History of Australia (1945–present)

1558: 2680: 2688: 811: 2821: 796: 3005: 2369:(elected in 1996), whose leadership certainly did not aid the republican cause. But there were other significant factors, including a split between "minimalist" republicans who wanted an Australian president to be chosen by the federal Parliament (as happens in, for example, Germany), and more "radical" republicans who wanted a directly elected president, as in the Irish Republic. Public opinion suggested that a republic would only be acceptable if a president was directly elected. Since the referendum proposal was for an indirectly elected president, many radicals opposed it. 2580: 1650: 2809: 1074: 1410: 1240: 2703: 1846: 48: 1469: 1090: 2353:) ascribed the failure of the republic referendum to ten factors: lack of bi-partisanship; undue haste; a perception that the republic was supported by big city elites; a "denigration" of monarchists as "unpatriotic" by republicans; the adoption of an inflexible republican model by the convention; concerns about the specific model proposed (chiefly the ease with which a prime minister could dismiss a president); a republican strategy of using big "names" attached to the 630: 968:, in 1954. However, as British influence declined in South East Asia, the US alliance came to have greater significance for Australian leaders and the Australian economy. British investment in Australia remained significant until the late 1970s, but trade with Britain declined through the 1950s and 1960s. In the late 1950s the Australian Army began to re-equip using US military equipment. In 1962, the US established a naval communications station at 2411: 455: 1870: 1822: 1267: 3111:

from the fires for months, and even places 12,000 km (7,500 mi) overseas, reaching as far as South America. Air quality dropped to hazardous levels in all southern and eastern states. Health researcher's modelling indicated that 80 per cent of Australians were affected by bushfire smoke at some point over the fire season. 445 people may have died indirectly from smoke inhalation.

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republicanism was too strong. In the long run, as Toohey (2008) reports, many of the hoped-for benefits failed to materialize. Nationwide levels of participation in physical activity and sport did not rise, although passive spectatorship (such as TV watching) did increase. Many of the costly facilities built for the games remained underutilized in their wake.

3054:, by leadership rivalry and by lacking the numbers to push some controversial legislation through the Parliament. Nevertheless, the cross-bench alliance continued to operate and though facing declining poll support and firm opposition from the Liberal-National Coalition, in October the government successfully passed its 546:"…hat we must look for, and it is a matter of desperate importance to our society, is a true revival of liberal thought which will work for social justice and security, for national power and national progress, and for the full development of the individual citizen, though not through the dull and deadening process of 2615:

in 2001, On 14 September 2001, the Australian Government cited the terrorist attacks against the US as sufficient basis for invoking the mutual-defence clauses of the ANZUS Treaty. This was the first time the Treaty's clauses on acting to meet a common danger had been invoked since it was enacted in

1790:

led to the severing of nearly all constitutional ties between Australia and the UK. This was achieved by the passing of the which removed the right of the British Parliament to make laws for Australia and ended any British role in the government of the Australian States. It also removed the right of

665:

would later declare, "a powerful enemy looked hungrily toward Australia. In tomorrow's gun flash that threat could come again. We must populate Australia as rapidly as we can before someone else decides to populate it for us." Hundreds of thousands of displaced Europeans, including for the first time

1290:(returned with a reduced majority at the 1969 Election) ceased to replace Australian personnel from 1970. There were large Moratorium marches in 1970 and 1971 and Australia's troop commitment continued to wind down through 1971 with the last battalion leaving Nui Dat in November. The election of the 944:

In the early 1950s, the Menzies government saw Australia as part of a "triple alliance", in concert with both the US and traditional ally Britain. At first, "the Australian leadership opted for a consistently pro-British line in diplomacy", while at the same time looking for opportunities to involve

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and an assisted immigration program and pursued centralist economic policies – making the Commonwealth the collector of income tax, and seeking to nationalise the private banks. At the conference of the New South Wales Labor Party in June 1949, Chifely sought to define the labour movement as having:

2670:

announced that Australian forces would remain in Afghanistan and said that Bin Laden's death offered a "small measure of justice" to the families of the 105 Australians who been killed in Al-Qaeda attacks in New York, Bali, London and Mumbai since the commencement of the conflict. As of May 2011, a

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Report into allegations of child abuse among indigenous communities in the Territory, the government banned alcohol in prescribed communities in the Northern Territory; quarantined a percentage of welfare payments for essential goods purchasing; despatched additional police and medical personnel to

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performed the character of Edna Everage as a parody of a house-proud housewife of staid 1950s Melbourne suburbia (the character only later morphed into a critique of self-obsessed celebrity culture). It was the first of many of his satirical stage and screen creations based around quirky Australian

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that became known as the "Black Summer". The fires directly killed 34 people. Approximately 9,352 buildings were destroyed. The fires are very likely Australia's costliest natural disaster at about A$ 100 billion. They were also notable for the smoke that enveloped areas within Australia well away

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Southern Australia was affected by a very severe drought, through much of the first decade of the 21st century. By late 2006 water storage throughout southern Australia were at record low levels. Severe restrictions on urban water usage were put in place in every state capital city (except Hobart

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and began deploying on 20 September 1999 and successfully restored order. The operation had been politically and militarily tense. Australia re-deployed frontline combat aircraft northward and detected an Indonesian submarine within the vicinity of Dili Harbour as INTERFET forces approached. While

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drafted a letter Indonesia setting out a major change in Australian policy, suggesting that the East Timor be given a chance to vote on independence within a decade. The letter upset President Habibie, who saw it as implying Indonesia was a "colonial power" and he decided in response to announce a

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security treaty, which had been signed in 1951, had its origins in Australia's and New Zealand's fears of a rearmed Japan, but found new impetus through anti-communism. Its obligations on the US, Australia and New Zealand are vague, but its influence on Australian foreign policy thinking, at times

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From the outset, it was intended that the bulk of these immigrants should be mainly from the British Isles, and that the post-war immigration scheme would preserve the British character of Australian society. Although Great Britain remained the predominant source of immigrants, the pool of source

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Few international tourists came to Melbourne in 1956 for the Olympics that year, but Sydney gained global attention for a well-attended, efficiently organised world-class event. Prince Philip, representing Queen Elizabeth II opened the 1956 games but neither was invited in 2000, as the spirit of

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of British in Australia and launched its campaign for full citizenship rights for all Aborigines. In the 1940s, the conditions of life for Aborigines could be very poor. A permit system restricted movement and work opportunities for many Aboriginal people. In the 1950s, the government pursued a

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and introduced a significant program of social change and reform. Whitlam said before the election: "our program has three great aims. They are – to promote equality; to involve the people of Australia in … decision making…; and to liberate the talents and uplift the horizons of the Australian

1224:

was banned. Yet only a few years later, the book had been made as a film, partly with the support of government funding. Anne Pender suggests that the Barry Mckenzie character both celebrated and parodied Australian nationalism. Historian Richard White also argues that "while many of the plays,

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complex in south-east Australia consisted of sixteen major dams and seven power stations constructed between 1949 and 1974. It remains the largest engineering project undertaken in Australia. Necessitating the employment of 100,000 people from over 30 countries, to many it denotes the birth of

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regime. Australia contributed the force commander and the operation's communications component to the UN operation. In the ultimately unsuccessful Somalia intervention, a battalion-level Australian contingent was employed to aid in the delivery of humanitarian aid in the Baidoa area. In 1994,

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all state governments have followed the recommendation of the report in issuing formal apologies for their past practices to the Aboriginal people, as have many local governments. The Howard government refused to make such an apology on behalf of the federal government, despite pleas from the

2040:

that European settlers were responsible for the difficulties Australian Aboriginal communities continued to face: ‘We committed the murders. We took the children from their mothers. We practiced discrimination and exclusion. It was our ignorance and our prejudice’. In 1999 Parliament passed a

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which succeeded Menzies, increased Australia's military commitment to the conflict. Holt won a massive majority in the 1967 Election. By 1969 however, anti-war protests were gathering momentum and opposition to conscription was growing, with more people believing the war could not be won. The

1688:. An agreement was reached with trade unions to moderate wage demands and accept more flexible working condition arrangements by accepting tax cuts in return. Ultimately, many of the reforms, continued by successive governments, appear to have been successful in pushing the economy along. 1444:

closed. Over the next few years, university fees were abolished and a national health care scheme established. Significant changes were made to school funding, something Whitlam regarded as "the most enduring single achievement" of his government. Divorce and family law was liberalised.

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Associate Professor Fay Johnston, from the Menzies Institute for Medical Research at the University of Tasmania, said her team estimated around 445 people died as a result of the smoke, over 3,000 people were admitted to hospital for respiratory problems and 1,700 people presented for

1315:. Almost 60,000 Australians had served in Vietnam and 521 had died as a result of the war. As the war became unpopular, protestors and conscienscious objectors became prominent and soldiers often met a hostile reception on their return home in the later stages of the conflict. 500:

has seen long periods of economic prosperity and the introduction of an expanded and multi-ethnic immigration program, which has coincided with moves away from Britain in political, social and cultural terms and towards increasing engagement with the United States and Asia.

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and the Land Fund Act 1994. In 1993, Keating established a Republic Advisory Committee, to examine options for Australia becoming a republic. With foreign debt, interest rates and unemployment still high, and after a series of ministerial resignations, Keating lost the

2763:. Howard's government continued some elements of the foreign policy of its predecessors, based on relations with four key countries: the United States, Japan, China, and Indonesia. The Howard administration strongly supported US engagement in the Asia-Pacific region. 1679:

undertook micro-economic and industrial relations reform designed to increase efficiency and competitiveness. After the initial failure of the Whitlam model and partial dismantling under Fraser, Hawke re-established a new, universal system of health insurance called

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to examine the issue in 1998. Delegates included appointees and elected representatives representing republicans, monarchists and neutral parties. The Convention proposed a republican model and a referendum was called for the approval of the Australian electorate.

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In 2011, Australian public support for a republic fell to its lowest level since March 1994. Support for a republic outright was 41%, with support rising to 48% of respondents in a scenario with Charles on the throne and his wife, Camilla, as princess consort.

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From the 1950s onwards, Australians began to rethink their attitudes towards racial issues. An Aboriginal rights movement was founded and supported by many liberal white Australians and a campaign against the White Australia policy was also launched. The

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was heavily curtailed. Consequently, issues relating to fresh water supply became an important topic for political discussion, though the economic impact of the drought was felt most keenly only in Australia's sparsely populated agricultural areas.

