624:
17611:
17598:
17585:
17572:
17563:
17556:
17538:
17529:
17526:. p. 573.
17514:
17505:
17498:
17468:
17448:
17420:
17411:
17398:
17385:
17378:
17360:
17351:
17321:
17295:
17288:
17267:
17254:
17245:
17236:
17222:
17215:
17197:
17188:
17175:
17168:
17150:
17135:
17118:
17092:
17066:
17063:. p. 180.
17051:
17025:
17016:
17007:
16998:
16986:
16973:
16961:
16935:
16906:
16880:
16867:
16855:
16837:
16828:
16819:
16810:
16801:
16792:
16783:
16770:
16761:
16735:
16722:
16710:
16698:
16686:
16679:
16658:
16646:
16634:
16622:
16613:
16604:
16595:
16586:
16577:
16568:
16546:
16543:. p. 344.
16531:
16524:
16506:
16493:
16463:
16433:
16407:
16404:. 23 May 2022.
16389:
16363:
16337:
16306:
16276:
16250:
16224:
16213:. 4 March 2021
16198:
16169:
16139:
16113:
16083:
16058:
16049:
16023:
15997:
15971:
15964:
15946:
15916:
15890:
15881:
15872:
15863:
15854:
15841:
15832:
15806:
15804:. pp. 514
15793:
15775:
15762:
15736:
15721:
15712:
15703:
15670:
15661:
15649:
15640:
15627:
15618:
15609:
15579:
15570:
15561:
15552:
15543:
15517:
15508:
15499:
15490:
15483:
15465:
15456:
15441:
15432:
15403:
15377:
15356:
15327:
15318:
15309:
15300:
15293:
15275:
15245:
15236:
15227:
15214:
15207:
15189:
15176:
15139:
15130:
15121:
15092:
15083:
15074:
15054:
15047:
15029:
15000:(90): 119β36.
14994:Labour History
14984:
14975:
14966:
14949:
14940:
14931:
14922:
14916:Russell Ward,
14909:
14902:
14881:
14861:
14848:
14835:
14815:
14806:
14797:
14777:
14757:
14748:
14728:
14719:
14707:
14698:
14689:
14685:Neville Bonner
14677:
14668:|journal=
14641:
14621:
14612:
14586:
14577:
14570:
14544:
14537:
14517:
14508:
14499:
14490:
14481:
14458:
14438:
14421:
14414:
14391:
14382:
14373:
14364:
14338:
14329:
14309:
14290:
14267:
14256:on 30 May 2008
14237:
14230:
14203:
14184:
14170:
14161:
14141:
14115:
14106:
14097:
14088:
14079:
14070:
14061:
14049:
14029:
14020:
14011:
14000:
13989:
13976:
13954:
13932:
13921:
13906:
13884:
13873:on 14 May 2011
13858:
13832:
13823:
13797:
13775:
13759:
13750:
13730:
13721:
13712:
13703:
13694:
13685:
13672:
13643:
13623:
13603:
13591:
13560:
13548:
13539:
13530:
13521:
13506:
13495:on 6 July 2011
13479:
13452:
13441:on 6 July 2011
13425:
13399:
13390:
13381:
13368:
13359:
13339:
13316:
13308:Anne Henderson
13300:
13291:
13282:
13255:
13246:
13237:
13217:
13205:
13196:
13176:
13165:on 4 June 2012
13149:
13140:
13122:
13095:
13068:
13059:
13050:
13041:
13032:
13023:
13014:
13005:
12993:
12973:
12964:
12955:
12946:
12936:online edition
12927:
12915:Britannica.com
12902:
12875:
12866:
12841:
12834:
12816:
12807:
12781:
12772:
12763:
12754:
12745:
12736:
12727:
12718:
12709:
12700:
12688:
12679:
12670:
12661:
12652:
12643:
12623:
12614:
12605:
12596:
12587:
12578:
12571:
12553:
12544:
12535:
12526:
12517:
12508:
12482:
12452:
12443:
12434:
12425:
12416:
12407:
12398:
12389:
12380:
12371:
12362:
12353:
12344:
12335:
12326:
12317:
12310:
12292:
12285:
12267:
12240:
12228:
12219:
12210:
12201:
12192:
12179:
12164:
12155:
12146:
12137:
12128:
12119:
12104:
12101:. p. 248.
12089:
12074:
12065:
12048:
12039:
12032:
12014:
11994:
11985:
11970:
11961:
11952:
11937:
11922:
11920:. pp. 187
11909:
11900:
11891:
11882:
11873:
11860:
11851:
11842:
11833:
11824:
11809:
11796:
11784:
11775:
11749:
11736:
11725:. 4 April 2019
11710:
11694:
11681:
11672:
11663:
11650:
11637:
11624:
11615:
11600:
11587:
11580:
11562:
11549:
11540:
11533:
11513:
11504:
11489:
11480:
11467:
11454:
11445:
11432:
11413:(3): 396β411.
11393:
11384:
11371:
11358:
11349:
11340:
11327:
11310:
11301:
11292:
11283:
11274:
11265:
11256:
11243:
11234:
11225:
11198:
11185:
11176:
11167:
11164:. p. 344.
11152:
11143:
11134:
11125:
11116:
11107:
11092:
11079:
11070:
11061:
11052:
11017:
10991:
10950:
10937:
10930:
10912:
10885:
10858:
10846:
10839:
10821:
10812:
10803:
10788:
10777:. 11 June 2021
10762:
10743:Heney, Helen.
10735:
10716:D.W.A. Baker.
10708:
10699:
10680:H.J. Gibbney.
10672:
10645:
10636:
10604:
10591:
10582:
10573:
10564:
10548:
10533:
10507:
10488:A.T. Yarwood.
10480:
10453:
10427:
10418:
10391:
10388:. p. 323.
10376:
10367:
10346:10.1086/386032
10340:(3): 250β279.
10324:
10307:
10298:
10285:
10276:
10267:
10258:
10249:
10240:
10231:
10222:
10215:
10197:
10188:
10179:
10170:
10155:
10146:
10135:on 6 July 2011
10120:
10109:on 2 June 2011
10094:
10083:on 2 June 2011
10068:
10056:
10044:
10035:
10026:
9992:
9983:
9976:
9958:
9933:
9924:
9915:
9900:
9887:
9878:
9869:
9855:
9835:
9820:
9817:. p. 297.
9805:
9796:
9787:
9760:
9751:
9744:
9723:
9714:
9687:
9680:
9662:
9653:
9640:
9610:
9584:
9575:
9548:
9530:
9517:
9501:
9488:
9475:
9462:
9449:
9436:
9423:
9406:
9393:
9380:
9360:
9345:
9332:
9320:
9295:
9282:
9249:
9232:
9217:
9204:
9187:
9178:
9157:
9137:
9124:
9100:
9098:
9097:
9069:"Tasman, Abel"
9055:
9027:
8996:
8987:
8961:
8941:
8932:
8923:
8914:
8907:
8889:
8882:
8861:
8852:
8843:
8805:
8796:
8765:
8734:
8725:
8718:
8700:
8697:. p. 294.
8685:
8666:
8659:
8638:
8629:
8620:
8611:
8602:
8590:
8581:
8562:
8542:
8533:
8514:
8494:
8475:
8455:
8436:
8416:
8409:
8387:
8317:
8264:Geoarchaeology
8247:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8182:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8100:
8099:
8085:
8069:
8066:
8029:Henry Reynolds
8021:Charles Rowley
7965:Donald Horne's
7903:Charles Bean's
7880:Main article:
7877:
7876:Historiography
7874:
7845:Cate Blanchett
7794:Geoffrey Serle
7692:Breaker Morant
7618:(1976β83) and
7566:Main article:
7563:
7560:
7526:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7505:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7474:
7471:
7429:
7426:
7354:was appointed
7340:Neville Bonner
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7194:Rachel Perkins
7133:Main article:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7040:
7037:
6979:TrαΊ§n ΔαΊ‘i Quang
6967:
6964:
6896:
6893:
6889:Scott Morrison
6857:
6854:
6824:Following the
6730:
6727:
6703:Kyoto Protocol
6619:Australian-led
6576:Following the
6565:Pauline Hanson
6554:Peter Costello
6534:Prime Minister
6496:
6493:
6488:Main article:
6485:
6482:
6312:
6309:
6272:Malcolm Fraser
6264:
6261:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6147:Vietnamization
6135:1969 elections
6055:Main article:
6052:
6049:
5957:
5954:
5922:Neville Bonner
5895:Neville Bonner
5876:
5873:
5838:Barry McKenzie
5771:
5768:
5716:Arthur Calwell
5677:
5674:
5636:Chips Rafferty
5620:Johnny O'Keefe
5582:Arthur Calwell
5515:occupied Japan
5463:Robert Menzies
5435:
5432:
5427:Main article:
5424:
5421:
5359:in early 1942.