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began winding down Australia's commitment to Vietnam, increased funding for the arts, standardised rates of pay between the men and women and continued moving Australian trade closer to Asia. The Liberals suffered a decline in voter support at the

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Whitlam's radical and imperious style eventually alienated many voters, and some of the state governments were openly hostile to his government. As it did not control the senate, much of its legislation was rejected or amended. The Queensland

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on and around Saturday 7 February 2009. The fires occurred during extreme bushfire-weather conditions, and resulted in Australia's highest ever loss of life from a bushfire; 173 people died and 414 were injured as a result of the fires.

1263:, the leader of the government in South Vietnam, had requested security assistance from the US and its allies. The Australian government supported the commitment as part of global effort to stem the spread of communism in Europe and Asia. 2544:

referendum held in August 1999 showed overwhelming approval for independence. After the result was announced, violent clashes, instigated by a suspected anti-independence militia, sparked a humanitarian and security crisis in the region.

1818:

policy of "assimilation" which sought to achieve full citizenship rights for Aborigines but also wanted them to adopt the mode of life of other Australians (which very often was assumed to require suppression of cultural identity).

566:. Australia played a significant mediatory role in these early years of the United Nations, successfully lobbying for an increased role for smaller and middle-ranking nations and a stronger commitment to employment rights into the 1394:

in The Hague for damages caused by mining. Australia settled the case out of court agreeing to a lump sum settlement of A$ 107 million and an annual stipend of the equivalent of A$ 2.5 million toward environmental rehabilitation.

2215:

During much of the twentieth century, Australian governments had removed many aboriginal children from their families. This practice did great damage to the Aboriginal people, culturally and emotionally, giving rise to the term

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The Howard government expanded immigration overall but instituted often controversial tough immigration laws to discourage unauthorised arrivals of boat people. While Howard was a strong supporter of traditional links to the

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in 1972 brought Australia's small remaining involvement in the war to an official close in June 1973 with the withdrawal of the last platoon guarding the Australian Embassy in Saigon. Australian forces were largely based at

988:

treaty, signed only three years later, clearly demonstrated Australia's position as a US ally in the emerging cold war. On 26 November 1967, Australia became the seventh nation to put a satellite into Earth orbit, launching

1326:

assisted in final humanitarian evacuations. In the aftermath of the communist victory, Australia assisted in re-settlement of Vietnamese refugees, with thousands making their way to Australia through the 1970s and 1980s.

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great objective – the light on the hill – which we aim to reach by working for the betterment of mankind... bring something better to the people, better standards of living, greater happiness to the mass of the people’.

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held on 6 November 1999 failed to achieve the support of either a majority of voters or a majority of states. The national vote of the electors in favour of Australia becoming a republic was 45.13%, with 54.87% against.

834:, added to a sense of impending threat that politically favoured Menzies’ Liberal-CP government, as the Labor Party pushed centralist economics and split over concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the 3070:

was introduced in Australia on 1 July 2012. Kevin Rudd was reinstated as prime minister in a Labor leadership spill on 27 June 2013. After the 2013 Australian General Election, Rudd lost the role of prime minister to

1145:

was influential in raising awareness of Aboriginal injustice in Australia and also led Australia to become the first Western nation to cut sporting ties with South Africa. In a significant move against South Africa's

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began to be active in preserving Australia's natural, cultural and historic heritage. Australian TV, while always dependent on US and British imports, saw locally made dramas and comedies appear, and programs such as

941:, but also launched post-war trade with Japan, beginning a growth of Australian exports of coal, iron ore and mineral resources that would steadily climb until Japan became Australia's largest trading partner. 2740:. The government sought to reduce Australia's government deficit and introduced industrial relations reforms, particularly as regards efficiency on the waterfront. After the 1996 election, Howard and treasurer 1889:. Contrary to frequently repeated mythology, this referendum did not cover citizenship on Aboriginal people, nor did it give them the vote: they already had both. However, transferring this power away from the 1576:

won two subsequent elections. Fraser maintained some of the social reforms of the Whitlam era, while seeking increased fiscal restraint. His government included the first Aboriginal federal parliamentarian,

2357:

to promote their cause; strong opposition to the proposal in the smaller states; a counter-productive pro-republican bias in the media; and an instinctive caution among the Australian electorate regarding

1939:

was appointed by the Queensland Parliament to replace a retiring senator, becoming the first Aborigine in Federal Parliament. Bonner was returned as a Senator at the 1972 election and remained until 1983.

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and faced Britain's withdrawal from Asia by visiting and hosting many Asian leaders and by expanding ties to the United States, hosting the first visit to Australia by an American president, his friend

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missions. RAAF helicopters operated in the Sinai; and Australian forces assisted in a British Commonwealth operation when Zimbabwe won its independence; as well as a similar operation in Namibia.

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The Australian economy stood in sharp contrast to war-ravaged Europe, and newly arrived migrants found employment in a booming manufacturing industry and government assisted programs such as the

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calling for the killing of "Americans and their allies -- civilians and military... in any country in which it is possible to do it" in order to bring to an end the ongoing enforcement of the

2519:

and annexed the former Portuguese colony. Successive Australian governments, concerned to maintain good relations with Indonesia, had accepted Indonesia control of the territory, however the

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and the Netherlands. Australia actively sought these immigrants, with the government assisting many of them and they found work due to an expanding economy and major infrastructure projects.

2267:

attended school in Australia during the 1960s. The issue of a republic did not arise again until the 1970s. In the 1990s it was brought to the forefront of national debate by Prime Minister

1675:. The 1980s saw severe concerns about Australia's future economic health take hold, with severe current account deficits and high unemployment at times. Hawke, together with treasurer 674:

countries in order to meet Australia's ambitious immigration targets. From the late 1940s onwards, Australia received significant waves of people from countries such as Greece, Italy,

2056:

A great many indigenous Australians have been prominent in sport and the arts. Several styles of Aboriginal art have developed in modern times, including the watercolour paintings of

1897:

which existed in each state, which allowed Indigenous people to move more freely, and exercise many of their citizenship rights for the first time. From the late 1960s a movement for

1281:, later became politically contentious and saw massive protests, though they were for the most part peaceful. The United States launched a major escalation of the war in 1965 and the 2227:

Aboriginal people and from many sections of the wider community, saying that it implied intergenerational guilt on modern non-indigenous Australia. However, the new government under

1609:

was in recession, amidst the effects of a severe drought. Fraser had promoted "states’ rights" and his government refused to use Commonwealth powers to stop the construction of the

2870:, trade with Asia, particularly China, continued to increase dramatically, and Australia endured an extended period of prosperity. Howard's term in office coincided with the 2001 6330: 1699:

in Canberra. The following year the Australian Capital Territory achieved self-government and Jervis Bay became a separate territory administered by the Minister for Territories.

1225:

novels and films produced in the 1970s were intensely critical of aspects of Australian life, they were absorbed by the ‘new nationalism’ and applauded for their Australianness."

3759: 2481:. A UN Peacekeeping engagement in Bougainville began in 1997, to aid in resolving the long-running conflict between the Papua New Guinea government Bougainville separatists. 1885:

was held and overwhelmingly approved to amend the Constitution, removing discriminatory references and giving the national parliament the power to legislate specifically for

2388:, a supporter of the constitutional monarchy. Cultural interest in the Royal Family endures, with 7 million Australians (one third of the population) tuning in to watch the 1904:

Various groups and individuals were active in the pursuit of equality and social justice from the 1960s. In the mid-1960s, one of the earliest Aboriginal graduates from the

1803:

Campaigns for indigenous rights in Australia have a long history. In the modern era, 1938 was an important year. With the participation of leading indigenous activists like

2299:

permitted members to campaign for either side. Notable campaigners for the republic included all the living former Labor Prime Ministers and former Liberal Prime Minister

542:

as its founding leader. The party would come to dominate the early decades of the post-war period. Outlining his vision for a new political movement in 1944, Menzies said:

1684:. Hawke and Keating abandoned traditional Labor support for tariffs to protect industry and jobs. They moved to deregulate Australia's financial system and ‘floated’ the 2643:, were captured in and around the Afghan Theatre having spent time training or fighting with Al-Qaeda aligned Islamist paramilitaries. Islamists following the Al-Qaeda 1173:

became the first Australian to win a Nobel Prize for Literature. Australian History had begun to appear on school curriculums by the 1970s and from the early 1970s, the

2981:

Amidst increasing controversy on management of stimulus spending over policy directions on taxation, immigration and climate change, the Labor Party replaced Rudd with

784:. After fighting to a bitter standstill, the UN and North Korea signed a ceasefire agreement in July 1953. Australian forces had participated in such major battles as 1040:

Holt won the 1967 election with the largest parliamentary majority in 65 years, but Holt drowned while swimming at a surf beach in December 1967 and was replaced by

1585:, which, while limited to the Northern Territory, affirmed "inalienable" freehold title to some traditional lands. Fraser established the multicultural broadcaster 1557: 2181:

In the early 21st century, much of indigenous Australia continued to suffer lower standards of health and education than non-indigenous Australia. In 2007, the

2666:

lasted until 2009 and was highly controversial. Following the death of Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden at the hands of US forces in May 2011, Prime Minister

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achieved greater rights, immigration restrictions and censorship laws were swept aside, theatre and opera companies were established across the country, and

666:

large numbers of Jews, migrated to Australia. More than two million people immigrated to Australia from Europe during the 20 years after the end of the war.

4788: 1436:

Whitlam's actions were immediate and dramatic. Within a few weeks the last milichlentary advisors in Vietnam were recalled, and national service ended. The

6347: 4369: 2663: 1890: 1234: 2380:

following the 2010 Australian Election has indicated an intention not to revisit the issue of a vote for an Australian republic during the reign of Queen

4343: 3886: 4515: 4102: 3409: 3034:

Following two and half decades of economic reform and amidst booming trade with Asia, Australia—in stark contrast to most other Western nations—avoided

1037:

from being counted in the census – the referendum was one of the few to be overwhelmingly endorsed by the Australian electorate (over 90% voted 'yes').

2562:

to support an Australian led peace keeper force to end the violence. Australia, who contributed 5,500 personnel and the force commander, Major General

1462: 608: 1101:

From the mid-1960s, evidence of a new and more independent sense of national pride and identity began to emerge in Australia. In the early 1960s, the

3819:

The Mythical Australian: Barry Humphries, Gough Whitlam and "new nationalism" | Australian Journal of Politics and History, The|Find Articles at BNET

2787: 2603:

and presence of US troops in the Arabian Peninsula, thus bringing Australians into the line of fire in what would latterly grow to be defined as the

2389: 654: 4200: 4029: 3934: 1273:, a Vietnamese Buddhist temple in Adelaide. Thousands of Vietnamese refugees were resettled in Australia following the communist victory in Vietnam. 148: 6716: 4618: 2140:. The canon of films related to Indigenous Australians also increased over the period of the 1990s and early 21st century. In 2006, Rolf de Heer's 1150:

regime, many Australians (including Wallabies) demonstrated against tours by the racially selected South African team. The Australian media tycoon

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further 24 Australian military personnel had been killed while serving in the Afghanistan conflict (including one with the British Armed Forces).

6228: 3708: 3115: 1969: 826:, first by legislation in 1950 and later by referendum, in 1951. While both attempts were unsuccessful, further international events such as the 5352: 2497: 2426:

Following the Vietnam War, Australian military forces were largely kept at home through the rest of the 1970s and 1980s, other than service in

2204: 483: 6233: 5379: 5076: 4909: 4471: 2966:, to which his government responded through a large package of economic stimulus – the management of which later proved to be controversial. 6498: 5326: 3323: 4188:

the Australian States remained 'self-governing colonial dependencies of the British Crown' until the Australia Acts 1986 came into force.

752:

As in the United States in the early 1950s, allegations of communist influence in society saw tensions emerge in politics. Refugees from

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became the first Indigenous Australian to captain his country in any sport when he first led the Australian National rugby league team,

5754: 4559: 969: 223: 143: 71: 3763: 6001: 2279: 293: 5300: 3222: 2985:, who became the first woman Prime Minister of Australia and narrowly retained office against the Liberal-National Coalition led by 6731: 4204: 1882: 1539:

on 11 November 1975 and Fraser was installed as caretaker prime minister, pending an election. The "reserve powers" granted to the

1527:

delayed passage of the government's money bills in the Senate, until the government would promise a new election. Whitlam refused,

843: 4949:

Kristine Toohey, "The Sydney Olympics: Striving for Legacies – Overcoming Short-Term Disappointments and Long-Term Deficiencies",

4295: 2076:(1920–1995) was a famous Aboriginal poet, writer and rights activist credited with publishing the first Aboriginal book of verse: 1976:

served as a senator during the 1990s, but No indigenous person was elected to the House of Representatives, until West Australian

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which swept through parts of the capital city of Brisbane and caused some deaths and serious financial loss. Soon after tropical

2343: 6275: 6085: 5893: 5807: 5144: 3908: 3107: 3099:

was elected as Tony Abbott's successor and served as prime minister from 2015 until 2018 where he resigned and was replaced by

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was considered a breakthrough memoir in terms of bringing indigenous stories to wider notice. Leading Aboriginal intellectuals

1795:

in London. Most important, the Act transferred into Australian hands full control of all Australia's constitutional documents.

228: 76: 5038: 914:

produced little of its own content in the 1950s, but British and Hollywood studios produced a string of successful epics from

865:

Menzies presided over a period of sustained economic boom and the beginnings of sweeping social change – with the arrivals of

6171: 6011: 4067: 3990: 3802: 3693: 3673: 3644: 3595: 3518: 3388: 2875: 2771: 2636: 2624: 2175: 2124: 1909: 1532: 1488: 1404: 973: 5274: 4527: 6287: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5200: 4573: 3154: 2774:

featured a host of iconic Australian imagery and history and the flame ceremony honoured women athletes, including swimmer

2541: 2159: 889:, who would become the musical embodiment of rural Australia, had Australia's first international music chart hit with his 839: 183: 94: 89: 84: 2679: 1714:

and rising unemployment, the intense rivalry between Hawke and Keating led the Labor Party to replace Hawke as leader and

6674: 6618: 6513: 6019: 5853: 5767: 4401: 4273: 3538: 2284: 2167: 1626: 421: 158: 123: 3534: 1216:

Significant changes also occurred to Australia's censorship laws after the new Liberal Minister for Customs and Excise,

570:. Evatt was elected president of the third session of the United Nations General Assembly (September 1948 to May 1949). 6726: 6721: 6681: 5812: 5792: 2749: 2745: 1738: 1220:, was appointed in 1969. In 1968, Barry Humphries and Nicholas Garland's cartoon book featuring the larrikin character 950: 726: 624: 476: 2928:

held the office until June 2010, when he was replaced following internal Labor Party coup by his colleague and deputy

611:, Chifley lost office at the 1949 federal election to Menzies' newly established Liberal Party, in coalition with the 6223: 6124: 6024: 5944: 5878: 4516:

http://www.michaelkirby.com.au/images/stories/speeches/2000s/vol46/2000/1670-Lessons_from_the_Republic_Referendum.pdf

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of feature films based on uniquely Australian themes. Film funding began under the Gorton government, but it was the

906: 661:, believing that having narrowly avoided a Japanese invasion, Australia must "populate or perish." As Prime Minister 658: 356: 273: 1960:

of Queensland, became the first Indigenous people elected to territory and state legislatures in 1974. In 1976, Sir

737:

in 1949, in part over a Labor proposal to nationalise banks and following a crippling coal strike influenced by the

5951: 5888: 5873: 5568: 4033: 2998: 2990: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2737: 2687: 2118:, was the first Australian feature film to star Aboriginal actors in lead roles and the first to be entered at the 1771: 1742: 1734: 1668: 1508: 1500: 1458: 1417: 1050: 710: 298: 278: 233: 213: 193: 118: 910:

became the first local recording to reach the national charts, peaking at #20. Before sleeping through the 1960s

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the intervention was ultimately successful, Australian-Indonesian relations would take several years to recover.

2154:

became the world number-one ranked tennis player in 1971 and won 14 Grand Slam titles during her career. In 1973

1841:

and artists became increasingly prominent in Australian cultural life during the second half of the 20th century.

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that took the lead in supporting filmmaking and among their great successes were quintessential Australian films

1123: 1107: 945:

the US in South East Asia. Thus, other than the Korean War, the government also committed military forces to the

792:. Seventeen thousand Australians had served and casualties amounted to more than 1,500, of whom 339 were killed. 773: 163: 138: 4376: 1745:. During his time in office, Keating emphasised links to the Asia Pacific region, co-operating closely with the 6478: 6377: 6097: 6075: 5981: 5787: 5747: 3123: 2567: 1391: 266: 153: 57: 4347: 1251:

The Menzies government despatched the first small contingent of Australian military training personnel to aid

810: 6628: 6545: 6421: 6270: 6263: 6134: 6080: 5883: 5863: 4106: 3413: 3024: 2825: 2405: 2271:, who promised in 1993 to introduce an "Australian federal republic" by the centenary of Federation in 2001. 2248: 1865:

launch in 2007. The campaign aims to achieve health equality between indigenous and non-indigenous Australia.

1540: 1504: 1437: 1193: 690: 469: 283: 218: 208: 168: 4696:"Official History of Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post–Cold War Operations | Australian War Memorial" 6613: 6407: 6144: 6107: 5986: 5976: 5848: 5327:"Poor air quality caused by bushfire smoke posing serious risk for healthy people too, health experts warn" 2631:(meeting with the disapproval of other political parties). SAS troops formed the most high-profile part of 2527:

in 1998 precipitated a proposal for a referendum on the question of independence. New Indonesian President

2335: 2006: 1931:

Indigenous Australians began to take up representation in Australian parliaments during the 1970s. In 1971

1710:, following the 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. After four successful elections, but amid a deteriorating 1586: 1536: 1496: 823: 416: 261: 4296:"The History of Apologies Down Under [Thinking Faith – the online journal of the British Jesuits]" 1390:

under Australia and remained so until achieving independence in 1968. In 1989 Nauru sued Australia in the

6382: 6340: 6335: 6282: 6029: 5996: 5924: 4208: 4178:(May 2007). "The De-Colonisation of the Australian States, Paper No. 07/19". Sydney Law School Research. 4153: 3938: 3565: 3510: 3248: 3067: 2725: 2427: 2069: 1965: 1957: 1484: 1450: 1102: 781: 746: 718: 642: 612: 604: 188: 4886: 4080: 3737: 2146:

became the first major feature film to be shot in an indigenous language and the film was recognised at

1547:, had allowed an elected government to be dismissed without warning by a representative of the Monarch. 1371:, Papua and New Guinea adopted self-government in 1972 and on 15 September 1975, during the term of the 953:

after 1952. Australia was also the only Commonwealth country to offer support to the British during the

6448: 6352: 6206: 6161: 6065: 5677:

McLean, David. "From British Colony to American Satellite? Australia and the USA during the Cold War",

4765: 4131: 3096: 2296: 2208: 2053:

naming mistreatment of Indigenous Australians as the most "blemished chapter in our national history".

1977: 1936: 1765:

in 1992 required a legislative response to recognition of Indigenous title to land, culminating in the

1696: 1653: 1472: 1323: 1210: 831: 738: 730: 714: 638: 535: 441: 380: 344: 198: 5118: 5015: 3712: 2946:

who had been removed from their parents by the state during the early 20th century to the 1960s). The

976:

were sent to help train South Vietnamese forces, in a developing conflict the British had no part in.