5349:Imperial Japan
5296:Main article:
5293:
5290:
5156:Sydney Harbour
5129:at Tarsau, in
5002:Greek campaign
4892:Robert Menzies
4886:, in June 1945
4855:
4852:
4769:1937 elections
4757:Robert Menzies
4748:
4745:
4729:
4726:
4687:
4684:
4601:Anne Henderson
4409:Main article:
4406:
4403:
4356:Ashmore Island
4352:Norfolk Island
4302:British Empire
4294:British Empire
4210:
4207:
4202:Southern Cross
4137:The fledgling
4094:National Party
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3933:
3930:
3882:
3881:The home front
3879:
3836:Will Longstaff
3786:Central Powers
3782:Ottoman Empire
3778:Constantinople
3725:
3722:
3700:
3697:
3617:Harvester case
3493:
3490:
3405:Main article:
3402:
3399:
3378:Banjo Paterson
3318:Banjo Paterson
3315:bush balladeer
3274:Main article:
3271:
3268:
3192:
3189:
3098:William Strutt
3082:
3079:
3043:Main article:
3040:
3037:
3005:Main article:
3002:
2999:
2967:
2964:
2905:
2902:
2897:Main article:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2830:Augustus Earle
2817:
2814:
2719:Appin massacre
2667:Main article:
2664:
2661:
2639:
2636:
2612:
2609:
2532:Edmund Kennedy
2517:John Longstaff
2449:William Hovell
2430:William Lawson
2369:Main article:
2366:
2363:
2359:Mary MacKillop
2313:Samuel Marsden
2309:Arthur Phillip
2296:
2293:
2267:Businesswoman
2260:
2257:
2223:
2220:
2185:Main article:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2135:Letters Patent
2020:After hosting
1993:
1990:
1952:
1949:
1922:Blue Mountains
1902:John Macarthur
1878:Thomas Watling
1826:
1823:
1806:Norfolk Island
1788:β Thomas Gosse
1772:Arthur Phillip
1746:Arthur Phillip
1695:
1692:
1687:Main article:
1684:
1681:
1669:Norfolk Island
1608:John Callander
1535:Main article:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1511:In March 1772
1459:in command of
1430:
1427:
1309: 1801β03
1305:
1300: 1797β99
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1216:
1213:
1198:Main article:
1195:
1192:
1057:, arriving by
1043:Aboriginal art
1041:. Evidence of
1017:Main article:
1014:
1011:
986:British Empire
867:
866:
864:
863:
856:
849:
841:
838:
837:
825:
824:
823:
822:
817:
811:
806:
801:
796:
788:
787:
783:
782:
781:
780:
775:
770:
765:
764:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
733:
728:
723:
718:
710:
709:
705:
704:
703:
702:
701:
700:
695:
690:
685:
674:
673:
672:
662:
657:
649:
648:
644:
643:
642:
641:
636:
631:
630:
629:
624:
613:
608:
600:
599:
595:
594:
584:
583:
571:
570:
554:
553:
551:
550:
543:
536:
528:
525:
524:
511:
510:
507:
506:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
487:
486:
481:
475:
474:
469:
463:
462:
457:
451:
450:
445:
439:
438:
433:
427:
426:
421:
415:
414:
409:
403:
402:
397:
391:
390:
385:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
366:
365:
364:
363:
358:
348:
343:
338:
333:
332:
331:
321:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
298:
293:
291:Rail transport
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
251:Historiography
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
164:
159:
154:
149:
143:
142:
141:
136:
131:
125:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
102:
101:
89:
88:
74:
73:
53:it, or adding
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22340:
22329:
22326:
22325:
22323:
22308:
22305:
22303:
22300:
22298:
22295:
22293:
22290:
22288:
22287:Richmond Gaol
22285:
22283:
22280:
22278:
22275:
22273:
22270:
22268:
22265:
22263:
22262:Lennox Bridge
22260:
22258:
22255:
22253:
22250:
22248:
22245:
22243:
22240:
22238:
22235:
22233:
22230:
22228:
22225:
22223:
22220:
22218:
22215:
22213:
22210:
22208:
22205:
22203:
22200:
22199:
22197:
22195:
22194:Convict Sites
22189:
22179:
22176:
22174:
22171:
22169:
22166:
22164:
22161:
22159:
22156:
22155:
22153:
22149:
22142:
22141:
22137:
22134:
22133:
22129:
22128:
22126:
22122:
22115:
22114:
22110:
22107:
22106:
22102:
22099:
22098:
22094:
22091:
22090:
22086:
22083:
22082:
22078:
22075:
22074:
22070:
22067:
22066:
22062:
22059:
22058:
22057:The Playmaker
22054:
22051:
22050:
22046:
22043:
22042:
22038:
22035:
22034:
22030:
22027:
22026:
22022:
22019:
22018:
22014:
22011:
22010:
22006:
22003:
22002:
21998:
21995:
21994:
21990:
21988:
21985:
21984:
21982:
21978:
21971:
21970:
21966:
21963:
21962:
21958:
21955:
21954:
21950:
21947:
21946:
21942:
21939:
21938:
21934:
21931:
21930:
21926:
21923:
21922:
21918:
21915:
21914:
21910:
21909:
21907:
21903:
21896:
21895:
21891:
21888:
21887:
21883:
21880:
21879:
21875:
21872:
21871:
21867:
21864:
21863:
21859:
21856:
21855:
21851:
21848:
21847:
21843:
21840:
21839:
21835:
21832:
21831:
21830:To New Shores
21827:
21824:
21823:
21819:
21816:
21815:
21811:
21808:
21807:
21803:
21800:
21799:
21795:
21792:
21791:
21787:
21784:
21783:
21779:
21776:
21775:
21771:
21768:
21767:
21763:
21760:
21759:
21755:
21752:
21751:
21747:
21744:
21743:
21739:
21736:
21735:
21731:
21728:
21727:
21723:
21722:
21720:
21716:
21709:
21705:
21702:
21698:
21695:
21691:
21688:
21684:
21682:
21679:
21678:
21676:
21672:
21669:
21665:
21655:
21652:
21650:
21647:
21645:
21642:
21640:
21637:
21635:
21634:Isaac Nichols
21632:
21630:
21627:
21625:
21622:
21620:
21617:
21615:
21612:
21610:
21607:
21605:
21602:
21600:
21597:
21595:
21592:
21590:
21587:
21585:
21582:
21580:
21577:
21575:
21572:
21571:
21569:
21563:
21557:
21554:
21552:
21549:
21547:
21544:
21543:
21541:
21537:
21531:
21528:
21526:
21523:
21521:
21518:
21516:
21513:
21511:
21508:
21506:
21505:Denis Cashman
21503:
21502:
21500:
21496:
21490:
21487:
21485:
21482:
21480:
21477:
21476:
21474:
21470:
21464:
21461:
21459:
21456:
21454:
21451:
21449:
21446:
21444:
21443:Joseph Lycett
21441:
21439:
21436:
21434:
21431:
21429:
21426:
21424:
21421:
21419:
21416:
21414:
21411:
21409:
21406:
21405:
21403:
21399:
21393:
21390:
21388:
21385:
21383:
21380:
21378:
21375:
21373:
21370:
21368:
21365:
21363:
21360:
21358:
21355:
21353:
21350:
21348:
21345:
21343:
21340:
21338:
21335:
21333:
21330:
21328:
21325:
21323:
21322:Matthew Brady
21320:
21318:
21315:
21314:
21312:
21308:
21304:
21298:
21295:
21293:
21290:
21289:
21287:
21283:
21277:
21274:
21272:
21269:
21267:
21264:
21262:
21259:
21257:
21254:
21252:
21249:
21247:
21246:Solomon Levey
21244:
21242:
21239:
21237:
21234:
21232:
21229:
21227:
21226:William Field
21224:
21222:
21219:
21217:
21216:Daniel Cooper
21214:
21212:
21211:Daniel Connor
21209:
21207:
21206:Enoch Barratt
21204:
21203:
21201:
21199:Entrepreneurs
21197:
21191:
21190:
21186:
21184:
21181:
21179:
21178:
21174:
21172:
21171:William Bland
21169:
21168:
21166:
21162:
21159:
21156:and personnel
21153:
21149:
21143:
21140:
21138:
21135:
21133:
21130:
21128:
21125:
21123:
21120:
21118:
21115:
21113:
21110:
21108:
21105:
21103:
21100:
21098:
21095:
21093:
21090:
21088:
21085:
21083:
21080:
21078:
21075:
21073:
21070:
21068:
21065:
21063:
21060:
21058:
21055:
21053:
21050:
21049:
21047:
21042:
21038:
21032:
21029:
21027:
21024:
21022:
21019:
21017:
21014:
21012:
21009:
21007:
21004:
21002:
20999:
20998:
20996:
20994:
20993:Convict ships
20990:
20984:
20981:
20978:
20975:
20972:
20969:
20966:
20965:
20962:Wreck of the
20960:
20957:
20956:
20953:Wreck of the
20951:
20948:
20947:
20944:Wreck of the
20942:
20939:
20937:
20933:
20930:
20928:
20924:
20921:
20918:
20915:
20913:
20909:
20906:
20903:
20900:
20899:disappearance
20898:
20894:
20891:
20890:
20885:
20882:
20881:Rum Rebellion
20879:
20876:
20873:
20870:
20868:
20864:
20861:
20858:
20855:
20852:
20849:
20846:
20845:
20843:
20839:
20833:
20830:
20828:
20825:
20823:
20820:
20817:
20813:
20810:
20807:
20803:
20800:
20798:
20795:
20793:
20790:
20788:
20785:
20783:
20780:
20778:
20775:
20773:
20770:
20768:
20765:
20763:
20760:
20758:
20755:
20754:
20752:
20750:
20746:
20740:
20737:
20735:
20732:
20729:
20725:
20722:
20720:
20717:
20715:
20712:
20710:
20707:
20705:
20704:Australia Day
20702:
20700:
20697:
20696:
20693:
20689:
20682:
20677:
20675:
20670:
20668:
20663:
20662:
20659:
20647:
20644:
20642:
20639:
20638:
20633:
20629:
20626:
20622:
20619:
20615:
20614:
20610:
20600:
20597:
20595:
20592:
20590:
20587:
20585:
20582:
20580:
20577:
20575:
20572:
20570:
20567:
20565:
20562:
20560:
20557:
20555:
20552:
20550:
20547:
20545:
20542:
20540:
20537:
20535:
20532:
20530:
20527:
20525:
20522:
20520:
20517:
20516:
20514:
20512:
20508:
20502:
20499:
20497:
20494:
20492:
20489:
20487:
20484:
20482:
20479:
20477:
20474:
20470:
20467:
20465:
20464:Ethnic groups
20462:
20460:
20457:
20456:
20455:
20452:
20450:
20447:
20445:
20442:
20440:
20437:
20435:
20432:
20430:
20427:
20425:
20422:
20420:
20417:
20415:
20412:
20410:
20407:
20405:
20402:
20400:
20397:
20395:
20392:
20390:
20387:
20385:
20382:
20381:
20378:
20375:
20373:
20369:
20359:
20356:
20354:
20351:
20349:
20346:
20344:
20341:
20339:
20336:
20334:
20331:
20329:
20326:
20324:
20321:
20319:
20316:
20314:
20311:
20309:
20306:
20304:
20303:Manufacturing
20301:
20299:
20296:
20292:
20289:
20288:
20287:
20284:
20282:
20279:
20277:
20274:
20272:
20269:
20267:
20264:
20263:
20260:
20257:
20255:
20251:
20239:
20236:
20235:
20234:
20231:
20227:
20224:
20223:
20222:
20219:
20215:
20212:
20211:
20210:
20207:
20206:
20204:
20202:
20198:
20192:
20189:
20185:
20182:
20180:
20177:
20176:
20175:
20172:
20170:
20167:
20163:
20160:
20158:
20157:Republicanism
20155:
20153:
20150:
20148:
20145:
20143:
20140:
20138:
20135:
20133:
20130:
20128:
20125:
20124:
20123:
20120:
20118:
20115:
20113:
20112:National debt
20110:
20108:
20105:
20103:
20100:
20096:
20093:
20091:
20088:
20086:
20083:
20082:
20081:
20078:
20076:
20073:
20069:
20066:
20064:
20061:
20059:
20056:
20055:
20054:
20051:
20049:
20046:
20044:
20041:
20037:
20034:
20032:
20029:
20027:
20024:
20023:
20022:
20019:
20017:
20014:
20012:
20009:
20007:
20004:
20003:
20000:
19997:
19995:
19991:
19981:
19978:
19976:
19973:
19971:
19968:
19967:
19965:
19963:
19959:
19953:
19950:
19948:
19945:
19943:
19940:
19938:
19935:
19933:
19930:
19928:
19925:
19923:
19920:
19918:
19915:
19913:
19910:
19908:
19905:
19903:
19900:
19896:
19893:
19892:
19891:
19888:
19886:
19883:
19881:
19878:
19876:
19873:
19871:
19868:
19867:
19864:
19861:
19859:
19855:
19845:
19842:
19840:
19837:
19835:
19832:
19830:
19827:
19825:
19822:
19820:
19817:
19815:
19812:
19810:
19807:
19805:
19802:
19800:
19797:
19796:
19794:
19790:
19784:
19781:
19779:
19776:
19774:
19771:
19769:
19766:
19764:
19761:
19759:
19756:
19754:
19751:
19749:
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19744:
19741:
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19723:
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19708:
19703:
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19696:
19694:
19689:
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19673:
19637:
19634:
19632:
19629:
19627:
19624:
19622:
19619:
19617:
19614:
19612:
19611:New Caledonia
19609:
19607:
19604:
19602:
19599:
19597:
19594:
19592:
19591:Easter Island
19589:
19587:
19584:
19582:
19579:
19577:
19574:
19573:
19571:
19565:
19559:
19556:
19554:
19551:
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19427:
19414:
19410:
19407:
19404:
19401:
19399:
19395:
19392:
19390:
19387:
19384:
19383:South America
19381:
19379:
19378:North America
19375:
19372:
19370:
19367:
19366:
19363:
19354:
19349:
19347:
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19340:
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19232:
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19095:
19091:
19088:
19087:
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19072:
19068:
19066:
19063:
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19060:
19055:
19054:
19050:
19049:
19042:
19028:
19024:
19021:
19017:
19013:
19011:
19007:
19003:
19001:
18997:
18994:
18990:
18986:
18984:(2 vol. 1950)
18983:
18979:
18978:
18967:
18963:
18960:
18957:
18953:
18949:
18946:
18945:9781876944636
18942:
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18927:
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18909:
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18846:
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18809:
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18793:
18790:
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18752:
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18737:
18734:
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18727:
18723:
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18711:
18709:
18703:
18700:
18699:9781876944636
18696:
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18592:
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18584:9789061942603
18581:
18577:
18573:
18570:
18566:
18563:
18561:
18555:
18552:
18548:
18545:
18542:Ryan, Simon:
18541:
18538:
18534:
18531:
18529:
18523:
18520:
18516:
18513:
18511:
18505:
18502:
18501:
18495:
18492:
18490:
18484:
18481:
18480:
18474:
18471:
18467:
18464:
18461:
18459:
18453:
18452:Peters, Nonja
18450:
18447:
18443:
18440:
18437:
18433:
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18427:
18421:
18418:
18417:
18413:
18408:
18405:
18403:
18398:
18395:
18391:
18387:
18385:
18380:
18377:
18374:
18370:
18367:
18364:Leys, Simon:
18363:
18360:
18357:Kenny, John:
18356:
18353:
18349:
18346:
18345:
18339:
18336:
18335:
18329:
18326:
18324:
18318:
18315:
18313:
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18282:
18279:
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18271:
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18257:
18253:
18250:
18246:
18243:
18241:
18236:
18233:
18229:
18226:
18224:
18219:
18218:Edwards, Hugh
18216:
18213:
18211:
18207:
18201:
18198:
18194:
18191:
18187:
18184:
18181:
18178:
18172:
18169:
18165:
18162:
18159:
18155:
18151:
18147:
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18143:9780609607664
18140:
18136:
18135:
18130:
18127:
18124:
18120:
18116:
18113:
18110:
18106:
18103:
18099:
18097:
18094:(1629) &
18093:
18087:
18084:
18083:
18079:
18073:
18072:
18056:
18052:
18049:
18045:
18043:
18039:
18035:
18031:
18028:
18024:
18021:
18017:
18013:
18010:
18006:
18003:
17999:
17996:
17992:
17990:
17989:0-521-60101-0
17986:
17982:
17978:
17976:
17972:
17968:
17965:
17961:
17958:
17954:
17951:
17948:
17944:
17941:Kelly, Paul.
17940:
17937:
17933:
17931:
17927:
17923:
17919:
17916:
17912:
17910:
17906:
17903:
17899:
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17892:
17888:
17885:
17881:
17879:
17875:
17872:
17868:
17864:
17862:
17858:
17854:
17851:
17847:
17846:
17834:
17832:0-86840-756-9
17828:
17824:
17823:
17817:
17814:
17810:
17807:
17803:
17801:
17797:
17793:
17790:
17786:
17782:
17776:
17772:
17768:
17764:
17761:
17757:
17755:
17751:
17747:
17743:
17739:
17737:9781864484243
17733:
17729:
17724:
17721:
17717:
17714:
17710:
17708:
17704:
17701:
17697:
17693:
17689:
17683:
17679:
17674:
17673:
17660:
17654:
17648:. pp. 579β80.
17647:
17641:
17635:. pp. 270β73.
17634:
17628:
17621:
17615:
17608:
17602:
17596:. pp. 288β294
17595:
17589:
17582:
17576:
17567:
17559:
17557:9781742233710
17553:
17549:
17542:
17533:
17525:
17518:
17509:
17501:
17499:9780191542411
17495:
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17430:
17424:
17415:
17408:
17402:
17395:
17389:
17381:
17375:
17371:
17364:
17355:
17340:on 7 May 2021
17339:
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17299:
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17289:9781921867606
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16844:
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16823:
16814:
16805:
16796:
16787:
16780:
16774:
16765:
16750:. 3 June 2015
16749:
16745:
16744:"Land rights"
16739:
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16726:
16719:
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16707:
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16695:
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15225:(1992) p. 660
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14845:
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14833:
14832:0-908094-47-7
14829:
14825:
14819:
14810:
14801:
14795:
14794:0-582-68253-3
14791:
14787:
14781:
14775:
14774:0-00-636391-1
14771:
14767:
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14746:
14745:0-03-900122-9
14742:
14738:
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14478:0-19-554613-X
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14456:
14455:0-07-452615-4
14452:
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14326:0-333-35712-4
14323:
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14271:
14255:
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14227:
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13640:0-642-02255-0
13637:
13633:
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13621:
13620:0-86824-155-5
13617:
13613:
13607:
13598:
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13356:1-920769-84-6
13353:
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13336:0-908011-06-7
13333:
13329:
13325:
13320:
13313:
13309:
13304:
13295:
13286:
13270:
13266:
13263:Nairn, Bede.
13259:
13250:
13241:
13235:
13234:0-19-553544-8
13231:
13227:
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13214:
13209:
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12990:0-06-312033-X
12987:
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12835:9781107011540
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12640:0-14-003383-1
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12572:9781107011540
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11998:
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11794:, p. 220
11793:
11792:Bellanta 2013
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11525:
11517:
11508:
11500:
11493:
11484:
11477:
11471:
11464:
11458:
11449:
11443:. p. 345
11442:
11436:
11428:
11424:
11420:
11416:
11412:
11408:
11404:
11397:
11388:
11381:
11375:
11368:
11362:
11353:
11344:
11337:
11331:
11324:
11320:
11314:
11305:
11296:
11287:
11278:
11269:
11260:
11254:. p. 350
11253:
11247:
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11229:
11218:
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11210:
11202:
11195:
11189:
11180:
11171:
11163:
11156:
11147:
11138:
11129:
11120:
11111:
11105:
11101:
11096:
11089:
11083:
11074:
11065:
11056:
11048:
11044:
11040:
11036:
11032:
11028:
11021:
11005:
11001:
10995:
10987:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10969:
10965:
10961:
10954:
10947:
10941:
10933:
10931:9781760528218
10927:
10923:
10916:
10900:
10896:
10889:
10873:
10869:
10862:
10853:
10851:
10842:
10840:9781405038690
10836:
10832:
10825:
10816:
10807:
10799:
10792:
10776:
10772:
10766:
10750:
10746:
10739:
10723:
10719:
10712:
10703:
10687:
10683:
10676:
10660:
10656:
10649:
10640:
10624:
10620:
10613:
10611:
10609:
10601:
10595:
10586:
10577:
10568:
10561:
10555:
10553:
10544:
10537:
10521:
10517:
10511:
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10491:
10484:
10468:
10464:
10457:
10441:
10437:
10431:
10422:
10406:
10402:
10395:
10387:
10380:
10371:
10363:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10347:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10328:
10321:
10317:
10311:
10302:
10295:
10289:
10280:
10271:
10262:
10253:
10244:
10235:
10226:
10218:
10216:9781863956703
10212:
10208:
10201:
10192:
10183:
10174:
10166:
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10150:
10134:
10130:
10124:
10108:
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10098:
10082:
10078:
10072:
10063:
10061:
10051:
10049:
10039:
10030:
10014:
10010:
10006:
10005:State Records
10002:
9996:
9987:
9979:
9973:
9969:
9962:
9947:
9943:
9937:
9928:
9919:
9911:
9904:
9897:
9891:
9882:
9873:
9866:
9865:
9859:
9853:
9852:0-85179-697-4
9849:
9845:
9839:
9831:
9824:
9816:
9809:
9800:
9791:
9775:
9771:
9764:
9755:
9747:
9745:9780521833844
9741:
9737:
9730:
9728:
9718:
9702:
9698:
9695:A.G.L. Shaw.