558:

despatched an Australian delegation which included attorney-general and minister for external affairs

6568: 6525: 6473: 6372: 6218: 6186: 6102: 6092: 6060: 5740: 4963: 3818: 2501: 2465: 2244: 1544: 1344: 1278: 1138: 1030: 288: 203: 128: 4989: 3684:

See discussion on the role of ANZUS in Australia's commitment to the Vietnam War in Paul Ham (2007)

3486: 2799:"I am proud and happy to proclaim that you have presented to the world the best Olympic Games ever." 2531:

was prepared to consider a change of status for East Timor. In late 1998, Australian Prime Minister

1300: 1126:, the Australian Film Development Corporation and the National Film and Television Training School. 1118:, a battle scarred former fighter pilot, described himself as "Australian to the bootheels" and the 603:

With an increasingly uncertain economic outlook, after his attempt to nationalise the banks and the

6483: 6468: 6315: 6151: 6112: 5939: 4496: 3127: 3059: 2970: 2950:

speaking former diplomat also pursued energetic foreign policy and initially sought to instigate a

2887: 2813: 2464:

Australian forces were very active in UN peacekeeping through the 1990s. In 1993, Foreign Minister

2252: 2042: 2025: 1913: 1830: 1111: 882: 4832: 2820: 2477:

Australia deployed medical staff to the UN force in Rwanda sent to deal with the aftermath of the

850:, until 1974; its preferences supported the Liberal and Country Party. The Labor party was led by 846:(DLP). The DLP remained an influential political force, often holding the balance of power in the 6633: 6508: 6488: 6463: 6443: 6196: 6166: 5991: 5868: 5797: 4055: 2863: 2851: 2844: 2437: 2359: 2316: 2240: 2151: 2021: 1758: 1672: 1605:

expansionism. A significant program of economic reform however was not pursued and, by 1983, the

1531:, leader of the Opposition insisted. The deadlock came to an end when the Whitlam government was 1364: 870: 866: 795: 694: 178: 66: 5672: 5170: 4695: 6540: 6518: 6493: 6458: 6438: 6402: 6240: 6211: 6201: 6176: 6139: 6070: 5907: 5802: 4861: 4175: 3500: 3327: 3084: 3055: 2943: 2915: 2791: 2714: 2600: 2583:

Australian and Afghan soldiers patrol the poppy fields in the Baluchi Valley Region, April 2010

2324: 2292: 1898: 1886: 1746: 1692: 1590: 1425: 1134: 1058: 1034: 1022: 686: 646: 590: 4252:"Electoral Milestone / Timetable for Indigenous Australians – Australian Electoral Commission" 4251: 3004: 2255:

which had been a feature of the 1890s faded away during the First World War. Support for the

2195:

with the aim of achieving Indigenous health equality within 25 years. In 2007, Prime Minister

1440:

was recognised (Whitlam had visited China while Opposition Leader in 1971) and the embassy in

996:

When Menzies retired in January 1966, he was replaced as Liberal leader and prime minister by

6603: 6535: 6433: 6387: 6250: 6156: 6043: 5929: 5063: 4427: 4183: 3142: 3075:, the Liberal Leader. On 15 December 2013, 95% of the Australian military had withdrawn from 2493: 2445: 2312: 2256: 2109: 2083: 1945: 1766: 1757:

as a major forum for economic co-operation. Keating was active in indigenous affairs and the

1726: 1524: 1511:. In 1974–75 the government thought about borrowing US$ 4 billion in foreign loans. Minister 1205: 1199: 965: 930: 915: 873:

began broadcasting, Melbourne hosted the Olympics and, for the first time, performing artist

789: 742: 368: 5627:

Search for Security: The Political Economy of Australia's Postwar Foreign and Defence Policy

5250:"With costs approaching $ 100 billion, the fires are Australia's costliest natural disaster" 5101: 5080: 4849: 2752:

to help establish democracy and independence for that nation, following political violence.

1507:. The Whitlam government was re-elected with a decreased majority in the lower house in the 1457:

had particularly bad relations with the Federal government. Even after it was re-elected at

1162:

from which have evolved many aspects of the various modern international forms of the game.

6667: 6638: 6560: 6397: 6367: 6303: 6258: 5971: 5966: 5934: 5919: 5775: 5545:

Munich to Vietnam: Australia's Relations with Britain and the United States since the 1930s

5353:"Melbourne air quality drops to 'hazardous' levels as bushfire smoke lingers over Victoria" 4428:"Cathy Freeman Lights Flame At Olympic Games Opening Ceremony [September 15, 2000]" 3297: 3270: 2974: 2871: 2840: 2832: 2767: 2608: 2552: 2147: 2119: 1973: 1905: 1681: 1622: 1386:

from the German Empire in 1914. After Japanese occupation during World War II, it became a

1159: 1065:, the Liberals entered their final stretch in office of a record 23 straight years period. 934: 409: 238: 33: 3839: 2579: 2220:

to describe these families. Since the publication in 1997 of a federal government report,

1813:

organised a protest "Day of Mourning" to mark the 150th anniversary of the arrival of the

1649: 8: 6588: 6530: 6362: 6325: 6055: 3226: 2836: 2808: 2696: 2061: 2037: 2002: 1941: 1730: 1519:, misled parliament over the issue. Arguing the government was incompetent following the 1454: 1348: 1187: 1178: 1142: 404: 392: 385: 373: 337: 256: 5682: 5224:"Geoscience Australia's Oliver Discusses Use of Landsat during Country's Historic Fires" 4850:

War against terrorism not over: Gillard - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)

4299: 2484:

There have been a number of other peacekeeping and stabilisation operations: notably in

741:. Menzies became the country's longest-serving Prime Minister and the Liberal party, in 6690: 6648: 6623: 6608: 6598: 6593: 6583: 6550: 6453: 6357: 5961: 5956: 5301:"Australia's bushfire smoke spreads to NZ as Canberra's air quality goes off the scale" 3474: 3173: 3043: 2955: 2748:(GST) which they successfully took to the electorate in 1998. In 1999, Australia led a 2647: 2373: 2354: 2222: 2217: 2073: 1949: 1894: 1787: 1711: 1606: 1387: 1372: 1360: 1336: 1304: 1291: 1166: 1130: 1094: 894: 734: 671: 586: 585:

as Curtin's successor. Chifley, a former railway engine driver, won the 1946 election.

510: 4814: 3981:

Gough Whitlam, Bankstown Speech.13 November 1972. Cited in Sally Warhaft (Ed.) (2004)

3454: 2001:

in Western Australia and brought in to a settlement. They are believed to be the last

1270: 1029:. Holt also called the 1967 Referendum which removed the discriminatory clause in the 6578: 6320: 5706: 5668: 4553: 4325: 4179: 4063: 3986: 3798: 3689: 3669: 3640: 3620: 3591: 3514: 3504: 3384: 3126:

that by the end of 2020 had killed 909 in Australia, but as of 5 February 2021,

3119: 3088: 3047: 2938: 2922:

with a wave of support for change and a slogan for "new leadership" for the country.

2733: 2632: 2620: 2524: 2489: 2275: 2097: 1685: 1630: 1625:

in 1977 and the Franklin Dam proposal contributed to the emergence of an influential

1618: 1573: 1551: 1340: 1287: 1277:

Initially popular, Australia's participation in Vietnam, and particularly the use of

1174: 1119: 1082: 1045: 1014: 946: 911: 901: 847: 785: 761: 397: 361: 349: 4405: 3960: 3912: 1335:

Australia had administered Papua New Guinea and Nauru for much of the 20th century.

6695: 6129: 3092: 2947: 2858:

to honour people who have made a contribution to Australian society or government.

2536: 2478: 2453: 2418:(right) Australian commander of the United Nations backed peace keeping operation ( 2331: 2057: 1961: 1925: 1826: 1804: 1722: 1638: 1550:

At elections held in late 1975, Malcolm Fraser and the Coalition were elected in a

1409: 1376: 1073: 1009: 459: 173: 5456:

The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins

5380:"Bushfire royal commission hears that Black Summer smoke killed nearly 450 people" 3114:

Late January 2020 was also notable for the first local infections of a new virus,

2717:, 4 December 2006. Rudd won the 2007 election and was replaced by Gillard in 2010. 2212:

the region; and suspended the permit system for access to indigenous communities.

1741:. Keating shuffled treasurers and campaigned strongly against the tax and won the 1515:

conducted secret discussions with a loan broker from Pakistan, and the Treasurer,

5589:

A Dictionary of Australian Military History – from Colonial Times to the Gulf War

5579:

Australia in International Politics: An Introduction to Australian Foreign Policy

5572: 4534: 3196: 2994: 2855: 2831:

Sydney played host to other important world events over the decade including the

2592: 2520: 2456:

in 1991 and remained in the region to enforce UN-imposed sanctions against Iraq.

2377: 2349:

Justice Michael Kirby (a monarchist and leading figure in progressive Australian

2133: 2088: 1994: 1917: 1352: 1282: 1054: 1001: 874: 4933:

Helen Jefferson Lenskyj, "Sydney 2000, Olympic Sport and the Australian Media",

4735: 4619:"Wills and Kate's day watched by all, serving a blow to the republican movement" 3133:

In the early morning hours of 9 September 2022 Australia Eastern Standard Time,

972:, the first of several built over the next decade. Most significantly, in 1962, 6573: 5196: 4673: 4449: 3410:"Before office – Gough Whitlam – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers" 3100: 3063: 2959: 2933: 2741: 2729: 2702: 2655: 2644: 2563: 2415: 2327: 2304: 2300: 2264: 2155: 2093: 2014: 1932: 1838: 1578: 1561: 1528: 1368: 1359:

was established by an administrative union between the Australian-administered

1319: 1221: 919: 855: 777: 722: 634: 563: 539: 527: 5459: 3817:"The Mythical Australian: Barry Humphries, Gough Whitlam and new nationalism" 2259:

peaked during the Menzies years with the wildly successful 1954 tour by Queen

1916:

into parts of Australia to expose discrimination and inequality. In 1966, the

1845: 1025:

and increased access to non-European migrants, including refugees fleeing the

756:

dominated Eastern Europe immigrated to Australia, while to Australia's north,

6710: 3542: 3292: 3023:

weather effect in the summer of 2010–2011. Queensland in particular suffered

2982: 2929: 2783: 2779: 2756: 2706: 2667: 2604: 2528: 2350: 2188: 2183: 2171: 2129: 2050: 1998: 1858: 1854: 1834: 1792: 1762: 1664: 1480: 1476: 1429: 1413: 1312: 1260: 1252: 1244: 1170: 1062: 898: 859: 827: 4081:"In office – Malcolm Fraser – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers" 1468: 1239: 47: 5550: 4030:"In office – Gough Whitlam – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers" 3935:"In office – Gough Whitlam – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers" 3134: 3028: 3019:

The drought was broken definitively by severe flooding associated with the

2559: 2381: 2268: 2260: 2101: 2078: 2065: 2033: 1987: 1921: 1873: 1715: 1676: 1610: 1602: 1565: 1520: 1151: 1089: 961: 799: 753: 567: 4938: 4789:"Australia's military involvement in Afghanistan since 2001: A chronology" 4329: 4154:"In office – Paul Keating – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers" 4132:"In office – Robert Hawke – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers" 3864: 3201:

Biography – Herbert Vere (Bert) Evatt – Australian Dictionary of Biography

6643: 6503: 5582: 5565: 4060:

November 1975: The Inside Story of Australia's Greatest Political Crisis.