9691:
9683:
9681:9781107011533
9677:
9673:
9666:
9657:
9650:
9644:
9628:
9624:
9617:
9615:
9598:
9594:
9588:
9579:
9573:
9570:
9569:0-609-80695-5
9566:
9562:
9558:
9552:
9544:
9537:
9535:
9527:
9521:
9514:
9508:
9506:
9499:. pp. 89
9498:
9492:
9485:
9479:
9472:
9466:
9459:
9453:
9446:
9440:
9433:
9427:
9420:
9416:
9410:
9403:
9397:
9390:
9384:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9364:
9356:
9349:
9342:
9336:
9329:
9324:
9317:
9313:
9309:
9305:
9302:John Harris,
9299:
9292:
9286:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9260:
9253:
9246:
9242:
9236:
9228:
9221:
9214:
9208:
9201:
9197:
9191:
9182:
9175:
9171:
9167:
9161:
9155:
9154:0-571-04775-0
9151:
9147:
9141:
9134:
9128:
9122:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9104:
9095:
9094:0-7246-2241-1
9091:
9087:
9086:Edward Duyker
9084:
9083:
9080:
9076:
9075:
9070:
9066:
9059:
9043:
9042:
9037:
9031:
9015:
9014:
9009:
9003:
9001:
8991:
8975:
8971:
8965:
8959:
8958:0-7270-0800-5
8955:
8951:
8945:
8936:
8927:
8918:
8910:
8908:9781760527075
8904:
8900:
8893:
8885:
8883:9780522877854
8879:
8875:
8871:
8870:Sutton, Peter
8865:
8856:
8847:
8839:
8835:
8831:
8827:
8823:
8819:
8812:
8810:
8800:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8769:
8753:
8749:
8745:
8738:
8729:
8721:
8719:9781760527075
8715:
8711:
8704:
8696:
8689:
8682:
8678:
8675:
8670:
8662:
8660:9781760528218
8656:
8652:
8645:
8643:
8633:
8624:
8615:
8606:
8597:
8595:
8585:
8569:
8565:
8559:
8555:
8554:
8546:
8537:
8521:
8517:
8511:
8507:
8506:
8498:
8482:
8478:
8472:
8468:
8467:
8459:
8443:
8439:
8433:
8429:
8428:
8420:
8412:
8406:
8401:
8400:
8391:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8321:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8270:(1): 92β108.
8269:
8265:
8261:
8254:
8252:
8243:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8194:
8190:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8101:
8097:
8086:
8083:
8072:
8065:
8061:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8042:
8040:
8036:
8035:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8017:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8003:
8002:Miriam Dixson
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7981:
7980:
7975:
7971:
7970:
7966:
7961:
7960:Manning Clark
7958:(1962, 1968)
7957:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7922:
7921:Russel Ward's
7917:
7912:
7910:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7883:
7873:
7869:
7867:
7866:
7861:
7860:
7854:
7853:Geoffrey Rush
7850:
7849:Nicole Kidman
7846:
7842:
7838:
7837:George Miller
7834:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7805:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7785:
7783:
7778:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7763:Kevin Gilbert
7760:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7719:
7718:Patrick White
7714:
7712:
7711:
7706:
7705:
7700:
7699:
7694:
7693:
7688:
7687:
7682:
7681:
7676:
7675:
7664:
7660:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7617:
7616:
7615:The Sullivans
7611:
7606:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7593:
7589:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7569:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7534:
7530:
7523:
7509:
7500:
7498:
7492:
7489:
7479:
7470:
7468:
7462:
7458:
7455:
7450:
7448:
7442:
7434:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7415:
7409:
7407:
7402:
7400:
7390:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7375:
7372:
7367:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7352:Doug Nicholls
7349:
7345:
7341:
7334:
7330:
7325:
7321:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7294:
7292:
7288:
7283:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7272:freedom rides
7269:
7263:
7261:
7257:
7252:
7248:
7246:
7239:
7235:
7232:Tennis No. 1
7230:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7197:
7195:
7191:
7186:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7171:
7169:
7165:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7136:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7112:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7080:
7076:
7071:
7069:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7050:
7045:
7036:
7034:
7030:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7010:
7008:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6963:
6961:
6958:in a row and
6957:
6953:
6948:
6944:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6901:
6892:
6890:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6853:
6851:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6822:
6819:
6818:Julia Gillard
6814:
6812:
6804:
6799:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6765:
6757:
6756:Julia Gillard
6753:
6749:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6726:
6724:
6718:
6716:
6710:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6596:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6491:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6474:1996 Election
6470:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6455:Mabo decision
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6412:1993 Election
6409:
6405:
6401:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6365:
6361:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6328:
6325:
6324:Soviet leader
6321:
6317:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6285:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6260:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6229:
6227:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6202:
6200:
6199:Gough Whitlam
6196:
6188:
6184:
6181:in 1973. The
6180:
6179:Richard Nixon
6176:
6175:Gough Whitlam
6172:
6158:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6131:Tet Offensive
6126:
6124:
6123:Gough Whitlam
6120:
6115:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6083:South Vietnam
6080:
6072:
6071:South Vietnam
6068:
6063:
6058:
6048:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6029:
6025:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5971:nuclear tests
5968:
5964:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5939:
5934:
5932:
5923:
5918:
5911:
5907:
5902:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5883:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5851:In 1954, the
5849:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5767:
5765:
5760:
5756:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5705:
5700:
5692:
5687:
5683:
5673:
5672:(1971β1972).
5671:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5593:youth culture
5589:
5587:
5586:Gough Whitlam
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5543:
5539:
5534:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5484:
5483:Country Party
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5461:Politically,
5457:) and 1949β66
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5430:
5423:Post-war boom
5420:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5304:
5299:
5289:
5287:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5204:
5199:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5025:Tobruk, Libya
5022:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4983:
4978:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4939:1940 election
4936:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4885:
4881:
4876:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4851:
4848:
4847:Thomas Blamey
4843:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4831:John Lavarack
4828:
4824:
4820:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4762:
4758:
4753:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4683:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4671:Melbourne Cup
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4625:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4509:James Scullin
4506:
4505:Stanley Bruce
4502:
4498:
4494:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4344:latitude 20Β°S
4341:
4337:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4318:Frank Crowley
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4157:Stanley Bruce
4154:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4139:film industry
4135:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4110:Liberal Party
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4012:Liberal party
4009:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3887:
3878:
3874:
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3856:
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3848:
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3837:
3833:
3832:8 August 1918
3829:
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3696:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3654:Andrew Fisher
3650:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3621:H. B. Higgins
3618:
3612:
3610:
3602:(c. May 1888)
3601:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3541:were held in
3540:
3536:
3535:Lord Hopetoun
3532:
3528:
3520:
3519:Alfred Deakin
3516:
3512:
3511:Edmund Barton
3508:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3486:Alfred Deakin
3483:
3482:Edmund Barton
3478:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3439:protectionist
3435:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3374:
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3346:
3344:
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3333:
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3323:
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3307:
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3297:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3267:
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3260:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
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3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
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3207:
3203:
3198:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3104:St Kilda Road
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3051:
3046:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3017:
3013:
3008:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2933:William Bland
2930:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2797:Native Police
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2645:controversial
2632:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:Willian Gosse
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:Gibson Desert
2562:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2547:Coopers Creek
2544:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:Darling River
2473:
2469:
2468:Darling River
2465:
2461:
2460:Charles Sturt
2457:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2445:Hamilton Hume
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2265:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2222:Free settlers
2219:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2166:Darling Downs
2163:
2159:
2156:In 1824, the
2151:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2137:enabling the
2136:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:Ralph Darling
2086:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:Rum Rebellion
1895:
1894:William Bligh
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1835:William Bligh
1831:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1762:Australia Day
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1673:Sir John Call
1670:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1591:
1589:
1588:Emanuel Bowen
1586:In contrast,
1584:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1355:Torres Strait
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
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1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
931:Great Britain
928:
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
862:
857:
855:
850:
848:
843:
842:
840:
839:
836:
831:
827:
826:
821:
818:
816:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
790:
789:
785:
784:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
712:
711:
707:
706:
699:
698:Pro wrestling
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
675:
671:
668:
667:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
651:
650:
646:
645:
640:
637:
635:
632:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
601:
597:
596:
590:
586:
585:
582:
573:
572:
569:
566:
560:
559:
549:
544:
542:
537:
535:
530:
529:
527:
526:
523:
513:
512:
505:
502:
501:
495:
494:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
372:
371:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
330:
327:
326:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
310:
309:
302:
301:Unfree labour
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
172:
171:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
126:
123:
116:
115:
108:
104:
103:
100:
91:
90:
87:
82:
81:
78:
70:
60:
56:
52:
48:
42:
38:
36:
31:This article
29:
20:
19:
16:
22138:
22130:
22111:
22103:
22095:
22087:
22079:
22071:
22063:
22055:
22047:
22039:
22031:
22023:
22015:
22007:
21999:
21991:
21967:
21959:
21951:
21943:
21935:
21927:
21919:
21911:
21892:
21884:
21876:
21868:
21862:Adam's Woman
21860:
21852:
21844:
21836:
21828:
21820:
21812:
21804:
21796:
21788:
21780:
21772:
21764:
21756:
21748:
21740:
21732:
21724:
21629:Robert Palin
21614:Mark Jeffrey
21579:John Baughan
21551:James Meehan
21520:Henry Savery
21428:Edmund Edgar
21372:John Mitchel
21362:Michael Howe
21342:Moondyne Joe
21310:and escapees
21276:Samuel Terry
21266:James Squire
21187:
21175:
21006:Second Fleet
20963:
20954:
20945:
20935:
20926:
20911:
20896:
20888:
20866:
20854:Second Fleet
20782:Maria Island
20723:
20709:Emancipation
20632:Bibliography
20519:Architecture
20476:Prostitution
20459:Demographics
20424:Homelessness
20323:Reserve Bank
20137:Conservatism
20085:Constitution
20053:Human rights
20011:Constitution
19962:Subdivisions
19743:Bibliography
19725:
19567:Dependencies
19553:Cook Islands
19469:
19412:
19119:Profiled by
19093:
19085:
19057:
19052:
19026:
19019:
19015:
19009:
19005:
18988:
18981:
18966:DNA Analysis
18955:
18936:
18925:
18914:
18904:
18883:
18876:
18848:
18831:
18818:
18811:
18784:
18777:
18770:
18764:Fire Stories
18763:
18756:
18742:
18732:
18725:
18705:
18690:
18680:
18666:
18659:
18652:
18649:Tasman, Abel
18639:
18632:
18625:
18618:
18611:
18604:
18597:
18590:
18575:
18568:
18557:
18550:
18543:
18536:
18525:
18518:
18507:
18497:
18486:
18476:
18469:
18455:
18445:
18428:to Australia
18423:
18416:Willem Jansz
18410:
18400:
18382:
18372:
18365:
18358:
18351:
18341:
18331:
18320:
18309:
18302:
18295:
18284:
18273:
18262:
18255:
18248:
18238:
18231:
18221:
18203:
18196:
18189:
18174:
18167:
18149:
18132:
18118:
18108:
18089:
18075:
18054:
18047:
18037:
18033:
18026:
18015:
18008:
18001:
17994:
17980:
17970:
17963:
17956:
17946:
17942:
17935:
17921:
17914:
17897:
17890:
17883:
17882:Day, David.