3738:"In office – John Gorton – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers" 3709:"In office – Harold Holt – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers" 3249:"In office – Ben Chifley – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers" 3138: 3076: 3072: 2986: 2907: 2874:. In the aftermath of this event, the government committed troops to the 2775: 2721: 2692: 2640: 2548: 2532: 2385: 2366: 2339: 2320: 2308: 2196: 2046: 1953: 1814: 1775: 1318:

In early 1975 the communists launched a major offensive resulting in the

1256: 1115: 1078: 1041: 1026: 1005: 997: 954: 923: 890: 851: 835: 806:

on her 1954 Royal Tour. Huge crowds met the Royal party across Australia.

803: 769: 765: 706: 702: 662: 629: 582: 578: 574: 559: 555: 523: 519: 5663:

McLean, David. "Australia in the Cold War: a Historiographical Review."

5637: 3358: 3050:

and was destabilized by breaking an election promise not to introduce a

1129:

The late 1960s and early 1970s are often associated with a flowering of

5606: 5538: 5521: 5469: 5435: 3051: 2925: 2919: 2710: 2555: 2512: 2365:

Some republicans blamed the conservative and monarchist Prime Minister

2228: 2200: 2192: 2142: 2137: 1968:, becoming the first Aborigine to hold vice-regal office in Australia. 1850: 1516: 1512: 1461:, the Senate remained an obstacle to its political agenda. At the only 1068: 886: 819: 757: 679: 3760:"rugby.com.au | MANDELA TO HONOUR ANTI-APARTHEID WALLABIES OF 71" 3020: 2759:, beginning with the government-owned telecommunications corporation, 2728:

from 1996 until 2007, the second-longest prime ministerial term after

2410: 1869: 5763: 5732: 3666:

A suitable piece of real estate; American Installations in Australia.

3035: 2993:

election by securing the support of independent members of the first

2433: 2163: 1980: 1660: 1614: 1594: 1308: 1217: 1147: 547: 133: 5634:

Menzies and the 'Great World Struggle': Australia's Cold War 1948–54

5528:

The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 5: 1942–1995. The Middle Way

5275:"Australia bushfire smoke travels 12,000 kms [sic] to Chile" 4054:

There are numerous books on the Whitlam dismissal. For example, see

2650:

in 2002 and killed 88 Australian civilians. The following year, the

530:(right) at the Dominion and British Leaders Conference, London, 1946 5201:"National Royal Commission into Black Summer bushfires established" 4501:

Captive Republic: A History of Republicanism in Australia 1788–1996

2879: 2659: 2651: 2628: 2612: 2588: 2469: 2449: 2441: 2419: 1707: 1634: 1598: 5596:

One Big Union: A History of the Australian Workers Union 1886–1994

4274:"Colliding worlds: first contact in the western desert, 1932–1984" 2962:. His prime ministership coincided with the initial phases of the 1243:

Personnel and aircraft of RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam arrive in

776:

request for military aid for South Korea and diverted forces from

581:

served as prime minister from 6–13 July, before the party elected

5562:

Curtin's Gift: Reinterpreting Australia's Greatest Prime Minister

4990:"Voters thought Howard government out of touch: Liberal director" 2760: 2473: 2468:

was active in the search for a settlement to ongoing troubles in

1990: 1750: 1343:

was captured by Australia during the First World War, becoming a

1296: 1255:

in 1962, so beginning Australia's decade long involvement in the

1155: 4762:"Al Qaeda's 1998 Fatwa | PBS NewsHour | Feb. 23, 1998" 3130:(COVID-19) had caused more than 2.29 million deaths world-wide. 2399: 1821: 1169:

finally opened in 1973 after numerous delays. In the same year,

5658:

Waiting for the Revolution: A History of Australian Nationalism

5613:

The End of Certainty: Power, Politics and Business in Australia

4910:"Sydney 2000: Closing Ceremony; A Fond Farewell from Australia" 3223:"Francis Forde – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers" 3058:

aimed to restructure the Australian economy in order to reduce

2654:

was launched by a U.S.-British led coalition to overthrow the

2247:

adopted in 1901, with the duties of the monarch performed by a

1441: 1351:

of World War II which saw occupation of half the island by the

1021:, which effectively dismantled the vestigial mechanisms of the 990: 515: 3461:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University 1671:. The new government stopped the Franklin Dam project via the 5535:

Trade Unionism in Australia: A History from Flood to Ebb Tide

4674:"Australians and Peacekeeping | Australian War Memorial" 3840:"John Gorton – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers" 3271:"Ben Chifley – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers" 3080: 2867: 2635:, Australia's contribution to the invading force in the 2001 2596: 2511:

Australia led an important international military mission to

2114: 2010: 1703: 1383: 1375:

in Australia, the Territory became the independent nation of

1266: 985: 980: 938: 675: 3566:"ABC The Drum – Conviction? Clever Kevin is no Pig Iron Bob" 3326:. Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. 20 March 2008. Archived from 3318: 3316: 2384:, while the Opposition Liberal-National Coalition is led by 733:

dominated much of the immediate post-war era, defeating the

5483:

Australia and New Zealand: economy, society and environment

5447:

Dennis, Peter, Jeffrey Grey, Ewan Morris, and Robin Prior.

3106:

The last months of 2019 and into early 2020 were marked by

2882:(meeting with the disapproval of other political parties). 1781: 1754: 1721:

Unemployment reached 11.4% in 1992 – the highest since the

5247: 2932:. Rudd used his term in office to symbolically ratify the 2854:, with a program of events, including the creation of the 1330: 854:

after Chifley's death in 1951. Evatt retired in 1960, and

772:. The Menzies government responded to a United States led 3313: 3008: 1928:

in a quest for equal pay and recognition of land rights.

1367:

in 1949. Under Liberal Minister for External Territories

5696:

Historical Dictionary of Australian Radio and Television

5430:

Davison, Graeme, John Hirst, and Stuart Macintyre, eds.

5371: 3066:

by increasing costs to industry for carbon emissions. A

5555:

Believing in Australia: A Cultural History of Religions

5425:

The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary of Australian History

4643: 4641: 4639: 2713:

deliver their first press conference as leaders of the

2444:

which ushered in a new era of international relations.

1695:

was celebrated in 1988 along with the opening of a new

1424:

Elected in December 1972 after 23 years in opposition,

5359:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 14 January 2020 5171:"Home : Afghanistan : Department of Defence" 4511: 4509: 2231:

led a formal bi-partisan apology on 13 February 2008.

2072:

became a globally renowned 20th-century art movement.

1876:

is an Aboriginal lawyer, rights activist and essayist.

5713:

Harvest of Fear: A History of Australia's Vietnam War

5333:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 January 2020 5307:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1 January 2020 4404:. Rugbyhalloffame.com. 9 October 2007. Archived from 2132:

was an award-winning historical drama from a book by

929:

Menzies remained a staunch supporter of links to the

5720:

The Evolution of Australian Foreign Policy 1938–1965

5518:

Culture in Australia: Policies, Publics and Programs

5449:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History.

5345: 5293: 4636: 3865:"Vietnam War 1962–75 | Australian War Memorial" 3795:

Inventing Australia; Images and Identity, 1688–1980.

2683:

Olympic colours on the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 2000

2664:

Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq

1398: 1235:

Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War

618: 5497:

Australia: A New History of the Great Southern Land

4887:"Australia's Prime Ministers John Howard In office" 4862:"Afghanistan (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)" 4506: 3359:"Korean War 1950–53 | Australian War Memorial" 3079:with the remaining 5% presently training locals in 2658:government of Iraq for its non-compliance with the 1641:as well as left-wing social and economic policies. 1499:, a former member of the Labor Party and presiding 1114:became a global phenomenon. Liberal Prime Minister 1053:and internal party division saw Gorton replaced by 5620:The Oxford Companion to Aboriginal Art and Culture 5016:"Australia's Prime Ministers Kevin Rudd In office" 4230:The First Australians: A Fair Deal for a Dark Race 3983:Well may we say… The Speeches that made Australia. 2936:and lead an historic parliamentary apology to the 1303:, and participated in such notable battles as the 1017:. Significantly, Holt's government introduced the 5145:"Carbon Tax Bill Passes House Of Representatives" 4881: 4879: 3732: 3730: 3703: 3701: 3137:died. The Queen was succeeded by her eldest son, 2736:was a nationwide gun control scheme, following a 2390:Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton 2108:", 2009) are active contemporary contributors to 1706:, Hawke committed Australian naval forces to the 6708: 5727:The Cambridge Companion to Australian Literature 5442:Claiming a Continent: A New History of Australia 5248:Reed, Paul; Denniss, Richard (17 January 2020). 2788:President of the International Olympic Committee 2674: 1465:, six keys pieces of legislation wering passed. 1228: 1154:altered the traditionalist ethos of the game of 5703:Australia: Nation, Belonging, and Globalization 5681:(2006) 52 (1), 64–79. Rejects satellite model. 5594:Hearn, Mark, Harry Knowles, and Ian Cambridge. 5434:(2001) online at many academic libraries; also 5267: 5195: 3815:The Australian Journal of Politics and History. 3116:severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 2910:. The government however resoundingly lost the 2239:In the early 21st century, Australia remains a 1475:, also known as "Yarralumla". It was here that 1004:increased Australian commitment to the growing 701:In 1949 the 1941–1949 Labor government (led by 5603:History of the Australian Environment Movement 5319: 5281:. Special Broadcasting Service. 7 January 2020 4876: 4736:"Diplomat critical of Timor referendum course" 3727: 3698: 3301:. Rockhampton, Qld. 6 December 1948. p. 1 2886:and Darwin) in 2005–06, and irrigation in the 2770:in Sydney to great international acclaim. The 2732:. One of the first programs instigated by the 2498:Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands 2307:. Notable Monarchists included Prime Minister 2205:Northern Territory National Emergency Response 2032:to be invalid. That same year, Prime Minister 1997:desert-dwelling life were tracked down in the 1077:"Australian to the bootheels": Prime Minister 822:, the Menzies government attempted to ban the 814:Postwar migrants arriving in Australia in 1954 5748: 5079:. News Limited. 30 March 2009. Archived from 4951:International Journal of the History of Sport 4730: 4728: 4726: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4450:"Behind the News - 09/03/2010: Close the Gap" 4344:"Festival de Cannes - From 16 to 27 may 2012" 4126: 4124: 3859: 3857: 3590:p.35-49. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Sydney. 2400:Military engagements in the late 20th century 1791:appeal from Australian courts to the British 1633:, a political party which later emerged from 1487:on 11 November 1975 — the culmination of the 960:Menzies oversaw an effusive welcome to Queen 477: 5679:Australian Journal of Politics & History 5203:(Press release). Prime Minister of Australia 5039:"Horrific, but not the worst we've suffered" 4833:"'Bin Laden' voices new threat to Australia" 3688:. p.86-7 Harper Collins Publishers, Sydney. 3655:Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa (1976) p.63 3617:Maralinga; British A-Bomb, Australian legacy 3606:Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa (1976) p.35 3455:"O'Keefe, John Michael (Johnny) (1935–1978)" 2894:Howard lost his substantial majority at the 2755:The government also accelerated the pace of 2013:(formerly known as Ayers Rock) to the local 589:introduced national projects, including the 5241: 5215: 5056: 4472:"One policy, two camps - the takeover rift" 4032:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from 3937:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from 3711:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from 3563: 3412:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from 3225:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from 3118:(SARS-CoV-2). This led into the world-wide 3091:on 17 July 2014, backdated to 1 July 2014. 2639:. A small number of Australians, including 1617:had split off from the party to form a new 1463:joint sitting of parliament, in August 1974 5755: 5741: 5481:Robinson GM, Loughran RJ, and Tranter PJ. 5432:The Oxford Companion to Australian History 4723: 4659: 4121: 3854: 3615:See Adrian Tame and F.P.J Robotham (1982) 3309:– via National Library of Australia. 3174:"Our History – Liberal Party of Australia" 2028:, declaring the previous legal concept of 1920:people of Wave Hill station (owned by the 1069:1960s and 1970s: The "Australian New Wave" 484: 470: 3887:"4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, 1994" 3588:Australian American Relations Since 1945. 3383:. p.222-226. Wren Publishing, Melbourne. 3273:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. 13 June 1951 1753:, and campaigned to increase the role of 1613:in Tasmania in 1982. A Liberal minister, 1593:refugees, opposed minority white rule in 1339:(Papua) had passed to Australia in 1906. 749:, won every federal election until 1972. 5511:The Oxford Literary History of Australia 4205:Australasian Legal Information Institute 3586:Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa (1976) 3381:Modern Australia in Documents, 1939–1970 3197:"Evatt, Herbert Vere (Bert) (1894–1965)" 3194: 3003: 2819: 2807: 2701: 2686: 2678: 2578: 2523:and a shift in Australian policy by the 2472:in the aftermath of the genocidal 1970s 2409: 2136:about the tragic story of an Aboriginal 1868: 1844: 1820: 1810:Australian Aborigines Advancement League 1782:Full sovereignty from the United Kingdom 1648: 1556: 1467: 1408: 1265: 1238: 1088: 1072: 1057:(1971–1972) and, facing a reinvigorated 809: 794: 780:to begin Australia's involvement in the 628: 514: 5646:(2 vol 1993–99), online at ACLS e-books 5418:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Australia 4907: 3909:"Peacock made 'bird of paradise' chief" 3637:A History of Australian Foreign Policy. 3513:, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book, 2005. 2344:Australians for Constitutional Monarchy 2251:selected by the Australian Government. 1861:were among some of the speakers at the 1798: 1331:Papua New Guinea and Nauru independence 1311:in 1966 and defending against the 1968 1209:(1981). The national funding body, the 26:This article is part of a series on the 6709: 5762: 5221: 5036: 4786:Australian involvement in Afghanistan| 4558:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4402:"The International Rugby Hall of Fame" 4174: 3797:p.169 George Allen and Unwin, Sydney. 3031:struck the already beleaguered coast. 2436:was prime minister at the time of the 2330:. Future leaders of the Liberal Party 2295:advocated for the republic, while the 1663:, a less polarising Labor leader than 869:and television in the 1950s. In 1956, 858:succeeded him as leader, with a young 5736: 5386:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 5377: 4649:"Republic support lowest in 17 years" 4616: 4346:. Festival-cannes.com. Archived from 4062:St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. 3911:. News.ninemsn.com.au. Archived from 3434: 3011:image of the smoke produced from the 2824:Suburban Toowoomba during the summer 2176:2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony 1993:people who were living a traditional 1581:, and in 1976, Parliament passed the 1489:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 1405:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 1382:Australia had captured the island of 1110:developed strong local loyalty while 964:on the first visit to Australia by a 5476:Australia: The Complete Encyclopedia 5095: 4574:"Turnbull dumped, Abbott new leader" 4241:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) p.193 and 195 3499: 3493: 3155:History of broadcasting in Australia 2750:United Nations force into East Timor 2521:fall of Indonesian President Suharto 2517:Indonesia invaded East Timor in 1975 2500:(RAMSI) in the early 2000s; and the 1347:after the war. Following the bitter 764:in 1949 and in June 1950, Communist 184:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition 6717:History of Australia (1945–present) 5618:Kleinert, Sylvia. and Margo Neale. 5064:Bushfires death toll revised to 173 5062:Victoria Police, Press conference: 4815:"David Hicks: 'Australian Taleban'" 4298:. Thinkingfaith.org. Archived from 3639:P.144 Longman Cheshire, Melbourne. 3447: 3379:See Menzies in Frank Crowley (1973) 3108:intense bushfires on the east coast 3042:. Following the 2010 election, the 2878:(with bi-partisan support) and the 2627:(with bi-partisan support) and the 2587:In 1998, a wealthy dissident Saudi 2168:Australia national rugby union team 1627:Environmental movement in Australia 1081:established government support for 842:and the emergence of the breakaway 504: 13: 5722:, Cambridge University Press, 1967 5691:(2nd ed. 2009), politics 1990–2008 5405: 5077:"Bushfire death toll revised down" 4718:East Timor: A Nation's Bitter Dawn 3762:. Aru.rugby.com.au. Archived from 3619:. p.179 Fontana Books, Melbourne. 3040:2008 collapse of financial markets 3013:2019–20 Australian bushfire season 2850:In 2001, Australia celebrated its 2691:World leaders with Prime Minister 2187:was launched by Olympic champions 1893:did bring an end to the system of 1737:, including the introduction of a 1644: 670:countries was expanded to include 14: 6743: 5601:Hutton, Drew, and Libby Connors. 5547:, Melbourne University Press 1991 5516:Bennett, Tony, and David Carter. 5066:, Release date: Mon 30 March 2009 5037:Huxley, John (11 February 2009). 4600:"Gillard handed a royal audience" 4001:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) p.215-216. 3435:Laing, Dave (20 September 2003). 3176:. Liberal.org.au. 16 October 1944 2319:, former Labor opposition leader 1924:) commenced strike action led by 1731:ambitious plan of economic reform 1533:dismissed by the Governor-General 1399:Whitlam, Fraser and the dismissal 1357:Territory of Papua and New Guinea 1183:South Australian Film Corporation 830:of minor Soviet Embassy official 619:Immigration and the post-war boom 5018:. National Archives of Australia 4908:Longman, Jere (2 October 2000). 4889:. National Archives of Australia 3784:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) p.229-230 3293:"AUSTRALIA'S NEED OF POPULATION" 2637:United States war in Afghanistan 2234: 2199:and Indigenous Affairs Minister 2024:handed down its decision in the 1501:Chief Justice of New South Wales 453: 46: 6732:Contemporary history by country 5490:Collins Australian Encyclopedia 5410: 5228:United States Geological Survey 5222:Nelson, Janice (16 June 2020). 5189: 5163: 5137: 5111: 5102:"Voters leave Australia hanging 5069: 5030: 5008: 4982: 4956: 4943: 4927: 4901: 4854: 4843: 4825: 4807: 4780: 4754: 4710: 4688: 4610: 4592: 4566: 4520: 4490: 4464: 4442: 4420: 4394: 4362: 4336: 4314: 4288: 4266: 4244: 4235: 4223: 4193: 4168: 4146: 4095: 4073: 4048: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3995: 3975: 3953: 3927: 3901: 3879: 3832: 3823: 3807: 3787: 3778: 3752: 3678: 3658: 3649: 3629: 3609: 3600: 3580: 3557: 3527: 3506:Australian Chart Book 1940–1970 3428: 3402: 3393: 3373: 2837:APEC Leaders conference of 2007 2459: 1718:became prime minister in 1991. 1656:in Canberra was opened in 1988. 1583:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 1525:Liberal-Country Party Coalition 1124:Australian Council for the Arts 939:alliance with the United States 774:United Nations Security Council 721:Coalition government headed by 657:, Australia launched a massive 498:history of Australia since 1945 5653:(2nd ed. 2004), historiography 5615:, (1994), history of the 1980s 5466:A Concise History of Australia 5378:Hitch, Georgia (26 May 2020). 