17866:
17856:
17849:
17821:
17812:
17805:
17795:
17788:
17770:
17767:Lewis, Wendy
17759:
17745:
17727:
17719:
17718:Basset, Jan
17712:
17695:
17687:0-17005087-4
17677:
17658:
17653:
17645:
17640:
17632:
17627:
17619:
17614:
17606:
17601:
17593:
17588:
17580:
17575:
17566:
17547:
17541:
17532:
17523:
17517:
17508:
17481:
17471:
17460:
17451:
17439:. Retrieved
17432:
17423:
17414:
17406:
17401:
17393:
17388:
17369:
17363:
17354:
17342:. Retrieved
17338:the original
17333:
17324:
17312:. Retrieved
17308:
17298:
17279:
17262:
17257:
17248:
17239:
17206:
17200:
17191:
17183:
17178:
17159:
17153:
17144:
17138:
17130:
17121:
17109:. Retrieved
17105:the original
17095:
17083:. Retrieved
17078:
17069:
17060:
17054:
17042:. Retrieved
17038:
17028:
17019:
17010:
17001:
16981:
16976:
16968:
16964:
16952:. Retrieved
16948:
16938:
16926:. Retrieved
16921:
16897:. Retrieved
16893:
16883:
16875:
16870:
16862:
16858:
16853:. pp.324β28.
16850:
16831:
16822:
16813:
16804:
16795:
16786:
16781:. pp. 352β54
16778:
16773:
16764:
16752:. Retrieved
16747:
16738:
16730:
16725:
16713:
16701:
16689:
16670:
16667:Lewis, Wendy
16661:
16654:Jimmy Little
16649:
16637:
16625:
16616:
16607:
16598:
16589:
16580:
16571:
16559:. Retrieved
16557:. AEC.gov.au
16555:"AEC.gov.au"
16549:
16540:
16534:
16515:
16509:
16501:
16496:
16484:. Retrieved
16475:
16466:
16454:. Retrieved
16445:
16436:
16424:. Retrieved
16420:
16410:
16401:
16392:
16382:24 September
16380:. Retrieved
16375:
16366:
16356:24 September
16354:. Retrieved
16350:
16340:
16330:24 September
16328:. Retrieved
16324:the original
16319:
16309:
16297:. Retrieved
16293:the original
16288:
16279:
16267:. Retrieved
16262:
16253:
16241:. Retrieved
16236:
16227:
16215:. Retrieved
16210:
16201:
16189:. Retrieved
16184:
16160:. Retrieved
16156:the original
16151:
16142:
16130:. Retrieved
16125:
16116:
16104:. Retrieved
16100:the original
16095:
16086:
16074:. Retrieved
16070:
16061:
16052:
16040:. Retrieved
16036:
16026:
16014:. Retrieved
16010:
16000:
15990:23 September
15988:. Retrieved
15984:
15974:
15955:
15949:
15937:. Retrieved
15933:the original
15928:
15919:
15907:. Retrieved
15903:
15893:
15884:
15875:
15866:
15857:
15849:
15844:
15835:
15825:12 September
15823:. Retrieved
15819:
15809:
15801:
15796:
15787:
15770:
15765:
15753:. Retrieved
15749:
15739:
15730:
15724:
15715:
15706:
15694:. Retrieved
15690:the original
15685:
15664:
15643:
15635:
15630:
15621:
15612:
15600:. Retrieved
15596:the original
15591:
15582:
15573:
15564:
15555:
15546:
15534:. Retrieved
15530:the original
15520:
15511:
15502:
15493:
15474:
15468:
15459:
15450:
15444:
15435:
15423:. Retrieved
15419:the original
15394:. Retrieved
15390:the original
15380:
15364:
15359:
15347:. Retrieved
15343:
15321:
15312:
15303:
15284:
15278:
15266:. Retrieved
15257:
15248:
15239:
15230:
15222:
15221:Paul Kelly,
15217:
15198:
15192:
15184:
15179:
15167:. Retrieved
15163:the original
15158:
15133:
15124:
15112:. Retrieved
15108:the original
15086:
15077:
15069:
15038:
15032:
14997:
14993:
14987:
14978:
14969:
14943:
14934:
14925:
14920:(1977) p 343
14917:
14912:
14893:
14869:
14864:
14856:
14851:
14843:
14838:
14823:
14818:
14809:
14800:
14785:
14780:
14765:
14760:
14751:
14736:
14731:
14722:
14701:
14692:
14680:
14659:cite journal
14644:
14629:
14624:
14615:
14603:. Retrieved
14599:the original
14589:
14580:
14555:
14547:
14527:
14520:
14511:
14502:
14493:
14484:
14469:
14446:
14441:
14431:
14424:
14404:
14385:
14376:
14367:
14355:. Retrieved
14351:the original
14341:
14332:
14317:
14312:
14293:
14281:. Retrieved
14279:. ABC.net.au
14277:"ABC.net.au"
14270:
14258:. Retrieved
14254:the original
14240:
14216:
14206:
14198:The Guardian
14197:
14194:"Slim Dusty"
14187:
14180:
14173:
14164:
14149:
14144:
14132:. Retrieved
14128:the original
14124:"AWM.gov.au"
14118:
14109:
14100:
14091:
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14014:
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13984:
13979:
13967:. Retrieved
13957:
13945:. Retrieved
13943:. Awm.gov.au
13935:
13924:
13915:
13909:
13897:. Retrieved
13895:. Awm.gov.au
13887:
13875:. Retrieved
13871:the original
13861:
13849:. Retrieved
13845:the original
13835:
13826:
13814:. Retrieved
13810:the original
13800:
13788:. Retrieved
13786:. Awm.gov.au
13778:
13770:18#4 (2020)
13767:
13762:
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13659:the original
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13582:. Retrieved
13580:. April 1997
13577:
13542:
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13524:
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13509:
13497:. Retrieved
13493:the original
13482:
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13466:the original
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13412:the original
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13163:the original
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12469:the original
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11766:. Retrieved
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11196:. pp. 346β49
11193:
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11003:
10994:
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10690:. Retrieved
10685:
10675:
10663:. Retrieved
10658:
10648:
10639:
10627:. Retrieved
10622:
10602:. pp. 422β23
10599:
10594:
10585:
10576:
10567:
10562:. pp. 419β20
10559:
10542:
10536:
10524:. Retrieved
10520:the original
10510:
10498:. Retrieved
10493:
10483:
10471:. Retrieved
10466:
10461:K.J. Cable.
10456:
10444:. Retrieved
10439:
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10133:the original
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10107:the original
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9700:
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9631:. Retrieved
9626:
9601:. Retrieved
9597:the original
9587:
9578:
9572:google books
9560:
9556:
9555:Alan Frost,
9551:
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9058:
9046:. Retrieved
9041:The Register
9039:
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9018:. Retrieved
9011:
8990:
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8552:
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8267:
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8013:
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7994:Anne Summers
7989:
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7945:
7942:Donald Horne
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7833:Baz Luhrmann
7829:
7806:
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7747:
7739:Helen Garner
7727:David Malouf
7715:
7708:
7702:
7701:(1981), the
7696:
7690:
7684:
7678:
7672:
7669:
7657:John Romeril
7653:Jack Hibberd
7629:Pram Factory
7626:
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7338:
7310:Jimmy Little
7295:
7289:changed the
7284:
7264:
7259:
7253:
7249:
7242:
7187:
7175:global surge
7172:
7161:
7150:reviews the
7115:
7104:
7084:
7072:
7065:
7054:
7026:
7011:
7003:
6992:
6983:Donald Trump
6949:
6945:
6918:
6907:signing the
6873:
6846:
6823:
6815:
6807:
6781:
6761:
6719:
6711:
6707:
6695:
6665:, including
6663:Bougainville
6656:
6641:(1999β2003).
6608:
6593:
6590:
6582:Tampa Affair
6562:
6540:following a
6528:
6471:
6467:
6435:
6426:Paul Keating
6396:
6392:Paul Keating
6384:
6369:
6349:
6332:
6297:
6289:Franklin Dam
6281:
6276:Jimmy Carter
6245:Loans Affair
6230:
6223:
6203:
6192:
6155:
6127:
6116:
6104:
6076:
6041:
6021:
6009:
5982:Elizabeth II
5979:
5959:
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5946:
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5938:Paul Hasluck
5935:
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5881:
5878:
5850:
5846:
5829:Edna Everage
5813:
5809:
5805:
5797:
5788:
5752:
5748:John O'Grady
5741:
5721:
5709:
5659:
5644:
5590:
5562:bitter split
5547:
5538:Elizabeth II
5487:
5460:
5401:Joseph Lyons
5393:
5377:
5373:
5362:
5338:
5329:
5282:
5267:
5253:
5247:
5235:
5208:
5184:Kokoda Track
5163:Port Moresby
5160:
5136:
5101:
5079:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5053:
5049:
5033:Lord Haw Haw
5029:Erwin Rommel
5018:
4992:, including
4987:
4943:
4931:Nazi Germany
4923:
4900:
4889:
4844:
4816:
4809:, lost in a
4805:
4766:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4705:
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4697:
4693:
4689:
4648:
4633:
4620:
4597:
4590:21-year-old
4576:Joseph Lyons
4553:
4524:Ted Theodore
4517:
4513:Premier Lang
4490:
4457:
4450:Edward Shann
4434:
4380:
4368:Heard Island
4362:(1931); the
4333:
4322:
4279:
4226:Newfoundland
4200:
4181:
4173:Loan Council
4170:
4155:
4136:
4125:
4114:
4091:
4064:
4016:Conscription
4004:Billy Hughes
4001:
3969:Billy Hughes
3935:
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3910:
3906:
3901:Billy Hughes
3894:
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3727:
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3670:
3658:
3646:
3626:
3613:
3609:Chris Watson
3605:
3574:
3570:the Boer War
3566:
3555:
3524:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3459:
3455:
3443:Henry Parkes
3436:
3432:
3414:
3410:
3382:The Bulletin
3381:
3375:
3355:
3350:The Bulletin
3349:
3347:
3338:The Bulletin
3336:
3334:
3330:Henry Parkes
3327:
3301:
3293:
3263:
3261:
3230:
3226:
3218:
3205:
3185:
3181:Gulf Country
3170:
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2835:
2824:Portrait of
2810:
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2793:
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2763:
2738:
2723:
2712:
2708:
2684:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2630:
2620:
2602:
2582:Kings Canyon
2574:Ernest Giles
2563:
2552:
2536:
2525:
2520:
2492:
2484:
2458:
2454:Murray River
2442:
2422:
2402:Investigator
2401:
2385:
2379:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2274:
2241:
2237:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2155:
2123:
2089:
2078:
2063:
2052:Port Phillip
2049:
2019:
1987:
1983:
1971:
1962:
1930:
1917:penal colony
1910:
1890:British Army
1883:
1873:
1839:
1811:
1803:
1795:Second Fleet
1791:
1785:
1754:Port Jackson
1735:
1718:
1714:Second Fleet
1702:
1677:
1665:
1661:
1647:
1627:
1620:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1559:
1545:
1526:Colonisation
1517:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1482:
1480:
1462:
1454:
1444:
1423:
1421:
1399:
1391:Pieter Nuyts
1384:
1378:
1359:
1340:
1334:
1188:The Creation
1164:
1160:
1154:, and built
1152:fish farming
1144:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1082:
1074:Devil's Lair
1063:
1059:land bridges
1048:
996:through the
990:Commonwealth
967:
947:penal colony
916:
893:
887:by sea from
872:
870:
799:Coat of arms
778:Video gaming
655:Architecture
605:
561:
387:
382:
221:Constitution
211:Civil rights
191:Antisemitism
162:1945βpresent
92:
83:
77:
64:
32:
15:
22277:Port Arthur
22168:Rajah Quilt
21806:Transported
21694:Moreton Bay
21594:John Cadman
21556:Joseph Wild
21546:John Baxter
21498:Chroniclers
21472:Politicians
21463:James Walsh
21413:Thomas Bock
21377:Thomas Muir
21352:Martin Cash
21347:John Caesar
21327:Mary Bryant
21307:Bushrangers
21271:John Tawell
21256:Mary Reibey
21251:Simeon Lord
21241:Henry Kable
21221:John Davies
21045:commandants
21011:Third Fleet
21001:First Fleet
20907:(1826β1846)
20860:Third Fleet
20848:First Fleet
20797:Risdon Cove
20787:Port Arthur
20772:Moreton Bay
20767:Sydney Cove
20734:New Holland
20594:Anglosphere
20434:Immigration
20399:Citizenship
20266:Agriculture
20152:Nationalism
20095:Enforcement
20068:Transgender
19902:Earthquakes
19890:Environment
19824:Immigration
19753:Archaeology
19667: /
19500:New Zealand
19059:The Monthly
18901:New Holland
18789:, 1606β2006
18460:, 1606β2006
18379:Mundle, Rob
18325:, 1622β1850
18148:Day, Alan:
18123:Pieter Geyl
18107:Bonke, H.:
18082:Abel Tasman
17583:. p. 38-39
17186:. pp.257β58
16733:. p. 345-49
16299:4 September
15773:. pp 513β15
15015:10072/13911
14212:Kent, David
12248:R. Norris.
11747:. p. 233-34
11010:21 December
9013:The Mercury
8357:2440/107043
8058:Pierre Nora
8046:Greg Dening
8000:(1975) and
7775:Yothu Yindi
7731:Murray Bail
7723:Peter Carey
7612:(1973β76),
7577:John Gorton
7414:outstations
7344:Eric Deeral
7298:Lionel Rose
7219:Lionel Rose
7154:during the
7146:, the 31st
7049:Coolangatta
6933:South Korea
6905:Tony Abbott
6880:Tony Abbott
6715:Future Fund
6625:during the
6556:proposed a
6550:WorkChoices
6530:John Howard
6506:, the 25th
6504:John Howard
6478:John Howard
6366:, May 1988.
6362:during the
6358:Opening of
6107:Harold Holt
6051:Vietnam War
6024:Alan Renouf
6004:Oval Office
5996:Harold Holt
5975:Suez Crisis
5906:Harold Holt
5863:, with the
5834:Sandy Stone
5666:John Gorton
5662:Harold Holt
5640:Peter Finch
5609:bush ballad
5542:Wagga Wagga
5527:Maryang San
5507:South Korea
5503:North Korea
5471:Ben Chifley
5385:Beaufighter
5369:John Dedman
5278:Ben Chifley
5211:Axis Powers
5097:John Curtin
5091:US General
4967:John Curtin
4835:John Curtin
4659:Don Bradman
4592:Don Bradman
4560:Labor Party
4545:Philip Game
4497:Labor Party
4429:Philip Game
4260:). Seated:
4234:New Zealand
4185:Cobb and Co
4128:Prohibition
4098:agrarianism
4055:Edith Cowan
3851:John Monash
3774:Dardanelles
3681:Joseph Cook
3467:George Reid
3387:Steele Rudd
3370:Tom Roberts
3290:Tom Roberts
3213: 1890
3121:bushranging
3058: 1880
3023:formed the
2947: 1843
2598:Henry Ayers
2388:George Bass
2386:In 1798β99
2278:Mary Reibey
2208:emancipists
2170:Tweed River
2062:issued the
2056:John Batman
1945:J. T. Bigge
1933:emancipists
1880:, 1794β1796
1866:Sydney Cove
1799:Third Fleet
1758:Sydney Cove
1742:First Fleet
1710: 1790
1657:Lord Sydney
1653:James Matra
1437:Lieutenant
1417:New Holland
1409:New Zealand
1401:Abel Tasman
1362:Dirk Hartog
1322:Abel Tasman
1302:George Bass
1291: 1770
1282: 1699
1273: 1696
1266:Abel Tasman
1264: 1644
1255: 1619
1248:Dirk Hartog
1246: 1616
1237: 1606
1228: 1606
1070:Arnhem Land
969:Gold rushes
943:First Fleet
919:New Holland
622:Immigration
577:Culture of
361:Transgender
256:Immigration
186:Agriculture
95:History of
55:subheadings
22217:Coal Mines
22192:Australian
22081:Jack Maggs
21980:Literature
21905:Television
21854:Botany Bay
21687:Botany Bay
21644:James Ruse
21589:Billy Blue
21285:Architects
20946:George III
20867:Lady Shore
20699:Assignment
20584:Television
20554:Literature
20439:Irreligion
20419:Healthcare
20414:Euthanasia
20394:Censorship
20201:Government
20147:Liberalism
20117:Parliament
19829:Indigenous
19819:Federation
19809:Diplomatic
19783:Since 1945
19748:Prehistory
19389:Antarctica
19205:Queensland
18787:Down Under
18785:The Dutch
18491:in 1696β97
18458:Down Under
18456:The Dutch
18129:Dash, Mike
17930:0099448548
17754:019551503X
17661:pp. 20β23.
17441:20 January
17409:. p. 564-7
17379:0522851282
17216:1855070162
17169:1876040432
16504:. p. 344-5
16486:20 October
16456:14 October
16426:8 November
14963:AWM.gov.au
14846:. pp. 2β3.
14222:Turramurra
13169:21 October
12859:5 November
12800:5 November
12501:25 October
12475:25 October
12311:0195535189
12033:0195506200
11729:20 January
11382:pp. 117β19
11325:(3), p. 18
11004:ABC listen
10970:: 121β43.
9977:0571180744
9314:, Vol. 1,
9198:, Vol. 1,
9168:, Vol. 1,
9077:. Sydney:
9048:31 January
9020:29 January
8789:1 November
8758:1 November
8310:16 October
8185:References
7932:Ian Turner
7928:Bob Gollan
7905:12 volume
7841:Peter Weir
7759:Jack Davis
7743:Tim Winton
7621:Neighbours
7360:Adam Giles
7346:(QLD) and
7329:Adam Giles
7031:under the
6987:Xi Jinping
6913:Xi Jinping
6811:Tony Abbot
6752:Kevin Rudd
6621:coalition
6525:in Sydney.