4839:. Melbourne. 14 November 2002. 3459:O'Keefe, John Michael (Johnny) 3351: 3342: 3285: 3263: 3241: 3215: 3188: 3166: 3124:COVID-19 pandemic in Australia 2609:11 September terrorist attacks 2568:International Force East Timor 2448:warships were deployed to the 2125:The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith 1629:, with branches including the 1392:International Court of Justice 1097:was officially opened in 1973. 625:Menzies government (1949–1966) 554:In April 1945, Prime Minister 16:Events in Australia since 1945 1: 4935:Journal of Australian Studies 3985:p.178-9 Blac Inc, Melbourne. 3867:. Awm.gov.au. 11 January 1973 3564:+ updated + (30 April 2010). 3160: 3046:entered an alliance with the 2964:Financial crisis of 2007–2010 2812:Aftermath of the devastating 2675:Australia in the 21st century 2506: 2406:Military history of Australia 2174:lit the Olympic flame at the 1229:Australia and the Vietnam War 918:, featuring home grown stars 5665:International History Review 4105:. Abc.net.au. Archived from 3668:Hale and Iremonger. Sydney. 3664:Also see Desmond Ball (1980) 3324:"The Snowy Mountains Scheme" 2738:mass shooting at Port Arthur 2558:and lobbied U. S. President 2336:Australian Republic Movement 824:Communist Party of Australia 562:to discuss formation of the 7: 5683:online at Blackwell-Synergy 4156:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au 4134:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au 4083:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au 3963:. State.gov. 31 August 2011 3842:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au 3740:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au 3686:Vietnam; The Australian War 3251:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au 3148: 2786:. At the Closing Ceremony, 2574: 2428:United Nations peacekeeping 2070:Western Desert Art Movement 2005:in Australia. In 1985, the 1966:Governor of South Australia 1727:Liberal-National Opposition 1485:Prime Minister of Australia 1213:, was established in 1975. 1103:National Trust of Australia 643:Prime Minister of Australia 607:by the Communist-dominated 77:European exploration (land) 10: 6748: 5503: 4452:. Abc.net.au. 9 March 2010 4276:. Recollections.nma.gov.au 4019:Gough Whitlam (1985) p.315 3829:Richard White (1981) p.170 3097:Liberal Party of Australia 2660:1991 Gulf War Peace Treaty 2648:bombed a nightclub in Bali 2403: 2209:Little Children are Sacred 2045:drafted by Prime Minister 1495:In 1974, Whitlam selected 1473:Government House, Canberra 1438:People's Republic of China 1402: 1324:Royal Australian Air Force 1232: 1211:Australian Film Commission 739:Australian Communist Party 731:Liberal Party of Australia 639:Liberal Party of Australia 622: 577:passed away in July 1945. 573:When Labor Prime Minister 536:Liberal Party of Australia 508: 442:List of years in Australia 72:European exploration (sea) 6727:21st century in Australia 6722:20th century in Australia 6661: 6559: 6429: 6420: 6311: 6302: 6249: 6125:Intelligence and security 6051: 6042: 6010: 5915: 5906: 5841: 5783: 5774: 4953:2008 25(14): pp 1953–1971 4617:Kaila, Jon (1 May 2011). 4604:The Sydney Morning Herald 4010:Jan Bassett (1986) p273-4 3889:. Abs.gov.au. 27 May 1994 3813:Anne Pender (March 2005) 3399:Jan Bassett (1986) p.75-6 2826:2010–11 Queensland floods 2778:, with Aboriginal runner 2502:2006 East Timorese crisis 2280:Constitutional Convention 2245:Constitution of Australia 1667:, defeated Fraser at the 1545:Constitution of Australia 1345:League of Nations mandate 1031:Constitution of Australia 818:During the course of the 698:multicultural Australia. 5571:23 November 2011 at the 5119:"Australia Economy 2011" 4742:. ABC. 17 September 1999 4588:– via Yahoo! News. 4430:. Australianpolitics.com 3141:, who now reigns as the 3128:coronavirus disease 2019 3060:greenhouse gas emissions 2971:Black Saturday bushfires 2898:, improved on it at the 2814:2009 Victorian bushfires 2623:committed troops to the 2492:(1998–2003); as well as 2303:and incumbent Treasurer 2253:Australian republicanism 2170:. Olympic gold medalist 2150:and elsewhere. In sport 2068:"dot art" movement. The 2043:Motion of Reconciliation 1831:Albert Namatjira Gallery 1654:The new Parliament House 1158:in the 1970s, inventing 1112:Skippy the Bush Kangaroo 1008:; oversaw conversion to 974:Australian Army advisors 883:Australian country music 5667:(2001) 23(2): 299–321. 5607:excerpt and text search 5539:excerpt and text search 5522:excerpt and text search 5470:excerpt and text search 5460:excerpt and text search 5436:excerpt and text search 4996:. ABC. 19 December 2007 4970:. Sydney. 29 March 2007 3348:Jan Bassett (1986) p.18 2997:in Australia since the 2852:Centenary of Federation 2845:2006 Commonwealth Games 2843:. Melbourne hosted the 2816:which killed 173 people 2496:and the Australian led 2438:Fall of the Berlin Wall 2317:High Court of Australia 2241:constitutional monarchy 2152:Evonne Goolagong Cawley 2049:and Aboriginal Senator 2022:High Court of Australia 1759:High Court of Australia 1673:High Court of Australia 1365:Territory of New Guinea 871:television in Australia 838:movement, resulting in 6519:Indigenous Australians 6020:States and territories 5725:Webby, Elizabeth, ed. 5644:Robert Menzies: A Life 5509:Bennett, Bruce et al. 3203:. Adbonline.anu.edu.au 3085:Clean Energy Bill 2011 3056:Clean Energy Bill 2011 3016: 2944:Indigenous Australians 2868:United States alliance 2828: 2817: 2802: 2801: 2792:Juan Antonio Samaranch 2746:goods and services tax 2718: 2715:Australian Labor Party 2699: 2684: 2601:sanctions against Iraq 2584: 2535:with Foreign Minister 2423: 2376:which took power in a 2293:Australian Labor Party 2184:Close the Gap campaign 2166:became captain of the 2009:returned ownership of 1899:Indigenous land rights 1887:Indigenous Australians 1877: 1866: 1842: 1747:President of Indonesia 1739:goods and services tax 1693:Australian Bicentenary 1657: 1595:Apartheid South Africa 1591:Vietnamese boat people 1569: 1492: 1421: 1274: 1248: 1194:Picnic at Hanging Rock 1135:Indigenous Australians 1098: 1086: 1059:Australian Labor Party 1035:Aboriginal Australians 1023:White Australia policy 844:Democratic Labor Party 840:a bitter split in 1955 815: 807: 709:'s death in 1945) was 687:Snowy Mountains Scheme 650: 601: 591:Snowy Mountains Scheme 552: 531: 5813:Territorial evolution 5687:Megalogenis, George. 5474:O'Shane, Pat et al. 5458:(2nd ed. 2002) 960pp 5149:Sydney Morning Herald 5043:Sydney Morning Herald 4764:. PBS. Archived from 4476:Sydney Morning Herald 3793:Richard White (1981) 3535:"Long Way to the Top" 3007: 2912:2007 Federal election 2900:2001 Federal election 2896:1998 Federal election 2823: 2811: 2797: 2796: 2766:Australia hosted the 2705: 2690: 2682: 2582: 2494:Operation Helpem Fren 2446:Royal Australian Navy 2413: 2346:took opposing views. 2313:Justice Michael Kirby 2257:Monarchy of Australia 2207:. In response to the 2110:Australian literature 1946:Country Liberal Party 1872: 1848: 1824: 1767:Native Title Act 1993 1652: 1560: 1471: 1459:elections in May 1974 1418:1972 federal election 1412: 1269: 1242: 1177:began to produce the 1139:Australian rock music 1092: 1076: 916:Australian literature 813: 798: 745:with the rural based 632: 596: 544: 518: 6259:Cabinet of Australia 6234:Government ministers 6002:World Heritage Sites 5808:European exploration 5416:Bambrick, Susan ed. 5199:(20 February 2020). 4716:by Irena Cristalis, 4408:on 10 September 2012 4370:"Arthur Beetson OAM" 4201:"Australia Act 1986" 3766:on 14 September 2006 3635:E.M. Andrews (1979) 3298:The Morning Bulletin 3087:was repealed by the 2888:Murray–Darling basin 2872:11 September attacks 2841:World Youth Day 2008 2833:2003 Rugby World Cup 2768:2000 Summer Olympics 2697:2007 APEC conference 2553:UN Secretary General 2120:Cannes Film Festival 1974:Australian Democrats 1906:University of Sydney 1799:Indigenous Australia 1623:Australian Democrats 1160:World Series Cricket 935:British Commonwealth 802:inspecting sheep at 672:Continental European 460:Australia portal 59:Timeline and periods 6331:Gross state product 5464:Macintyre, Stuart. 5177:. 19 September 2019 4795:on 17 February 2012 4768:on 6 September 2011 4578:The West Australian 4322:We Are Going; Poems 4103:"Senator Bob Brown" 2566:, to the UN-backed 2540:snap referendum. A 2106:Up From the Mission 2062:Hermannsburg School 2038:Redfern Park Speech 2017:Aboriginal people. 1942:Hyacinth Tungutalum 1702:A supporter of the 1564:and U.S. President 1455:Joh Bjelke-Petersen 1349:New Guinea campaign 1188:Sunday Too Far Away 1179:Australian New Wave 1143:1971 Springbok tour 949:and hosted British 867:rock and roll music 725:. Politically, the 659:immigration program 6649:Australian studies 6584:Australian English 6393:Telecommunications 6229:Government leaders 6172:Political ideology 5689:The Longest Decade 5649:McIntyre, Stuart. 5543:Bridge, Carl ed., 5526:Bolton, Geoffrey. 5175:www.defence.gov.au 5123:CIA World Factbook 4382:on 20 January 2012 4350:on 18 January 2012 4302:on 2 December 2014 3915:on 4 December 2007 3135:Queen Elizabeth II 3044:Gillard government 3017: 2956:Australian economy 2829: 2818: 2719: 2700: 2695:in Sydney for the 2685: 2585: 2424: 2374:Gillard government 2223:Bringing Them Home 2218:stolen generations 2074:Oodgeroo Noonuccal 2064:, and the acrylic 1983:, in August 2010. 1950:Northern Territory 1912:, helped organise 1895:Aboriginal reserve 1878: 1867: 1843: 1788:Australia Act 1986 1712:Australian economy 1658: 1607:Australian economy 1570: 1493: 1422: 1388:UN Trust Territory 1373:Whitlam government 1361:Territory of Papua 1337:British New Guinea 1305:Battle of Long Tan 1301:Phước Tuy province 1292:Whitlam government 1275: 1249: 1167:Sydney Opera House 1131:Australian culture 1099: 1095:Sydney Opera House 1087: 1019:Migration Act 1966 937:and formalised an 895:A Pub with No Beer 816: 808: 735:Chifley government 727:Menzies government 651: 532: 511:Chifley government 357:Northern Territory 267:Chinese Australian 257:African Australian 224:Telecommunications 144:Capital punishment 6704: 6703: 6657: 6656: 6479:Human trafficking 6416: 6415: 6298: 6297: 6098:Foreign relations 6038: 6037: 5902: 5901: 5849:Asian Australians 5656:McLachlan, Noel. 5454:Jupp, James, ed. 5151:. 12 October 2011 4580:. 1 December 2009 4540:on 8 January 2011 4478:. 27 October 2007 4211:on 4 January 2012 4068:978-1-86373-987-0 3991:978-1-86395-277-4 3803:978-0-86861-035-1 3694:978-0-7322-8237-0 3674:978-0-908094-47-9 3645:978-0-582-68253-5 3596:978-0-03-900122-3 3520:978-0-646-44439-0 3389:978-0-85885-032-3 3330:on 30 August 2007 3143:King of Australia 3120:COVID-19 pandemic 3089:Abbott government 3048:Australian Greens 3025:dramatic flooding 2939:Stolen Generation 2734:Howard government 2633:Operation Slipper 2621:Howard government 2525:Howard government 2490:Operation Bel Isi 2276:Howard government 2098:First Australians 2003:uncontacted tribe 1891:State parliaments 1774:to the Liberals' 1686:Australian dollar 1631:Australian Greens 1574:Fraser government 1552:landslide victory 1523:, the opposition 1428:won office under 1341:German New Guinea 1322:on 30 April. The 1288:Gorton government 1175:Australian cinema 1120:Gorton government 1083:Australian cinema 1046:Gorton government 1044:(1968–1971). The 1015:Lyndon B. Johnson 984:significant. The 947:Malayan Emergency 912:Australian cinema 762:Chinese Civil War 637:, founder of the 609:Miners Federation 538:was formed, with 494: 493: 427: 426: 417:Western Australia 279:Jewish Australian 274:Indigenous people 37: 6739: 6684: 6677: 6670: 6546:Waste management 6427: 6426: 6348:Household income 6309: 6308: 6271:Governor-General 6081:Electoral system 6049: 6048: 5913: 5912: 5781: 5780: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5734: 5733: 5705:Routledge, 2004 5701:Moran, Anthony. 5651:The History Wars 5577:Firth, Stewart. 5488:Shaw, John, ed. 5400: 5399: 5393: 5391: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5254:The Conversation 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5115: 5109: 5108:, 21 August 2010 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5073: 5067: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4960: 4954: 4947: 4941: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4883: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4858: 4852: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4791:. 