6241:Jim Cairns
6233:Rex Connor
6143:Jim Cairns
6069:arrive in
5963:Korean War
5817:Robin Boyd
5733:irrigation
5605:Slim Dusty
5570:H.V. Evatt
5550:Korean War
5519:Korean War
5491:Mao Zedong
5397:Enid Lyons
5188:New Guinea
5052:HMAS
5041:Suez Canal
4819:Gavin Long
4804:HMAS
4781:Royal Navy
4636:Paddington
4166:Queensland
4083:Korean War
3647:After the
3543:March 1901
3447:federation
3288:movement,
3125:Kelly gang
2789:Queensland
2734:Windradyne
2578:Kata Tjuta
1870:Aboriginal
1819:Toongabbie
1814:Parramatta
1750:Botany Bay
1634:James Cook
1616:Gustav III
1566:Botany Bay
1487:Botany Bay
1457:James Cook
1439:James Cook
1293:James Cook
1204:See also:
1078:Lake Mungo
1066:Madjedbebe
1023:See also:
988:and later
982:federation
955:Aboriginal
935:Botany Bay
927:James Cook
741:Newspapers
665:Literature
431:Queensland
241:Federation
129:Prehistory
51:condensing
21937:Sara Dane
21654:Mary Wade
21539:Explorers
21433:John Eyre
21423:Knud Bull
21236:Mary Hyde
21127:Macquarie
21041:Governors
20936:Frederick
20777:Redcliffe
20728:1788β1850
20491:Squatting
20444:Languages
20409:Education
20389:Aged care
20353:Transport
20162:Socialism
20142:Far-right
20132:Christian
20127:Anarchism
20090:Judiciary
20026:Donations
20021:Elections
19932:Mountains
19880:Continent
19858:Geography
19778:1901β1945
19773:1851β1900
19768:1788β1850
19714:Australia
19470:Australia
19413:Australia
18180:Mutineers
17900:, (2005)
17265:pp. 12β13
14651:Melbourne
14200:. London.
13001:The Argus
11768:26 August
11427:143060019
11047:143644513
11033:: 68β86.
10362:162223882
9526:The Globe
9513:The Globe
9266:The Globe
8838:162146349
8818:Antiquity
8382:205257212
8366:0028-0836
8300:225321249
8292:0883-6353
7782:Countdown
7716:In 1973,
7698:Gallipoli
7649:Alex Buzo
7533:Blacktown
7406:Mabo Case
7236:was 1971
7179:inflation
7099:Joe Biden
6956:Newspolls
6891:in 2018.
6882:'s rival
6648:democracy
6441:, and an
6320:Bob Hawke
6305:Bob Hawke
6257:John Kerr
6187:dismissed
5869:Melbourne
5861:Melbourne
5823:comedian
5615:", while
5479:coalition
5453:1939β41 (
5078:HMS
5071:HMS
4946:The Blitz
4935:dominions
4777:Singapore
4657:in 1930,
4629:Woollahra
4617:, c. 1930
4532:Jack Lang
4480:, to see
4431:looks on.
4425:Jack Lang
4391:Melbourne
4306:the Crown
4298:Dominions
4242:Australia
4108:with the
4106:coalition
3806:Fromelles
3799:Anzac Day
3790:Gallipoli
3619:of 1907,
3173:Kimberley
3146:sugarcane
2863:, in 1858
2838:Bennelong
2750:Truganini
2741:Black War
2730:Wiradjuri
2603:In 1879,
2588:observed
2553:In 1862,
2550:culture.
2537:In 1860,
2443:In 1824,
2400:HMS
2382:July 1802
2104:Fremantle
2044:Melbourne
1974:squatters
1908:in 1810.
1843:Paramatta
1833:Governor
1722:Cape York
1628:In 1779,
1483:Endeavour
1463:Endeavour
1461:HMS
1450:published
1374:Shark Bay
1360:In 1616,
1139:boomerang
1100:Dreamtime
904:spiritual
815:Monuments
768:Mythology
721:Festivals
580:Australia
472:Melbourne
375:By region
231:Economics
226:Diplomacy
196:Anzac Day
157:1901β1945
152:1851β1900
147:1788β1850
98:Australia
67:June 2023
59:talk page
47:splitting
45:Consider
22322:Category
22033:Moondyne
21961:Banished
21798:Moondyne
21567:convicts
21164:Surgeons
21132:Paterson
21112:Johnston
21097:Franklin
21067:Brisbane
21026:Tasmania
20792:Richmond
20762:Rosehill
20641:Category
20486:Religion
20384:Abortion
20338:Taxation
20107:Monarchy
20102:Military
20058:Intersex
19994:Politics
19975:Capitals
19839:Monarchy
19834:Military
19814:Economic
19792:By topic
19738:Timeline
19718:articles
19655:131Β°14β²E
19485:Kiribati
19374:Americas
19220:Victoria
19215:Tasmania
19108:Archived
19073:page at
18996:Archived
18479:Zuytdorp
17924:(1988).
17905:Archived
17874:Archived
17869:(2002).
17703:Archived
17434:Quadrant
17085:28 April
17044:28 April
16954:26 April
16928:26 April
16899:26 April
16669:(2010).
16480:Archived
16450:Archived
16446:BBC News
16402:BBC News
16376:ABC News
16351:ABC News
16269:19 April
16243:19 April
16217:19 April
16191:19 April
16162:19 April
16132:19 April
16126:ABC News
16106:19 April
16076:19 April
16042:19 April
16016:19 April
15985:ABC News
15939:18 April
15909:13 April
15820:ABC News
15755:17 April
15696:14 April
15602:14 April
15349:12 April
15268:11 April
15262:Archived
15169:11 April
15072:. p. 349
15024:27516117
14302:Archived
14214:(2005).
13851:29 April
12939:Archived
11871:. p. 318
11217:archived
10986:24046930
9274:Archived
9272:: 1β10.
9067:(1949).
8783:Archived
8752:Archived
8677:Archived
8568:Archived
8520:Archived
8481:Archived
8442:Archived
8374:28726833
8304:Archived
8242:21940856
8068:See also
8027:(1970),
7713:(1986).
7695:(1980),
7689:(1979),
7683:(1975),
7677:(1972),
7635:and the
7599:Homicide
7335:in 2016.
7276:Gurindji
7168:election
6687:Iraq War
6685:and the
6623:INTERFET
6580:and the
6567:and her
6278:in 1977.
6037:Cold War
5965:and the
5647:monarchy
5624:Wild One
5595:and its
5505:invaded
5497:won the
5465:and the
5381:Beaufort
5150:sank an
5131:Thailand
5112:air raid
5063:Kormoran
5012:and the
4779:and the
4667:Phar Lap
4640:Victoria
4615:Phar Lap
4387:Canberra
4354:(1914);
4254:Cosgrave
4218:George V
4087:Cold War
4077:and the
3816:and the
3675:won the
3671:The new
3449:and his
3360:such as
3247:and the
2842:Bungaree
2826:Bungaree
2802:Coniston
2576:sighted
2568:and the
2407:Bungaree
2396:Tasmania
2295:Religion
2162:Brisbane
2150:Brisbane
2130:Adelaide
2118:Adelaide
2034:Tasmania
2032:(modern
1864:View of
1851:Richmond
1774:, first
1650:Loyalist
1330:Tasmania
1180:Dreaming
1174:and the
998:Cold War
937:(now in
896:artistic
761:Internet
726:Folklore
639:Religion
611:Language
565:a series
498:See also
467:Victoria
455:Tasmania
448:Adelaide
436:Brisbane
400:Canberra
356:Marriage
313:By group
296:Religion
276:Monarchy
271:Military
181:Abortion
35:too long
21401:Artists
21137:Phillip
21087:Denison
21077:Darling
21072:Collins
20816:History
20806:History
20719:Freedom
20618:Outline
20589:Theatre
20579:Symbols
20544:Cuisine
20511:Culture
20372:Society
20348:Tourism
20318:Poverty
20254:Economy
20036:Parties
19937:Regions
19927:Islands
19922:Geology
19917:Forests
19885:Deserts
19870:Climate
19844:Railway
19726:History
19652:25Β°21β²S
19631:Tokelau
19535:Vanuatu
19409:Oceania
19394:Eurasia
19022:(1980).
18924:,'; in
18710:in 1642
18512:Islands
18402:Duyfken
18334:Duyfken
18287:Batavia
18240:Batavia
18104:, 2012)
18096:Zeewijk
18092:Batavia
18022:, 612pp
18018:(1978)
17973:(1993)
17859:(2005)
17133:. p.255
17111:14 July
16878:. p 324
16754:21 July
16561:14 July
16421:Reuters
15536:14 July
15425:14 July
15396:14 July
15114:14 July
14605:14 July
14357:14 July
14283:14 July
14134:14 July
13969:14 July
13947:14 July
13916:Centaur
13899:14 July
13877:14 July
13816:14 July
13790:14 July
13772:online
13665:14 July
13584:27 June
13499:14 July
13472:14 July
13445:14 July
13418:14 July
13377:Bowyang
13326:(1978)
13275:14 July
13115:14 July
13088:14 July
12920:14 July
12895:14 July
12260:14 July
10905:23 July
10878:23 July
10781:22 July
10755:14 July
10728:14 July
10692:14 July
10665:14 July
10629:14 July
10526:14 July
10500:14 July
10473:14 July
10446:21 July
10411:14 July
10139:14 July
10113:14 July
10087:14 July
9951:22 July
9898:p. 108.
9780:14 July
9707:14 July
9633:14 July
9603:14 July
9293:London.
8980:14 July
8574:17 July
8526:17 July
8487:17 July
8448:17 July
8336:Bibcode
8272:Bibcode
8233:3991479
8212:Bibcode
8204:Science
7750:Papunya
7704:Mad Max
7633:La Mama
7362:became
7221:, 1968
6521:of the
6447:Suharto
6099:Nui Dat
6002:in the
5821:dadaist
5779:Tumut 3
5755:Menzies
5727:. This
5712:Chifley
5603:singer
5523:Kapyong
5248:Centaur
5203:Kaiapit
5171:US Navy
5080:Repulse
4913:in the
4905:in the
4903:Panzers
4763:in 1941
4603:of the
4482:Premier
4452:of the
4262:Baldwin
4246:Hertzog
3659:In the
3615:In the
3586:in 1901
3517:, with
3373:bush".
3177:Pilbara
2638:Disease
2330:of 1804
1969:Wales.
1874:Warrane
1847:Windsor
1379:Leeuwin
1370:Batavia
1342:Duyfken
1184:totemic
1176:animist
941:). The
900:musical
786:Symbols
716:Cuisine
693:Theatre
606:History
598:Society
388:Capital
201:Banking
33:may be
22143:(1988)
22135:(1977)
22116:(2010)
22108:(2008)
22100:(2005)
22092:(2001)
22084:(1997)
22076:(1995)
22068:(1993)
22060:(1987)
22052:(1973)
22044:(1967)
22036:(1879)
22028:(1872)
22020:(1867)
22012:(1861)
22004:(1859)
21996:(1856)
21972:(2015)
21964:(2015)
21956:(2005)
21948:(1983)
21940:(1982)
21932:(1978)
21924:(1962)
21916:(1961)
21897:(2017)
21889:(2009)
21881:(2008)
21873:(1977)
21865:(1970)
21857:(1953)
21849:(1949)
21841:(1944)
21833:(1937)
21825:(1927)
21817:(1926)
21809:(1913)
21801:(1913)
21793:(1911)
21785:(1911)
21777:(1911)
21769:(1911)
21761:(1911)
21753:(1911)
21745:(1911)
21737:(1911)
21729:(1908)
21142:Sorell
21107:Hunter
21062:Bourke
21052:Arthur
20979:(1876)
20973:(1846)
20967:(1835)
20958:(1835)
20949:(1835)
20940:(1834)
20938:escape
20931:(1833)
20929:escape
20927:Badger
20922:(1830)
20916:(1829)
20914:mutiny
20912:Cyprus
20901:(1814)
20892:(1813)
20883:(1808)
20877:(1804)
20871:(1797)
20869:mutiny
20862:(1791)
20856:(1789)
20850:(1788)
20841:Events
20646:Portal
20539:Cinema
20481:Racism
20454:People
20313:Mining
20276:Energy
20271:Dollar
20016:Courts
20006:Asylum
19980:Cities
19947:Rivers
19895:issues
19716:
19606:Hawaii
19530:Tuvalu
19398:Europe
19369:Africa
19192:States
18943:
18697:
18582:
18434:
18392:
18156:
18141:
18050:(2008)
18042:online
18020:online
17987:
17975:online
17966:(1995)
17959:(1993)
17949:(1994)
17928:
17886:(2001)
17861:online
17829:
17815:(1991)
17808:(1984)
17798:(1949)
17791:(2001)
17777:
17752:
17734:
17722:(1998)
17715:(1994)
17684:
17554:
17496:
17376:
17286:
17213:
17166:
16677:
16522:
15962:
15481:
15371:
15291:
15205:
15045:
15022:
14900:
14876:
14830:
14792:
14772:
14743:
14636:
14568:
14535:
14476:
14453:
14412:
14324:
14260:28 May
14228:
14156:
14044:
13745:
13638:
13618:
13354:
13334:
13232:
13191:
12988:
12832:
12638:
12569:
12308:
12283:
12030:
12009:
11578:
11531:
11425:
11045:
10984:
10928:
10837:
10442:. 2014
10360:
10354:176082
10352:
10213:
10019:14 May
9974:
9850:
9742:
9678:
9567:
9375:
9152:
9092:
8956:
8905:
8880:
8836:
8716:
8657:
8560:
8512:
8473:
8434:
8407:
8380:
8372:
8364:
8328:Nature
8298:
8290:
8240:
8230:
8052:(1992)
7529:mosque
7116:Attack
6868:, and
6741:, and
6402:. The
6345:(HECS)
5792:Holden
5704:Sydney
5536:Queen
5417:Senate
5274:Borneo
5190:. The
5108:Darwin
5059:battle
5054:Sydney
5008:, the
5004:, the
5000:, the
4996:, the
4919:Darwin
4811:battle
4806:Sydney
4740:, and
4570:, the
4495:, the
4465:, the
4374:, and
4274:Canada
4230:Coates
4222:Monroe
4189:Qantas
4132:hotels
3742:Sydney
3711:, and
3462:Corowa
3154:slaves
2596:, Sir
2328:Sydney
2004:, and
1855:Camden
1564:&
1468:Tahiti
1339:ship,
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
939:Sydney
804:Anthem
773:Sports
751:Cinema
731:Humour
670:Comics
616:People
567:on the
460:Hobart
424:Darwin
412:Sydney
281:Sports
261:Labour
216:Cinema
175:Topics
22124:Stage
21674:Music
21565:Other
21122:Logan
21102:Gipps
21082:Davey
21057:Bligh
20739:Women
20625:Index
20574:Sport
20569:Radio
20559:Music
20549:Dance
20501:Women
20404:Crime
20308:Media
20174:Women
19912:Fauna
19907:Flora
19525:Tonga
19515:Samoa
19505:Palau
19495:Nauru
18068:Books
17622:p. 19
17344:3 May
17314:3 May
15638:p 484
15020:JSTOR
11423:S2CID
11220:(PDF)
11213:(PDF)
11043:S2CID
10982:JSTOR
10358:S2CID
10350:JSTOR
10320:JSTOR
9277:(PDF)
9262:(PDF)
8834:S2CID
8378:S2CID
8296:S2CID
7428:Women
7399:Uluru
7111:AUKUS
7095:AUKUS
6937:Japan
6929:China
6322:with
6195:Labor
6033:SEATO
6028:ANZUS
5801:CSIRO
5223:First
5215:Egypt
4962:Crete
4958:Greek
4880:Wewak
4823:Labor
4566:. At
4238:Bruce
3834:, by
3822:Ypres
3810:Somme
3747:Emden
2715:Darug
2590:Uluru
2259:Women
2108:Perth
1876:) by
746:Radio
736:Media
708:Other
688:Music
683:Dance
484:Perth
346:Women
21718:Film
21117:King
20964:Neva
20955:Hive
20897:Argo
20529:Arts
20238:list
20226:list
20214:list
20063:LGBT
19601:Guam
19558:Niue
19480:Fiji
19403:Asia
19069:The
18941:ISBN
18695:ISBN
18682:1606
18580:ISBN
18432:ISBN
18390:ISBN
18208:and
18154:ISBN
18139:ISBN
17985:ISBN
17926:ISBN
17827:ISBN
17775:ISBN
17750:ISBN
17732:ISBN
17682:ISBN
17552:ISBN
17494:ISBN
17443:2023
17374:ISBN
17346:2021
17316:2021
17284:ISBN
17211:ISBN
17164:ISBN
17113:2011
17087:2021
17046:2021
16956:2021
16930:2021
16901:2021
16756:2020
16675:ISBN
16563:2011
16520:ISBN
16488:2023
16476:NITV
16458:2023
16428:2023
16384:2021
16358:2021
16332:2021
16301:2021
16271:2021
16245:2021
16219:2021
16193:2021
16164:2021
16134:2021
16108:2021
16078:2021
16044:2021
16018:2021
15992:2021
15960:ISBN
15941:2021
15911:2021
15827:2021
15757:2021
15698:2021
15604:2021
15538:2011
15479:ISBN
15427:2011
15398:2011
15369:ISBN
15351:2021
15289:ISBN
15270:2021
15203:ISBN
15171:2021
15116:2011
15043:ISBN
14898:ISBN
14874:ISBN
14828:ISBN
14790:ISBN
14770:ISBN
14741:ISBN
14672:help
14634:ISBN
14607:2011
14566:ISBN
14533:ISBN
14474:ISBN
14451:ISBN
14410:ISBN
14359:2011
14322:ISBN
14285:2011
14262:2008
14226:ISBN
14154:ISBN
14136:2011
14042:ISBN
13971:2011
13949:2011
13901:2011
13879:2011
13853:2010
13818:2011
13792:2011
13743:ISBN
13667:2011
13636:ISBN
13616:ISBN
13586:2021
13501:2011
13474:2011
13447:2011
13420:2011
13352:ISBN
13332:ISBN
13277:2011
13230:ISBN
13189:ISBN
13171:2008
13117:2011
13090:2011
12986:ISBN
12922:2011
12897:2011
12861:2021
12830:ISBN
12802:2021
12636:ISBN
12567:ISBN
12503:2021
12477:2021
12306:ISBN
12281:ISBN
12262:2011
12028:ISBN
12007:ISBN
11770:2021
11731:2022
11576:ISBN
11529:ISBN
11012:2023
10926:ISBN
10907:2021
10880:2021
10835:ISBN
10783:2021
10757:2011
10730:2011
10694:2011
10667:2011
10631:2011
10528:2011
10502:2011
10475:2011
10448:2021
10413:2011
10211:ISBN
10141:2011
10115:2011
10089:2011
10021:2014
9972:ISBN
9953:2021
9848:ISBN
9782:2011
9740:ISBN
9709:2011
9676:ISBN
9635:2011
9605:2011
9565:ISBN
9373:ISBN
9150:ISBN
9121:home
9090:ISBN
9050:2012
9022:2012
8982:2011
8954:ISBN
8903:ISBN
8878:ISBN
8791:2023
8760:2023
8714:ISBN
8655:ISBN
8576:2023
8558:ISBN
8528:2023
8510:ISBN
8489:2023
8471:ISBN
8450:2023
8432:ISBN
8405:ISBN
8370:PMID
8362:ISSN
8312:2023
8288:ISSN
8238:PMID
7930:and
7890:and
7862:and
7815:and
7792:and
7761:and
7741:and
7655:and
7610:Rush
7173:The
7055:The
6985:and
6935:and
6836:, a
6762:The
6754:and
6650:and
6617:The
6451:APEC
6333:The
6282:The
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