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Archived from 4197: 4191: 4190: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4077: 4071: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4036:on 19 April 2013 4026: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3993: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3941:on 19 April 2013 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3861: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3821: 3811: 3805: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3715:on 15 March 2011 3705: 3696: 3682: 3676: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3633: 3627: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3541:. Archived from 3531: 3525: 3524: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3320: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3170: 3139:King Charles III 3093:Malcolm Turnbull 3062:associated with 3015:, 4 January 2020 2948:mandarin Chinese 2906:against Labor's 2772:Opening Ceremony 2607:. Following the 2537:Alexander Downer 2479:Rwandan genocide 2454:Hawke government 2422:) to East Timor. 2332:Malcolm Turnbull 2325:Aboriginal elder 2249:Governor-General 2058:Albert Namatjira 2007:Hawke government 1962:Douglas Nicholls 1926:Vincent Lingiari 1901:also developed. 1827:Albert Namatjira 1805:Douglas Nicholls 1729:had proposed an 1723:Great Depression 1697:Parliament House 1639:environmentalism 1541:Governor General 1505:Governor-General 1377:Papua New Guinea 1122:established the 1010:decimal currency 966:reigning monarch 691:hydroelectricity 505:End of the 1940s 486: 479: 472: 458: 457: 456: 317: 316: 262:Asian Australian 174:Eureka Rebellion 60: 50: 40: 35: 27: 21: 20: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6653: 6614:Public holidays 6555: 6499:Life expectancy 6412: 6294: 6245: 6034: 6006: 5992:Protected areas 5898: 5837: 5770: 5761: 5694:Moran, Albert. 5573:Wayback Machine 5560:Edwards, John. 5506: 5413: 5408: 5406:Further reading 5403: 5389: 5387: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5220: 5216: 5206: 5204: 5197:Morrison, Scott 5194: 5190: 5180: 5178: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5154: 5152: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5128: 5126: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5083:on 2 April 2009 5075: 5074: 5070: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5014: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4973: 4971: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4948: 4944: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4916: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4885: 4884: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4844: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4679: 4677: 4672: 4671: 4660: 4647: 4646: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4615: 4611: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4551: 4550: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4528:"Archived copy" 4526: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4495: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4130: 4129: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4109:on 28 June 2011 4101: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3812: 3808: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3736: 3735: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3707: 3706: 3699: 3683: 3679: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3634: 3630: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3585: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3498: 3494: 3482: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3462: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3433: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3333: 3331: 3322: 3321: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3229:on 26 July 2010 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3151: 2995:hung parliament 2952:price on carbon 2876:Afghanistan War 2856:Centenary Medal 2677: 2625:Afghanistan War 2593:Osama bin Laden 2577: 2509: 2462: 2440:and end of the 2408: 2402: 2392:in April 2011. 2378:hung parliament 2237: 2134:Thomas Keneally 1995:hunter-gatherer 1910:Charles Perkins 1883:1967 referendum 1801: 1784: 1733:to take to the 1647: 1645:1980s and 1990s 1407: 1401: 1353:Empire of Japan 1333: 1283:Holt government 1271:Pháp Hoa Temple 1237: 1231: 1141:blossomed. The 1071: 1055:William McMahon 1033:which excluded 1002:Holt government 970:North West Cape 899:rock and roller 875:Barry Humphries 862:as his deputy. 832:Vladimir Petrov 627: 621: 513: 507: 490: 454: 452: 447: 446: 437: 429: 428: 381:South Australia 345:New South Wales 321:State/Territory 314: 306: 305: 252: 244: 243: 114: 106: 105: 104: 62: 58: 38: 34: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6745: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6686: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6408:Welfare system 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6383:Superannuation 6380: 6378:Stock exchange 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6341:Public housing 6336:Home ownership 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6283:Prime Minister 6280: 6279: 6278: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6255: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6241:Shadow Cabinet 6238: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6221: 6219:Public Service 6216: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6127: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6100: 6095: 6093:Federal budget 6090: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6016: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5925:Climate change 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5854:Constitutional 5851: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5760: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5711:Murphy, John. 5709: 5707:online edition 5699: 5692: 5685: 5675: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5642:Martin, A. W. 5640: 5638:online edition 5630: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5583:online edition 5575: 5566:online edition 5558: 5548: 5541: 5533:Bramble, Tom. 5531: 5524: 5514: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5495:Welsh, Frank. 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5462: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5428: 5421: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5384:www.abc.net.au 5370: 5344: 5318: 5305:www.abc.net.au 5292: 5266: 5240: 5214: 5188: 5162: 5136: 5110: 5094: 5068: 5055: 5029: 5007: 4981: 4955: 4942: 4937:(1999) pp 76+ 4926: 4914:New York Times 4900: 4875: 4853: 4842: 4824: 4821:. 20 May 2007. 4806: 4779: 4753: 4722: 4709: 4687: 4658: 4653:The Australian 4635: 4609: 4591: 4565: 4519: 4505: 4489: 4463: 4441: 4419: 4393: 4361: 4335: 4313: 4287: 4265: 4243: 4234: 4222: 4192: 4167: 4145: 4120: 4094: 4072: 4047: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3974: 3952: 3926: 3900: 3878: 3853: 3831: 3822: 3806: 3786: 3777: 3751: 3726: 3697: 3677: 3657: 3648: 3628: 3608: 3599: 3579: 3556: 3545:on 30 May 2008 3526: 3519: 3492: 3446: 3427: 3416:on 22 May 2019 3401: 3392: 3372: 3350: 3341: 3312: 3284: 3262: 3240: 3214: 3195:G. C. Bolton. 3187: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3150: 3147: 3101:Scott Morrison 3064:global warming 3038:following the 2960:global warming 2934:Kyoto Protocol 2742:Peter Costello 2730:Robert Menzies 2726:Prime Minister 2676: 2673: 2656:Saddam Hussein 2645:modus operandi 2576: 2573: 2564:Peter Cosgrove 2508: 2505: 2461: 2458: 2416:Peter Cosgrove 2414:Major General 2404:Main article: 2401: 2398: 2360:Constitutional 2342:who supported 2328:Neville Bonner 2305:Peter Costello 2301:Malcolm Fraser 2285:The referendum 2265:Prince Charles 2236: 2233: 2156:Arthur Beetson 2094:Marcia Langton 2015:Pitjantjatjara 1964:was appointed 1958:National Party 1933:Neville Bonner 1839:Aboriginal art 1800: 1797: 1783: 1780: 1646: 1643: 1619:social liberal 1579:Neville Bonner 1562:Malcolm Fraser 1529:Malcolm Fraser 1453:government of 1403:Main article: 1400: 1397: 1369:Andrew Peacock 1332: 1329: 1320:fall of Saigon 1247:in August 1964 1233:Main article: 1230: 1227: 1222:Barry McKenzie 1200:Breaker Morant 1070: 1067: 1006:War in Vietnam 993:from Woomera. 920:Chips Rafferty 902:Johnny O'Keefe 856:Arthur Calwell 778:occupied Japan 719:National Party 635:Robert Menzies 623:Main article: 620: 617: 587:His government 564:United Nations 540:Robert Menzies 528:Clement Attlee 526:(middle) with 509:Main article: 506: 503: 492: 491: 489: 488: 481: 474: 466: 463: 462: 449: 448: 445: 444: 438: 435: 434: 431: 430: 425: 424: 419: 413: 412: 407: 401: 400: 395: 389: 388: 383: 377: 376: 371: 365: 364: 359: 353: 352: 347: 341: 340: 335: 329: 328: 323: 315: 312: 311: 308: 307: 304: 303: 302: 301: 296: 286: 281: 276: 271: 270: 269: 259: 253: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 236: 231: 229:Rail transport 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 189:Historiography 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 115: 112: 111: 108: 107: 103: 102: 97: 92: 87: 81: 80: 79: 74: 69: 63: 56: 55: 52: 51: 43: 42: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6744: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6514:Ethnic groups 6512: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6353:Manufacturing 6351: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6207:Republicanism 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6162:National debt 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5753: 5751: 5746: 5744: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5632:Lowe, David. 5631: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5611:Kelly, Paul. 5610: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5551:Carey, Hilary 5549: 5546: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5423:Basset, Jan. 5422: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5398: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5202: 5198: 5192: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5065: 5059: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5017: 5011: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4969: 4968:The Economist 4965: 4959: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4888: 4882: 4880: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4719: 4713: 4697: 4691: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4561: 4555: 4536: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4451: 4445: 4429: 4423: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4378: 4371: 4365: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4275: 4269: 4253: 4247: 4238: 4231: 4226: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4155: 4149: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4082: 4076: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3962: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3888: 3882: 3866: 3860: 3858: 3841: 3835: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3781: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3739: 3733: 3731: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3702: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3652: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3625:0-00-636391-1 3622: 3618: 3612: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3567: 3560: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3496: 3488: 3476: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3360: 3354: 3345: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3317: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3288: 3272: 3266: 3250: 3244: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2999:1940 election 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983:Julia Gillard 2979: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2930:Julia Gillard 2927: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904:2004 election 2901: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2839:and Catholic 2838: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2784:Olympic flame 2781: 2780:Cathy Freeman 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2757:privatisation 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707:Julia Gillard 2704: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2681: 2672: 2669: 2668:Julia Gillard 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2605:War on Terror 2602: 2598: 2595:, declared a 2594: 2590: 2581: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529:B. 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